Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Definition
Pressurized irrigation through devices called sprinklers Sprinklers are usually located on pipes called laterals Water is discharged into the air and hopefully infiltrates near where it lands
Kesesuaian Pemakaian
Tanaman
Cocok hampir semua tanaman (pohon, semak, hamparan), dapat disiramkan di atas atau di bawah kanopi Tidak cocok untuk beberapa jenis sayuran yang mudah rusak karena tetesan air
Kemiringan lahan
Cocok untuk lahan datar maupun bergelombang
Tanah
Paling cocok untuk tanah pasiran, tapi cocok untuk hampir semua tipe tekstur
Air irigasi
Cocok untuk air yang bersih dan bebas sedimen
Fixed sprinkler
Permanent Lateral
Laterals are permanently placed (enough to irrigate the entire area) Laterals are usually buried, with risers or pop-up sprinklers popEasily automated and popular for some agriculture/hort applications agriculture/hort Capital investment can be high
Solidset sprinkler
Moving Lateral
Single lateral moves automatically (mounted on wheeled towers) Examples:
Center pivots (lateral pivots in a circle) Linear or lateral move systems (lateral moves in a straight line)
sumber lateral
sprinkler
Risers
Smaller diameter pipes used to bring water from the lateral to the sprinkler Purposes Raises the sprinkler so that the plants won't interfere with the water jet Reduces turbulence of the water stream as it reaches the sprinkler
Impact Sprinklers
Sprinklers
Devices (usually brass or plastic) with one or more small diameter nozzles
Impact sprinklers
Drive or range nozzle (hits sprinkler arm and throws water out farther) Spreader nozzle (optional; Applies more water close to the sprinkler) Trajectory angles PartPart-circle sprinklers Used in all types of irrigation, but especially agricultural crops
Impact Sprinklers
RainBird 30
RainBird 14
RainBird 70
Impact Sprinklers
TwoTwo-nozzle, bronze impact sprinkler Range (Drive) Nozzle
Spreader Nozzle
Bearing
Kinerja sprinkler
Debit sprinkler Jarak lemparan Pola distribusi RataRata-rata aplikasi Ukuran tetesan (droplets)
q s = 29.82Cd D
qs = discharge (gpm) Cd = discharge coefficient for the nozzle and sprinkler 0.96 D = inside diameter of the nozzle (inches) P = water pressure at the nozzle (psi)
Single Sprinkler
No wind
Overlapped Sprinklers
Dry zone
Overlapped Sprinklers
Uniform Application: Overlap 50% of sprinkler wetted diameter
Application Rate
d q Ar = = t a
Rectangular sprinkler layout
96 .3 q s Ar = SlSm
Ar = water application rate (inches/hour) qs = sprinkler discharge rate (gpm) Sl = sprinkler spacing along the lateral (feet) Sm = lateral spacing along the mainline (feet)
1112qs . Ar = 2 S
S = spacing between sprinklers (feet)
Efficiencies
Application efficiency (Ea) dn Ea = dg
dn = net irrigation depth dg = gross irrigation depth fraction or percentage
Water losses
Evaporation Drift Runoff Deep percolation
Distribution Uniformity
Distribution uniformity (DU)
d LQ DU = 100 dz
dLQ = average low-quarter depth of water lowreceived dz = average depth applied
Application Uniformity
Christiansens Coefficient of Uniformity (CU)
n dz di CU = 100 1 nd z i =1
n = number of observations (each representing the same size area) dz = average depth for all observations di = depth for observation i
Popular parameter for sprinkler and microirrigation systems in particular For relatively high uniformities (CU > 70%) 70%)
Adequacy
Because of nonuniformity, there is a tradeoff nonuniformity, between excessive deep percolation and plant water stress Adequacy: the percent of the irrigated area that receives the desired depth of water or more Figure 5.3 (a d)
Plotting the percentage of area in the field that receives a given depth of irrigation water or more gives a distribution uniformity curve Irrigating for a longer or shorter time moves the curve up or down System modifications may be required to change the shape of the curve
Figure 5.3a
SWD
Fig 5.3b
SWD
Figure 5.3c
SWD
Figure 5.3d
SWD