JEREMY BOWEN AND THE GAZA CONFLICT

DECEMBER 2009

TREVOR ASSERSON ARIELLA KALMS ROBIN STAMLER

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction and Executive Summary..1 II. Methodology2 i) Selection of Material.2 ii) Analysis of Material..2 III. Overall Lack of Balance of Bowen Reporting...2 IV. Human Interest Interviews......4 V. The Bowen Diary..5 VI. Gaza Out of the Ruins Panorama 9 February 2009..8 VII. Conclusion re Gaza out of the ruins.13

Biographies
Trevor Asserson is a UK solicitor and the principal of Asserson Law Offices. He was previously for many years the head of litigation of one of the UKs leading firms. Ariella Kalms is a lawyer recently called to the bar, presently studying for her masters in Public Law. Robin Stamler is a research scientist and doctor. He is involved in biotechnology projects in the field of renewable energy.

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JEREMY BOWEN AND THE GAZA WAR

I Introduction and Executive Summary

On 15 April 2009 the BBC Editorial Standards Committee found that remarks made by its head of Middle East reporting, Jeremy Bowen, contained an anti-Israel bias. Remarkably he has retained his position despite this finding, which took two and a half years from the original complaint. We have analysed a selection of Mr Bowens contributions to the BBC reporting on the Israeli operation Cast Lead which took place in December 2008 January 2009 The Gaza conflict. We have found: 1. Of 58 reports1 by Mr Bowen, 38 were unbalanced. Of those, a staggering 98% portrayed Israel in a negative light; 2. Of the civilian human interest interviews selected by Mr Bowen, 82% portrayed Palestinians in a positive light a remarkable feat when, for most of the conflict, Mr Bowen complained that he was not allowed into Gaza and so principally only had access to Israelis; 3. Of Mr Bowens 22 diary entries, all posted on the BBC website under the title of The Bowen Diary, 20 were unbalanced. All of them portrayed Israel in a negative light; 4. The Bowen Diary frequently included personal opinion of Mr Bowen in clear breach of BBC guidelines; 5. Mr Bowens Panorama programme Gaza out of the ruins dated 9 February 2009, was an unbalanced attack against Israel, in which Mr Bowen presents himself more as an expert than reporter, and makes his personal opinions central to the programme. This report is now the subject of an official complaint to the BBC about Mr Bowens bias. It is hoped that the BBCs response time will be less than the two and a half years required for the previous complaint. We question: 1) Why does the BBC allow its head of Middle East Reporting to post his own personal and highly biased diary on the BBC website in breach of BBC Guidelines; Why does the BBC allow its reporters to refer its audience to The Bowen Diary as though it constitutes an official record;

2)

Reports here includes radio, TV, website articles and diary entries

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3)

Why does the BBC allow its head of Middle East Reporting to present so many unbalanced reports, particularly when the balance is almost exclusively in one direction; and Why does the BBC continue Mr Bowen in his present post when it has already found him to be biased and when a simple analysis of his work such as we have carried out which could and should be conducted by the BBC as a matter of course - reveals that Mr Bowens personal views on the conflict are barely concealed and appear in many if not most cases to be reflected in his reporting. It is difficult to understand how the BBC considers Mr Bowen suitable to head up a department of such importance within the BBC when he appear, in our view, unable or unwilling to provide reporting which is balanced and impartial, in accordance with BBC legal obligations.

4)

II i)

Methodology Selection of material

bbcwatch commenced monitoring the BBC output on the Gaza conflict from 28 December 2008, one day after it commenced and continued until 30 January 2009, 3 days after the cease fire. We monitored what we considered to be a reasonable selection of principal news items, being careful to monitor these items consistently at the same hour each day, and to download articles from the website at the same hour each day. Whilst the material monitored was not complete, the selection process was consistently applied. ii) The BBC Guidelines

The BBC has an obligation to provide reporting which is fair and impartial2. The BBC sets out its obligation to provide impartial reporting as follows: "It requires us to be fair and open minded when examining the evidence and weighing all the material facts, as well as being objective and even handed in our approach to a subject." 3

The BBC states that in practice impartiality means: "we must ensure we avoid bias or an imbalance of views on controversial subjects."4 We accept, as the BBC itself asserts, that:
2 3

BBC Editorial Guidelines, section 4 - Impartiality and Diversity of Opinion. ibid page 27 4 ibid page 26

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it does not require the representation of every argument or facet of every argument on every occasion for an equal division of time for each view. 5 However the BBC does have an obligation to achieve impartiality over a given period of time. Thus we do not complain that a particular item is not even handed or balanced. We do however complain if the number of unbalanced programmes is a significant proportion of the whole. We also complain if the unbalanced programmes are themselves all or substantially all unbalanced in favour of only one of a selection of competing narratives. Further, the BBC Editorial Guidelines provide: "our journalists and presenters, including those in news and current affairs may provide professional judgments but may not express personal opinions on matters of public policy or political or industrial controversy. Our audiences should not be able to tell from BBC programmes or other BBC output the personal views of our journalists and presenters on such matters."6 It is not normally appropriate for BBC staff or for regular BBC presenters or reporters associated with news or public policy related programmes to present personal view programmes on controversial subjects.7

iii)

Analysis of material

We analysed each article/programme/diary entry as a single complete item. We then sought to place the item in one of three categories: i) ii) iii) Balanced Unbalanced and pro Israeli Unbalanced and pro Palestinian

In our assessment of what would be considered pro Israeli or pro Palestinian we imagined a neutral observer equidistant between two opposing simplistic opinions: 1) 2) Israelis are good and Palestinians are evil; and Palestinians are good and Israelis are evil.

We then assessed whether a particular news item taken as a whole would be more likely to have the effect of moving our neutral observer towards either one of these two opposing views.
5 6

ibid page 27 Ibid page 27 7 Ibid page 30

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If the news item was more likely to move our neutral observer towards view (1) then the news item was categorised as Pro Israeli. If the news item was more likely to move our neutral observer to view (2) then the news item was categorised as Pro Palestinian. Whilst we accept that our assessment of a particular item must be open to challenge, we were surprised at how easy we found it to categorise most items. We have transcribed all the broadcasts which we analysed and they can be made available to anyone interested in reading the underlying material. In addition to our analysis in relation to whether a particular news item was balanced or unbalanced we also analysed the news item in relation to whether it conveyed a journalist's personal opinion and/or made clear what the journalist's personal opinions are. III Overall Lack of Balance of Bowen Reporting

As head of Middle East Reporting Mr Bowen played an important role in the BBCs coverage of the conflict. Mr Bowen appeared on television and radio as a reporter, he authored articles which were posted on the BBC website and he kept a daily diary for much of the Gaza conflict and was himself interviewed by other BBC reporters as an expert. On 9 February 2009 he was the principal reporter in a 30 minute Panorama documentary (Gaza out of the ruins). We monitored a total of 58 items produced entirely or substantially by Mr Bowen.8 We assessed that 19 of the items were balanced. This amounts to 33% which we consider to be an unacceptably low percentage for a story which is principally a news item. This lack of balance constitutes a breach of the BBC's obligation to provide news with due impartiality, fairness and even handedness. The Editorial Guidelines specifically state that: News, in whatever form, must be presented with due impartiality.9 Of the unbalanced items, we found that all but one were Pro Palestinian as defined above. That is to say that some 97% of the unbalanced items were all unbalanced in favour of only one of a selection of competing narratives. The following is a selection of some of the less balanced statements made by Mr Bowen which guided us when seeking to categorise items produced by him: The message from Israel is that it is interested in a cease-fire, but not yet. That means no respite for Gazan civilians. Israel says it tries not to hurt them. It says this is all the fault of Hamas. Try telling that to the people in Gazas

8 9

A Schedule of the breakdown of items monitored appears at Schedule A BBC Editorial Guidelines, section 4, page 27.

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overwhelmed hospitals, this is what happens when a modern army uses heavy weapons in a place packed with young families.10 of course it is in no sense equal, the suffering is basically all on one side at the moment. I think where it is going at the moment, first of all Israel, the Israel narrative11 is as follows ok, its self defence any country would do it, and they are also questioning the casualty figures coming out of Gaza.12 On the 15th of January Israeli shells hit the hospital. Mobile phone video from a hospital worker shows fragments of a white phosphorous shell burning in the street outside. Some uses of white phosphorous contravene the laws of war. Israel says the way it was used in Gaza was not illegal.13 This man in Gaza is saying goodbye to his dead son. His wife and two other children were also killed. We dont know if he supports Hamas, but he has paid the heaviest price imaginable and he wont be the last.14 Many countries say that Hamas is a terrorist group but in Gaza it has built support by helping the poor as well as attacking Israel. One of the great strengths of Hamas is its charitable work, people, poor people especially have come to depend on it, especially now today in East Jabaliya, look at this place.15

IV

Human Interest Interviews

Many of the interviews conducted by Mr Bowen were of elected or appointed officials of one kind or another. Such officials can be expected to toe the party line and will not normally excite emotion. Mr Bowen interviews 18 pro Israeli officials and only 15 pro Palestinian officials a broadly balanced selection. However, when interviewing civilians the balance is distorted. He interviews 31 Palestinian civilians and only 7 Israeli civilians i.e. 82% of civilian interviews were of Palestinians.

Television January 5 2009, BBC News at 10. Note the word narrative is used to describe a statement of policy by Israeli officials. The effect is to indicate a doubt as to whether such narrative is to be believed. No such adjective is used to describe Palestinian policy statements. This point, and many others germane to this report, are also made during the report by Just Journalism Gaza Conflict December 2008-January 2009 A Media Analysis 12 BBC Today Radio 4 - 29/12/2008 (07.09am block) 13 Panorama: Gaza out of the ruins 9 February 2009 14 ibid 15 Panorama: Gaza out of the ruins 9 February 2009. Note that amongst the countries which say that Hamas is a terrorist group are the UK under whose law the BBC operates; the USA; the United Nations; the EU; and most western democracies. A glance at the Hamas Charter makes it clear beyond doubt that Hamas encourages and supports terror. The Gaza conflict was caused because Hamas had fired some 8,000 rockets, some with lethal effect, at Israeli civilians. Hamas used other terror tactics to launch suicide attacks against Israeli civilians and in its murder of several hundred of its political opponents in Gaza. These attributes of Hamas are almost entirely ignored by Mr. Bowen.
11

10

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When assessing the impact of broadcast items, the civilian interviews tend to excite far more emotion and sympathy than those of officials and indeed the interviews of civilians seem intended to create human interest and to encourage viewers to empathise with the plight of those being interviewed. Accordingly, the marked lack of balance when interviewing principally Palestinian civilians as opposed to Israeli civilians is significant. Examples of quotations from such civilian interviews include the following: The walls of [our] room caved in. The youngest girl who died was four. The eldest was 17 [Mr Bowen summarising/translating words of an Arab woman]16 This is murder[Dr Mads Gilbert]17 Goodbye to you my son. Theyre liars, theyre liars. Theyre not just after Hamas, they are killing everybody [Arab woman] 18

We were stuck for three days without food or water she is saying. the children were crying. On the fourth day they were shooting at us. My husband died and another relative died. [Mr Bowen summarising/translating words of an Arab woman]19

We are in real danger, I am living each moment and I dont know if I will live the second moment or not. [Dr. Izzeldeen Abuelaish]20 We are at the home of our neighbours, I saw my brothers wife when she was dead. Here is my mother when she was hit and cut in half by the missile and here I am sitting and crying over her in the blood. Here is my bother Helmi, he was holing his small son, his brains were spilling out. I may have a future but not half of a future I cant yet comprehend that my mother and father died. [Mona a young arab child explaining her drawing].21 Given the highly emotive nature of the content of such civilian interviews it is unfortunate, and a breach of the BBC Guidelines,22 that 82% of Mr Bowen's interviews of civilians during the conflict were unbalanced and pro-Palestinian. V The Bowen Diary

Television 28 December 2008 10 Oclock News Television 2 January 2009 10 Oclock News. Note that Dr Gilbert's extreme political views, including his reported support of the 9/11 terror attacks were not alluded to. 18 Television 8 January 2009 10 Oclock News 19 Television 8 January 2009 10 Oclock News 20 Panorama: Gaza out of the ruins 9 February 2009 21 Panorama: Gaza out of the ruins 9 February 2009 22 BBC Editorial Guidelines, section 4 - Impartiality and Diversity of Opinion.
17

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From 5 January 2009 until 30 January 2009 Mr Bowen kept a personal diary. This is a fascinating document, since it is written in a personal, casual and chatty style. We are told what Mr Bowen feels and thinks and where he is; we are told quasi-intimate details of his everyday existence , for example, how he gets on with other journalists; what he is wearing and so on. The diary appears to be a window into the personal thoughts and attitudes of Mr Bowen and as such reveals to us the real Mr Bowen when his guard is down. As set out above the BBC Editorial Guidelines provide that BBC journalists may not express personal opinions on matters of political controversy. In particular audiences of the BBC should not be able to tell from the BBC output the personal views of a BBC journalist. We consider that The Bowen Diary does contain personal opinion on matters of political controversy, as we show below. Were the diary to have remained a private document, or were it to have been clearly labeled as a personal opinion, then its existence might not constitute a breach of the BBC Guidelines. However, The Bowen Diary was in fact given a prominent position on the BBC Website and was on occasion referred to in BBC news reports as an authoritative piece, of BBC journalistic reporting and apparently as the basis of news stories.23 You will also find lots of comprehensive coverage of course on our website of that conflict in Gaza. A detailed map, you can see it there, its really important to see exactly where Israeli forces are conducting their offensive and how the geography all works out and where the rockets have actually been landing and Jeremy Bowen, our Middle East editor, has a daily diary which has been very popular on the website so do log on and take a look 24 The margin between personal opinion and news reporting is being hopelessly blurred .25 Under the circumstances we consider that the way The Bowen Diary was used constituted a clear breach of BBC Editorial Guidelines. There is another point which arises from The Bowen Diary. The document, which appears to reveal Mr Bowens personal views, reveals a man who has deeply antithetical views to what he refers to as the Israeli narrative. This is demonstrated in a number of ways: i) The headline given to the daily entries was frequently emotive and anti Israeli. For example, headings such as Stranded with dead; Powerless amid pain ; A fathers loss all contribute to setting a tone which, when read alongside the articles, is deeply antithetical to Israel's account of the conflict.

23 24

08/01/2009 Television 10 am news and 14/01/2009 Television 10 am news. 08/01/2009 Television 10 am news 25 See also Just Journalism Op cit at page 5 ff where this point is thoroughly analysed.

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ii)

The Bowen Diary refers almost exclusively to meetings with and the plight of Palestinian civilians, particularly children (85%), with only slight mention of the plight of Israeli civilians (15%). Out of 22 daily entries, only 2 entries are balanced. The remainder, some 91% of the whole, are unbalanced and all of the unbalanced are proPalestinian. It contains a number of anti Israeli statements and statements designed to throw doubt on the integrity of stated Israeli policy: At a check point near here were some Israeli soldiers in combat gear. They were in their first few months in uniform and being young men, were itching to be part of the action. [7 January 2009] In this war, the main problems journalists face stem from Israels desire to control the news agenda.[12 January 2009] Whatever happens it is still going to be very very hard, and frightening, to be a civilian in Gaza [12 January 2009] I am struck by the constant Israeli message that any other country in the world would do the same. Would they?26 [13 January 2009] The people of Gaza have been suffering terrible pain. When this is over, there is bound to be a proper investigation of some of the actions that Israel has carried out It would be wrong to suggest that the experience of Israeli civilians in the areas that can be hit by rockets has been the same. [16 January 2009] Israel doesnt want to bestow any legitimacy on Hamas by making an agreement with it. But to me that smacks of spin control [17 January 2009] Official Israeli statements, made repeatedly, that they are not interested in one inch of Gazan land, mean nothing here. Palestinians see a pattern in Israels behaviour over six decades27 [22 January 2009] At least 29 of them were killed by the Israeli army in circumstances so brutal that the international committee of the Red Cross broke its usual silence during the war to call for an enquiry into breaches of the laws of war.[22 January 2009] a very one-sided war [30 January 2009]

iii)

iv)

Given the way the Americans and British have acted in Afghanistan, the answer is almost certainly yes, bearing in mind the fact that rockets are not being fired from Afghanistan into the USA or the UK. 27 This statement fails to mention the fact that Gaza was occupied by Egypt until 1967.

26

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Why did it take a long time for Israelis to become aware of the fact that many hundreds of Palestinian civilians were being killed in Gaza by their troops [30 January 2009] If Mr Bowen is really as opposed to Israel as his diary makes out, then this must affect his professional judgements which must be exercised on a constant basis in his capacity as Middle East Editor for the BBC. The decisions as to which stories to accept, which to reject, which to cover and which to ignore and how much prominence a story will receive are bound to be affected by the bias of the person making those decisions. Mr Bowen doubtless believes that he has right thinking opinions and that it is proper to allow those opinions to influence his decisions. Whether or not Mr Bowens views are fair or reasonable is not however the issue. We believe that his views are fundamentally unbalanced and accordingly that his editorship of BBC Middle East reporting will be, and in fact is, similarly unbalanced. The BBC has already found Mr Bowen to have been biased in his reporting on the Middle East. The Bowen Diary plainly confirms the BBCs assessment. The BBC must now consider whether Mr Bowen is capable of delivering the fair and impartial coverage which the BBC is obliged to provide. It must also decide whether the public can have any confidence in Mr Bowens ability to perform his job properly. We think it cannot. VI Gaza out of the ruins - Panorama 9 February 2009

Throughout his coverage of the Gaza conflict Mr Bowen frequently complained that Israel was not allowing journalists to enter the areas being targeted by Israeli ordinance. On 21 January 2009 Mr Bowen was able to enter Gaza. On 9 February 2009, the BBC aired Mr Bowens Gaza out of the ruins, a thirty minute Panorama documentary. Gaza out of the ruins contains many of the faults noted in Mr Bowens work. In particular: 1. Of the emotive civilian interviews 75% were devoted to Palestinians principally to children. Only 25% were devoted to Israelis both of them adults. 2. Throughout, the documentary is full of statements which are negative towards Israel, and which fail either to put the Gaza conflict in a proper context or to provide a balanced report. Examples include:

a) The programme opens with a statement by an Israeli minister, indicating a heartless refusal to accept any blame for Palestinian suffering during the conflict, setting an anti Israeli tone:

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Bowen: So if they died it was their fault is that what youre saying? Meir Shitreet (Israeli Security Cabinet): If they die is the fault of the Hamas. Bowen: It is not the fault of the Israelis who shot the weapons? Meir Shitreet: No it is the fault of the Hamas.

b) The next shot is an appalling montage of dead and injured children with Mr Bowen giving a melodramatic voice over: Death kept Gaza company over the new year and into January. Israel killed around 1,300 Palestinians, armed men, civilians and hundreds of children. This accepts Palestinian claims of casualty figures at face value, and fails to mention the Israeli figures that maintain that far more casualties were military and that Hamas fighters had, according to most reports, been told to go home and take off their uniforms. c) Mr Bowen offers personal, unsubstantiated and probably inaccurate opinion, suggesting that Israelis are insensitive to Palestinian suffering: For the first time [Israelis] properly noticed the suffering of civilians in Gaza. d) Mr Bowen then concentrates considerable time on the tragic story of Dr Izzeldeen Abuelaish, who lost three daughters and a niece in an Israeli rocket attack. Mr Bowen concentrates on the fact that Dr Abuelaish is a civilian, worked in Israel, treats Israeli patients and supports the coexistence of Jews and Arabs. The unspoken message is that Israel has killed innocent and peace loving civilians. Mr Bowen describes the deaths of the four women in almost gruesome and heart rending detail. The war crimes theme gets picked up again later. e) Mr Bowen moves on to consider the psychological damage caused to surviving Palestinian children, but gives no comparable analysis of the psychological damage caused to Israeli children schooled for years under the threat of 8,000 Israeli rockets. This is a theme which is repeated towards the end of the programme. f) Mr Bowen then goes on to consider the general plight of Palestinians in Gaza, and places that plight firmly in a context of Israeli instigated tragedy and flight: Dispossession and loss run through the hearts, minds, streets and ruins. Around 80% of Gazans are Palestinian refugees whose families fled or were forced out of their homes in what became Israel in 1948. This woman, Selma Abu Rashad, 85 years old lost her home then and now has lost it again. For Palestinians Gaza 2009 looks like 1948, only this time Hamas says that the Palestinians have won.

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Mr Bowen offers a tendentious account of the 1948 war, and indeed the BBC has already found bias in his analysis of the Arab-Israeli conflict.

g) Next Mr Bowen finds a Palestinian civilian to enquire as to his views of Israelis and whether the Gaza conflict was justifiable, eliciting an emotional if predictable response: What do you think of the Israelis? Why do you think they did it? Helmi: There was no justification for this, there werent any resistance fighters among us or anyone with weapons, or even any enemy, all of us are just poor people, this was an injustice. The message here is that Israel perpetrated an unjustifiable attack on unarmed civilians amounting to a war crime. This repeats the same message transmitted earlier in the programme. h) Mr Bowen is happy to report allegations that are tantamount to accusing Israel of war crimes: All the Palestinians I have met believe that Israels attacks were murderous. Later a similar theme is raised by a Palestinian doctor: I dont know why they attacked the hospitals. Hospitals are according to the laws of Geneva international laws it is forbidden; it is the most protected place in an area28 i) This same message of Israel committing war crimes is again repeated when Mr Bowen moves on to interview two members of the International Committee of the Red Cross. "Emad Abu Hasira (International Committee of the Red Cross): It was so traumatic to me to see bleeding kids living in the same room with dead bodies that died several days before. ...Bowen: So it looks as if Israelis hadnt helped them at all. Emad Abu Hasira: Not at all. Bowen: You are a protection delegate here for the International Committee of the Red Cross, could you tell me what you would expect under International Law that soldiers should do in this kind of situation when there are civilians in and around their positions. Michael Greub: In an occupied area, the occupying force is responsible for taking care of the wounded persons in this area or at least to properly co-ordinate that these people can be evacuated out of

The Israelis did not target hospitals. It was reported, though, that the Hamas leadership was based in one.

28

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the area, but if an occupying force is in place they have to take care also of the wounded. Bowen: Was there any sign that any of the wounded had received first aid? (Michael Greub shakes head) Bowen: Do you have anything to compare it with? Emad Abu Hasira: Not at all. Never. Here we see Mr Bowen asking leading questions; persuading the ICRC delegates to pronounce on matters of international law (we are not told that they have any relevant qualifications to do so); to appear to reach findings of fact; and to pronounce a verdict of guilt and finally to end with a hyperbolic suggestion that Israels crime was worse than any within the knowledge of the ICRC. Mr Bowen thus appoints the ICRC judge and jury of the Israeli state, and engineers a finding of guilt. He does not challenge the conclusions. j) Towards the end of the programme a short period is devoted to allowing some Israeli civilians to give an alternative view two Israelis who were selected for interview because they lived on the land from which the unfortunate Dr Izzeldeen had been expelled in 1948. They do however articulate for only the second time in the programme the fear of rocket attack from Hamas which drove Israel into commencing operation cast lead. k) Mr Bowen moves on to an interview with a Hamas soldier who indicates contradicting the Hamas charter that Hamas would be content with Gaza and the West Bank. The statement was challenged by a very brief interview with an Israeli minister.29 l) Finally the programme ends with a heart rending interview with a young girl scarred by the loss of her family: Bowen: Back in Zeitoun on Samouni Street Mona drew some more pictures about the death or her family and the end of her childhood. Mona: We have the right to live in freedom. - Why did you write it in red? Mona: It expresses my feelings. Bowen: and do you think that you will be able to live without sadness? Mona: I tell this to myself, but then I cant, if you dont have tears in the eyes you cry in the heart. [no counter argument] VII Conclusion re Gaza out of the ruins Whilst the Israeli arguments for commencing and pursuing operation Cast Lead do get mentioned, the vast majority of Gaza out of the ruins is devoted
A Hamas takeover of the West Bank would be unacceptable to Fatah and would make life difficult for Christians, women and anyone who does not want to see an Islamic state.
29

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to an analysis of Palestinian suffering, and the programme is suffused with a largely unspoken message that Israel is guilty of war crimes. The programme lacks any semblance of balance. We do not complain that the BBC airs an unbalanced programme, provided that it also airs, at around the same time, a counterweight programme putting the alternative views in an equally convincing and forceful way. We are not aware that this was done. More importantly, the fact that Mr Bowen can make and be the principal presenter in a programme such as 'Gaza out of the ruins' raises a further serious question as to whether he is capable of producing fair, balanced and impartial reports about the Palestinian Israeli conflict at all. We think he is not. TREVOR ASSERSON ARIELLA KALMS ROBIN STAMLER December 2009

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JEREMY BOWEN AND THE GAZA CONFLICT

SCHEDULE A

Unbalanced Anti-Israeli TV Radio Articles Diary Panorama Total 7 6 5 20 1 39

Balanced

11 4 1 2 18

Unbalanced AntiPalestinian 1 1

Total reports 19 10 6 22 1 58

OFFICIALS QUOTED TV Radio Articles Diary Panorama Total

Palestinian 5 1 8 1 15

Israeli 7 1 1 7 2 18

CIVILIANS QUOTED TV Radio Articles Diary Panorama Total

Palestinian 7 1 17 6 31

Israeli 2 3 2 7

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