Behaviorism (or behaviourism), also called the learning perspective (where any physical action is a behavior), is a philosophy of psychologybased

on the proposition that all things that organisms doincluding acting, thinking, and feelingcan and should be regarded as behaviors, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns or modifying the environment. [1][2] According to behaviorism, individuals' response to different environmental stimuli shapes our behaviors. Behaviorists believe behavior can be studied in a methodical and recognizable manner with no consideration of internal mental states. Thus, all behavior can be clarified without the need to reflect on psychological mental states. The behaviorist school of thought maintains that behaviors as such can be described scientifically without recourse either to internalphysiological events or to hypothetical constructs such as the mind.[3] Behaviorism comprises the position that all theories should haveobservational correlates but that there are no philosophical differences between publicly observable processes (such as actions) and privately observable processes (such as thinking and feeling).[4] In psychology, cognitivism is a theoretical framework for understanding the mind that gained credence in the 1950s. The movement was a response to behaviorism, which cognitivists said neglected to explain cognition. Cognitive psychology derived its name from the Latincognoscere, referring to knowing and information, thus cognitive psychology is an information processing psychology derived in part from earlier traditions of the investigation of thought and problem solving.[1] [2] Behaviorists acknowledged the existence of thinking, but identified it as a behavior. Cognitivists argued that the way people think impacts their behavior and therefore cannot be a behavior in and of itself. Cognitivists later argued that thinking is so essential to psychology that the study of thinking should become its own field.[2] Constructivism can be described as a theory that deals with the way people create meaning of the world through a series of individual constructs. Constructs are the different types of filters we choose to place over our realities to change our reality from chaos to order. Von Glasersfeld describes constructivism as, a theory of knowledge with roots in philosophy, psychology, and cybernetics (p 162). [1] Simply stated, it is a learning process which allows a student to experience an environment first-hand, thereby, giving the student reliable, trust-worthy knowledge. The student is required to act upon the environment to both acquire and test new knowledge. Learning is acquiring new, or modifying existing, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals and some machines. Progress over time tends to follow learning curves. Learning is not compulsory, it is contextual. It does not happen all at once, but builds upon and is shaped by what we already know. To that end, learning may be viewed as a process, rather than a collection of factual and procedural knowledge. Human learning may occur as part of education, personal development, schooling, or training. It may be goal-oriented and may be aided by motivation. The study of how learning occurs is part of neuropsychology, educational psychology, learning theory, and pedagogy. Learning may occur as a result of habituation or classical conditioning, seen in many animal species, or as a result of more complex activities such as play, seen only in relatively intelligent animals.[1][2] Learning may occur consciously or without conscious awareness. There is evidence for human behavioral learning prenatally, in which habituation has been observed as early as 32 weeks into gestation, indicating that the central nervous system is sufficiently developed and primed for learning and memory to occur very early on indevelopment.[3] Play has been approached by several theorists as the first form of learning. Children play, experiment with the world, learn the rules, and learn to interact. Vygotsky agrees that play is pivotal for children's development, since they make meaning of their environment through play. The context of conversation based on moral reasoning offers some proper observations on the responsibilities of parents. [4] An Instructional theory is "a theory that offers explicit guidance on how to better help people learn and develop." [1] Instructional theories focus on how to structure material for promoting the education of human beings, and more recently Edtech has been gaining recognition for helping to develop this area. Constructivism can be described as a theory that deals with the way people create meaning of the world through a series of individual constructs. Constructs are the different types of filters we choose to place over our realities to change our reality from chaos to order. Von Glasersfeld describes constructivism as, a theory of knowledge with roots in philosophy, psychology, and cybernetics (p 162). [1] Simply stated, it is a learning process which allows a student to

experience an environment first-hand, thereby, giving the student reliable, trust-worthy knowledge. The student is required to act upon the environment to both acquire and test new knowledge. Microsoft Excel is a commercial spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows andMac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has almost completely replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. The current versions are 2010 for Microsoft Windows and 2011 for Mac OS X. Work sheet-Informal document in which an accountant or auditor records the information for (1) adjusting trial balances prior to preparing financial statements, or to (2) substantiate his or her opinion regarding an account balance or a transaction.

An Excel Workbook is a file used by a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet application. Excel workbooks are actually sets of spreadsheet 'pages', each of which can include separate or codependent data. These files are usually generated by Microsoft Excel software, but many other programs are capable of reading and even editing them. In a spreadsheet program such as Excel, the active cell is identified by a black border or outline surrounding the cell. The active cell is also known as the current cell or the cell that is in focus. When an action takes place in the spreadsheet - such as dataentry, formatting, or deleting data - it is the active cell that is affected.