Cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo m s CDMA Hin nay nhu cu thng tin phc v sn xut

kinh doanh v nng cao dn tr ngy cng tr nn bc thit. Ti nhng thnh ph ln, vic s dng cc phng tin truyn thng tr nn ph bin. Thng tin tr thnh mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh s thnh cng trong hot ng kinh doanh ca cc doanh nghip v c nhn. i vi khu vc nng thn, vng su vng xa, vai tr thng tin c nhiu chuyn bin. Vic p dng cc tin b khoa hc k thut vo sn xut mang li nhiu li ch thit thc c trong khu vc sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip v nng nghip. Tuy nhin, cc phng tin mang thng tin n nhng i tng ny cn gp nhiu kh khn. V vy, s a dng v phong ph v ni dung, s n gin v tin li v phng tin thng tin vn l nhng vn cp bch cn c gii quyt. Hin ti, Vit Nam c 6 nh khai thc dch v thng tin di ng. Mng di ng ca Vinaphone, MobiFone, Viettel s dng cng ngh GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications-H thng thng tin di ng ton cu). Mng di ng ca S-Fone, Hanoi-Telecom, EVN-Telecom s dng cng ngh CDMA. CDMA l vit tt ca cm t Code Division Multiple Access (Phng thc a truy nhp phn chia theo m s). y l mt cng ngh mi mang tnh t ph c ng dng rng ri trn th gii v mang ngha l tiu chun chung ton cu ca th h in thoi di ng th h th 3 (3G) m th gii mong mun t ti. Tp on Qualcomm a ra phin bn CDMA u tin c gi l IS-95A, h thng thng tin di ng CDMA IS-95 c xy dng trn l thuyt tri ph, l thuyt tri ph tr thnh ng lc pht trin cho nhiu ngnh cng nghip v tuyn nh thng tin c nhn, thng tin a truy nhp thu bao v tuyn mng ni ht, thng tin v tinh, nh v ton cu . . . Chnh hiu sut s dng rng bng tn cao v kh nng truy nhp lm cho cng ngh CDMA tr thnh cng ngh hng u trong vic gim nh tc nghn gy ra do s bng n cc mng v tuyn di ng. Cng ngh CDMA mi c pht trin trong nhng nm gn y v cng c kh nhiu nh khai thc la chn vi nhng u im nh: dung lng mng ln, tnh nng ci thin cht lng thoi, d dng pht trin mng v kh nng truyn s liu tc cao, p ng c cc dch v tin tin s dng bng thng rng nh truyn s liu tc cao, multimedia . . . i din cho th h thng tin di ng th 3 theo chun CDMA l cng ngh CDMA 2000, c kh nng h tr tc truyn s liu ti a n 2,4 Mbps (theo ITU-T). Khc vi GSM, cng ngh CDMA sau qu trnh s ho, d liu c tri trn ton b bng ph rng dnh sn. Nh vy, nhiu cuc gi c th tin hnh ng thi trn cng mt knh. Mi bit thoi c n nh mt tn s m c trng v tn hiu ny c truyn dn trn mt di bng thng rng (1.25 MHz). Tn hiu s c chn bng thit b thu nhn, thit b ny c lp trnh nhn dng m c trng . Vi hiu sut ti s dng tn s tri ph cao v iu khin nng lng nn n cho php qun l s lng thu bao cao gp 5-20 ln so vi cng ngh GSM. Vi tc truyn d liu cao hn mng GSM, CDMA l cng ngh p ng nhanh v hiu qu cc dch v thoi, thoi v d liu, fax, Internet. CDMA cn rt hu dng trong vic cung cp dch v in thoi v tuyn c nh c cht lng ngang bng vi h thng hu tuyn nh p dng k thut m ho thoi mi. Ngoi ra, s dng cng ngh CDMA s t tn pin, thi gian m thoi lu hn. Trong thng tin di ng, thu bao di chuyn khp ni vi nhiu tc khc nhau, v th tn hiu do thu bao pht ra c th b st gim mt cch ngu nhin. b p s st gim ny, h thng GSM phi iu chnh my in thoi tng ti a mc cng sut pht, trong khi cng ngh CDMA s dng cc thut ton iu khin nhanh v chnh xc, nh vy my in thoi ch pht mc cng sut

va m bo cht lng tn hiu. Kt qu l lm tng tui th pin, thi gian ch v m thoi lu hn. H thng CDMA c bn knh phc v ca mt trm ph sng ln hn cc h thng GSM, ngha l t trm gc hn, gim bt chi ph vn hnh dn n vic tit kim cho c nh khai thc v ngi s dng m vn m bo cht lng cuc gi t ti mc ti u. Tm li, cng ngh CDMA mang n rt nhiu tin ch cho ngi s dng nh: - Cht lng cuc gi c ci tin: CDMA cung cp cht lng m thanh trung thc v r rng hn h thng di ng s dng cng ngh khc. - Tnh bo mt cao. - t tn pin, thi gian m thoi lu hn v kch thc my nh hn. - Cung cp nhiu dch v cng thm v truyn d liu vi tc cao. L Minh Thun - S BCVT

CDMA (vit y l Code Division Multiple Access) ngha l a truy nhp (a ngi dng) phn chia theo m. Khc vi GSM phn phi tn s thnh nhng knh nh, ri chia s thi gian cc knh y cho ngi s dng. Trong khi thu bao ca mng di ng CDMA chia s cng mt gii tn chung. Mi khch hng c th ni ng thi v tn hiu c pht i trn cng mt gii tn. Cc knh thu bao c tch bit bng cch s dng m ngu nhin. Cc tn hiu ca nhiu thu bao khc nhau s c m ho bng cc m ngu nhin khc nhau, sau c trn ln v pht i trn cng mt gii tn chung v ch c phc hi duy nht thit b thu bao (my in thoi di ng) vi m ngu nhin tng ng. p dng l thuyt truyn thng tri ph, CDMA a ra hng lot cc u im m nhiu cng ngh khc cha th t c.

Mc lc
[n]

1 ng dng 2 u im o 2.1 S dng b m ha u vit o 2.2 Chuyn giao mm o 2.3 iu khin cng sut 3 Lin kt ngoi

[sa] ng dng
Hin nay Vit Nam c 7 nh cung cp dch v in thoi di ng. Trong , S-Telecom (SFone), EVN Telecom s dng cng ngh CDMA, GTel, Mobifone, Vinaphone, Vietnamobile v Vietel s dng cng ngh GSM. Mng s dng chun GSM ang chim gn 50% s ngi dng in thoi di ng trn ton cu. TDMA ngoi chun GSM cn c mt chun khc na, hin c s dng ch yu M Latin, Canada, ng , ng u. Cn cng ngh CDMA ang c s dng nhiu M, Hn Quc... Cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA l cng ngh truyn sng k thut s, cho php mt s ngi dng truy nhp vo cng mt knh tn s m khng b kt bng cch nh v nhng rnh thi gian duy nht cho mi ngi dng trong mi knh. Cng ngh ny i hi vn u t ban u t tn km hn CDMA. Cn cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA l cng ngh tri ph cho php nhiu tn s c s dng ng thi; m

ha tng gi tn hiu s bng mt m kha duy nht v gi i. B nhn CDMA ch bit nhn v gii m. Cng ngh ny c tnh bo mt tn hiu cao hn TDMA. Theo cc chuyn gia CNTT Vit Nam, xt gc bo mt thng tin, CDMA c tnh nng u vit hn.

[sa] u im
[sa] S dng b m ha u vit
Nh h thng kch hot thoi, hiu sut ti s dng tn s tri ph cao v iu khin nng lng, nn n cho php qun l s lng thu bao cao gp 5-20 ln so vi cng ngh GSM. p dng k thut m ha thoi mi, CDMA nng cht lng thoi ln gn bng vi h thng in thoi hu tuyn(in thoi bn).

[sa] Chuyn giao mm

i vi in thoi di ng, m bo tnh di ng, cc trm pht phi c t ri rc khp ni. Mi trm s ph sng mt vng nht nh v chu trch nhim vi cc thu bao trong vng . Vi CDMA, vng chuyn giao, thu bao c th lin lc vi 2 hoc 3 trm thu pht cng mt lc, do cuc gi khng b ngt qung, lm gim ng k xc sut rt cuc gi.

[sa] iu khin cng sut

Mt u im khc na ca CDMA l nh s dng cc thut ton iu khin nhanh v chnh xc, thu bao ch pht mc cng sut va m bo cht lng tn hiu, gip tng tui th ca pin, thi gian ch v m thoi. My in thoi di ng CDMA cng c th s dng pin nh hn, nn trng lng my nh, kch thc gn v d s dng. Trong thng tin di ng, thu bao di ng di chuyn khp ni vi nhiu tc khc nhau, v th tn hiu pht ra c th b st gim mt cch ngu nhin. b cho s st gim ny, h thng phi iu khin cho thu bao tng mc cng sut pht. Cc h thng analog v GSM hin nay c kh nng iu khin chm v n gin, thu bao khng th thay i mc cng sut nhanh, do phi lun lun pht cng sut cao hn vi dB so vi mc cn thit. Tuy nhin, s dng mng in thoi di ng CDMA, ngi dng phi trang b thit b u cui ph hp vi cng ngh ca mng. Chi ph cho thit b u cui CDMA hin nay khong 200-1.000 USD ty cng nng ca my, trong tng lai gi s thp hn. Trong vn bo mt, CDMA cung cp ch bo mt cao nh s dng tn hiu tri bng ph rng. Cc tn hiu bng rng kh b r ra v n xut hin mc nhiu, nhng ngi c nh nghe trm s ch nghe c nhng tn hiu v ngha. Ngoi ra, vi tc truyn nhanh hn cc cng ngh hin c, nh cung cp dch v c th trin khai nhiu ty chn dch v nh thoi, thoi v d liu, fax, Internet... Khng ch ng dng trong h thng thng tin di ng, CDMA cn thch hp s dng trong vic cung cp dch v in thoi v tuyn c nh vi cht lng ngang bng vi h thng hu tuyn, nh p dng k thut m ha mi. c bit cc h thng ny c th trin khai v m rng nhanh v chi ph hin thp hn hu ht cc mng hu tuyn khc, v i hi t trm thu pht. Tuy nhin, nhng my in thoi di ng ang s dng chun GSM hin nay khng th s dng chun CDMA. Nu tip tc pht trin GSM, h thng thng tin di ng ny s phi pht trin ln WCDMA mi p ng c nhu cu truy cp di ng cc loi thng tin t mng Internet vi tc cao, thay v vi tc 9.600 bit/giy nh hin nay, v so vi tc 144.000 bit/giy ca CDMA.

Cc k thut a Truy Cp (Multiple Access Techniques)

C 4 k thut a truy cp c bn sau y (khng k s kt hp ca cc k thut ny): I/ a truy cp theo phn chia tn s FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) Theo k tht ny, mi mt ngi s dng trong mt t bo (cell) c phn chia mt di tn s (bng tn) nht nh, cc bng tn ca nhng ngi s dng khc nhau s khng trng nhau (non-overlap). Ngi s dng gi v nhn tn hiu trong bng tn mnh c phn chia v tt c mi ngi trong mng u gi/nhn tn hiu ng thi. V rng mi ngi s dng truyn v nhn tn hiu trong bng tn ca mnh cho nn nhng ngi s dng trong mt t bo (cell) khng gy nhiu cho nhau (l tng). Tuy nhin, do yu cu cn c mt s lng ln ngi s dng trong mng, cc bng tn s c s dng li cc t bo khc. Chnh v vy c th c nhng ngi s dng t bo A gy nhiu cho mt ngi s dng t bo B gn do hai ngi s dng ny dng chung mt bng tn. Nhiu ny gi l nhiu ng knh (co-channel interference). II/ a truy cp theo phn chia thi gian TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) Trong cch truy cp ny, mi ngi s dng c phn chia mt khong thi gian, gi l khe thi gian (time-slot) nht nh truyn v nhn thng tin. Trong khe thi gian m ngi s dng A truyn v nhn tn hiu th tt c mi ngi s dng khc trong cng t bo khng c truyn v nhn tn hiu. Nh vy mi ngi s dng trong cng mt t bo cng khng gy nhiu cho nhau (l tng) bi mt thi im c th ch c mt ngi duy nht truyn v nhn tn hiu. Tuy nhin, cng thi im cng c th c mt ngi s dng t bo bn cnh truyn v nhn tn hiu cho nn trong cch truy cp ny cng c nhiu ng knh. III/ a truy cp phn chia theo m CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) y l mt cch truy cp khc hn hai cch trn. Theo cch ny, tt c mi ngi s dng trong mt t bo cng truyn/nhn thng tin mt lc v trn cng mt bng tn s. Do vy vn nhiu ln nhau gia nhng ngi s dng trong cng mt t bo, gia nhng ngi s dng cc t bo cnh nhau (do vic s dng li tn s cc t bo cnh nhau) l mt vn ln nht trong cch truy cp CDMA ny. khc phc vn ny, mi ngi s dng trong mt t bo s c gn mt m (code) c bit v khng c hai ngi s dng no trong cng mt t bo c cng mt m (c ngha l mi ngi c mt m ring bit). My thu s cn c vo m ca mi ngi s dng kh bt (khng th kh ht) nhiu ca nhng ngi s dng khc trong cng mt t bo v khi phc tn hiu ca ngi . Trong k tht ny c nhiu trong t bo (intra-cell interference) v nhiu gia cc t bo (inter-cell interference). IV/ a truy cp phn chia theo khng gian SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access) K thut a truy cp ny khc hn vi 3 k thut trn y. l, tt c mi ngi s dng trong cng mt cell u c th truyn/nhn tn hiu mt lc, trn cng mt bng thng v khng s dng m nh trong CDMA. Nh vy tn hiu do mi ngi s dng trong cell v ngoi cell s b chng ln nhau (cng vo nhau). Kh nhiu do nhiu ngi s dng trong SDMA l mt vn v cng phc tp. Pha BS yu cu phi c mt dy cc ng-ten ln (antenna array) c th kh nhiu. Vic kh nhiu pha BS c th c thc hin bng mt s k thut nh (a) c lng hng n ca tn hiu (direction of arrival - DOA) ca mi ngi s dng tch tn hiu ca mi ngi s dng ra khi tn hiu thu c v (b) da vo k thut kh nhiu kt hp vi lc (chng hn kh nhiu mm kt hp vi b lc MMSE). Trong k thut a truy cp ny, BS c s dng k thut beamforming pht tn hiu trc tip n ngi s dng.

(+) Kt hp cc k thut trn y ta c th c cc h thng khc nhau nh: TD-CDMA, FDCDMA, SD-CDMA ... Cc u im ni bt ca CDMA so vi FDMA v TDMA: - Tnh chng nhiu cao. - Bo mt tt (s dng u tin trong qun i) - Khi chuyn t cell ny qua cell khc kh nng rt cuc g t xy ra. - V c l u im ni bt nht v tng dung lng ngi s dng (capacity).

Trong CDMA c khi nim gii hn dung lng mm soft capacity limit tri ngc vi hard capacity limit trong FDMA v TDMA. C th hiu khi nim nh sau: vi FDMA, TDMA trong mt cell s lng thu bao subcriber - c th lin lc trong cng mt thi im l c nh trong khi s lng thu bao c th lin lc ti cng mt thi im trong mt cell ca CDMA thi khng. Tuy nhin, khi s lng thu bao lin lc tng dn ti mc nhiu tng cht lng lin lc gim, l mt quan h gia cht lng v dung lng (quality service capacity) trong CDMA. Trong nhiu nm ngi ta thng dng nhiu phng php khc nhau tng dung lng trong CDMA nh: k thut to cc dy m gi ngu nhin ti u, to cc b lc tt, s dng cc my thu tng quan ... cc k thut ny vn cha s dng c ton b cc u im ca CDMA. Multiuser Detection la mt k thut mi, trong thu mt tn hiu ca mt user my thu khng ch tm kim trc tip user (nh trong cc my thu CDMA trc y) m co`n dng thng tin ca cc user khc thu tn hiu ca user mong mun. Hiu ng Xa-Gn v iu Khin Cng Sut Trong CDMA Trong h thng CDMA, vn ln nht l kh nhiu MUI (hay cn gi l MAI - Multiple Access Interference). Ngay c khi cng sut ca tn hiu thu c l nh nhau i vi mi ngi s dng th vn kh MUI v cng kh khn. Th nhng, nhiu khi ngi s dng mong mun th li c cng sut tn hiu rt nh pha my thu trong khi nhng ngi s dng khc gy nhiu cho ngi s dng mong mun th li c cng sut tn hiu rt ln. Trong trng hp ny, nhiu ln hn tn hiu mong mun. iu ny xy ra khi no? Hy tng tng, mt ngi s dng m ta ang mun khi phc tn hiu rt xa BS trong khi nhng ngi s dng khc th li rt gn BS, khi tn hiu mong mun s nh hn nhiu do nhng ngi m ta khng mong mun gn BS gy ra. Hoc, khi ngi s dng m ta mong mun ang khut trong nhng dy nh ln hoc nhng vt cn khc trong khi nhng ngi s dng khc th li khng b nh vy, khi tn hiu pht i t ngi s dng m ta mong mun s b suy gim (fading) rt ln. Ci ny gi l hiu ng Xa-Gn. Vy lm sao gii quyt vn ny? Pha BS c mt thut ton pht hin cng sut (power detection) ca mi ngi s dng trong cell. Khi no cng sut tn hiu thu c ca ngi s dng no ln hn mt ngng c nh sn, BS s gi tn hiu '' Ny, cu phi gim cng sut pht xung n mc ABC '' n ngi s dng . Ngc li, khi BS thy cng sut ca tn hiu thu c ca ngi s dng no nh hn mt mc no , BS s gi n ngi s dng mt tn hiu '' Anh phi tng cng sut pht ln mc DEF ''. Lm nh vy, nu mt ngi rt xa BS hoc ang b khut trong cc dy nh hay cc vt cn khc, th my in thoi di ng ca ngi s c BS thng bo l phi tng cng sut pht v khi mt ngi no rt gn BS th my TD s phi gim cng sut pht. y l cch s trnh c hiu ng Xa-Gn.

K thut khng pht khi khng ni chuyn Mt trong nhng hnh ng t nhin ca con ngi l trong mt cuc ni chuyn, bt k l bng in thoi hay ni chuyn trc tip, lun c nhng khong ngng khng ni. Nu nh trong thi gian hai ngi ni chuyn bng in thoi di ng khng ni g m my pht ca T di ng vn pht nh khi ni th n ch lm nhiu nhng ngi s dng khc m khng mang thng tin thc s. Da vo ngi ta ngh ra cch pht hin, nu thu bao khng ni chuyn v lc cng chng c g nghe (ngi kia cng khng ni) th my T s khng pht na. Nh vy trong khong thi gian mt ngi khng m thoi, trong cell s bt i c mt ngi gy nhiu. iu ny cho thy cc k hu hiu trong vic gim nhiu trong thng tin thoi di ng bi l tng s thi gian khng ni chuyn trong mi cuc m thoi l tng i ln.

LI NI U
Cc cng ngh a truy nhp l nn tng ca cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn ni chung v thng tin di ng ni ring. Cc cng ngh ny cho php cc h thng a truy nhp v tuyn phn b ti nguyn v tuyn mt cch hiu sut cho cc ngi s dng. Tu thuc vo vic s dng ti nguyn v tuyn phn b cho cc ngi s dng m cc cng ngh ny c phn chia thnh: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA), a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA), a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA) v a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA). Cc h thng thng tin di ng mi u s dng kt hp c bn cng ngh a truy nhp ny phn b hiu qu nht ti nguyn cho cc ngi s dng. Cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo m vi nhiu u vit so vi cc cng ngh khc nn ngy cng tr thnh cng ngh a truy nhp chnh. Cng ngh a truy nhp CDMA c xy dng trn c s k thut tri ph. K thut tri ph c nghin cu v p dng trong qun s t nhng nm 1930, tuy nhin gn y cc k thut ny mi c nghin cu v p dng thnh cng trong cc h thng tin v tuyn t ong. Cc phn t c bn ca mi h thng tri ph l cc chui gi ngu nhin. C th coi rng Sol Golomb l ngi dnh nhiu nghin cu ton hc cho vn ny trong cc cng trnh ca ng vo nhng nm 1950. nim u tin v a truy nhp tri ph phn chia theo m (SSCDMA: Spread Spectrum Code Division Multiple Access) c R.Price v P.E.Green trnh by trong bi bo ca mnh nm 1958. Vo u nhng nm 1970 rt nhiu bi bo ch ra rng cc h thng thng tin CDMA c th t c dung lng cao hn cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access).Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip c xy dng vo nhng nm 1950. Th d v cc h thng u tin l: ARC-50 ca Magnavox v cc h thng thng tin v tuyn v tinh OM-55, USC-28. Trong cc bi bo ca mnh (nm 1966) cc tc gi J.W.Schwartz, W.J.M.Aein v J. Kaiser l nhng ngi u tin so snh cc k thut a truy nhp FDMA, TDMA v CDMA. Cc th d khc v cc h thng qun s s dng cng ngh CDMA l v tinh thng tin chin thut TATS v h thng nh v ton cu GPS. M cc vn v cn kit dung lng thng tin di ng ny sinh t nhng nm 1980. Tnh trng ny to c hi cho cc nh nghin cu M tm ra mt phng n

thng tin di ng s m. tm kim h thng thng tin di ng s mi ngi ta nghin cu cng ngh a thm nhp phn chia theo m trn c s tri ph (CDMA). c thnh lp vo nm 1985, Qualcom, sau c gi l "Thng tin Qualcom" (Qualcom Communications) pht trin cng ngh CDMA cho thng tin di ng v nhn c nhiu bng pht minh trong lnh vc ny. Lc u cng ngh ny c n nhn mt cch d dt do quan nim truyn thng v v tuyn l mi cuc thai i hi mt knh v tuyn ring. n nay cng ngh ny tr thnh cng ngh thng tr Bc M v nn tng ca thng tin di ng th h ba. Qualcom a ra phin bn CDMA u tin c gi l IS-95A. Hin nay phin bn mi IS-2000 v WCDMA c a ra cho h thng thng tin di ng th 3. Trong lnh vc thng tin di ng v tinh cng ngy cng nhiu h thng tip nhn s dng
cng ngh CDMA. Cc th d in hnh v vic s dng cng ngh ny cho thng tin v tinh l: H thng thng tin di ng v tinh qu o thp (LEO: Low Earth Orbit) Loral/Qualcom Global

Li ni u

Star s dng 48 v tinh, H thng thng tin di ng v tinh qu o trung bnh (MEO: Medium Earth Orbit) TRW s dng 12 v tinh. Mt trong cc hn ch chnh ca cc h thng CDMA hin ny l hiu nng ca chng ph thuc vo nhiu ca cc ngi s dng cng tn s, MUI (Multi user Interference). y l l do dn n gim dung lng v i hi phi iu khin cng sut nhanh. Cc my thu lin kt a ngi s dng (MUD: Multi User Detector) s cho php cc h thng CDMA mi dn khc phc c cc nhc im ny v cho php CDMA t r c u im vt tri ca n. Gn y mt s cng ngh a truy nhp mi nh: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) v CDMA a sng mang (MC CDMA: Multicarrier CDMA) cng tr thnh ti nghin cu ca nhiu trng i hc v cc phng th nghim trn th gii. y l cc phng php a truy nhp mi y trin vng. iu ch OFDM l c s xy dng OFDMA c cng nhn l tiu chun cho WLAN 802.11 v HIPERLAN. Trong tng lai hai cng ngh a truy nhp ny rt c th s tm c cc ng dng mi trong cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn bng rng a phng tin v di ng th h sau. Ti liu bao gm cc bi ging v mn hc "L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp v tuyn" c bin son theo chng trnh i hc cng ngh vin thng ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng. Mc ch ca ti liu l cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc cn bn nht v cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn v l thuyt tri ph c th tip cn cc cng ngh thng tin v tuyn di ng mi ang v s pht trin rt nhanh. Ti liu ny c xy dng trn c s sinh vin hc cc mn: Anten v truyn sng, Truyn dn v tuun s. Ti liu l c s sinh vin hc cc mn hc: Thng tin di ng, Thng tin v tinh v cc H thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn khc nh WLAN. Do hn ch ca thi lng nn ti liu ny ch bao gm cc phn cn bn lin quan n cc kin thc c s v l thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp. Tuy nhin hc k ti liu ny sinh vin c th hon chnh thm kin thc cu mn hc bng cch c cc ti liu tham kho dn ra cui ti liu ny. Ti liu ny c chia lm su chng. c kt cu hp l sinh vin c th t hc. Mi chng u c phn gii thiu chung, ni dung, tng kt, cu hi vi bi tp. Cui ti liu l p n cho cc bi tp.

Ngi bin son: TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

ii

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN CC PHNG PHP A TRUY NHP V TUYNV K THUT TRI PH
1.1. GII THIU CHUNG
1.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng

Tng quan FDMA Tng quan TDMA Tng quan CDMA Tng quan SDMA So snh dung lng cc h thng FDMA, TDMA v CDMA

1.1.2. Hng dn Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng ny Tham kho thm [2] Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng 1.1.3. Mc ch chng Hiu c tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp Hiu cch so snh c dung lng ca cc h thng a truy nhp khc nhau

1.2. M U
Cc phng thc a truy nhp v tuyn c s dng rng ri trong cc mng thng tin di ng. Trong chng ny ta s xt tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp c s dng trong thng tin v tuyn. Ngoi ra ta cng xt k thut tri ph nh l k thut c s cho cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA. M hnh ca mt h thng a truy nhp c cho hnh 1.1.

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Hnh 1.1. Cc h thng a truy nhp: a) cc u cui mt t v b pht p, b) cc trm di ng v cc trm gc.
Thng thng mt h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn c nhiu trm u cui v mt s cc trm c nhim v kt ni cc trm u cui ny vi mng hoc chuyn tip cc tn hiu t cc trm u cui n mt trm khc. Cc trm u cui trong cc h thng thng tin di ng mt t l cc my di ng cn cc trm u cui trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh l cc trm thng tin v tinh mt t. Cc trm kt ni cc trm u cui vi mng hoc chuyn tip cc tn hiu t cc trm u cui n cc trm khc l cc trm gc trong thng tin di ng mt t hoc cc b pht p trn v tinh trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh. Do vai tr ca trm gc trong thng tin di ng mt t v b pht p v tinh cng nh my di ng v trm mt t ging nhau cc h thng a truy nhp v tuyn nn trong phn ny ta s xt chng i ln cho nhau. Trong cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn bao gi cng c hai ng truyn: mt ng t cc trm u cui n cc trm gc hoc cc trm pht p, cn ng khi theo chiu ngc li. Theo quy c chung ng th nht c l ng ln cn ng th hai c gi l ng xung. Cc phng php a truy nhp c chia thnh bn loi chnh: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access). a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access). a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access). a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA: Space Division Access). Cc phng php a truy nhp c bn ni trn c th kt hp vi nhau to thnh mt phng php a truy nhp mi. Cc phng php a truy nhp c xy dng trn c s phn chia ti nguyn v tuyn

cho cc ngun s dng (cc knh truyn dn) khc nhau.

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Nguyn l ca ba phng php a truy nhp c bn u tin c cho hnh 1.2. Mi knh ngi s dng v tuyn trong h thng v tuyn t ong mt t hay mt tram u cui trong h thng thng tin v tinh a trm s dng mt sng mang c ph nm trong bng tn ca knh vo thi im hot ng ca knh. Ti nguyn dnh cho knh c th c trnh by dng mt hnh ch nht trong mt phng thi gian v tn s. Hnh ch nht ny th hin rng ca knh v thi gian hot ng ca n (hnh 1.2). Khi khng c mt quy nh trc cc sng mang ng thi chim hnh ch nht ny v gy nhiu cho nhau. trnh c can nhiu ny cc my thu ca trm gc (hay cc phy thu cu cc trm pht p trn v tinh) v cc my thu ca cc trm u cui phi c kh nng phn bit cc sng mang thu c. t c s phn bit ny cc ti nguyn phi c phn chia: Nh l hm s ca v tr nng lng sng mang vng tn s. Nu ph ca sng mang chim cc bng tn con khc nhau, my thu c th phn bit cc sng mang bng cch lc. y l nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access, hnh 1.2a). Nh l hm v tr thi gian ca cc nng lng sng mang. My thu thu ln lt cc sng mang cng tn s theo thi gian v phn tch chng bng cch m cng ln lt theo thi gian thm ch c khi cc sng mang ny chim cng mt bng tn s. y l nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access; hnh 1.2b). Nh l hm ph thuc m ca cc nng lng sng mang. My thu thu ng thi cc sng mang cng tn s v phn tch chng bng cch gii m cc sng mang ny theo m m chng c pht. Do mi knh hay ngun pht c mt m ring nn my thu c th phn bit c sng mang thm ch tt c cc sng mang ng thi chim cng mt tn s. M phn bit knh hay ngun pht thng c thc hin bng cc m gi tp m (PN: Pseudo Noise Code). Phng php ny c gi l a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access; hnh 1.2c). Vic s dng cc m ny dn n s m rng ng k ph tn ca sng mang so vi ph m n c th c khi ch c iu ch bi thng tin hu ch. y cng l l do m CDMA cn c gi l a truy nhp tri ph (SSMA: Spread Spectrum Multiple Access). Nh l hm ph thuc vo khng gian ca cc nng lng sng mang. Nng lng sng mang ca cc knh hay cc ngun pht khc nhau c phn b hp l trong khng gian chng khng gy nhiu cho nhau. V cc knh hay cc ngun pht ch s dng khng gian c quy nh trc nn my thu c th thu c sng mang ca ngun pht cn thu thm ch khi tt c cc sng mang khc ng thi pht v pht trong cng mt bng tn. Phng php ny c gi l phng php a truy nhp theo khng gian (SDMA: Space Division Multiple Access). C nhiu bin php thc hin SDMA nh:

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Tn s

Trm gc
f
1

t
f
2

1 2

FDMA
f
N

B 2 1

a)
N

FDMA Trm gc Tn s

Thi gian

1
f

t 2 t
f
Nt

1 2

TDMA B

b)
M N f

Trm gc M t
CDMA

TDMA

Thi gian

1 2

M f
1
2

Tn s

t
N

c)

CDMA

Thi gian

Hnh 1.2. Nguyn l a truy nhp: a) a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA); b) a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA); c) a truy nhp phn cha theo m (CDMA) 1. S dng lp tn s cho cc ngun pht ti cc khong cch ln trong khng gian chng khng gy nhiu cho nhau. Phng php ny thng c gi l phng php ti s dng tn s v khong cch cn thit cc ngun pht cng tn s khng gy nhiu cho nhau c gi l khong cch ti s dng tn s. Cn lu rng thut ng ti s dng tn s cng c s dng cho trng hp hai ngun pht hay hai knh truyn dn s dng chung tn s nhng c pht i hai phn cc khc nhau.

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

2. S dng cc anten thng minh (Smart Anten). Cc anten ny cho php tp trung nng lng sng mang ca ngun pht vo hng c li nht cho my thu ch nh v trnh gy nhiu cho cc my thu khc. Cc phng php a truy nhp ni trn c th kt hp vi nhau. Hnh 1.3 cho thy cc cch kt hp ca ba phng php a truy nhp u tin.
K thut c s

FDMA

Phn chia theo tn s/m (FD/CDMA)

Phn chia theo tn s/th gian/m (FD/TD/CDMA)

Phn chia theo tn s/thi gian (FD/TDMA)

TDMA

Chu k khung

Tn s

Mt phng chim knh thi giantn s

B (bng thng h thng) Phn chia theo thi gian/m (TD/CDMA)

Thi gian

CDMA

Hnh 1.3. Kt hp ba dng a truy nhp c s thnh cc dng a truy nhp lai ghp

1.3. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO TN S, FDMA

1.3.1. Nguyn l FDMA
Trong phng php a truy nhp ny rng bng tn cp pht cho h thng B Mhz c chia thnh n bng tn con, mi bng tn con c n nh cho mt knh ring c rng bng tn l B/n MHz (hnh 1.4). Trong dng a truy nhp ny cc my v tuyn u cui pht lin tc mt s sng mang ng thi trn cc tn s khc nhau. Cn m bo cc khong bo v gia tng knh b sng mang chim phng nga s khng hon thin ca cc b lc v cc b dao ng. My thu ng xung hoc dng ln chn sng mang cn thit theo tn s ph hp. Nh vy FDMA l phng thc a truy nhp m trong mi knh c cp pht mt

tn s c nh. m bo FDMA tt tn s phi c phn chia v quy hoch thng nht trn ton th gii.

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Hnh 1.4. FDMA v nhiu giao thoa knh ln cn

m bo thng tin song cng tn hiu pht thu ca mt my thu bao phi hoc c pht hai tn s khc nhau hay mt tn s nhng khong thi gian pht thu khc nhau. Phng php th nht c gi l ghp song cng theo tn s (FDMA/FDD, FDD: Frequency Division Duplex) cn phng php th hai c gi l ghp song cng theo thi gian (FDMA/TDD, TDD: Time Division Duplex). Phng php th nht c m t hnh 1.5. Trong phng php ny bng tn dnh cho h thng c chia thnh hai na: mt na thp (Lower Half Band) v mt na cao (Upper Half Band). Trong mi na bng tn ngi ta b tr cc tn s cho cc knh (xem hnh 1.5a) . Trong hnh 1.5a cc cp tn s na bng thp v na bng cao c cng ch s c gi l cp tn s thu pht hay song cng, mt tn s s c s dng cho my pht cn mt tn s c s dng cho my thu ca cng mt knh, khong cch gia hai tn s ny c gi l khong cch thu pht hay song cng. Khong cch gn nht gia hai tn s trong cng mt na bng c gi l khong cch gia hai knh ln cn ( x), khong cch ny phi c chn ln i vi mt t s tn hiu trn tp m cho trc (SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio) hai knh cnh nhau khng th gy nhiu cho nhau. Nh vy mi knh bao gm mt cp tn s: mt tn s bng tn thp v mt tn s bng tn cao m bo thu pht song cng. Thng thng ng pht i t trm gc (hay b pht p) xung trm u cui (thu trm u cui) c gi l ng xung, cn ng pht i t trm u cui n trm gc (hay trm pht p) c gi l ng ln. Khong cch gia hai tn s ng xung v ng ln l Y nh thy trn hnh v. Trong thng tin di dng tn s ng xung bao gi cng cao hn tn s ng ln suy hao ng ln thp hn ng xung do cng sut pht t my cm tay khng th ln. Trong trong thng tin v tinh th tu thuc vo h thng, tn s ng xung c th thp hoc cao hn tn s ng ln, chng hn cc h thng s dng cc trm thng tin v tinh mt t ln ngi ta thng s ng tn s ng ln cao hn ng xung, ngc li cc h thng thng tin v tinh (nh di ng chng hn) do trm mt t nh nn tn s ng ln c s dng thp hn tn s ng xung.

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

a) f1 f2 Na bng thp f3 fn-1 fn f0 f1 f2

Na bng cao f3 fn-1 fn

x y B

b) MS1

f1 f1
Trm gc

MS2

f2 f2

MS3

f3 f3

K hiu

x: Khong cch tn s gia hai knh ln cn y: Khong cch tn s thu pht B: Bng thng cp pht cho h thng f0: Tn s trung tm fi: Tn s ng xung fi: Tn s ng ln

Hnh 1.5. Phn b tn s v phng php FDMA/FDD Trong phng php th hai (FDMA/TDD) c my thu v my pht c th s dng chung mt tn s (nhng phn chia theo thi gian) khi ny bng tn ch l mt v mi knh c th chn mt tn s bt