Documentos de Académico
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Edanz free manuscript writing educational materials Edanz Group Ltd October 2010
Presentation
Introduction Section One: Preparations before writing
Why publish?
To share your research findings and opinions with the international research community
Publication success is linked to funding success and career advancement Many PhD programs require candidates to achieve a set number of peer-reviewed publications
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Publish or perish
Funding Bodies
Grant Writing
Journal Publication
Scientists / Clinicians
Regularly publishing research findings ensures ongoing grant support for new research
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Increased competition
1400 1200
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Journal numbers
Journal submissions
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
Study design
What do journal editors want? Choosing an appropriate journal
Ethical issues
Greater interest = Greater competition Identify your advantages and use them
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Journal Selection
Can be the difference between success and rejection What is the main focus of your research and who will be interested in it? What are its strengths and weaknesses?
Journal Selection
What should you consider?
Publishing frequency Impact factor Target audience Aims and scope Rejection rate Lead times Access (open or subscriber) Prior publications Publication fees Publication types
Publication ethics
Unethical behavior could lead to rejection and a possible ban from a target journal. Multiple submissions Redundant publications Plagiarism Data fabrication and falsification Improper use of human subjects and animals in research Improper author contribution
Write during the research Write after selecting your target journal
A good title
Convey the main findings of the research Be specific and concise without focusing on only one part of the content Avoid jargon, non-standard abbreviations and unnecessary detail Comply with character limits Some journals also require a short running title
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A good title
Poor Degeneration of neurons in the CA3 and DG following OA administration: involvement of a MAPK-dependent pathway in regional-specific neuronal degeneration Better Region-specific neuronal degeneration after okadaic acid administration MAP kinase-dependent neuronal degeneration after okadaic acid administration
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A good title
Tumor-host cell interactions in the bone disease of myeloma
Abstract
Many researchers will only read the abstract so must be able to stand alone Must give an accurate summary of your research, and enough information so that readers can understand:
What you did Why you did it What your findings are Why your findings are useful and important
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Abstract
General rules for abstracts: Within the word limit Avoid technical jargon Avoid abbreviations unless necessary
Avoid references
Structured or unstructured? Always consult the target journals Guide for Authors to determine allowable length, style and abbreviations
Abstract Structured
Risk factors and mortality in patients with nosocomial staphylococcus aureus bacteremia
2 sentences 2 sentences
5 sentences
1 sentence
BACKGROUND: Infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus have become increasingly common in hospitals worldwide. S aureus continues to be a cause of nosocomial bacteremia. METHODS: We analyzed the clinical significance (mortality) of MRSA and methicillinsusceptible S aureus bacteremia in a retrospective cohort study in a 2900-bed tertiary referral medical center. Survival and logistic regression analyses were used to determine the risk factors and prognostic factors of mortality. RESULTS: During the 15-year period, 1148 patients were diagnosed with nosocomial S aureus bacteremia. After controlling potential risk factors for MRSA bacteremia on logistic regression analysis, service, admission days prior to bacteremia, age, mechanical ventilator, and central venous catheter (CVC) were independent risk factors for MRSA. The crude mortality rate of S aureus bacteremia was 44.1%. The difference between the mortality rates of MRSA (49.8%) and MSSA bacteremia (27.6%) was 22.2% (P < .001). Upon logistic regression analysis, the mortality with MRSA bacteremia was revealed to be 1.78 times higher than MSSA (P < .001). The other predicted prognostic factors included age, neoplasms, duration of hospital stay after bacteremia, presence of mechanical ventilator, and use of CVC. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance to methicillin was an important independent prognostic factor for patients with S aureus bacteremia. PMID: 18313513 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; Am J Infect Control. 2008 Mar;36(2):118-22.
Keywords
Abstracts are often followed by a list of keywords selected by the authors Choosing appropriate keywords is important for indexing purposes Your manuscript can more easily identified, read and cited Keywords should be specific to your manuscript General terms should be avoided Many medical journal require MeSH terms
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Keywords
Manuscript title: Region-specific neuronal degeneration after okadaic acid administration Poor keywords: neuron, brain, OA (as an abbreviation), regional-specific neuronal degeneration, signaling Better keywords:
Introduction
Must give the reader enough background information to put your work into context Enough information to understand the rationale for your study is all that is required Do not write a comprehensive literature review of the field Do cite reviews that readers can refer to if they want more information
Introduction
Define technical and non-familiar terms
Present the problem, research question and/or hypotheses to explain the rationale for the study
Briefly explain how you addressed this problem and what was achieved (12 sentences for each) Citations must be balanced, current and relevant
A complement-dependent balance between hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury and liver regeneration in mice
Songqing He, Carl Atkinson, Fei Qiao, Katherine Cianflone, Xiaoping Chen and Stephen Tomlinson
Introduction
Liver resection has become an increasingly safe procedure, but certain procedures remain high risk, such as massive liver resection and small-forsize (SFS) liver transplantation. Massive hepatic resection is the only option for some patients. The failure of a partial liver to regenerate is considered a critical contributing factor in postsurgical primary liver dysfunction and liver failure, and minimal viable liver volume required for regeneration, following either massive liver resection or SFS transplantation, is an important concept... Thus, although the studies outlined above indicate that complement inhibition represents a potential therapeutic strategy to protect against hepatic IRI, the important role of complement in liver regeneration would appear to be a contraindication for such a strategy in the context of liver resection and SFS liver transplantation, even though IRI is associated with impaired regeneration In the current study, we investigated the role of complement in the relationship between hepatic IRI and liver regeneration using 3 murine models: a warm total hepatic IRI model (similar to the Pringle maneuver), a 70% PHx model, and a combined IRI/PHx model designed to recreate clinical massive liver resection under the Pringle maneuver. In these studies, we used the complement inhibitor CR2complement component
The Journal of Clinical Investigation (doi:10.1172/JCT38289; reproduced with permission)
Background
Rationale
Proapoptotic signaling induced by RIG-I and MDA-5 results in type I interferon-independent apoptosis in human melanoma cells.
Robert Besch, Hendrik Poeck, Tobias Hohenauer et al.
Reagents and antibodies. Anticaspase-3, anticaspase-8 (1C12), anticaspase-9, antiBcl-xL, antiBcl-w, and HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies were obtained from New England Biolabs. Anticytochrome c (clone 7H8.2C12) was from BD Biosciences. Anti-Noxa (N-15) antibody was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. AntiBcl-2 (Ab-1) and anti-p53 (Ab-6) antibodies were from Merck Biosciences. AntiIPS-1 antibody was obtained from Bethyl Laboratories Inc. Anti-actin (AC-15) and anti-Puma (bbc3) antibodies were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. PCR primers and siRNAs were purchased from MWG Biotech. Immunostimulatory and siRNAs. Poly(I:C) was purchased from Amersham Biosciences. 5-Triphosphate conjugated RNAs (pppRNAs) were transcribed in vitro from DNA templates as described in ref. 6. They contained a T7 RNA Polymerase consensus promoter sequence followed by the sequence of interest to be transcribed (MEGAshortscript Kit; Ambion). Reactions were treated with DNAse I (Ambion siRNAs were designed according to published guidelines (48, 49) 3 Overhangs were carried out as two deoxythymidine residues (dTdT). Sequences of specific siRNAs are listed in Supplemental Table 1. Nonsilencing control siRNAs were designed to contain random sequences that do not match within the human genome... Cell culture. Human melanoma cell lines were a gift of M. Herlyn (Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA) Analysis of lung metastasis. For metastasis analysis at day 10, we isolated genomic DNA from lungs. Mouse lungs were reduced to small pieces and digested overnight at 56C in a buffer containing 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% SDS, 0.5 mg/ml Pronase E (Sigma-Aldrich), and 150 g/ml Protease K (Sigma-Aldrich). Genomic DNA was purified by phenol/chloroform extraction. The amount of human and murine DNA was determined by quantitative PCR using the LightCycler TaqMan Master Kit (Roche) together with the Universal Probe Library system (Roche). A 72-bp portion in the second intron of the human -actin Statistics. For statistical analysis, 2-tailed Students t test was used to assess the significance of mean differences. Differences were considered significant at a P value of 0.05 or less.
The Journal of Clinical Investigation (doi:10.1172/JCI37155; reproduced with permission)
Suppliers
Clear subheadings
Proapoptotic signaling induced by RIG-I and MDA-5 results in type I interferonindependent apoptosis in human melanoma cells
Robert Besch, Hendrik Poeck et al
Clear subheadings
pppRNA and poly(I:C) induce apoptosis in melanoma cells. We tested the ability of RIG-I and MDA-5 ligands to induce cell death in human melanoma cell lines. Five cell lines derived from advanced melanomas (vertical growth phase or metastatic origin) were analyzed. Activation of RIG-I and MDA-5 by pppRNA1 and poly(I:C) strongly reduced viability from 100% in controls to 20%50% within 24 hours (Figure (Figure1A).1 A). Viability was reduced due to induction of apoptosis as determined by staining with annexin V. Apoptosis strictly required intracellular delivery, as neither pppRNAs nor poly(I:C) without transfection were active (Figure (Figure1B).1 B). Different pppRNAs were tested, and all reduced cell viability (Figure (Figure1C).1 C). The 5-triphosphate moiety was required, since synthetic RNAs carrying a free OH group at the 5 end (e.g., OH-RNA1) had no effect (Figure (Figure1C,1 C, left panel). Strong dose-dependent reduction of viability was observed for poly(I:C) (Figure (Figure1C,1 C, right panel). Reduced viability was reflected in an increased number of cells undergoing apoptosis (Figure (Figure1D).1 D). Confirming the onset of apoptosis, caspase-3 was activated in cells transfected with pppRNAs or poly(I:C) but not in cells exposed to pppRNA or poly(I:C) in the absence of transfection reagent (Figure (Figure1E).1 E). Together, these results show high sensitivity of human melanoma cell lines toward apoptosis induction by pppRNAs or poly(I:C) when delivered to the cytosol. Apoptosis induction by pppRNA and poly(I:C) involves IPS-1 but is independent of IFN signaling. The RNA ligands pppRNA and poly(I:C) both induced IFN- expression in melanoma cells (Figure (Figure3A).3A). Silencing of RIG-I and MDA-5 confirmed that induction of IFN- by pppRNA and poly(I:C) required RIG-I and MDA-5, respectively, and that both required
Melanoma cells are more sensitive to RIG-I and MDA-5induced apoptosis than primary cells. We next compared healthy primary cells of the skin with melanoma cells to evaluate tumor specificity of apoptosis induction by RIG-I and MDA-5. Primary human melanocytes, primary fibroblasts, and primary keratinocytes were significantly less sensitive to pppRNA and poly(I:C) compared with melanoma cells (Figure (Figure7A).7A).
The Journal of Clinical Investigation (doi:10.1172/JCI37155; reproduced with permission)
Part of a table in a paper published in The Journal of Clinical Investigation (doi:10.1172/JCI37622; reproduced with permission)
Multi-panel: different kinds of data grouped together in a single figure Complicated data separated into simpler components
Scale bars
Statistics
A man has one hand in boiling water
He is comfortableon average
Statistics
Today, few professional activities are untouched by statistical thinking, and most academic disciplines use it Statistical thinking is a way of recognizing that our observations of the world can never be totally accurate; they are always somewhat uncertain
Rowntree D (1981). Statistics without tears. A primer for non-mathematicians. Penguin Books Ltd., London, England
Statistics
Statistical analysis is at the heart of scientific inquiry Consider statistical analysis when you design your study. Before you start your research.
Data collection
Data analysis
Interpretation
Statistics Basics
Reporting statistics in your manuscript:
Consult a statistical expert about which test to use! Clearly describe the statistical tests used to analyze data Give the software, version number and maker Only use the word significant when describing statistically significant differences Alternatives: notable, substantial, marked P not enough for significant? Describe as a trend
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Statistics Questions
Ask yourself these questions during study design:
What are the independent and dependent variables? What is the scale of measurement of the study variables? Consider sample number for power analysis i.e., how many samples will you need? Have I met the assumptions of the statistical test selected?
Statistics Details
Reporting statistics in your manuscript:
Indicate the parameters described, e.g., meansS.D Give the numerator and denominator with percentages, e.g., 40% (100/250) Report p values, e.g., use p=0.0035 rather than p<0.05 Do you have a correction for multiple testing? Check target journal for P, P, p or p.
A complement-dependent balance between hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury and liver regeneration in mice
Songqing He, Carl Atkinson et al
Results
Statistics. Data are expressed as mean SD. Significant differences between groups were determined by ANOVA, with a Bonferroni correction for continuous variable and multiple groups. Two-tailed Students t test was used for the comparison of a normally distributed continuous variable between 2 groups. For the survival studies, Kaplan-Meier logrank analysis was performed. P values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
ALT levels were significantly lower at 24 and 48 hours after PHx in low-dose CR2-Crrytreated mice compared with those in salinetreated controls. Compared with WT mice, surviving C3/ mice had significantly increased hepatic injury and an impaired proliferative response (Figure 7, BE)...
Figure 7 Opposing effects of high- and low-dose complement inhibition on hepatic injury and regeneration in a model incorporating both IRI and PHx. Mice were treated with normal saline or CR2-Crry at a dose of either 0.25 mg or 0.08 mg immediately after surgery. C3/ mice received no treatment. All determinations made 48 hours after I/R and PHx. (A) Mouse survival. (B) Serum ALT levels. (C) Histological quantification of hepatic necrosis and injury determined on a scale of 04. (D) Assessment of regeneration by BrdU incorporation. (E) Restitution of liver weight. (F) MPO content in liver samples. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 versus WT group; **P < 0.01 versus WT group (similar to WT normal saline group); P < 0.01 versus all other groups; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus WT group. Results are expressed as mean SD; n = 610.
Discussion
Be humble Dont overstate the importance of your results
Conclusions
Restate key findings and their significance
Propose future studies that might follow on from your current study Give the reader a take-home message
we can now conduct quantitative and functional genetic studies in natural populations (Science)
Hopefully, more prospective, randomized, clinical trials will address these concerns and reinforce the efficacy of tropical antimicrobial therapy (Curr Infect Dis Rep) further, the structures reported here highlight the complex network of proteinprotein and protein-DNA interaction (Nature)
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Restate the question/problem Restate main findings Put in context of previous work Use suggests and may
Discussion Genome-wide microarray analysis of primary tumors has enabled the discovery of novel, clinically relevant tumor subtypes defined by unique patterns of gene expression. More recently, however, the inverse of this concept has been explored through bottom-up analytical strategies that seek to identify gene subtypes with functional roles in tumorigenesis In the present work, we have built on this concept of data integration and functional discovery and identified RCP, located on the 8p1112 recurrent breast cancer amplicon, as a novel breast-cancer promoting gene with Ras-activating potential. Amplification of the 8p1112 locus has been observed in approximately 10%25% of breast tumor cases and 15% of breast cancer cell lines and has been associated with poor patient survival and short interval to distant metastasis. Recently, this amplicon has been the focus of several functional genomics investigations involving primary breast tumors and cell lines. Using a highresolution BAC microarray specific for chromosome 8p, Gelsi-Boyer and colleagues However, that the growth and metastatic properties of the tumor xenografts were dependent on the endogenous expression of RCP suggests an oncogene addictionlike scenario, whereby RCP may play a vital role in the maintenance and potentiation of the malignant and metastatic phenotype In conclusion, through integrated genomic analysis, we identified RCP as a candidate oncogene at the 8p1112 amplicon, with expression levels significantly correlated with aggressive breast cancer behavior
The broader involvement of RCP in the pathogenesis of human cancers and the mechanisms underlying its oncogenic effects will be the focus of future investigations.
Acknowledgments
Your chance to acknowledge anyone who has helped with the study: Individuals who did not qualify for authorship based on ICMJE criteria Any researchers that supplied materials or reagents Anyone who provided technical assistance Anyone who helped with the preparation of the manuscript or provided a critical assessment of it Funding bodies State why each individual is being acknowledged
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References
Always format your references: check your target journals Guide for Authors for the appropriate format
Some journal limit the number of references: check your target journals Guide for Authors
Cover letters
Journal Editors receive hundreds of manuscripts each month They dont have time to read each manuscript Society journal editors are especially busy as they are usually practicing researchers too
Cover letters
Competition for publication space and for editors attention is very high It is not enough to send a manuscript to a journal editor like this:
Dear Editor-in-Chief, I am sending you our manuscript entitled Large Scale Analysis of Cell Cycle Regulators in bladder cancer by A. Honda, K. Tanaka, J. Suzuki, and myself. We would like to have the manuscript considered for publication in Pathobiology. Please let me know of your decision at your earliest convenience. With my best regards, Sincerely yours, Shinsuke Izumi, PhD
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Give the background to the research Explain what was done and what was found
We believe our findings would appeal to a broad audience, such as the readership of Neuroscience. As a wide-reaching journal publishing original research on all aspects of neuroscience
We confirm that this manuscript has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration by another journal. All authors have approved the manuscript and agree with submission to Neuroscience. We have read and have abided by the statement of ethical standards for manuscripts submitted to Neuroscience. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Please address all correspondence to.
Exclude
Researchers working on the same research question
Language
Journal editors are overloaded with quality manuscripts. They may make decisions on manuscripts based on formal criteria, like grammar or spelling. Don't get rejected for avoidable mistakes: make sure your manuscript looks perfect
A senior executive at a large international publishing house
Language screening
Introduction of language screening protocols to check submissions
Editors dont want to send poorly written manuscripts for peer review Editors receive enough well written submissions to reject poorly written manuscripts
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Language
Some journals are very clear regarding their English requirements, and about what happens to manuscripts that do not meet their standards
Scientific writing
Good scientific writing possesses the following three Cs:
Clarity
Conciseness Correctness (accuracy)
Key points: Be as brief as possible without omitting essential details Be as specific as possible
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Repetition
Redundancy
Ambiguity
Inconsistency
Why not?
Simple is best
Use simple language: it is often clearer, more precise and more concise than using more complex language Say what you mean in as few words as possible Delete unnecessary words
Language UK or US spelling
Be consistent
Check the journals Guide for Authors
Generally, American journals require US spelling and British journals require British spelling, but many accept either form as long as the spelling used is consistent
fibre centre labelling colour or or or or fiber center labeling color
Language Comparisons
Frequently made in the results sections of papers Compare like with like Do not be vague Use with, not to The material from the river bank was compared with the landfill.
The material from the river bank was compared with that from the landfill.
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Language Comparisons
Expression levels of p53 in smokers were compared with nonsmokers
Expression levels of p53 in smokers were compared with p53 levels in non-smokers
Language Comparisons
Relative terms, such as more, higher and greater, require a reference for comparison
Reactions with the new machine were faster than those with the old machine.
Language Respectively
Use to refer to two corresponding lists, but not more For example:
Oxygen detector flow 85 mL/min Nitrogen detector flow 7 mL/min Hydrogen detector flow 4 mL/min
Oxygen, Nitrogen and Hydrogen detector flows were set at 85, 7 and 4 mL/min, respectively.
.there were other factors, such as nutrient status, primary production, microbial biomass, and coagulation processes.
namely: to define we used certified reference materials, namely C36 n-alkane and phenanthrene, obtained from
In previous sediments of all salinities, MeHg production was highest at previous sediment depths just below the oxic/anoxic transition; that is, depths where microbial sulfate reduction was present, but where sulfide, which inhibits methylation, was relatively low.
One sentence is too long; but the two sentences must be connected
Novelty Significance
It exists to ensure that your paper is as scientifically robust and complete as possible before joining the collective knowledge as part of the literature
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Acceptance