3.

2 Magnetism
Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole & Dipole Moment:
Magnetic Dipole Moment is A B I M=IA n SI unit is A m2.

TIP: When we look at any one side of the loop carrying current, if the current is in anticlockwise direction then that side of the loop behaves like Magnetic North Pole and if the current is in clockwise direction then that side of the loop behaves like Magnetic South Pole.

Current Solenoid as a Magnetic Dipole or Bar Magnet:

B
x x x x x x x

Bar Magnet:

Geographic Length

Magnetic Length
Magnetic Dipole Moment is M = m.2l. l

Coulombs Law in Magnetism:

0 m1 m2 F= 4 r
2

m1

m2

(where k = 0 / 4 is a constant and 0 = 4 x 10-7 T m A-1)

In vector form

F=

0 m1 m2 r 4 r
2

F=

0 m1 m2 r 4 r3

B=H r = B / B0

(where is the permeability of the medium)

or

r = / 0

I=M/V I = m(2l) / A(2l) = m / A cm = I / H

r = 1 + cm

Magnetic Field due to a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet):

i) At a point on the axial line of the magnet:

0 2 M x 4 (x l )
2 2 2

BP =

BN BQ BS y
O

If l << x, then BP 0 2 M 4 x3

ii) At a point on the equatorial line of the magnet: B Q= 0 M 4 (y

2+

BP = B N - B S BS BN N P

l l)
2 3/2

l x

If l << y, then BP 0 M 4 y3

Magnetic Field at a point on the axial line acts along the dipole moment vector. Magnetic Field at a point on the equatorial line acts opposite to the dipole moment vector.

Torque on a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) in Uniform Magnetic Field:

M
2l

mB
M

mB
S

t
Torque = Magnetic Force x t = mB (2l sin ) = M B sin distance

t = MxB
Direction of Torque is perpendicular and into the plane containing M and B.

Work done on a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) in Uniform Magnetic Field:

dW = td = M B sin d
2

mB
d 1 2

mB

W = M B sin d
1

mB mB
B

W = M B (cos1 - cos 2)

If Potential Energy is arbitrarily taken zero when the dipole is at 90 then P.E in rotating the dipole and inclining it at an angle is , Potential Energy = - M B cos Note: Potential Energy can be taken zero arbitrarily at any position of the dipole.

Curies Law:
Magnetic susceptibility of a material varies inversely with the absolute temperature. I H / T or I / H 1 / T cm 1 / T cm = C / T (where C is Curie constant) Curie temperature for iron is 1000 K, for cobalt 1400 K and for nickel 600 K.

H/T

Hysteresis Loop or Magnetisation Curve:

I B

E D