AP Biology Fall Study Guide 1 What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking

down complex molecules? Catabolic pathways 2 Where does glycolysis takes place? Cytosol 3 The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation 4. The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chai n 5 Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis are 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O 6 A molecule that is phosphorylated has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work. 7 How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion? Active transport 8 respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following? ch emiosmotic phosphorylation 9 Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway? citric ac id cycle NADH electron transport chain oxygen 10 Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location? mitochondrial intermembrane space

1 What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve? establishment of a proton gradient 2 When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of w hich of the following? splitting the water molecules 3 Where does the Calvin cycle take place stroma of the chloroplast 4 What are the products of linear photophosphorylation? ATP and NADPH 5In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located thylakoid membran e and inner mitochondrial membrane 6 The reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because this pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700 nm 7 Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis t hat are utilized in the Calvin cycle? ATP and NADPH 8 In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the in termembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons fr om the stroma to the thylakoid space. 9 What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? synthesize simple sugars fro m carbon dioxide 10 A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by th is pigment? blue and violet Q.1) Which is a true statement concerning genetic variation? t must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the popu lation 2. During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpfu l in correcting this student's misconception? Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on t hrough genes.

3. The biological species concept is inadequate for grouping asexual organisms. 4. Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct seque nce of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? A change occurs in the environment, Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorshi p, Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individu als, Genetic frequencies within the population change. 5. One species lives only in tree holes; another species lives only in streams h abitat 6. )In Darwin's thinking, the more closely related two different organisms are, the more recently they shared a common ancestor. 7. Which free-living cells were the earliest contributors to the formation of Ea rth's oxidizing atmosphere? Cyanobacteria 8. A large population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly f or a number of generations. After several generations, 25% of the animals displa y a recessive trait (aa), the same percentage as at the beginning of the breedin g program. The rest of the animals show the dominant phenotype, with heterozygot es indistinguishable from the homozygous dominants. 7)In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibr ium, the frequency of allele a is 0.1. What is the percentage of the population that is heterozygous for this allele? 18 9. In their laboratory simulations of the early Earth, Miller and Urey observed the abiotic synthesis of amino acids 10. Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend? 3,500,000, 000 years 11. Several closely related frog species of the genus Rana are found in the fore sts of the southeastern United States. The species boundaries are maintained by reproductive barriers. Males of one species sing only when its predators are absent; males of another s pecies sing only when its predators are present. behavioral 12. In a hypothetical population of 1,000 people, tests of blood-type genes show that 160 have the genotype AA, 480 have the genotype AB, and 360 have the genot ype BB.What is the frequency of the B allele 0.600 13. Natural selection is based on all of the following except: individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve 14. Each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, but which one most consistently re quires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence? Genetic drift 15 )In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R = purple and r = white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple-flowering plants and 64 white-flower ing plants. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population? 0.75