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Persons Things
Primer: This is the house, the roof of which burnt down. Contact clause (without relative pronoun): The man (whom) she married is very poor. Non defining Type Person Thing Possessive Prepositional NON DEFINING CLAUSES Subject Object Who Whom Which Which Whose Whose / Preposition + whom / which Relative adverb: where
It can be left out. It always has coma. Paris is the town where he was born. This is Paris, where he was born. Coordinate It reffers to a clause. It is introduced by which only. Primer: The curtain fell down, which made everyone laugh.
3) Conditional clauses: Uslovne reenice prepoznavanje i pretvaranje iz jednog kondicionala u drugi CONDITIONAL CLAUSES Type 1 : real If + present simple If + present progressive Future simple Present simple Imperative Can, may + bare infinitive Would + present infinitive Could + present infinitive Should + present infinitive Might + present infinitive Would + perfect infinitive Could + perfect infinitive Should + perfect infinitive Might + have + past participle
Type 2 : hypothetical
Unless = if ... not Unless ne trpi negativan glagol: unless you go if you dont go On conditiona that: provided, providing, so long as, as long as
4) Purpose clauses:
No change of subject a) With infinitive: I went to the store to buy bread. b) So as to, in order to: In order to obtain a citizenship foreigners have to pass a test Change of subject a) Infinitive with double object verbs: I sent him to buy some bread. b) So that: I will leave her a message, so that she will know where we are.
Izborni engleski jezik, I godina, nivo: B2 Dragana Vasilijevi 080304, 09 Such + countable nouns: such a nice man Such + uncountable nouns: such bad milk So much + uncountable nouns So many + countable nouns
4) lanovi Articles
SRPSKI Odreeni Neodreeni Nulti ENGLESKI Definite Indefinite Zero OZNAKA The A /
Osnovna pravila (basic rules): Ako posle imenice ide relative clause pre nje ide lan Ako posle imenice ide of pre nje ide lan We use THE: - for superlatives - for rivers, oceans, seas, countryside, mountain chanes - The United States - The Hague - the first - the young, the old - families
We use it for: a) What we arrange others to do for us: We have had our gate painted. b) Unfortunate experiences: He had his leg broken. 7) Modalni glagoli Modal verbs: prepoznavanje i upotreba u recenici Ability Can could general ability in present Could general ability in the past Be able to particular ability Orders Must, Have to u neupravnom govoru: had to Prohibition Mustnt u neupravnom govoru: wasnt to, werent to Advice Should, ought to general advice (should have done, qught to have done) Had better, had better not immediate suggestion Permision Can, could, may, might (poreani po formalnosti) May might, can could No obligation Neednt Didnt need to prolo vreme radnja nije uraena Didnt have to prolo vreme radnja je uraena, a nije trebalo Possibility Modal Can, could, may, might Modal Could, may, might Sadanjost Present infinitive (bare infinitive) Prolost Perfect infinitive Trajna sadanjost Progressive infinitive Trajna prolost Perfect progressive infinitive
Deduction (logical conclusion) Must positive conclusions Cant, couldnt negative conclusions Glagoli se ne mogu menjati. o Modals are always followed by infinitive
Izborni engleski jezik, I godina, nivo: B2 Dragana Vasilijevi 080304, 09 o U indiektnom govoru can do could do, could do could do o Infinitivi i kondicionali se ne menjaju. 8) Gerund i present participle (glagolska imenica i sadanji particip) Gerund is a word that functions as a noun. It is derived by adding ing to the end of a verb (jog), e.g. Jogging is a good way of exercising. A present participle is formed by adding -ing to the verb, as in reading., e.g. He may be reading the newspaper now. A gerund is used: as the subject of the sentence. Example: Waiting for a bus can take a long time. as the object of a verb. Example: Will you stop crying? as a verbal noun, i.e. as a verb doing the work of a noun. Example: Her scolding frightened her children. after a verb. Example: The gate needs repainting. after busy. Example: She is busy cooking for dinner. with a preposition. Example: We are tired after walking for two hours. after a phrasal verb. Example: If we carry on working, we can complete it today. A present participle is used: immediately after a subject to which it refers. Example: People driving in the rain have to drive carefully. after a verb. Example: He went fishing with his friends. after a noun. It tells us what a person or thing is doing. Example: She heard them talking about her. Example: I saw a rock rolling down the hill. as an adjective. Example: That twinkling star is much brighter than the rest. to show that a person is doing two things at the same time. Example: He is sitting outside the house, watching people pass by. to form the continuous tense. Example: He is washing his car. when one action is followed by another. Example: Walking on the beach, he threw a ball to his friend.
9) Infinitives
NAZIV FORMA
Izborni engleski jezik, I godina, nivo: B2 Dragana Vasilijevi 080304, 09 Full infinitive (to infinitive) Present infinitive (bare infinitive) Present Progressive infinitive Perfect infinitive Perfect progressive infinitive To do Do Be doing Have done Have been doing
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Genitives
Saxon genitive: Nouns in singular + s Nouns in plural + Two people sharing one thing (who have one thing in common): John and Marys son Both of them have one: Johns and Marys car Irregular plural + s A personal name ending with s + Norman genitive: Of + noun Double genitive: Combination of two genitives (a friend of Marys) 11) Poreenje prideva i priloga: Comparison of adjectives and
adverbs
Razlika izmeu prideva i priloga je u tome to prilozi u komparativu nemaju the. Stepeni poreenja (degrees of comparison) - positive - comparative - superlative Vrste poreenja (types of comparison) - synthetic (adding suffixes er, -est) - analytic (adding more, the most) - irregular (adjectives: good, bad, little, much, many, far, old adverbs: well, badly, little, much/many, far)
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When we make changes? Kada je uvodni glagol u prolom vremenu Tense changes: Present simple past simple Present progressive past progressive Present perfect past perfect Present perfect progressive past perfect progressive Past simple past perfect Past progressive past perfect progressive Past perfect and past perfect progresive stay the same
Izborni engleski jezik, I godina, nivo: B2 Dragana Vasilijevi 080304, 09 Am/is/are going to was/were going to Will would Can could May might Drugi i trei kondicional, infinitivi i subjunctive se ne menjaju!
Time and place changes: Today that day Yesterday the day before, the previous day Tomorrow the day after, the next day, the following day Now then Tonight that evening Last week the week before, the previous week Next week the week after, the next week, the following week Here there This that These those Ago before Statements We introduce them by say and tell. No change in word order. Orders They are introduced by tell and orded. Bare infinitive changes into to infinitive. Requests They are introduced by ask. U direktnom govoru stoji please. Bare infinitive changes into to infinitive. Questions They are introduced by ask, want to know, wonder. The word order changes (prvo subjekat, pa ostalo). Pitanja koja nemaju upitnu re se uvode sa if i whether.
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We form the passive voice by making the object subject; we use the auxiliary verb TO BE in the tense of the main verb and the past participle of the main verb. TENSE Present simple Present progressive Present perfect Past simple Past progressive Past perfect Future simple Going to future Modals ACTIVE Make(s) Am/is/are making Have/has made Made Was/were making Had made Will make Am/is/are going to make Could make/must have PASSIVE Am/is/are made Am/is/are being made Have/has been made Was/were made Was/were being made Had been made Will be made Am/is/are going to be made Could be made/must have
Izborni engleski jezik, I godina, nivo: B2 Dragana Vasilijevi 080304, 09 made To make been made To be made
Infinitive
Double object verbs He gave me some money. I was given some money. Some money was given to me. Lista najeih: Give, lend, make, offer, owe, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, write
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15) Zbunjujui glagoli: Confusing Verbs: Lie lay lain lying leati, neprelazan (intransitive) Lay laid laid laying poloiti, prelazan (transitive) Lie lied lied lying lagati Regular Verb TRANSITIVE - needs an object VERB FORMS: raise - raised - raised raising TO RAISE = to lift something, to elevate, to bring to maturity, to increase, to set upright by lifting or building Terry raised her hand to wave at her friend. My grandmother raised cotton. I'm raising some tomatoes. The store always raises prices. Irregular Verb INTRANSITIVE - no object VERB FORMS: rise - rose - risen rising TO RISE = to move upward (without assistance) to move upright from a lying, kneeling, or sitting position to return from death Hot air balloons rise. Frank's rising from the sofa. The sun has already risen this morning. Zombies rise from the dead in horror movies!