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Mohammad Atiqur Rahman BCS (Telecommunication) Assistant Divisional Engineer Bangladesh Telecommunications Company Ltd. (BTCL)
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Contents
Introduction: What is Internet? History of Internet Popular Services over the Internet Internet Infrastructure Administration of Internet Internet Service Provider: What is an ISP Components of an ISP Internet Access 07/17/12 Technologies Local Area Network: Local Area Network Network Devices Network Media Monitoring the Network: MRTG SmokePing Troubleshooting the Network: Ping Traceroute
Introduction
What is Internet? History of Internet Popular Services over the Internet Internet Infrastructure Administration of Internet
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What is Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web 07/17/12 4 (WWW) and the infrastructure to support
WWW
WWW is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks. The idea of a world of boundless information in which all items have a reference by which they can be retrieved; The address system (URI/URL) which the project implemented to make this world possible, despite many different protocols; A network protocol (HTTP) used by native WWW servers giving performance and features not otherwise available; A markup language (HTML) which every WWW client is required to understand, and is used for transmission of basic things such as text, graphics and simple on-line help information across the net; A body of data available on the Internet using all or some of the preceding items.
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SMTP Server POP3 Server IMAP Server (The Internet Message Access Protocol) Email Client (Outlook Express, Eudora, Thunderbird) 07/17/12
Internet Infrastructure
Routers Servers Communicatio ns Medium
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Administration of Internet
The Internet has no governance in either implementation or policies for usage; each constituent network standards. centralized technological access and sets its own
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN): Dictates only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): The technical underpinning and standardization of 07/17/12 12 the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6).
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Components of an ISP
Routers Switch RAS Web Server Mail Server AAA Server FTP Server DNS Server Bandwidth Manager
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Access Technologies
Wired
Existing Telephone Cable
Dial-UP ADSL
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Access Technologies
Wireless
Wifi: upto 100 Mbps WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a telecommunications protocol that provides fixed and fully mobile internet access. The current WiMAX revision provides up to 40 Mbit/s with the IEEE 802.16m update expected offer up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds. GPRS: General packet radio services, a technology for radio transmission of small packets of data, especially between cellular phones and the Internet. promised data rates from 56 up to 114 Kbps. EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): EDGE can carry a bandwidth up to 236.8 kbit/s EV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized): CDMA 1xEV-DO is a 3G technology add-on for CDMA networks that allows for theoretical download speeds as fast as 2.4576Mbps
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LAN
PC Media (Cable or Wireless) Switch Router Firewall Media Converter
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Media
UTP Cable
Straight-through Cable Cross-over Cable
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Media
Optical Fiber Cable
Single Mode Fiber Multi Mode Fiber
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Switch
A switch is a computer networking device that connects network segments or network devices. A switch receives a message from any device connected to it and then transmits the message only to that device for which the message was meant.
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Hubs vs. Switches Prior to switches, Hubs were the standard for connecting devices on a local area network (LAN). The problem with hubs was that everything that went through them had to share the bandwidth of the link, bandwidth was wasted because all traffic was sent to all devices, and there were a lot of collisions because the hub didnt do anything to prevent them. A switch fixes these problems. What do switches do? Switches work at Layer 2 of the OSI model, not Layer 1 like a hub Switches switch Ethernet frames Switches dont look at IP address information, only Ethernet MAC addresses Switches keeps a table of all MAC addresses traversing the switch and what port they are on (this table is called the bridge forwarding table or CAM table) Switches only sends traffic to the devices that are the destination for that traffic, saving bandwidth Each device connected to the switch gets the full bandwidth of the switch port because the switch prevents collisions
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Switch
Router
What is a Router
A router is specialized computer connected to more than one network. A router runs software that allows the device to move data from one network to another. Routers operate at the network layer (OSI Model's layer 3). The primary function of a router is to connect networks together and keep certain kinds of broadcast traffic under control. There are several companies that make routers: Cisco (Linksys), Juniper, Nortel (Bay Networks), Redback, Lucent, 3Com, and HP just to name a few.
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Router
What are the functions of a router
Routers used in networks perform the following functions: Restrict network broadcasts to the LAN Act as the default gateway. Move data between networks Learn and advertise loop free paths
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Firewall
A firewall can either be software-based or hardwarebased and is used to help keep a network secure. Its primary objective is to control the incoming and outgoing network traffic by analyzing the data packets and determining whether it should be allowed through or not, based on a predetermined rule set. A network's firewall builds a brigade between an internal network that is assumed to be secure and trusted, and another network, usually an external (inter)network, such as the Internet, that is not assumed to be secure and trusted
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Media Converter
A fiber media converter is a simple networking device that make it possible to connect two dissimilar media types such as twisted pair with fiber optic cabling.
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Media Converter
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Network Monitoring
MRTG SmokePing
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MRTG
MRTG is free software for monitoring and measuring the traffic load on network links. It allows the user to see traffic load on a network over time in graphical form.
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SmokePing
SmokePing is a latency logging and graphing system. It consists of a daemon process which organizes the latency measurements and a CGI which presents the graphs.
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Network Troubleshooting
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Ping
Ping is a computer network administration utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network and to measure the round-trip time for messages sent from the originating host to a destination computer. Ping operates by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request packets to the target host and waiting for an ICMP response. In the process it measures the time from transmission to reception (round-trip time) and records any packet loss. The results of the test are printed in the form of a statistical summary of the response packets received, including the minimum, maximum, and the mean round-trip times, and sometimes the standard deviation of the mean.
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4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
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The process above is repeated until all requested ICMP ECHO packets have been 34 sent and their responses have been received or the default 2-second timeout
TRACEROUTE
Traceroute is a computer network diagnostic tool for displaying the route (path) and measuring transit delays of packets across an Internet Protocol (IP) network.
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MTR
MTR (My traceroute, originally called Matt's traceroute) is computer software which combines the functionality of the traceroute and ping programs in a single network diagnostic tool. MTR probes routers on the route path by limiting the number of hops individual packets may traverse, and listening to responses of their expiry. It will regularly repeat this process, usually once per second, and keep track of the response times of the hops along the path.
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THANK YOU
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