THE GLG STYLE GUIDE Basics of Citing and Referencing

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GIBARAN STYLE GUIDE: BASICS OF CITING, REFERENCING, AND TABLES AND FIGURES Abstract. This document outlines, with examples, how to cite a source in the text of your work, and how to reference sources at the end of your work from articles, books, the internet and unpublished sources like your subjects learning materials or a company document. It also discusses plagiarism. More details about other sources can be obtained from Gibaran. This document also covers how to present tables and figures and has an appendix about other style issues. Technical issues with Microsoft Word. Please use line spacing of 1.5 (or 2) lines, and 12 point Times New Roman font that can be selected with the Format/Font and Format/Paragraph facilities of Microsoft Word. Preferably, set the Tools/Language option to English (Australia) although students outside Australia could possibly use the language setting of their own country. Check your document using the Tools/Spelling and Grammar facility. Use the default margin settings of Microsoft Word (in the File/Page Setup facility, these margins are 3.17 cm for the left and right margins, and 2.54 cm for top and bottom margins). Use the left justification option, not centre or right justification. These Microsoft Word settings follow the standards in the Style Manual (2002).

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Table of contents BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................4 CITATIONS OF SOURCES ...........................................................................................4 PLAGIARISM ................................................................................................................4 REFERENCING OF SOURCES .....................................................................................5 BOOKS .........................................................................................................................5 ARTICLES .....................................................................................................................6 INTERNET REFERENCES .................................................................................................6 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES LIKE A COMPANY DOCUMENT OR A THESIS ................................6 TABLES AND FIGURES ...............................................................................................7 APPENDIX A: SOME MORE POINTS ABOUT STYLE IN AUSTRALIA .................8 HEADINGS/PARAGRAPHS/SENTENCES ............................................................................8 CAPITALS .....................................................................................................................8 NUMBERS.....................................................................................................................9 OTHER POINTS ..............................................................................................................9

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Background There are two or three style manuals to choose from. But I recommend Style Manual because it is used in all communications with and within the Australian government, in proposals, for consulting projects, and is used by most publishers of books and journals in Australia. If you are using the Endnote bibliographic software (at a cost for students of about on the Web or ask about accessing Gibarans version), adapt Endnote to use the Manual output style by following the procedures at this http://nursing.flinders.edu.au/documents/File/students/UQ_Endnote_styles.pdf Or try this site: http://www.crandon.com.au/EndNote/faq/ASM/ASM.html By the you do not have to use Endnote. $115 Style site: way,

Citations of sources In the text of your work, the citations of authors are presented in the Harvard style. If an idea or a number came from Smith, you write the idea or number and then write in brackets the name and year of publication, for example, (Smith 1998). If more than one source needs to be acknowledged, put a semi-colon between them, for example, (Smith 1998; Jones 2002). If you quote from Smith, you have to give the page number as well, for example, give the quotation and then write in brackets (Smith 1998, p. 3). Note that there is no comma between the name and the year, but there is a comma after the date if a quotation necessitates the page number being added. If there are two, three or four authors in brackets and in the reference list, list them all and use the ampersand (&) symbol before the last one, for example, (Smith & Jones 1999). However, if there are more than four authors, just list the first one with et al. for the others, for example, (Jones et al. 2001). Plagiarism Consider these citing practices again and in more detail because they relate to the important issue of plagiarism. Plagiarism is failure to acknowledge the sources of ideas or quotations, thus claiming them as your own. So you must acknowledge the sources of ideas and quotations. The citation for an idea or a number is the author or organisation and the date, without the page number; for example, you could refer to a textbook like (Sherman 1999). These ideas are not copied word for word from your textbook or another source, but are expressed in your own words. In turn, when you are copying a quotation word-for-word from your textbook or from another source, you must acknowledge where those words came from. But, you should rarely provide a quotation longer than 30 words. Instead, put the ideas from the quotation into your own words and cite it as described in the paragraph above. To acknowledge quotations, you must do two things: Put quotation marks around the quote from your source Cite in brackets what the source is and the page number; that is, after the quotation marks, cite a reference in the Harvard style, for example, (Smith 1998, p. 3) - note that there is no comma between the name and the year, but there is a comma after the year.

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If there is no author to cite, cite the name of the sponsoring organisation or the title of the book or article, for example, Australian Government Publishing Service (1994) or Style Manual (1994) or (Here and there 2001). If there is no date, put n.d., for example, Smith (n.d.). The above principles of referencing are also used for internet sources. That is, the author or the title of the article or the sponsoring organisation is cited in the text, for example, Smith (1996, p. 2) and (The World in Cyberspace 1999; Hello and goodbye 2000; World Health Organisation 2000). You should most often put an authors name inside brackets as in the examples in the previous paragraphs. Rarely put an authors name outside brackets. You should be writing about your own ideas about what the author has said and not just telling the reader about what the author has said. For example, do not write, Thompson & Jones (1999) said, There is no food. Instead, you should write, There is no food (Thompson & Jones 1999). That is, you are trying to show the reader that you have not only read an author but have also understood the author and incorporated his or her ideas into your own thinking. The best way of doing this is to nearly always put an authors name inside brackets! Referencing of sources You should provide a complete reference list at the end of your answers/assignments. This is a list of sources that you have cited in the body of your report. It provides the sources of ideas and quotations that you have used, not just merely read. Do not list a reference that you have not cited. The list of all the references must be in alphabetical order. If you have more than one reference from one author, place them in chronological order. Examples are (Abel 1999; Baker 1990) and Smith (2000, 2001). For multiple citations in the same year, use a, b, c... immediately following the year of publication, for example, (Fox 1997a, 1997b). There is no need to separate the references into blocks like Books, Articles and Internet sources. I have done this below merely for teaching convenience. Examples follow of how to provide the details of a book, a journal article, an Internet source and an unpublished source like your subjects learning materials. Note that: A comma follows the family name but does not come before the date Book and journal titles are in italics Article names have single quotation marks around them The publisher and its location are in that order You have to put the viewing date into internet references. To repeat: list all your references in one long alphabetical list, do not put them into separate blocks of Books, Articles and so on, like I do below. Books Bradley, F 1991, International Marketing Strategy, Prentice Hall, London.

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Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers 2002, 6th edn, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. Thorelli, HB & Cavusgil, ST (eds) 1990, International Marketing Strategy, 4th edn, Pergamon Press, Oxford. Articles Minor, M, Wu, WY & Choi, MK 1991, A proposition-based approach to international entry strategy contingencies, Journal of Global Marketing, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 69-87. Jones, B & Smith, G 1992, Foreign market entry - the textbook vs the network theory, in Industrial Networks: A New View of Reality, 2nd edn, eds B Axelsson & G Easton, Routledge, London, pp. 34-56. Internet references n.b.: Wikepedia may not be used as a source for assignments or projects. Most often, items of information in Wikepedia are cited as to their original sources. Students are directed to seek out those original sources and cite them directly. Lee, MT 1996, Guidelines for Citing References and Electronic Sources of Information United Nations, Vienna, viewed 12 May 1999, <http://www.eliz.tased.edu.au/refs.htm>. Guides to Citing Electronic Information n.d., viewed 6 May 2000, <http://www.uvm.edu/~ncrane/estyles/apa.html>. Unpublished sources like a company document or a thesis Present the author and date as above, then the title of the document in single quotation marks, and then the source of the document including the location. If you cannot provide the initial location of the document, just say where it is now: for example, in possession of MA Adams, Adelaide or in possession of the Fisher Library, Sydney. If it is a CD or a similar sort of non-document, say so. For example, Euler, T 2007, Strategic management learning materials, Gibaran Business School, Adelaide. Smith, J 2006, How to sell real estate notes, CD, Real Estate Institute of Australia, Adelaide. Hudson, DE 1987, Recollections of the Raj, in possession of the author, Melbourne. Crowley, FK 1949, Working class conditions in Australia, 1788-1851, PhD thesis, University of Melbourne.

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Tables and figures Note that an examiner should not have to look at tables and figures to be able follow your arguments. If there is an important point in a table or figure, you have to incorporate it into your text. Your examiner should not have to do excess work by hunting for points in tables and figures. That is, an examiner should be able to pass your work without having to look at any of its tables or figures, if he or she is in a hurry. Similarly, tables and figures should be readable independent of the text. So, ensure the titles of tables and figures are complete and self-explanatory, and any symbols in a table are explained in a note to the table such that someone who has not read the text would be able to understand the table or figure. Take note that a table has rows and columns and a figure does not. A table or figure should be referred to in the text of your work by its number, not as above or below. I have tried to develop some rules of thumb for writers using software like Microsoft Word that are as close as possible to Style Manuals standards. An example of figures titles, notes and sources follow on the next page. Note: Titles are at the top of a table or figure (with bold for the name but not for the number, and no full stop, in 12 point font) Notes and sources are at the bottom of a table or figure (with a full stop at the end of them, and they are in that order, in 11 point font). Here are some more examples of these items: Table 4.1 Types of market entry into Thailand Figure 4.1 Type of channel structure used in each market
Note: Figures are for civilians whose family status could not be determined. Source: Gibbs (1999). Source: developed for this research. Source: analysis of field data.

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Figure 1.2 Outline of this thesis, with chapter numbers and their interrelationships
Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature review

Chapter 3 Stage one: focus groups and convergent interviews

Chapter 4 Stage two: case research

Chapter 5 Case research data analysis

Chapter 6 Conclusions and implications Note: Dashed line highlights the methodology chapters in two stages. Source: developed for this research based on Perry (2002).

Reference Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers 2002, 6th edn, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Appendix A: Some more points about style in Australia Headings/paragraphs/sentences Please consider three rough rules of thumb (from Style Manual 2003, p. 138): Have at least one section or sub-section heading per page, and often have more than one heading per page. Have about two to four paragraphs under each heading. Have about three to five sentences in each paragraph. That is, do not use onesentence paragraphs. Each paragraph should have three to five sentences to cover the one core idea that each paragraph is about. Capitals Use a capital letter only at the start of a heading or the title of a figure and table, and then use lower case for all the other words. More advice on presenting tables and figures is provided above. Have at least one side heading or run-in heading per page. More particularly, have about one run-in heading every 2-4 paragraphs and

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one side heading every 2-3 pages. Make sure the meaning of the first sentence after a heading can be understood without referring back to the heading. Use a capital for one particular unit but all lower case for many, generic units, for example, my University and many universities. Present parts of a document with a capital when referring to a particular part of the document, for example, Chapter 2 and Figure 6.1. Present a title of a book or journal in italics, for example, Tom Thumb. The title of an article within a journal has single quotation marks, for example, How to write articles.

Numbers Write out numbers from one to nine in words, and larger numbers as numerals. For example, nine and 10. However, if you are comparing a number above 10 with a number below 10, present both of them as number, for example, 7 out of the 15 people were blind. This use of numerals for numbers in a related series of numbers provided for comparison (Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers 2002, p. 164) means that parts of a document like chapters, tables, figures and questions are always presented as numerals even if they are less than 10, for example, Chapter 2, Table 6, question 5, step 3. However, never use numbers at the start of a sentence. For example, do not start with 1998 was or 77 percent was; instead, start with The year 1998 was or As much as 77 percent For numerals, thousands do not need a comma but larger numbers should be presented with spaces instead of commas, for example, 5000 and 50 000 000. Use the symbol % only with numerals, not with words. But the word percent can be used with either words or numerals. Thus, for example, 12% and 12 percent are appropriate, but nine % is not. Other points Do not place full stops between the letters in established abbreviations like US or ASEAN. Use country names and abbreviations like this: United States is a noun or an adjective and US is only an adjective. Different dollar currencies usually use this format in front of the amount: A$, US$. However, you are allowed to use the alternative format of AUD, USD. For example, A$20.75, US$25.90, AUD10 000 and GBP8000. Note that a bulleted list is always introduced with a colon and does not have punctuation at the end of each item in the list (except for the last item and for any other item that is a sentence), as shown in the lists above. There is a difference in the use of a full stop at the end of certain abbreviations. For example, Dr and Oct. are different because the r in Dr is the last letter in the full word but t is not the last letter in October. Use single quotation marks rather than double quotation marks, except when you have a quotation within a quotation when double quotation marks should be used.

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Here is an example: He said, Bill shouted at me, Go away! I could not believe it. However, if your quotation is more than 30 words, present it as an indented paragraph without quotation marks and with a one line space before and after the indented paragraph. As well, the font should be one point less than normal, that is, 11 point font in a thesis that follows the usual 12 point font. This font size difference does not apply for quotations less than 30 words. For example, he said:
I am going to speak more than 30 words. So, my font is 11 point. And, my quotation is indented. It is also preceeded and followed by a single space.

Note that all quotations should be preceded by a preface in your own words of what is in the quotation. That is, try to avoid hiding behind someone elses words by merely providing a quotation without any input of your own thoughts on the matter. It is your task to read the literature and synthesise its ideas into your own writing. In brief, use short quotations that you have first expressed in your own words, and use them sparingly. This will let your examiner know that you have developed your own thoughts on the topic, and that those thoughts are based soundly in prior literature. If you use your own, unusual words or slang words, present them with quotation marks the first time you use them but not when you use the words after that first time; for example, quasi-probabilistic and confirmatory/disconfirmatory test may have a quotation mark when first used but not afterwards. Occasionally use I or we when describing what you actually did. But do not use them to present your own value judgements in phrases like I feel or I consider. Do not use contractions like dont or cant. Instead, write do not or cannot. Please use adjectives and adverbs rarely because what they are essentially just value judgements. Use italics for emphasis very sparingly. As a usual maximum, italicise only one or two words per one or two pages. Using italics too often will make them lose their impact. (This is not a thesis, so I have used italics here more often than I would in a thesis.) A date is written as 12 May 2002, in that order and without a comma. The terms pm and am are written without full stops, for example, 12.15 am.

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