Dr. R. P.

Sharma Scientist-Soil Science Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi-221305

Optimisation of Land Use of Eastern U P Vegetables as revenue generation Crops

Dr. R. P. Sharma Scientist-Soil Science Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi-221305

Classification of Farmers on the Basis of Land Holdings

Category of farmer 1. Marginal (<1ha) 2. Small (1-2 ha) Area (%) 36.97 24.28 No. of Farmers (%) 76.88 14.25 6.58 2.14 0.15 100 Av holding size (ha) 0.4 1.41 2.74 5.57 15.07 0.83

3. Semi Medium (2-4 ha) 21.72 4. Medium(4-10 ha) 5. Big (>10 ha) Total 14.35 2.69 100

Uttar Pradesh at a glance

Geographical Area 242-02 Lac ha. Divisions 17 Districts 70 Tehsils 303 Development Blocks 813 Nyay-Panchayats 8135 Gram-Panchayats 52028 Revenue Villages 1-09 Lac Population 16-61 Crore Literacy 57-36 %

Land Use Classification : (Area in lac ha.)

Reported area - 242.02 Net cultivated area - 168.12 Area sown more than once - 86.35 Forest - 16.89 Sodic - 5.92 Gross Cropped area - 254.47 Rabi - 126.59 Kharif - 120.23 Zaid - 7.35 Cropping Intensity - 151%

Soils of Eastern UP are most fertile but poorly managed

The plant nutrient balance system

Inputs
Mineral fertilizers Organic manures Atmospheric deposition Biological nitrogen-fixation Sedimentation

Outputs
Harvested crop parts Crop residues Leaching Gaseous losses Water erosion

Micronutrient status based land use Analysis of 2.52 lakhs surface soil
S. No. Micronutrient % Deficient area 1 2 3 4 5 Zn Fe Mn Cu B 49 12 4 3 33

Emergence of Nutrients Deficiency in Indian Agriculture

Zinc fertility status in soils of UP

Categories Very low: 21 dist. Low: 38 Marginal: 11

Iron fertility status in soils of UP

Varieties developed by IIVR

Tomato Brinjal Chilli Pea Cowpea Okra Radish Cauliflower Muskmelon Ash gourd Pumpkin Pointed gourd : Kashi Amrit, Kashi Anupam, Kashi Vishesh, Kashi Hemant, Kashi Sharad : Kashi taru, Kashi Prakash , Kashi Sandesh (F1), Kashi Ganesh (F1) : Kashi Anmol, Kashi Surkh, F1), Kashi Early (F1) : VRP-2, VRP-3, Kashi Nandini, Kashi Udhay, Kashi Shakti, Kashi Mukti : Kashi Shyamal, Kashi Gowri, Kasi Unnati, Kash, Kanchan, Kashi Sudha Kashi Vibhuti, Kashi Pragati, Kashi Satdhari, Kashi Lila, Shitla Uphar : (Hyb.), Shitla Jyoti (F1), Kashi Bhairav (F1), Kashi Mahima (F1) : Kashi Sweta, Kashi Hans : Kashi Kunwari, Kashi Agahani : Kashi Madhu : Kashi Dhawal, Kashi Ujwal : Kashi Harit : Kashi Alankar

Bottle gourd : Kashi Ganga, Kashi Bahar (F1)

French bean : Kashi Param

Tomato
Kashi Amrit (DVRT-1)
Sel-7 X B-6013 (L. hirsutum f glabratum) Backcross pedigree method (BC3F3 generation) Yield 600-650 q/ha Released for UP, Bihar, and Jharkhand

Kashi Vishesh (H-86)

Sel-7 X B-6013 (L. hirsutum f glabratum) Backcross pedigree method (BC3F3 generation) Tolerant to TyLCV Yield 600-650 q/ha Released for UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, HP, J&K

Kashi Hemant (IIVR Sel-1)

Sel-18 X Flora dade , Pedigree selection Round medium to large fruits Yield 400-420 q/ha Released for Chattisgarh, Orissa, MP, and Maharashtra

Tomato Cont Kashi Sharad (IIVR Sel-2)

MTH-6 X Kalyani Eunish, pedigree selection, Indertminate broad leaves Fruits Slightly oval medium to large Yield 400-500 q/ha Released for J&K, HP, and Uttaranchal

Swarna Lalima
Selection from land race Fruits round large size Resistant to bacterial wilt Yield 60-700 q/ha Released for Jharkhand and Bihar

Swarna Samridhi
F1 hybrid (IC-400215 X BL-333), Indeterminate Resistant to bacterial wilt and early blight Yield 1000-1050 q/ha Released for Jharkhand, Bihar and UP

Tomato Cont Swarna Sampada

F1 hybrid (IC-400216 X HAT-193) fruits round large Resistant to bacterial wilt and early blight Yield 1000-1050 q/ha Released for Jharkhand, Bihar and UP

Swarna Baibhav
F1 hybrid (CH-3 X CHRT-4) Fruits Round large and firm Yield 900-1000 q/ha Released for Jharkhand, Bihar and UP

Swarna Naveen
Selection from EC-386019 Early Fruits oblong medium Resistant to bacterial wilt Yield 600-650 q/ha Released for Jharkhand, Bihar and UP

Brinjal

Kashi Sandesh
F1 ybrid ( VR-14 X Pant Rituraj) Fruits Purple round and medium size Yield 750-800 q/ha Released for cultivation throughout the country

Kashi Komal
F1 hybrid (Uttara X Punjab Barsati) Fruits light purple and small long soft texture Early fruiting Yield 800-850 q/ha Released for cultivation throughout the country

Brinjal Cont

Kashi Prakash
Selection from land race Light purple spotted fruits spiny calyx Yield 650-700 q/ha Released for UP, Bihar, and Jharkhand

Kashi Taru
Selection from land race Fruits Long purple Erect plant Yield 700-750 q/ha Released for UP, Bihar, and Jharkhand

Brinjal Cont Swarna Mani

Punjab Neelam X CHES -82 Backcross pedigree method Tolerant to bacterial wilt Yield 600-650 q/ha Released for Bihar, Jharkhand, and UP

Swarna Prathibha (CH-309)

Selection from CH-309 Erect plants Resistant to bacterial wilt Yield 600-650 q/ha Released for Bihar, Jharkhand, and UP

Swarna Shyamli (CH-204)

Selection from CH-249 Fruits Green with white stripes round size Yield 600-650 q/ha Released for Bihar, Jharkhand, and UP

Swarna Shakti
F1 hybrid (CH-309 X CH-157-16-4-1) Erect plant Fruits shiny purple and oblong Yield 700-750 q/ha Released for Bihar, Jharkhand, and UP

Brinjal Cont

Swarna Ajay
F1 hybrid (Ch-249 X HAB-792) Fruits purple and oblong Resistant to bacterial wilt Yield 700-750 q/ha Released for Bihar, Jharkhand, and UP

Swarna Shobha
Selection from CH-309 Fruits shiny purple medium size Resistant to bacterial wilt Yield 600-650 q/ha Released for Bihar, Jharkhand, and UP

Chilli
Kashi Anmol (KA-2)
Selection from Shrilankan introduction Determinate dwarf plants Early maturing Yield 200-225 q/ha Released for Punjab, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand

Kashi Surkh (CCH-2)

F1 hybrid (CCA-4261 X Pusa Jwala) Semi determinate erect plants Light green strait fruits Yield 200-240 q/ha Released for UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, MP, Rajathan, Gujrat, Hayana, Delhi, and N.E. States

Kashi Early (CCH-3)

F1 hybrid (R line x KA-2) Semi determinate erect plants Light green strait fruits Yield 250-300 q/ha Released for UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, MP, Rajathan, Gujrat, Hayana, Delhi, and N.E. States

Pea
Kashi Udai (VRP-6)
Arkel X FC-1 Pedigree selection Early maturing Yield 100-110 q/ha Released for Punjab, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand

Kashi Mukti (VRP-22)

No-7 X PM-5 Pedigree selection Resistant to powdery mildew Yield 100-120 q/ha Released for Punjab, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand

Kashi Shakti (VRP-7)

Hara bona X NDVP-8 Pedigree selection Medium maturing 140-160 q/ha Released for Punjab, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand

Kashi Nandini (VRP-5)

P-1542 X VT-2-1 Pedigree selection Early maturing Yield 100-120 q/ha Released for Punjab, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Kerala, and Tamilnadu

Swarna Amar
Selection from CHPMR-1 Medium maturing and Resistant to powdery mildew Yield 100-150 q/ha Released for Bihar, Jharkhand

Swarna Mukti
HC-17-11 X FC-1 Pedigree Selection Medium maturing Resistant to powdery mildew, Yield 100-150 q/ha Released for Bihar, Jharkhand

Cowpea
Kashi Shyamal (VRCP-1)
Dwarf and bushy Early flowering Tolerant to Golden mosaic virus Yield 80-100 q/ha

Kashi Gowri (VRCP-2)

Bush type, Photo-insensitive Resistant to Golden mosaic virus and pseudocercospora Yield 100-120 q/ha Released for UP, Bihar, Jharkhand

Kashi Unnati (VRCP-3)

Dwarf and bushy type, photo-insensitive Resistant to Golden mosaic virus and pseudocercospora Yield 125-150 q/ha Released for UP, Bihar and Jharkhand

Kashi Kanchan (VRCP-4)

Bush type, Photo-insensitive dark green pods Resistant to Golden mosaic virus and pseudocercospora Yield 150-200 q/ha Released for UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Punjab, AP, MP

Swarna Harita
Selection from IC-28143 Early Tolerant to Golden mosaic virus Yield 200-250 /ha Released for UP, Jharkhand, and Bihar

Swarna Sweta
Selection from CHCP-1 Resistant to Golden mosaic virus and rust Yield 200-220 q/ha Released for UP, Jharkhand, and Bihar

Swarna Suphala
Selection from IC-202932 Resistant to Golden mosaic virus and rust Yield 200-250 q/ha Released for UP, Jharkhand, and Bihar

Swarna Utkrisht
Selection from CHDB-1, Photo-insensitive Tolerant to anthracnose and bean mosaic virus Yield 350-400 q/ha Released for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Dolichos
Kashi Lila
Medium plant height (110-130 cm) Fruits with five ridges Resistant to YVMV Yield 150-170 q/ha Released for Orissa, AP, Rajasthan, Gujrat, Hayana, Delhi

Okra
Kashi Kunwari
Selection from land race Early maturing, Curd white and compact Yield 300-350 q/ha Released for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Cauliflower

Cucumber
Swarna Ageti
Mutation breeding Selection from M-5 generation Cylindrical long green fruits Tolerant to powdery mildew Yield 300-325 q/ha Released for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Swarna Sheetal
Hot season X Long green Pedigree selection Cylindrical long green fruits Yield 300-350 q/ha Released for Jharkhand and Bihar

Swarna Poorna
Selection from CH-20 Cylindrical long green fruits Tolerant to powdery mildew Yield 300-350 q/ha Released for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Bottle gourd
Kashi Bahar
F1 hybrid, Fruits strait long light green Tolerant to downey mildew, anthracnose and Cercospora Yield 500-550 q/ha Released for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Radish
Kashi Hans
Selection from land race straight tappering roots yield 430-450 q/ha Released for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

French Bean
Kashi Param
IIHR-909 X KVP-1, Pedigree selection, Pods are fleshy round dark green Yield 120-140 q/ha Released for J&K, HP, Uttaranchal, MP, and Maharashtra

Swarna Priya
Selection from EC-76402, Flat green fleshy pods, Yield 120-140 q/ha Released for Maharastra, MP, and N.E. States

Swarna Lata
Selection from EC-94498, Fleshy round pods, Yield 120-140 q/ha Released for J&K, HP, Uttaranchal, and Jharkhand

Ridge gourd
Swarna Manjari
CHES-15 X CHES-4, Pedigree selection Tolerant to powdery mildew Yield 180-200 q/ha Released for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Swarna Uphar
CH-5 X CH-3 Pedigree selection Yield 200-300 q/ha Released for Jharkhand and Bihar

Sponge gourd
Swarna Prabha
Selection from CHSG-1 Tolerant to powdery mildew and downey mildew Yield 250-300 q/ha Released for Jharkhand and Bihar

Pumpkin, ash gourd and musk melon

Kashi Harit
Narendra Agrim X PKM-1, Pedigree Selection Small fruited, suitable for green fruit, Rich in carotene content Yield 350 q/ha Released for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Kashi Dhawal
Selection from local land race High flesh recovery Suitable for sweet preparation and processing yield 600 q/ha Released for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Kashi Madhu
Selection from IVMM-3, a land race from Mau High TSS yield 250 q/ha Released for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab Suitable for protected cultivation

Performance varieties/hybrids at farmers field

Districts covered: Varanasi, Mirzapur, Chandauli, Sonbhadra, Gazipur and Kushinagar

Cultivars

Average yield at farmers field (q/ha)

Average yield of local cultivars (q/ha)

Percent Increase over local Cultivars

Tomato
Kashi Amrit (DVRT-1) Kashi Anupam (DVRT-2) Kashi Visesh (H-86) 516 521 437 369 369 369 40 41 18

Brinjal
Kashi Prakash (IVBR-14) Kashi Taru (IVBL-9) Kashi Sandesh 435 425 755 370 370 370 17 15 103

Chilli
Kashi Anmol (KA-2) 200 166 21

Mismanagement of soils in UP
Brick kilns- Removes most fertile soil layer Generation wise fragmentation of land resources. Flood irrigation creates secondary salinization followed by sodification. There is no optimized land utilization plan. Allocation of land to builders without assessing soil quality for agriculture use.

Opinion of farmers about Micronutrients

We apply only DAP and urea, and think that this is good enough for increasing yield. We used to apply manure but not anymore because we don't have enough.

So far no one told us about this type of fertilizer. We never knew that small quantities of fertilizers could make such a big difference. We only wish that these fertilizers are easily made available at the right time.

Conclusion
Land holding sizes are very small therefore, involvement of vegetable crops in land use plan will ensure a way of regular revenue generation to poor farmers. Friable soil structure beneficial for tillage and root growth, climate and ample resources of good quality water of eastern UP favors vegetable growers. Trend of vegetable export oriented market will help to improve livelihood status of poor communities in the region.

Agro-Climatic Zonewise Planning for Rabi Crops

Bundelkhand-Pulses/Oilseeds Western, South Western Semi Dry zonesWheat, Oilseeds, pulses and Cotton Central, Eastern & North Eastern Plain Zones-Wheat, Gram, Pulses and oilseeds in Tarai & Mid Western Plain Zones-Wheat.