ProjectNumber:LDA1004

WINDTURBINEDESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATION

MajorQualifyingProjectReport:
SubmittedtoFacultyof
WORCESTERPOLYTECHNICINSTITUTE
inpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthe
DegreeofBachelorofScience
By

Date:March5,2010

Approved:

ProfessorLeonardD.Albano,Advisor

Abstract
Thisprojectexaminedthedesignofalandbasedwindturbineconsideringvariousalternativesincluding
soilandfoundationtype,turbinesizeandtype,towerdesign,typeofsite,andwindspeeds.Inaddition,
acostanalysisofthechosenwindturbinedesignwascompleted.Anintegrateddesignsheetwas
producedforthedevelopmentofawindturbine.Oncetheprimaryfactorsinthedesignofalandbased
turbineweredetermined,theimplicationsforanoffshoreturbinewereinvestigated.Basedonresearch
andthecostandstructuralanalyses,conclusionsandrecommendationsforappropriatedesignswere
established.

Authorship
Allmembersoftheprojectgroup,BethanyKuhn,JulieMarquisandHilaryRotatori,madeanequal
contributiontothemajorqualifyingproject.Thefollowingsectionswerewrittenbythespecified
person:

Section

Author

CapstoneDesign

HilaryRotatori

Introduction

JulieMarquis

Background

BethanyKuhn,JulieMarquis,HilaryRotatori

Methodology

BethanyKuhn,JulieMarquis,HilaryRotatori

TowerDesign

JulieMarquis

FoundationDesign

HilaryRotatori

ProjectAnalysis

BethanyKuhn

OffshoreTurbineDesign

BethanyKuhn,JulieMarquis,HilaryRotatori

Conclusions

JulieMarquis,HilaryRotatori

ii

Acknowledgements
WewouldliketothankFrankLagadimos,anengineeratSpartanEngineeringforsharinghisknowledge
about the design of wind turbine towers. We would also like to thank Brian Kuhn, Vice President
Marketing at Aeronautica Wind Power for his help and knowledge about the wind turbine industry.
Finally, we would like to thank our project advisor, Professor Leonard Albano for his advice and
dedicationthroughoutthecourseofourproject.

iii

CapstoneDesignStatement
ThisprojectaddressedthedesignconstraintssetbytheAccreditationBoardforEngineeringand
Technology(ABET)inordertomeettherequirementofcapstonedesignexperiencefortheMajor
QualifyingProject.AsstatedbyABETGeneralCriterion4,Studentmustbepreparedforengineering
practicethroughthecurriculumculminatinginamajordesignexperiencebasedontheknowledgeand
skillsacquiredinearliercourseworkandincorporatingengineeringstandardsandrealisticconstraints
thatincludemostofthefollowingconsiderations:economic;environmental;sustainability;
manufacturability;ethical;healthandsafety;social;andpolitical.1Inadditiontotheseconstraints,this
projectconsideredtheAmericanAssociationofCivilEngineers(ASCE)CommentaryonEngineering
Design.

Economic
Oneofthemoreimportantconstraintsonlargescalecivilengineeringprojectsiseconomicfeasibility.
Thedesignoftheprojectconsideredthecostofconstructionandthematerialsused.Inordertoensure
thattheprojectisaffordable,acostanalysisofalternativedesignsandmaterialswasperformedtohelp
chooseadesign.Acostanalysisofthefinaldesignwasalsoconductedtodeterminetheeconomic
impactoftheturbineonceitisinoperation.

Environmental
Theenvironmentalimpactsofprojectshavebeenarisingconcerninthecivilengineeringindustryin
recentyears.Itisimportanttoprotectthelandsurroundingtheconstructionsiteandtoinvestigatethe
affectsofthewindturbineonwildlife.Thisprojectaddressedenvironmentalconstraintsbyreviewing
environmentalcodesandregulationsregardingtheconstructionandoperationoftheturbine.The
codesthatwerereviewedinvolvedstudiesthatmustbeperformedinordertoobtainapermitforthe
windturbineproject.Thesestudiesincludeavianandbatinteraction;wildlife,plantsandwetlands
studies;archaeologicalandhistoricalreviews;streamcrossingandsoildisturbance.2Thisinvestigation
allowedthegrouptoreviewthetypicalregulationsthatshouldbeconsideredbeforeaturbineis
constructed.

UCSCCEDepartment'sfulfillmentoftheMajorDesignExperience.abet.soe.ucsc.edu/design.html(2009,February
20).
2
NationalWind.(September2009),www.nationalwind.com

iv

Sustainability
Sustainabilityisanimportantaspectofthedesignofthewindturbinebecausethedesignshouldbe
durableaswellaseconomicalandenvironmentallyfriendly.Theinstallationofawindturbineitselfis
sustainableasitisasourceofrenewableenergy.Thisprojectaddressedsustainabilitybyconsideringthe
maintenancetobedoneontheturbineinthefuture.Theavailabilityofthematerialsusedwasalso
takenintoaccount.Byusinginnovativedesignssuchasoffshoreturbineslandcanbepreserved.In
addition,alifecyclecostanalysiswasconducted,includinganestimationofthepaybacktimeforthe
constructionoftheturbine.

Constructability
Theconstructabilityoftheprojectaddressedthefeasibilityofthedesignandconstructionofthe
turbine.Thisprojectaddressedthisconstraintbyconsideringeaseofconstructionwhenchoosing
buildingmaterials,andresearchingthemostpracticalmethodsfortheconstructionofaturbinetower
andfoundation.Thegroupconsideredusingstandarddimensionsforthetowerheightandcrosssection
andastandardturbinepowersothattheturbinecouldbeeasilyconstructedandreplicatedif
successful.Inaddition,thetowerwasdesignedusingamodularapproachtofacilitatetheconstruction
processandlimitthenecessarysiteoperations.

Ethical
Inordertoaddresstheethicalconstraints,thegroupusedtheprinciplesoutlinedbytheAmerican
SocietyofCivilEngineers(ASCE)CodeofEthicswhichstates,Engineersupholdandadvancethe
integrity,honoranddignityoftheengineeringprofessionbyusingtheirknowledgeandskillforthe
enhancementofhumanwelfareandtheenvironment,beinghonestandimpartialandservingwith
fidelitythepublic,theiremployersandclients,strivingtoincreasethecompetenceandprestigeofthe
engineeringprofession,andsupportingtheprofessionalandtechnicalsocietiesoftheirdisciplines.3
Thisprojectconsideredtheseprinciplesinallaspectsofthedesignandconstructionplans.

HealthandSafety
Inordertoaddresshealthandsafetyconsiderations,astructuralanalysisofthetowerandfoundation
designmaterialsunderdifferentforceswasperformed.Theresearchperformedonzoningandlocation
restrictionswasconsideredinthedesignprocesstoensurethattheturbineisanappropriatedistance
fromitssurroundings.

CodeofEthics,(September2009),www.asce.org/inside/codeofethics.cfm

SocialandPolitical
Sincewindenergyisarelativelynewtechnology,societyhasnotfullyembracedtheideaofwind
turbinesbeingconstructedintheircommunities.Thisprojectaddressedsocialandpoliticalconstraints
byconsideringtheprocessofinstallingawindturbineinaspecificcommunityandbyresearchingthe
peopleandstepsinvolved.Oncetheseprocesseswereunderstood,aflowchartoftheprocessthein
termsofpeopleororganizationswhoareinvolvedwasprepared.Inaddition,thegroupexaminedcase
studiesinordertodeterminestrategiesbywhichwindturbineshavebeensuccessfullyintegratedinto
variouscommunities.

vi

TableofContents
Abstract..........................................................................................................................................................i
Authorship....................................................................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................................iii
CapstoneDesignStatement.........................................................................................................................iv
Economic..................................................................................................................................................iv
Environmental..........................................................................................................................................iv
Sustainability.............................................................................................................................................v
Constructability.........................................................................................................................................v
Ethical........................................................................................................................................................v
HealthandSafety......................................................................................................................................v
SocialandPolitical...................................................................................................................................vi
TableofContents........................................................................................................................................vii
TableofFigures.............................................................................................................................................x
TableofTables.............................................................................................................................................xi
Chapter1:Introduction................................................................................................................................1
Chapter2:Background.................................................................................................................................3
HarvestingWindEnergy............................................................................................................................3
TypesofTurbines......................................................................................................................................4
OrientationofAxis................................................................................................................................4
PowerOutputs......................................................................................................................................5
MechanicalOperation..............................................................................................................................6
InitialSiteAssessment..............................................................................................................................6
FeasibilityandPermitting.........................................................................................................................7
Siting.....................................................................................................................................................7
CommunityBylaws...............................................................................................................................8
SiteAnalysis..........................................................................................................................................9
SocialIntegrationofWindTurbines...................................................................................................11
ChoosingaTurbineSize......................................................................................................................12
PlanningProcessofWindTurbineInstallation...................................................................................13
WindTurbineDesign...............................................................................................................................15

vii

Tower..................................................................................................................................................15
Foundation..........................................................................................................................................17
Chapter3:Methodology.............................................................................................................................18
Chapter4:TowerDesign.............................................................................................................................21
LoadingConditions..................................................................................................................................21
AxialLoads..........................................................................................................................................21
LateralLoads.......................................................................................................................................22
LoadDesignSpreadsheet....................................................................................................................25
DesignforStresses..................................................................................................................................25
FlangeDesign......................................................................................................................................28
DesignSummary.....................................................................................................................................28
DiscussionofData...................................................................................................................................30
Chapter5:FoundationDesign....................................................................................................................33
FootingDimensionDesign......................................................................................................................34
DesignforShearLoads............................................................................................................................37
TwoWayShear...................................................................................................................................37
OneWayShear...................................................................................................................................38
DesignforBearingStrengthandBasePlate...........................................................................................40
DesignforBendingMomentStrengthandReinforcement....................................................................42
FoundationDimensions..........................................................................................................................49
AnchorBoltDesign..................................................................................................................................50
AutoCADDrawings..................................................................................................................................52
Chapter6:ProjectAnalysis.........................................................................................................................55
Permitting...............................................................................................................................................55
Installation..............................................................................................................................................57
Maintenance...........................................................................................................................................58
ProjectAnalysisSpreadsheet..................................................................................................................58
EnergyOutput.....................................................................................................................................60
FinancialAnalysis................................................................................................................................65
SampleProjectAnalysis..........................................................................................................................69
Chapter7:OffshoreTurbine.......................................................................................................................70
OffshoreWindTurbineBackground.......................................................................................................70
viii

OffshoreTowerDesign...........................................................................................................................71
OffshoreFoundationDesign...................................................................................................................74
ConstructionofOffshoreWindTurbines................................................................................................74
Chapter8:Conclusions...............................................................................................................................76
References..................................................................................................................................................78
Appendices..................................................................................................................................................82
AppendixA:ProjectProposal.................................................................................................................83
AppendixB:InterviewNoteswithAeronauticaWindPower.................................................................84
AppendixC:TowerDesignSheetsandHandCalculations.....................................................................86
AppendixD:TowerDesignAlternatives................................................................................................87
AppendixE:FoundationDesignSheetsandHandCalculations.............................................................88
AppendixF:FoundationDesignAlternatives..........................................................................................89
AppendixG:AnchorBoltDesign.............................................................................................................90
AppendixH:OffshoreWindTurbineDesignSheetsandHandCalculations..........................................91

ix

TableofFigures
Figure1:U.S.WindEnergyProduction.........................................................................................................3
Figure2:AComparisonoftheHorizontalAxisWindTurbine(HAWT)andVerticalAxisWindTurbine
(VAWT)Configurations.................................................................................................................................5
Figure3:PlanningProcessofInstallingaWindTurbine.............................................................................14
Figure4:IncreaseFactorDuetoHeightofTower......................................................................................15
Figure5:FlowChartofWindTurbineDesign.............................................................................................19
Figure6:WindSpeedConversionTable,MassachusettsStateBuildingCode(780CMR).........................23
Figure7:ExampleWindProfileGraph........................................................................................................24
Figure8:RequiredStrengthDesignSheet..................................................................................................25
Figure9:AvailableStrengthDesignSheet..................................................................................................27
Figure10:OverallTowerDimensions.........................................................................................................29
Figure11:TowerBaseDetail......................................................................................................................30
Figure12:StepsfortheDesignofaSquareSpreadFooting......................................................................33
Figure13:LoadingModelandSoilPressureonFooting.............................................................................35
Figure14:FootingDimensionSpreadsheetOutputandSideLengthChecks............................................36
Figure15:Criticalsectionfortwowayshearinsquarefooting.................................................................37
Figure16:CriticalSectionforOneWayShearinaSquareFooting............................................................39
Figure17:DesignandChecksforShearLoadinginSpreadsheet...............................................................40
Figure18:BasePlateDesignSpreadsheet..................................................................................................42
Figure19:CriticalSectionforBendingMoment.........................................................................................42
Figure20:DesignforBendingMomentStrengthinDesignSpreadsheet..................................................45
Figure21:CheckforBendingMomentStrengthandBarSpacing.............................................................46
Figure22:FailedEmbedmentLengthCheck..............................................................................................47
Figure23:EmbedmentLengthCheck"OK"AfterIncreaseinFootingWidth.............................................48
Figure24:UpdatedShearCheckwithNewdvalue....................................................................................48
Figure25:AnchorBoltDesignDetail..........................................................................................................52
Figure26:FootingandBasePlateDimensionswithEstablishedReinforcement(TopView)....................53
Figure27:FootingandBasePlateDimensionswithEstablishedReinforcement(SideView)...................54
Figure28:SampleGeneralInformationPage.............................................................................................59
Figure29:WindSpeedDistribution(www.windenergythefacts.org).....................................................60
Figure30:SampleEnergyGenerationSummarySheet..............................................................................64
Figure31:SampleEconomicAnalysisSummarySheet...............................................................................68
Figure32:LoadsActingonTower...............................................................................................................72

TableofTables
Table1:WindTurbineClassifications...........................................................................................................6
Table2:TowerDesignCriteria....................................................................................................................16
Table3:FoundationDesignCriteria...........................................................................................................17
Table4:DesignFactorAlternativesforConsideration...............................................................................18
Table5:AxialLoadComponents.................................................................................................................21
Table6:TowerDesignEquationsforAvailableStrength............................................................................26
Table7:TowerDesignDataforVaryingHeights........................................................................................31
Table8:TowerDesignDataforVaryingWindspeeds.................................................................................31
Table9:Size,Diameter,andAreaofReinforcingBars..............................................................................44
Table10:AssumedUserInputValuesforDesignExamples.......................................................................49
Table11:SummaryofFoundationDesignResultsforVariousTowerHeights..........................................49
Table12:SummaryofFoundationDesignResultsforVariousSoilTypes..................................................50
Table13:AnchorBoltDesignTowerandFoundationCharacteristics........................................................51
Table14:AnchorBoltDesignfor250'Tower.............................................................................................51
Table15:DesignCriteriaforAutoCADDrawings........................................................................................53
Table16:SampleEnergyOutputAnalysis..................................................................................................63
Table17:SummaryofFinancialDatafor250'Turbine...............................................................................69
Table18:ForcesDuetoAxialLoads...........................................................................................................73
Table19:ForcesDuetoLateralLoads........................................................................................................73
Table20:OffshoreTurbineDesignData.....................................................................................................74

xi

Chapter1:Introduction
Asthedemandformoreenvironmentallyfriendlyenergyresourcesgrows,energyprovidershave
recognizedtheimportanceofwindpowerandhaveinvestedinthedevelopmentofwindturbines.In
fact,windenergyistheonlyrenewableresourcethathasgrownfasterthanpredicted.4Attheendof
2007,thewindenergygeneratingcapacityintheUnitedStateswas16,818MW.5In2008alone,8,358
MWofwindenergywasadded6andin2009,anadditional9,922MWofwindenergywasadded.7Asof
thestartof2010,thewindgeneratingcapacityincreasedto35,098MW,morethandoublingthewind
energycapacitysince2007.TheU.S.DepartmentofEnergypredictsthatwindenergywillprovideat
least20percentofthenationselectricityby2030.8
Theprimaryreasonbehindtherecentpeakofwindenergycapacityisduetoimprovedturbine
technology.9Severalcomponentsofawindturbinemustbetakenintoaccount,includingthetower,
blades,nacelle,andfoundationdesigns.Newdevelopmentsintheconstructionoftallerstructuresusing
better,lightweightmaterials,andimprovedturbinedesigntechniqueshaveallowedtodaystaller
turbinestotapbetterwindsathigherelevationsforreducedcosts.Asaresultoftheimprovedturbine
designsusinglighterweightsteelforthetower,smaller,lighterfoundationscanbeusedandinturn
reducingcosts.Itisimperativetocontinueimprovingthedesignofthewindturbineinordertoharvest
betterenergyandoptimizeitscost.
Windturbinetowersandfoundationsmustbedesignedtowithstandheavyloadsandmomentsdueto
extremewindconditionstopreventfailures,aswellasotherforcesthatareintroducedwithalternative
sitedesigns.Theforcesthatthetowerandfoundationmustresistarewindloads,iceloads,andthe
selfweightofthetower.Thetowerstructuremustalsoresistearthquakeloads,whichcanbedesigned

Singh.ConcreteConstructionforWindEnergyTowers
http://www.icjonline.com/views/POV_Wind_energy_tower.pdf(November2009)
5
WindEnergyFastFacts,AmericanWindEnergyAssociation,http://www.awea.org/newsroom/pdf/Fast_Facts.pdf
(September2009).
6
WindEnergyBasics,AmericanWindEnergyAssociation,
http://www.awea.org/newsroom/pdf/Wind_Energy_Basics.pdf(September2009).
7
U.S.WindEnergyIndustryInstalledNearly10,000MWin2009,EnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergy
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=15794(February2010).
8
http://www.awea.org/newsroom/pdf/Wind_Energy_Basics.pdf
9
U.S.WindResourceEvenLargerthanPreviouslyEstimated,AmericanWindEnergyAssociation,
http://www.awea.org/newsroom/releases/021810_US_Wind_Resource_Larger.html(October2009).

basedoncheckingresistanceinthesteelsplasticrange.10Inaddition,thesoilhastohaveadequate
bearingcapacitytoresisttheloadsonthetowerandweightofthefoundation.
Theconstructionofawindturbineislimitedtospecificsiteguidelinesduetosocial,political,and
environmentalconstraints;thereforethereisanalternativeneedforsitesotherthanlandbased
turbines,suchasoffshoreapplications.Offshorewindturbinesarebecomingincreasinglyfavored
becauseofthehighwindspeedsoffthecoast,andthefactthatthereislittleornoeffectintermsof
noisebecauseoftheirdistancefromtheshoreline;however,aestheticsmayposeanissuewitharea
residentswhofeeltheturbinesadverselyaffectthenaturalseascapeofanarea.Additionally,offshore
turbinesmustharvestmoreenergytooffsetincreasedconstructioncostsduetolargeunderwater
supportstructuresandfoundations.11
Thepurposeofthisprojectwastodesignalandbasedwindturbineaswellasexploredesignsfor
offshoreoptionsfortheenergyneedsofthechosensite.Tobeginstudyingtheconstructionofwind
turbines,asuitablesitemustbechosenbasedonagivencriteria.Theeffectofloadingconditionsis
evaluatedonthewindturbinetowerandfoundationforitsdesign.Thisprojectinvestigatedanddrew
recommendationsontheprocessofconstructingtwodifferentwindturbineheightswithalternative
foundationsaswellasacostanalysisofthedesigns.
Inadditiontothedesignofthetowerandfoundation,oneofthemaindeliverablesforthisprojectwas
anintegratedspreadsheet,whichwasdevelopedtoeffectivelysuggestasuitabletowerandfoundation
designandthecorrespondingcostdata.Thecreationofthisspreadsheetallowedfortheinvestigationof
variousdesignalternatives.
Thisreportwillcontainanoverviewofwindenergyandthecurrentstatusofwindturbinesasan
effectiveproducerofrenewableenergy,amethodologyofhowtheprojectwascompleted,chapters
detailingthetowerdesign,foundationdesign,costestimation,andtheinvestigationofoffshorewind
turbines,followedbyaconclusionchapter,whichwillsummarizethekeyfindingsanddiscusslimitations
andsuggestionsforfutureworkrelatedtoourresearchandanalysis.

10

ManualofSteelConstructionLRFD,3rded(2001).AmericanInstituteofSteelConstructionInc.
Malhotra,Sanjeev.DesignandConstructionConsiderationsforOffshoreWindTurbineFoundationsinNorth
America.CivilEngineeringPractice,Volume24,Number1.2009.

11

Chapter2:Background
Asenergyneedsarecontinuouslychanging,thestructuralelementsassociatedwiththenewenergy
sourcesneedtobedeveloped.Anunderstandingofalltheenergy,mechanical,construction,and
structuralcomponentsrelatedtothedesign,construction,andoperationofwindturbinesmustbe
evaluatedtodevelopanunderstandingforthedesignandmanagementofthisproject.

HarvestingWindEnergy
Windenergyisdefinedastheprocessbywhichwindisusedtogeneratemechanicalpowerand
electricityandistheworldsfastestgrowingenergysource.12Figure1:U.S.WindEnergy
ProductionFigure1belowshowsthewindenergycapacity,ortheamountofenergyproducedbythe
UnitedStatesfrom1999to2009.13

U.S.WindEnergyProduction
40,000

EnergyCapacity(MW)

35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Year

Figure1:U.S.WindEnergyProduction14

12

USDepartmentofEnergy:EnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergy.Wind&HydropowerTechnologiesProgram.
www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_technologies.html(October2009).
13
InstalledU.S.CapacityandWindProjectLocations.U.S.DepartmentofEnergy.
http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp(January2010).
14
http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp.

From20072009alone,windenergyproductionincreased109percent.Itispredictedthatwindenergy
willprovideatleast20percentofthenationselectricityby2030.15
Windpowerisnondispatchable,whichmeanstheoutputcannotbecontrolledbyoperatorsandmust
beusedatthetimethewindisavailable;however,aslongasasuitablesiteanddesignisselected,it
servesasareliable,renewableenergysource.16
Windturbinesemergedasoneofthemostefficientwaysofconvertingthekineticenergyinwindinto
mechanicalpower,asidefromhydroelectricplantsfromfloodingreservoirsandwavepowerfrom
oceans.4Windturbineconsumershavefoundmanywaystousethewindenergyharnessedbythe
turbines.Historically,turbineswereusedonremotesitesthatdidnothaveaccesstotheelectricitygrid,
andarestillusedforthatpurposetodayeventhoughelectricityissignificantlymorewidelyavailable.17
Somehomeownerswhodohaveaccesstothegridhavechosentouseturbinestobemore
environmentallyfriendlyandsaveonenergycosts.Theuseoflarge,utilitysizedwindturbinesor
multiplewindturbinesusedinconjunctioncancreatebulkenergytohelpsupplyelectricitytotheutility
gridforresidential,commercial,orindustrialuse.

TypesofTurbines
Windturbinesareclassifiedbytheorientationofitsaxisandpoweroutput.Theaxiscanbehorizontally
orverticallyoriented,whichhavevariousaffectsonthedesignoftheoverallstructure.Thepower
outputoftheturbinecanbeselectedbasedontheenergyneedsofthesiteandaffecttheoverallsizeof
theturbine.
OrientationofAxis
Therearetwomaindesignsofwindturbines,thehorizontalaxiswindturbines(HAWT)andthevertical
axiswindturbines(VAWT),bothshownbelowinFigure2.Horizontalaxiswindturbinesaremore
commonandwidelyavailable.Forthesereasonsandsincemoreinformationisavailableonthe
constructionofhorizontalaxiswindturbines,theHAWTmodelwillbeusedinthisproject.Horizontal
axiswindturbinesusuallyhavetwoorthreetaperedfiberglassreinforcedbladeswhichareoperated
facingintothewind.18Theturbineunit,whichincludestheblades,rotor,nacelle,andadditional

15

http://www.awea.org/newsroom/pdf/Wind_Energy_Basics.pdf
WindPower.(2009,October).WindPower.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power(2009,October).
17
Gipe,P.(2004).WindPower:RenewableEnergyforHome,FarmandBusiness.WhiteRiverJunction,VT:Chelsea
GreenPublishingCo.
18
AmericanWindEnergyAssociation,(September2009),www.awea.org/faq/wwt_basics.html
16

mechanicalequipment,isattachedtoatubularsteeltowerwhichsupportsamainrotorshaftand
electricalgeneratoratthetop.Mosthorizontalaxiswindturbinesareequippedwithfurlingand
shutdownsystemstoprotecttheturbinesfromdamaginghighspeedwinds.Ifthewindspeedsaretoo
highforthedesignedcriticalstrengthoftheblades,afurlingsystemwillturnthewindturbinegenerator
rotorawayfromthedirectwindforcewhilestillproducingmaximumoutput.Ashutdownsystemcanbe
electricalormechanicalandisdesignedtoshutdownthegeneratorcompletely,andthebladesare
unabletospin.19

Figure2:AComparisonoftheHorizontalAxisWindTurbine(HAWT)andVerticalAxisWindTurbine(VAWT)
Configurations
Source:http://colonizeantarctica.blogspot.com/2008/01/verticalaxiswindturbines.html

PowerOutputs
Windturbinesarealsoclassifiedbytheamountofpowerthattheycangenerate,andaredirectly
correlatedtothephysicalsizeoftheturbine(largerwindturbinesproducemoreenergy).Thethree
typesofturbinesintermsofpoweroutputlevelsareutility,industrial,andresidentialscaledwind
turbines.Table1displaystheaveragesizerangeandusesforeachofthethreescalesofturbines.
Utilityscaledturbinesproducethehighestamountofenergywhichiscommonlysoldbacktothegrid,
whileResidentialscaledturbinesproduceonly2to28percentoftheenergyofaUtilityscaledwind
turbineandareusedforsinglebuildings.Industrialscaledwindturbinesliebetweentherangeofa

19

WindTurbineConceptsDefinedandExplained.(RetrievedSeptember2009)
otherpower.com/otherpower_wind_tips.html#tower

UtilityandResidentialscaledturbine,andcaneitherbeappliedforsinglebuildingsorcommunitiesor
soldtothegrid.
Table1:WindTurbineClassifications20

Scale

AverageOutputRange

Utility

900kW2MW

Industrial

50kW250kW

Residential

400Wto50kW

Uses
Generatebulkenergyforsalein
powermarkets
Commonlyusedinwind
farms
Remotegridproduction
Reduceconsumptionofhigher
costgridpower
Maybesoldifpermittedby
stateregulations
Remotepower
Batterycharging
Netmeteringtypegeneration

MechanicalOperation
Inordertodesignthetowerandfoundationofawindturbine,itishelpfultoknowthemechanical
designandhowitworks.Theforceofthewindisappliedtothebladesoftheturbine,whichareangled
toproducearotationwherethebladesconvene.21Thebladesareconnectedtoashaftthatalsospins
alongwiththerotationoftheblades.Themechanicalenergythatisproducedbytherevolvingshaftis
convertedtoelectricitythroughageneratoratthebaseoftheturbine.Theequipmentatthetopofthe
towerrotatesbasedonthedirectionofthewind,inwhichthebladesarepositionedperpendicularto
thewindloadtomaximizethewindexposedsurfacearea.Whentheforceofthewindexceedsthe
forceforwhichtheturbinewasdesigned,thefurlingand/orshutdownsystemsareactivatedtoprevent
failure.22

InitialSiteAssessment
Onceaninterestforconstructingawindturbinehasbeenshown,asitemustbechosenandevaluated
basedontheoptimalconditionsforinstallingawindturbine,whichareoutlinedinthefollowing

20

GlobalEnergyConcepts.(September2009),
www.powernaturally.org/Programs/Wind/toolkit/9_windturbinetech.pdf
21
WindTurbineDesign.(2009,OctoberWikipedia,TheFreeEncyclopedia:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_design
22
WindTurbineConcepts(2009,October).

sections.Thesestepsarenecessarytodevelopawindturbinetoproducethemaximumprofitreturnto
theinvestorbasedontheexpectedvalueofthesystem.

FeasibilityandPermitting
Thewindturbineprocesscanbegininmanydifferentways.Ifapersonownsagreatdealofland,they
mightinvestigatehowtopurchaseandinstallawindturbineandutilizetheelectricityontheirown
property.Inordertodothis,thepropertyownerwouldneedtohavetheneedforsuchagreatdealof
electricity.Anotherpossibilityisthatapersonwhoownssufficientlandforaturbinecanleasetheir
landtoacompanywhowouldinstalltheturbineandmaintainit.Inthisscenario,thecompanywho
ownstheturbinewouldpaythelandowneramonthlyamounttoleasethesite.Also,alandownercan
beapproachedbyacompanywhobelievestheirlandisvaluableandthelandownercaneitherleasethe
landorcanbecomepartownersofthewindturbine.Inallofthesescenarios,thelandisonlyusefulif
thereissufficientwindenergyavailable.
Siting
Thereareseveralfactorsthatmustbeconsideredwhenchoosinganappropriatesiteforawindturbine.
Thefactorsinclude:

Landsize

Windspeeds

Surroundinglandscapeandstructures

Socialconstraints

Distancebetweentheturbinesiteandthelocalpowerdistributer/substationsite

Airzoneconstraints

Theremustbeasufficientamountoflandfortheturbine.Generally,therearespecificlawsonhow
muchlandareamustbeunoccupiedsurroundingthewindturbinetower.InMassachusetts,thisland
areaisoftendefinedasoneandahalftimestheoverallbladetipheightofthewindturbinefromthe
nearestexistingresidentialorcommercialstructureand100feetfromthenearestpropertylineand
privateorpublicway23.

23

MassachusettsDivisionofEnergyResources.ModelAmendmenttoaZoningOrdinanceorBylaw:
AllowingWindFacilitiesbySpecialPermit,(November2010),
http://www.mass.gov/Eoca/docs/doer/renew/modelallowwindbypermit.pdf

Anothervariablethatmustbeconsideredisthequalityofthewindinthearea.Theremustbea
significantamountofwindatthesiteforittobeconsideredsuitablefortheuseofaturbine.On
average,anysitewithlessthananaverageannualwindspeedof5.8mphisnotconsideredfeasiblein
NewEngland.Thebreakevenwindspeedvariesdependingonlocationofthewindturbineduetothe
retailvalueofelectricity.Insomelocationswindspeedsoflowerthan7.0mphcannotbeconsidered.24
Initialwindspeeddatacanbecollectedusingonlinewindenergydatabasesandlocalwindmapsofthe
area.
Thedistancebetweenthewindturbinesiteandthelocalpowerdistributionorsubstationisalsoa
factortobeconsidered.Ifthisdistanceistoogreat,itisnotpracticaltoinstallawindturbineonthesite.
Thisisbecausetheelectricitywouldhavetotravelsuchagreatdistancetobedisbursedthatitwould
notbeeconomicallybeneficial.Ifthereistheneedforelectricitybehindthegrid,however,thisis
anotheroptionfortheturbine.Thismeansthatifthereisahighneedofelectricitylocallywherethe
turbineisbeinginstalled,theelectricitycangodirectlytotheselocationsinsteadofhavingtotravela
greatdistancetoanelectricitydistributioncenter.
Theusefortheelectricitymustbeanalyzedandthemosteconomicallybeneficialoptionshouldbe
chosen.Iftherearenobeneficialoptions,adifferentsiteshouldbeconsidered.
Thelimitationsontheairzonesshouldbeconsiderednext.Forexample,ifthereisanairportwithina
closeproximitytothesitetheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)mayhavelawsprohibitingor
limitingtheconstructionofaverytallobject.AccordingtotheUnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergy,
Towerheightsmorethan200feet,whichincludemostutilityscalewindturbines,requireFederal
AviationLightingandthefilingoftheFAAform'74601NoticeofProposedConstructionorAlteration.25
CommunityBylaws
Afterthesefirstinitialvariablesareconsidered,thenextfactorthatshouldberesearchedisthe
communitysdecisionmakingprocess.Thisisimportanttothewindturbineprocessbecauseitis
informationonthestepsthatmustbetakentoobtainprojectapproval.Forexample,atownmayhavea
windenergybylawalreadycreated.Thisbylawwoulddefinealloftherulesgoverningthewindturbine
approvalandinstallationprocess.Ifsuchabylawdoesnotexist,thenonewouldhavetobewrittenand
proposedtothelocalgovernment.Thislocalgovernmentcouldalsoberunmanydifferentways.There

24
25

BrianKuhn,Email,1/28/2010
USDepartmentofEnergy.(2009,May21).

couldbeamayor,ortownselectmenthatmakeupatowncouncil,and/ortherecouldbetown
meetings.Knowinghowthelocalgovernmentworksisessentialtocomprehendingwhatstepsmustbe
takentogetthewindturbineapproved.
Inadditiontocommunitybylaws,oneshouldanalyzetheprobablecommunitypositiontowardsthe
installationofwindturbinesinthearea.Manytimesifacommunityisopposedtowindturbines,itmay
postponethepermittingprocessforyears.AnexampleofthisistheCapeWindprojectoffthecoastof
CapeCod,Massachusetts.Thisprojecthasbeensearchingforapprovalforoverfiveyearsbutthelackof
communitysupporthasmadeitalmostimpossibletogetthenecessarypermitsandapprovals.
Communitysupportofwindturbinesmakestheentireprocessmucheasier.26
SiteAnalysis
Onceitisclearthattheconstructionofawindturbineispossibleonasite,muchmoredetailedfactors
mustbeanalyzedinordertoensurethefeasibilityofconstructingawindturbineaswellascollecting
usefuldataforcostanalysis.
Accesstoasitecanoftenbeamajorissue.Manytimes,viablesitesforwindturbinesareathigh
altitudeswherethewindenergyismostprofitable.Theseremotesitescanbeveryhardtoaccess,
however.Iftheaccessroadleadingtothesiteisnotlargeenough,awiderroadwouldneedtobe
created.AreportpreparedbyGlobalEnergyConceptsstatesthat,Developerslookforsiteswith
existingadequateroadsthatcanhandletheconstructionequipmentrequirementsofdeliveringlarge
turbineandtowercomponentsandthespecializedcranetoerecttheturbineThegrade,turning
radius,andloadingcriteriaforconstructionrequirehighlysuitedroadaccess,ortheabilitytomodifythe
roadtoaccommodatethecriteria.9Dependingonthedistancetothenearestroad,thiscouldbeavery
costlyprojectandcouldmaketheeconomicbenefitsoftheturbinenotsensible.Also,thesesitesmay
notevenbeavailableforconstructionpurposes.TheGlobalEnergyConceptsreportgoesfurthertosay
that,InNewEngland,manyofthehigherelevationsitesthatareattractiveforwindenergyprojectsare
underconservationeasementsorarestateorfederallyownedlandsthatmaynotallowforwind
developmentOtherwindysites,whetheronmountainridgesorshorelines,arehighlyvaluedfortheir
recreationalorscenicpurposes.9Thisstatementsuggeststhatfindingsitesthatarebothconstructible
andnotvaluedforotherreasonsisveryrare.

26

CapeWind,(February2010),en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Wind

Inaddition,foundationtypeswillbeaveryimportantpartoftheconstructionprocess.Ifthesitehasa
greatdealofrocksorisonarockbed,thenrockanchorswillneedtobeconsideredtostabilizethe
foundation.Ifthereisnorock,butratherasilt/sandcomposition,thenalargerfoundationwillneedto
beconstructedtolimitthebearingstressesexertedonthesoil.Thisfactorcanchangetheinitialcostof
theturbinebytensofthousandsofdollars.
Theonsiteelectricaldemandshouldthenberesearchedmoreindepth.Electricitybillsandfinances
fromthepastyearcouldbegatheredandanalyzedtoseejusthowmuchelectricitycouldbeusedlocally
beforetheelectricityentersthegrid.Thisscenariowouldbebeneficialtoaprojectwhosegoalisto
providelowercostelectricityforpeopleinthelocalarea.Iftheprojectsgoalistobeasprofitableas
possiblethensellingalloftheelectricitythatisgeneratedtothelocalgridwouldbethemost
appropriate.Researchonlocalutilitysales($/kWh)inordertocalculatetheincomefromthegridsales
wouldbenecessary.Also,thecostofconnectingtothelocalutility(grid)wouldneedtobedetermined.
Bycompletingthesestepsthecostanalysiswillbemoreaccurate.Inthiscostanalysisphaseall
monetaryfactorsmustbeconsidered.Thisincludesthebasiccostoftheconstructionandmaterialsof
theturbine,shipping,installation,electricitysales,governmentbenefits,andmaintenance.
Theprofitmadefromsellingtheelectricitythatisgeneratedcouldvaryexponentiallybylocation.Some
locationshavehighcostsofelectricity,whichmakeswindenergymoreattractive;howevertheydonot
havehighwindenergies.Whileotherareashavehighwindenergies,butthecostofelectricityinthat
areaislowenoughthatinvestmentinwindturbinesisnotattractive.Forexample,Mainehashighwind
energybuthaslowcostofelectricity,whilesouthernConnecticuthashighcostsofelectricitybutlittle
windenergy.Oftentimeswindenergyseemsmostpracticalwhenthelocalpriceforelectricityexceeds
10to15cents/kWh.27Inadditiontorevenuefromsaleandelectricity,therearemanystateandfederal
incentivesavailabletopeoplewhoinstallwindturbines,whichbeagreatsourceofprofit.Theseshould
beconsideredinthecostanalysisportionoftheprojectinordertomakeanaccurateassessmentofthe
potentialprofit.
Theearlierresearchintothewindsatthesitewasaverygeneralinvestigationofthelocalwinds.While
theotherfactorsarebeingconsidered,thisstageoftheprocessshouldbedevelopedtogiveamore
detailedandmoreaccuratedescriptionofthelocalwinds.Forexample,previouslyonlythelocalwind
mapsoftheareawouldhavebeenanalyzed.Atthisstageintheproject,however,thespecificwindon

27

DatabaseofStateIncentivesforRenewablesandEfficiency:http://www.dsireusa.org/,(2009)

10

thesiteshouldbemeasuredforatleastonefullyeartogiveaccuratewindvaluesforeachseason28.The
datageneratedfromtheindepthwindanalysiswillbeusedtodeterminemoreaccuratelytheamount
ofelectricitythewindturbinecouldgenerate.Thisstepcanbebypassedifanearbysitehasbeen
screenedforitswindenergy.Thentheinformationcanbecorrelated,andthisnewinformationwould
besufficientforwindenergyexamination.
Inordertoobtainapermitforawindturbine,afeasibilitytestisoftennecessary.Thistestincludes
manydifferentfactorsincludingavianandbatinteraction,wildlife/plants/wetlandsstudies,
archaeologicalandhistoricalreviews,streamcrossingandsoildisturbance,andlocalzoning29.Allof
thesestudiesmustbedonetoprovethattheturbinewillnotinterferewiththelocalenvironment.The
feasibilitystudiesaddtimeandcosttotheoverallconstructionofawindturbine,anditisgreatly
influencedbythepublic.Thispartoftheprocessallowsthepublictolearnmoreabouttheprojectand
alsoexpresstheiropinionsontheconstructionoftheturbine.Publicinvolvementalsoeducatesthe
communityaboutthebenefitsofwindturbines.Thisisextremelyimportantinencouragingthesocietal
acceptanceofthestructures,aswellastotheadaptionofmorewindturbineprojectsinthefuture.If
thecommunityunderstandsthebenefitsofwindenergy,theyaremorelikelytoconsiderthe
constructionofturbinesontheirownproperty.
SocialIntegrationofWindTurbines
Whilethetechnicalaspectsofwindturbinesareamainfocus,partoftheprocessofimplementinga
windturbineisthesocialacceptanceoftheturbinesintotheareasinwhichtheyarebeingconstructed.
Studieshavebeenconductedfocusingonthreemainsocialgroups:thepublic,thecommunity,andthe
stakeholders.Therearedifferentmethodsusedtoanalyzethefactorsthatinfluenceeachindividual
group.
Typically,researcherswillobtaintheopinionofthepublicthroughsurveysandpollsrelatedto
renewableenergyingeneralaswellaswindturbines.Inthepast,studieshaveshownthatpublic
acceptancedoesnothaveadirectcorrelationbetweenfavorableopinionsaboutturbinesandthe
presenceofturbines.
Localcontroversiesorissuesinthecommunityinwhichtheturbineisbeingproposedcanbelookedinto
tohelpdeterminethelikelihoodofacceptanceofwindenergy.AccordingtotheNotinMyBackYard

28
29

WindResourceAssessmentHandbook,AWSScientific,Inc.(1997)
NationalWind,(September2009),www.nationalwind.com

11

theorydevisedbyMaartenWolsink,localoppositionisoftenbasedondistrust,negativereactionsto
theactors(developers,authoritiesandenergycompanies)tryingtobuildtheturbines,andtheway
projectsareplannedandmanaged,andnotthewindturbinesthemselves.30Therefore,theactors
playalargeroleinwhetherornotthecommunitywilltrustthesedevelopersorcompaniestocomplete
theprojectefficiently.
Thestakeholdersoftheprojectmustalsobeconsideredbecausetheyareoftenthepolicymakersand
politiciansinthearea.Researchshowsthatthefinancialstatusofthestakeholdersaswellastheir
planningcapabilitiesandpastpoliticalhistorycaninfluencetheiropinionsonalargescaleprojectsuch
astheimplementationofawindturbine.
Aftertheopinionsofeachgroupareexplored,themostimportantfactorstoconsiderwhenattempting
understandingthereactionsofacommunitytoaproposedinstallationofawindturbineare:

Thephysicalandenvironmentalcharacteristicsandpotentialofthesiteincludingfactsand
figuresonhowsuccessfulaturbinecouldproduceenergyataspecificsite.

Theindividualandcollectiveprofileofthecommunitysuchastheirknowledgeofwindenergy
andthedemographic(age,gender,nationality,etc).

Theinteractionbetweentechnologyandsociety.

Themosteffectivewaytogatherthisinformationistoconductsurveystoestablishthecurrentviewson
windenergyandthepastdecisionmakingcapabilitiesofthetownandthendistributeappropriate
informationtoeducatethecommunityandstakeholdersaboutwindenergyandthebenefits.31
ChoosingaTurbineSize
Thesizeofaturbineisalsoconsideredwhenestablishingalocationforthesitebasedontheprojected
energyneeds.ThesizeisdeterminedtobeaUtility,Industrial,orResidentialscalewindturbine(see
Table1).Themanufacturersthatproduceturbinesintheareaareresearched,andamodelofthe
turbineischosenbasedonthesizeneededtosupportthesite.Economically,itisadvisedawind
turbinewiththelargestfeasibleenergyoutputischosenfortheconstraintsoftheinvestorandthesite
becausesmallerwindturbinesaremoreexpensiveperkWthanlargerwindturbines.Regardlessofthe

30

TheSocialResearchonWindEnergyOnshore,Accessed:January2010,WindEnergy:TheFacts:
http://www.windenergythefacts.org/en/environment/chapter6socialacceptanceofwindenergyandwind
farms/socialresearchonwindenergyonshore.html
31
TheSocialResearchonWindEnergyOnshore,Accessed:January2010

12

windturbinesize,thecontrols,electricalconnectiontogridandmaintenanceareamuchhigher
proportionofthecapitalvalueofthesystem.Largerwindturbinesaremoresuccessfulinoffsetting
operatingcostsbecauseofthelargerenergyoutput.
PlanningProcessofWindTurbineInstallation
Therearevariousstagesandpeopleinvolvedintheplanningprocessofdeterminingthefeasibilityofa
windturbine.Thiscaninvolvesocialandpoliticalissuesincludingpermittingandapprovalthroughtown
meetings.Figure3isaflowchartwhichsummarizesthegeneralsteps,individuals,andorganizations
involvedintheplanningprocessoftheinstallationofawindturbine.

13


Figure3:PlanningProcessofInstallingaWindTurbine

14

WindTurbineDesign
Thestructuraldesignofawindturbineconsistsoftwomainparts:itstoweranditsfoundation.The
towerdesignisbasedprimarilyonwindandiceloads,loadsactingfromtherotor,nacelle,blades,and
additionalequipmentatthetopofthetowerinadditiontowindloadsactingonthetower.The
foundationisdesignedaccordingtothemomentandaxialloadsresultingfromthetowerdesignandthe
propertiesofthesupportingsoil.
Tower
Thetowerisdesignedtoresisttheloadsactingonitbasedonthedesiredscaleofthewindturbineand
desiredhubheight.Atallertowertranslatestoanexponentialincreaseintheamountofwindthatis
beingharvestedfromthewindturbinebecausewindspeedincreasesastheharvestheightincreases.
Theincreasefactorofthewindspeedincreasesexponentiallyastheheightaboveasurfaceincreases,
asshowninFigure4.32Fromthisgraph,onecanseethatatlowheights,thewindspeedincreases
significantlyatfirst,butathigherelevationstherateofincreaseismuchless.

Figure4:IncreaseFactorDuetoHeightofTower

Thewindspeedwillalsovaryduetothesurroundingarea.4Theincreasefactorofwindspeedsishigher
inopenareas(suchasoverabodyofwater)thaninhighlyvegetatedareas(suchaswoodedorbuiltup
areas).Throughyearsofexperience,turbinemanufacturersandconsultantshaverecommendedthata
turbineshouldbeatleast30feethigherthananyobjectwithin300feet.33Thisruleofthumbisusedto
avoidrapidchangesinwindvelocityanddirection,orturbulence.Thewindspeedsmustbemaximized

32
33

EnergyEffiiciencyandRenewableEnergyClearinghouse,(September2009),www.greenenergyohio.org
Gipe,P.(2004).

15

anddirectionconstantatthebladesoftheturbineinordertomaximizetheproductivityofthewind
turbine.Areductioninturbulentwindsalsoreducesthewearandfatigueonthewindturbine.34
Themostwidelyuseddesignofawindturbinetowertodayisafreestanding,continuouslytapered,
cylindricalhollowsteelmonopole.35Theconicalshapeisefficientinsimultaneouslyincreasingthe
towerstrengthandsavingmaterialsaswellasreducingtheexposedprofileforwindforcesathigher
elevations.36Thetowerisconstructedinsectionsfromrolledsteelatadesiredthickness,andis
transportedonsiteandboltedand/orweldedtogethertocreatethemassivetowers.
ThedesignofawindturbinetowerisdependentonthecriteriaoutlineinTable2.Thecodesusedin
conjunctionwiththedesignmethodarealsolisted.Itistheresponsibilityoftheengineertodesignthe
windturbinetoweragainstlocalbuckling,bendingandcombinedaxialandbendingfailures.
Table2:TowerDesignCriteria

DesignFactor

DesignCriteria

DesignCodes

DeadLoad

Consistsoftheselfweightofthe
tower,theturbineequipmentat
thetopofthetower,andice
loads

MassachusettsBuilding
Code

WindLoad

Windprofileisapproximated
alongsmallsectionsofthetower

TIA/EIA222

LocalBuckling

Considersacolumnsslenderness
ration,resistfailureduetohigh
axialcompressiveloads

AISC

FlexuralFailure

CombinedAxialandBendingloads

Resistfailureduetohighbending
momentsinducingtensile
strengthinacrosssectionthatis
greaterthantheyieldstrength
Considersthecombinedfailure
duetocombinedaxialand
bendingloadswitha
magnificationfactoronthe
bendingstress,B2

AISC

AISC

34

Hansen,P.Modulartowersandthequestforstrongerwind,(2010,February10).
http://www.windpowerengineering.com/tag/modulartowers/
35
Hansen
36
WindTurbineTowers(19Sept2003).RetrievedJanuary2010fromDanishWindIndustryAssociation:
http://guidedtour.windpower.org/en/tour/wtrb/tower.htm

16

Foundation
Thefoundationofawindturbineisdesignedfortheworstcaseloading.Theturbinefoundationhasto
resistgreatloadsmainlybecauseoftheoverturningmomentduetowindandmustsimultaneously
resistforcesfromgeotechnicalconditions.37Reinforcedconcretespreadfootingsaremostcommonin
designbecausetheyareapplicabletoawiderangeofsoilstrengths,howeverforsomeweakersoilsa
deeperfoundationisneededtostabilizetheturbinetower.38Themaincomponentsindesigninga
spreadfootingareitswidth,depth,amountofsteelreinforcement,andconstructionrequirements.
Theessentialfoundationdesigncriteriaarestiffness,strength,stability,differentialsettlement,
durability,andeconomy.Theseminimumvaluesforfoundationsareusuallyprovidedbytheturbine
manufacturersdesignspecifications.Table3belowliststhedesignfactor,itsdesigncriteria,andany
designcodesorstandardsthatareusedinconjunctionwiththecriteria.39
Table3:FoundationDesignCriteria

DesignFactor
Strength
Stability

Settlement

Durability

Criteria
Withstandfactoredloadsandfatigueloads
Resistexcessivetranslationalandrotational
movementunderextremeloads
Considerssoilcriteriatoensureadequatebearing
capacity
Resistenvironmentaldamagetoconcreteand
maintainserviceabilityfortheturbine'slifetime

DesignCodes/Standards
ACI
ACI

GeotechnicalStandards

ACI

37

Morgan,K.,&Ntambakwa,E.(2008,June).RetrievedSeptember2009,fromAWEAWindpowerConference,
Houston:
www.garradhassan.com/downloads/reports/Wind_Turbine_Foundation_Behavior_and_Design_Considerations.pd
f
38
WindEnergyBasics,AmericanWindEnergyAssociation.
39
InstalledU.S.CapacityandWindProjectLocations.U.S.DepartmentofEnergy.

17

Chapter3:Methodology
Whendesigningawindturbine,therearedifferentalternativestothedesignfactorsassociatedwiththe
sitethatischosentobuildupon.AsseeninTable4severalalternativesofeachdesigncomponentwere
analyzedtoexploretheaffectofeachalternativeontheoveralldesign.ThefirstcolumninTable4
displaysthespecificdesigncomponent,thesecondcolumndisplaysalternativestothedesign
componenttoconsider,andthethirdcolumndisplayswhatotherdesignfactorsplayintodesigningthat
particularpartoftheturbine.
Table4:DesignFactorAlternativesforConsideration

DesignComponent

AlternativestoConsider

DesignFactorsto
Consider

1.SandyGravel
2.Clayey(2000psf)
3.Rocky(6500psf)

StrengthofSoil

FoundationType

1.Spread
2.Monopile(Offshore)

SoilProfile,TurbineSize,
NumberofBlades,Tower
Design,WindSpeed,
TowerLocation

TurbineSize

1.SmallScale
2.Midscale
3.LargeScale

TypeofSite,Distribution

NumberofBlades

1.TwoBlades
2.ThreeBlades

WindSpeed,Towerheight

TowerDesign

1.Width
2.Height
3.Shape

WindSpeed,Surrounding
Terrain,Turbulence

Distribution

1.BehindtheGrid
2.SelltotheGrid

EnergyneedsoftheSite

SoilProfile

ThefollowingflowchartinDesignFiguredetailstheprocessofdesigningthewindturbine:

18

EnergyNeedsofSite

Distribution

1mWh
100999kWh
2099kWh

TurbineSize

BehindtheGrid
SelltoGrid

2UtilityScaleModels

DETERMINEOPTIMALWINDSPEEDSFORTURBINE

NumberofBlades

WindSpeeds

TowerDesign

90 110mph

3blades

250feet
350feet

FINDLOADSACTINGONTOWERANDTURBINEUNIT

SoilProfile
Sandy
Clay
Rock

Loads

FoundationTypeandDimensions
IceLoads
EquipmentandSteelweights
LateralWindLoads
Wave(Offshore)

Spread
Monopile(Offshore)

Figure5:FlowChartofWindTurbineDesign

Throughresearchandcalculations,thisprojectdeterminedhowthedifferentalternativestothedesign
componentsaffectedtheoveralldesignoftheturbineandisdiscussedinthesubsequentsections.The
followingthreesectionswereoutlined:thetowerdesign,foundationdesign,andtheprojectanalysis.
Eachsectionwasresearchedindividuallyandeventuallywascomparedwiththeothertwosections.
Theindividualdesignsheetsforthetowerdesign,foundationdesign,andprojectanalysiswere
developedindividuallythroughoutthecourseofthisproject.Whenthedesignsheetswerefinalized,
theywerelinkedtogetherinordertocreateonecompletelyintegratedspreadsheetwhichproduced
outputsheetsthatsummarizedimportantinformationregardingEnergyOutput,FinancialAnalysis,
FoundationDesign,andTowerDesign.Withlittleknowledgeaboutthespecificcalculations,ausercan
usethisspreadsheetsimplybyinputtingcommoninformationoutlinedinauserfriendlymainpageand
checkiftheirwindturbineprojectisfeasible.Thefollowingchapterswillelaborateonthe
methodologiesofthetowerdesign,foundationdesign,andprojectanalysis.

20

Chapter4:TowerDesign
ThetowerwasdesignedinaccordancewiththelatesteditionoftheMassachusettsStateBuildingCode
(780CMR)andAISCSteelConstructionManual.ThematerialusedtodesignthetowerisA36steel
plates,whichcanbeformedandweldedinsectionstocreatethetower.Loadingconditionsonthe
towerweredeterminedthroughlocalwindspeeddatafrom780CMR,anddimensionsofthetower
werelaterestablishedbasedonLoadandResistanceFactorDesign(LRFD).Twotowerheightswere
chosenfordesign,oneat250feetandanotherat350feet(standardheightsforutilityscalewind
turbines).

LoadingConditions
Sincetherearenoregulationsspecifictoloadingconditionsforwindturbinetowersinthe
MassachusettsStateBuildingCode,thetowerwasmodeledper780CMR3108.0forRadioand
TelevisionTowers.ItisanindustrystandardtousethissectionoftheBuildingCodebecausetheshape
ofatapered,cylindricalsteelradioortelevisiontoweriscomparabletothatofawindturbinetower.40
Section780CMR3108.0detailsLocationandAccess(3108.2),Construction(3108.3),Loads(3108.4),and
Grounding(3108.5).Forstructuraldesignpurposes,thesectionthatisofmostconcernisLoadsand
takesintoconsiderationbothdeadloadsandwindloads.
AxialLoads
ItisstatedinCMR3108.4.1thattowersshallbedesignedforthedeadloadplustheiceloadinregions
whereiceformationoccurs,whichisthecaseforNewEngland.Thedeadloadcomponentsofawind
turbinearesummarizedinTable5below:
Table5:AxialLoadComponents

AxialLoadComponent
Weight
Method/Standard
Equipmentattopoftower 400to700kipsforutilityscaleturbine Researchfromexistingturbines
Basicgeometricprinciplesfor
SteelTower
[Vsteel(ft3)]*[steel=0.490k/cf]
determiningvolumes
Ice

[Vice(ft3)]*[ice=0.056k/cf]

ASCE705DesignFormulas

Theequipmentatthetopofthetowerincludestherotor,blades,nacelle,andallothermechanical
components.ThethicknessoficeisdeterminedthroughASCE705designequationsasfollows:

40

Lagadimos,F.(2009,December8).

21

2.0

where:
thenominalthicknessoficetisobtainedfromthedesignmapsinASCE705Chapter10;ranges
from0.75to1forMassachusetts,
importancefactorIiis0.8forcategoryIstructures,
.

,zisthemidheightofthetowersection,and

Kztdoesnotapply,assumingnowindspeedup.
Thisdesignicethicknessisthenusedinthefollowingequationtoobtainthecrosssectionalareaofice,

whereDcisthediameterofthetower.Theuseofdesignspreadsheetswereusedtodeterminetheaxial
loadsthroughrepetitivecalculations.Thesedeadloadswillactverticallydownwardonthetowerand
supportingfoundation.
LateralLoads
CMR3108.4specifiesthatthetowershallbedesignedtoresistwindloadsinaccordancewithTIA/EIA
222,theStructuralStandardsforSteelAntennaTowersandAntennaSupportingStructures.A
horizontalwindforcewasappliedonthetower,andaseparatehorizontalwindforcewasappliedtothe
equipmentatthetopofthetower,whichwasconsideredadiscreteappurtenance.Thewindloading
alongthetowerheightwasdefinedin1sectionstoobtainanaccuratewindprofileandresultantload
(duetothevaryingsectionheightfromtheground,andalsoaveragesectiondiameterbecauseofthe
taper).
Thehorizontalforce(F,lbs)appliedtoeachsectionalongthetowerheightwascalculatedfromthe
followingequation:41

Tousetheforceequation,thefollowingvalueswereobtainedfromtheprovisionsofTIA/EIA222:

41

TIA/EIA222StructuralStandardforAntennaSupportingStructuresandAntennas(June1996).
TelecommunicationsIndustryAssociation.

22

velocitypressure

0.00256

gustresponsefactor

is1.69fortubulartowers,

forwindspeedVinmi/h,

forcecoefficientCFis0.59fortallcantileveredtubularpolestructures,
effectiveprojectedareaofstructuralcomponentsinonefaceAEisequaltothetowersheight
multipliedbyitsdiameter,

appliestolinearappurtenances(doesnotapplytowindturbinetower),

andAgisthegrossareaofonetowerfaceinft2(fortubulartower,
/

ForthevelocitypressureqZ,theexposurecoefficient

where1.00

).
KZ

2.58,V(mi/h)is

thebasicwindspeedmeasuredinthefastestmile,andzistheheightabovetheaveragegroundlevelto
themidpointofthesection.ThebasicwindspeedwasobtainedfromtheMassachusettsStateBuilding
Code(780CMR),wherethebasicwindspeedsarelistedforeachindividualcityinMassachusettsinunits
of3secondgusts.Thewindspeedmustbeconvertedfrom3secondgusttofastestmileusingthe
equation

/
.

.First,thegustduration

3600

/ wascalculatedwhereV3=3

secondgustspeedinmiles/hour.Then,VtwasfoundusingthedesignchartinFigure6fromASCE705
bymatchingtalongthexaxis,drawingaverticallinetothedurstline,andfromtheredrawinga
horizontallineovertotheyaxistofindthecorresponding /3600sec/hrvaluetouseintheequation.

Figure6:WindSpeedConversionTable,MassachusettsStateBuildingCode(780CMR)

23

Forinstance,thespecified3secondgustspeedforWorcesteris100mph,whichcorrespondstoawind
speedVtequalto87mph.Whenusingatowerheightof250feet,aconstantdiameterof10feet,anda
designwindspeedof87mphinWorcester,thedesignwindprofileinonefootincrementsisshownin
Figure7.

Figure7:ExampleWindProfileGraph

ThepointforceFcforthediscreteappurtenancewillactonthecenterofthehub(normaltotheplaneof
thespinningblades).ThedesignwindloadFCiscalculatedfromthefollowingequation:42

wherethevelocitypressure

andgustresponsefactor

fortheforceonthetowerand

usesthesamecalculationsasstatedabove

takesintoaccountallelementsrelatedtotheappertenance(in

42

TIA/EIA222(June1996).

24

thiscase,thethreeblades).TheforcecoefficientCAisequalto1.2forthelongcylindricalbladesand
actsontheprojectedareaACofthediscreteappurtenance.
LoadDesignSpreadsheet
Inordertofacilitatetherepetitivecalculations,adesignspreadsheetwascreatedinMicrosoftExcelthat
calculatestheaxialandlateralforcesaswellasthemomentforeachonefootsectionofthetower.
Figure8belowsummarizesthecalculationsoftheaxialandlateralloadsforeveryonefootsectionof
thetowerforthetopandbottomfivefeetofthetower.
RequiredStrength
WeightofEquipment:
Heightoftower
OuterDiameteratbase
OuterDiameterathub
Thickness
WeightofSteel
Town(Massachusetts)
tice

400 kips
250 ft
8 ft
7 ft
0.75 in
490 pcf
Rutland
0.083333333

AxialLoad
MomentLoad
TotalShear

Values usedtocalculatetheaxialloads

Height
1
2
3
4
5
246
247
248
249
250

774.40 kips
6956.00 ftkips
52.00 kips

TotalDesignLoads

Values usedtocalculatethelateralloads

1Kz2.58 q z
VolumeofSteel WeightofSteel VolumeofIce WeightofIce Fz
td Diameter z
Ag Force Moment
1.56
0.76
2.23
0.12 0.66 0.09
8 0.5
1.00 19.38 8.17 0.1578
0.0789
1.56
0.76
2.49
0.14 0.73 0.10
8 1.5
1.00 19.38 8.17 0.1578
0.2367
1.56
0.76
2.62
0.15 0.77 0.10
8 2.5
1.00 19.38 8.17 0.1578
0.3945
1.56
0.76
2.71
0.15 0.80 0.11
8 3.5
1.00 19.38 8.17 0.1578
0.5522
1.56
0.76
2.78
0.16 0.82 0.11
8 4.5
1.00 19.38 8.17 0.1578
0.7100
1.36
0.67
3.67
0.21 1.22 0.16
7 245.5
1.77 34.38 7.17 0.2457 60.3461
1.36
0.67
3.67
0.21 1.22 0.16
7 246.5
1.78 34.42 7.17 0.2460 60.6622
1.36
0.67
3.67
0.21 1.22 0.16
7 247.5
1.78 34.46 7.17 0.2462 60.9786
1.36
0.67
3.67
0.21 1.22 0.16
7 248.5
1.78 34.50 7.17 0.2465 61.2954
1.36
0.67
3.67
0.21 1.22 0.16
7 249.5
1.78 34.54 7.17 0.2468

Figure8:RequiredStrengthDesignSheet

Toaccountforthetaperinthetowerheight,thetowerwasbrokenintofivesectionswithanaverage
diameterforthatsection.Thetotaldesignloadsthataretobeusedincalculatingtheavailable
strengthsarethesumoftheforcesactingoneachindividualonefootsections.

DesignforStresses
Onceloadingconditionswereestablished,thewindturbinetowerwasdesignedusingtheLRFD
approachtodesignforthetowerdiameterandthethicknessoftheshell.TheManualofSteel
ConstructionLRFD,3rded.bytheAmericanInstituteofSteelConstructionrequiresthatallsteel
structuresandstructuralelementsbeproportionedsothatnostrengthlimitstateisexceededwhen
subjectedtoallrequiredfactoredloadcombinationsbyensuringthatthefactoredloadsdonotexceed

25

theultimatestrengthofthetower:43

Inthepreviousequation,Ristheresistanceofthesteel,Qistheappliedload,

isastrength

reductionfactorand isaloadfactor.Table6belowsummarizesthedesignequationsthatwereused
forthedesignofthewindturbinetowerandwerebasedontheManualofSteelConstructionLRFD,3rd
Edition44.
Table6:TowerDesignEquationsforAvailableStrength

DesignComponent

DesignEquation

Description

AxialStrength

Factoredaxialloadsmustnotexceedthereduced
axialcapacity,whichisthecriticalloadmultiplied
bythegrossarea.

Checkstrength:ultimateflexuremustnotexceed
thesteelstrengthmultipliedbyitssection
modulus

FlexuralStrength

0.021

Checklocalbuckling(fornoncompactmembers
only):theflexuralstrengthshould
begreaterthantherequiredmomentstrength,
takesslendernessintoaccount

8
9
CombinedAxialand
FlexuralStrength

1.0

8
9

1.0

Checksthatmemberundercombinedforceswill
notfailbytakingratioofrequiredstrengthto
availablestrength.Momentismultipliedby
magnificationfactorofB2thatconsiderslateral
stability.

Thestressesinthetaperedtowerwereanalyzedforfivedifferentsectionstoaccountforthevarying
crosssectionalgeometry.ThemagnificationfactorB2foundinthecombinedaxialandflexuralstrength
equationstakesintoaccounttheshearloadsonthestructurelateraldeflectionofthetower,whichwas

43

ManualofSteelConstructionLRFD,3rded(2001).AmericanInstituteofSteelConstructionInc.

44

ManualofSteelConstructionLRFD,3rded.
26

foundthroughusingANSYS,acomputeranalysisprogram.Thetowerwasenteredasabeamwithfive
separatesectionstoassumedifferentproperties.TheresultsoftheANSYSanalysiscanbefoundin
AppendixC.

FlexureStrength
FactoredLoad
83472.00 inkips
ReducedStrength
220467.83 inkips
YieldingMn
244964.25
LocalBuckling
216128.81
CheckforCompactsection:
D/t
128.00
p
56.39
c
249.72
noncompact
FlexureStrength:
OK

CombinedLoads
CombinedLoading
0.8621 1.0 OK
Pu/Pc
0.5133
ForPu/Pc0.2
0.8621
ForPu/Pc<0.2
0.6054
MagnificationFactors
B2
1.04
Pnt
774.40
Pe2
22100.00
H
52.00
H
6.00
L
3000.00

Figure9belowshowsthechecksfortheaxial,flexural,andcombinedstrengthusingthedesign
equationslistedabove.

27

AvailableStrength
UserInput
Overallheight
DiameteratBase
ShellThickness
StrengthofSteel
ModulusofElasticity

250 ft in
8 ft in
0.75 in
36 ksi
29000 ksi

SectionProperties
ID
S
Z
r
I

94.50
5302.76
6804.56
33.68
254532.37

AxialStrength
FactoredLoad
774.40 kips
ReducedStrength
1508.54 kips
Pn
1774.75
Fcr
7.91
KL/r
178.16
4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
133.68
Fe
9.02
FcrforKL/r4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
6.77
FcrforKL/r>4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
7.91
Ag
224.43
CheckforCompactsection:
D/t
128.00
p
c
88.61
noncompact
AxialStrength:

FlexureStrength
FactoredLoad
83472.00 inkips
ReducedStrength
220467.83 inkips
YieldingMn
244964.25
LocalBuckling
216128.81
CheckforCompactsection:
D/t
128.00
p
56.39
c
249.72
noncompact
OK
FlexureStrength:

OK

CombinedLoads
CombinedLoading
0.8621 1.0 OK
Pu/Pc
0.5133
ForPu/Pc0.2
0.8621
ForPu/Pc<0.2
0.6054
MagnificationFactors
B2
1.04
Pnt
774.40
Pe2
22100.00
H
52.00
H
6.00
L
3000.00

Figure9:AvailableStrengthDesignSheet

Thisdesignsheetallowstheusertomodifythediameterandshellthicknessofthewindturbinetower
todetermineanacceptabledesign.Thespreadsheetshowsthepreviouslycalculatedrequiredstrength,
showninorange,andcomparesittothecalculatedavailablestrength,inblue.Ifthedimensions
enteredsatisfythedesigncriteria(requiredstrengthdoesnotexceedtheavailablestrength),thedesign
isdeemedOKshownintheyellowboxes.Ifthedimensionsentereddonotsatisfythedesigncriteria
(requiredstrengthexceedstheavailablestrength),thedesignisdeemedN.G.fornogood,andeither
thethicknessoftheshellorthediametermustbeincreased.

28

FlangeDesign
Thedesignofthetowerflangeatthebasewasalsoconsideredinordertoeffectivelyattachthetower
toitsfoundation.Since1diameterrodswereusedintheanchorboltdesign(seeChapter5:
FoundationDesignforequationsusedtodesigntheconnections),theminimumedgedistancewas
basedon12timesthediameteroftherod,whichis7fromtheedge,or15centeredontheflange.
,andalsocheckedfor

Theflangewidthwascheckedforflexuralstrengthusingtheequation

shearinyieldandultimatestrength.Finally,thethicknesswascalculatedbasedonthenominalmoment
attheoutsideedgeofthetowerbaseusingtheequation

,where

is0.9.Notethatthe

flangedesignwasnotincludedinthedesignsheetsbecauseitisverycasespecificbasedontheanchor
boltdesign.SupportingcalculationscanbefoundinAppendixC.

DesignSummary
Thedesignsofthe250foottowerareasfollows.Figure10showstheoveralltowerdimensions,which
includestheheight,andbaseandhubdimensions.Italsoshowsthesteeltowerwithreasonablysized
turbineequipmentattached.Figure11depictsthebasedetail,includingtheflangedesign.Thebolt
designisalsoshown,whichislaterdesignedinChapter5:FoundationDesign.

29

Figure10:OverallTowerDimensions

30


Figure11:TowerBaseDetail

DiscussionofData
Thedesignloadsandmaterialsaresummarizedfora250footand350foottowerinthefollowingtable.
AllsupportingcalculationscanbeaccessedinAppendixC:SupportingCalculations,includingthe
31

associatingdesignsheetstocomparetothehandcalculations.Thefoundationdesignandproject
analysisofthe250footand350foottowerswillalsobeexaminedintheappropriatechaptersfor
consistency.Table7:TowerDesignDataforVaryingHeightsTable7showsthecriteriathatwereused
forthevaryingtowerheights.
Table7:TowerDesignDataforVaryingHeights

DesignCriteria
Diameteratbase
Diameterathub
Shellthickness
Strengthofsteel
ModulusofElasticity
Totalaxialloadactingattowerbase
Totalmomentactingattowerbase
Totalshearloadactingattowerbase

250'Tower
8feet
7feet
3/4in.
36ksi
29,000ksi
774.4kips
6956.0ftkips
52.0kips

350'Tower
12feet
10feet
3/4in.
36ksi
29,000ksi
1206.9kips
21637.7ftkips
115.5kips

Byexaminingthistable,itisimportanttonotethatwithatowerheightincreaseof40percent,theaxial
loadactingatthetowerbaseincreasesbyjustover40%;howeverthemomentonthetowerincreases
byover200%.Therefore,thedesignwillmostlikelybegovernedbytherequiredflexuralstrength.
Inordertodeterminetheeffectsofdifferentwindspeedsonaturbinedesign,Table8wasproducedfor
thedesigndataofthreedifferenttownsinMassachusettswithvaryingwindspeedsandaconstant
towerheightof250feet,steelstrengthof36ksi,andmodulusofelasticityof29,000ksi.
Table8:TowerDesignDataforVaryingWindspeeds

DesignCriteria
DesignWindspeed(3secgust)
Diameteratbase
Diameterathub
Shellthickness
Totalaxialloadactingattowerbase
Totalmomentactingattowerbase
Totalshearloadactingattowerbase

Lee
90mph
8'3"
7'6"
1/2in.
669.7kips
5587.9ftkips
41.5kips

Belmont
105mph
8'3"
7'6"
3/4in.
757.7kips
7878.0ftkips
58.5kips

Yarmouth
120mph
8'6"
7'6"
3/4in.
748.7kips
10553.0ftkips
78.8kips

ThesupportingdesignsheetcalculationsarereferencedinAppendixD.Theloadsactingonthewind
turbinehaveaminimalincreasebyincreasingthedesignwindspeedsby15milesperhour.Inturn,

32

thereislittlechangeinthedesignofthetower.However,asnotedinthebackgroundsection,asmall
increaseinwindspeedproducesanexponentialincreaseinpoweroutputandinturnincreasingprofit.45

45

EnergyEffiiciencyandRenewableEnergyClearinghouse,(September2009),

33

Chapter5:FoundationDesign
Whendesigningthefoundationofawindturbine,therearemanyfactorsthatengineersmusttakeinto
accountincludingloadingandgeotechnicalconditions.Spread,drilled,andanchoredfootingscanbe
usedforturbinefoundations.Spreadfootingsaresomeofthemostcommonfoundationdesignsfor
modernturbines.46Severaldifferentshapesofspreadfootingsareusedforturbinefoundations
includingcircular,hexagonal,octagonal,andsquare.Sincetherearenospecificcodesforwindturbine
foundationdesign,ACIstandardswereusedindevelopingtheprocedure.Thetextbook,Reinforced
ConcreteDesign,wasusedasamajorsourceforthestepsandequationsinvolvedinthedesignprocess.
Thefollowingchapterwillexplaintheprocedureusedfordesigningasquarespreadfootingaswellas
thedirectionsfortheuseofthespreadsheettoaidinthedesignprocess.Handcalculationssupporting
thespreadsheetcanbefoundinAppendixE.Figure12showsthegeneralprocedurefordesigninga
squarespreadfooting.

Obtainturbineload
data:Momentand
axialloads

Obtain/Assume
strengthproperties
forconcreteand
reinforcingsteel

Establishsquare
footingdimensions
basedonrequired
area

Checkoneandtwo
wayshearbasedon
footingdepth

Designforbending
momentstrengthand
definereinforcement
ifnecessary

Checkdevelopment
ofreinforcementand
barspacing

Obtain/Assumesoil
bearingcapacity

Checkbearing
stressesanddesign
baseplate

Figure12:StepsfortheDesignofaSquareSpreadFooting

46

Ischebeck,D.I.E.(n.d.).CombinationSpreadFootingwithMicropilesasFoundationforWindTurbines.Retrieved
November2009,fromwww.contechsystems.com/Articles/CSFM.pdf

34

FootingDimensionDesign
Thewindturbinefoundationcanbedesignedusingthedatafromtheanalysisofthetower.This
informationincludestheaxialload,lateralmoment,andthediameteratthebaseofthetower.Other
designfactors,suchasthebearingcapacityofthesoilandtheconcretestrengthpropertiesusedforthe
foundation,influencethedesignandcaneitherbeobtainedfromactualsitedataorassumedforinitial
calculations.
Afterthetowerdataandthesoilandconcretedataareestablished,theycanbeusedtoestimatethe
pressureofthefootingandtherequiredarea.Thepressureofthefootingmustalsobecalculatedusing
atrialsizeforthedepthofthefootingandanassumedunitweightofconcrete.Forthepurposesofthis
project,thestandardvalueof150poundspercubicfootwasusedandtheaveragefootingdepthfor
windturbinespreadfootingfoundationstypicallydonotexceed6feet.47Theaxialloadofthecolumn
andthenetpressureofthesoil,foundbysubtractingthepressureofthefootingfromtheallowablesoil
pressure,areusedintheequationbelowfortherequiredarea:

Where

isthefactoredaxialloadinkipsfromthetowerloaddataand

isthenetsoilpressurein

ksi.Oncetherequiredareaiscalculated,thesquarerootofthisnumbercanbeusedasthetrialsizefor
thesquarefooting.Figure13belowshowsdepictstheforcesactingonthefooting.

47

RAM/STAADSolutionCenter.Bentley:RAM/STAADSolutionCenter.(December2009),
ftp://ftp2.bentley.com/dist/collateral/Web/Building/STAADPro/Wind_Turbine_Footing_Design.pdf

35


Figure13:LoadingModelandSoilPressureonFooting

Theeccentricity, ,mustbecalculatedinordertodetermineifthesuggestedsidefootinglength, ,is

adequatebysatisfyingthefollowinginequality:

Where

istheweightofthefootinginpsf.Thischeckofeccentricityisdonetoverifythatthe

resultantforceonthefootingactswithinthekernofthecrosssectionandensuresthatthereareonly
compressivestressesbetweenthefoundationandthesoil.Inaddition,theequivalentsoilbearing
pressure,

,mustbecheckedtoensurethatitislessthantheallowablebearingpressure,

,using

theequationsbelow48:

Iftheaforementionedconditionsaresatisfied,thenthechosenfootingsidelengthisadequateforthe
bearingcapacityofthesoilandtheresultantiswithinthemiddlethirdofthefooting.

48

Coduto,D.(2001).FoundationDesign:PrinciplesandPractices.

36

Inthedesignspreadsheet,theaxialload,moment,andcolumnbasediameterfromthetowerdesign
automaticallyfillsintheappropriatecellsandtheconcreteandsoilpropertiesarechosenbytheuser.
Theuserinputincludesthevaluesfortheallowablebearingstressofthesoil,
oftheconcrete,

,compressivestrength

,theyieldstrengthoftheconcrete, ,andtrialdepthofthefooting, .

InFigure14,theredbracketshowstheautofillcellsandthebluebracketidentifiestheuserinput.The
outcomeofthissectionofthespreadsheet,shownbythegreenarrow,willsuggestasidelengthforthe
squarefoundationtotheuser.Forconstructabilitypurposes,thevalueforthesidelengthdimensionis
roundeduptothenearestfoot.TheOKtotheleftoftheyellowstarindicatesthatthebearing
strengthofthesoilcanwithstandtheaxialloadandweightofthefoundationwiththechosenside
dimension.TheOKtotheleftoftheredstarindicatesthatthesuggestedsidelengthisadequatefor
eccentricity,meaningthattheresultantfallswithinthemiddlethirdofthefooting.Iftheconditionsfail,
NGfornogoodwillappearinthecheckboxandalargerfootingsizemustbechosen.Itshouldbe
notedthatthesidelengthisatrialsizeandmayneedtobealteredlatertosatisfyotherconditionslater
inthedesignprocess.

Figure14:FootingDimensionSpreadsheetOutputandSideLengthChecks

37

DesignforShearLoads
AccordingtoACIstandards,foundationsmustbecheckedfortwomodesofshearfailure,twowayshear
andonewayshear.Thefootingdesignofthisprojectdoesnotaddressfootingsdesignedwithshear
reinforcementtosimplifythedesignforconstructabilitypurposes.Therefore,ifitwasfoundthatthe
chosendimensionsrequiredshearreinforcement,thedepthofthefootingwasincreased.

TwoWayShear
Fortwowayshear,aninitialfootingthicknessmustbeassumedandmodificationsmustbemadefor
barspacingandbardiameter.Theresultisusedtodeterminethecriticalsectionsforshear.The
equationbelowisusedtocalculatethetwowayshearinthefooting:

Where

istheeffectiveareaofthefoundation,whichaccountsfortheperimeterofthecolumn,D,

andcalculatedeffectivedepth,d.SupportingcalculationsforthesevaluescanbefoundinAppendixE.
Thecriticalsectionfortwowayshearinasquarefootingmustbecalculatedtoinvestigatetheadequacy
ofthefootingthicknessasshowninFigure15theshadedarea.TheareaD+dinFigure15isthe
diameterofthebaseofthecolumn,D,plusthediameteroftheeffectivedepth,d.

Figure15:Criticalsectionfortwowayshearinsquarefooting

38

AccordingtoACI11.12.2.1,whennoshearreinforcementisusedinthefooting,thenominalpunching
shearstrengthis .Althoughthecolumniscircular,ACIcodeprovisionsforfoursidedcriticalsection
weremodifiedandusedtocomparetheperimeterofthecriticalsection, ,andtheeffectivedepthof
2and

theslab, .ACI11.12.2.1statesthat

20where isthefootingaspectratio.Since

thefoundationissquare, willbe1,whichsatisfiestherequirementoftheratiooflongsidetoshort
sideoftheloadedarea.ACIformulas1133through1135belowwereusedtoidentifythesmallest
valuefor .

ACIFormula(1133)

ACIFormula(1134)

ACIFormula(1135)

Where

isaprovidedmodifierfortwowayshearaction,whichisassumedtobe40foraninterior

column.Thesmallestvalueobtainedfromthesethreeequationswasthenusedtochecktheallowable
twowayshear,

,againsttheactualshear, ,intheequation:

Wherethestrengthreductionfactor, ,isequalto0.75.Ifthisequationissatisfied,noshear
reinforcementisrequiredfortwowayshear.
OneWayShear
Foronewayshear,theactualshear, ,iscalculatedatthecriticalsectionlocatedatadistance,d,
fromthefaceofthecolumnasshowninFigure16.

39


Figure16:CriticalSectionforOneWayShearinaSquareFooting

AccordingtoACI11.12.1.1and11.3.1.1,thefollowingequationcanbeusedtocalculatetheoneway
shearcapacity, ,atthecriticalsection:
2
Where

isequaltothewidthofthefooting.Aswithtwowayshear,theallowableonewayshearwas

checkedagainsttheactualshear,withequalto0.75.Iftheequationissatisfied,thennoshear
reinforcementisrequiredforonewayshear.Thus,theassumedthicknessforthefootingwouldbe
adequateforshear.

Fortheportionofthedesignspreadsheetdealingwithshearcapacity,theuserwillhavealreadyentered
therequiredinformationshownintheredbracketinFigure17.Thebluebracketshowsthechecks
whichsatisfyACI11.12.2.1.Theoutcomeoftheoneandtwowaysheartestofthespreadsheetinforms
theuserifthedepthofthefootingisadequateforshear.Theblueboxesinthespreadsheetindicatedby
thegreenbracketshowthatwhenthedesignrequiresNoShearReinforcementthecheckisOK.As
mentionedpreviously,ifthespreadsheetdeterminesthatshearreinforcementisneeded,thenagreater
foundationdepthshouldbechosenuntilthedesignisadequateforshear.Theintentistoavoidtheuse
ofshearreinforcementasastrategyforcontrollingconstructioncosts.Whencomputingtheaverage ,
a3inchcoveranda2inchbardiameterisassumedasaconservativeapproachsincenoneofthe
selectedbarswillhaveadiametergreaterthan2inches.

40


Figure17:DesignandChecksforShearLoadinginSpreadsheet

DesignforBearingStrengthandBasePlate
InaccordancewithACI15.8.2.1,allforcesactingatthebaseofthetowermustbetransferredintothe
footing.Sincethefootingissubjecttoextremeloading,thecolumnloadcannotbetransferredby
bearingalone.Itwasdeterminedthatabaseplatewouldbethemosteffectivewayoftransferringthe
loadsfromthetowertothefoundation.
Thedesignofthebaseplaterequirescheckstheultimatecapacityoftheconcreteinbearingagainstthe
axialloadonthefootingduetothecolumn.Inordertodothischeck,theultimatecapacityofthe
concreteiscomputedusingtheequationsbelow:

0.85

1.7

Where istheareaofthebaseplate,usinganestimatedsidelengthgreaterthanthediameterofthe
columnbase,butlessthanthesidelengthofthefooting. istheareaofthefootingusingthetrial
sidelength.Intheaboveequation,

0.85

thevalueontheleftgovernsunlessitexceeds

theupperboundvaluegivenontherightsideoftheequation.Thisvalueisthencomparedtothe

41

ultimateaxialload, ,obtainedfromthetowercalculationstoensurethattheconcretehasadequate
bearingcapacity.
Thebearingstrengthinthebaseplatemustbecheckedagainstthecombinedaxialandmomentforces
transferredbythecolumntothebaseplate.Theequationbelowisusedtocomputethemaximum
stressthatoccursoneachendofthebearingplate:
6

Theresultofthisequationwascomparedtotheultimatebearingstressonthebaseplatetounsurethat
thetrialwidthofthebaseplatewasadequate.
Inordertodesignthethicknessofthebaseplate,theflexuralstrengthofthebaseplatemustbe
investigatedusingthemomenttorightatcenteroftherightflange,
6

Where isthethicknessoftheflange,

,intheequationbelow:

isequalto0.9,and isthestrengthofthesteelusedforthe

baseplate.49
Inthespreadsheetforthedesignofthebaseplate,atrialvalueforthewidthofthebaseplateis
enteredandcheckedtoensurethatitislargerthanthediameteratthebaseofthecolumn,butsmaller
thanthesidelengthofthefooting,asstatedearlier.ThischeckisindicatedbythegreenarrowinFigure
18.Theyellowstarindicatesthattheconcretehasenoughbearingcapacitytowithstandtheaxialload
ofthecolumn.Theredstarshowsthatthemaximumstressthatoccursoneachendofthebearingplate
islessthanthebearingcapacity.Thebluestarshowsthatthechosenvaluefortheplatethickness
exceedstheminimumcalculatedvalue,

49

McCormak,JackC,.StructuralSteelDesign,4thEd.PearsonPrenticeHall,2008.

42


Figure18:BasePlateDesignSpreadsheet

DesignforBendingMomentStrengthandReinforcement
Thefoundationissubjecttolargeoverturningmomentforcesandthereforemustbedesignedfor
bendingmomentstrength.Thecriticalsectionforthebendingmomentusingsamplevaluescanbeseen
inFigure19below.

Figure19:CriticalSectionforBendingMoment

Forthepurposeoftheproject,thebendingmomentvaluewillbepreviouslydeterminedfromthetower
design.Whenthesidefootinglengthwasselected,theeccentricitywascheckedtoensurethatthe

43

loadingwaswithinthemiddlethirdofthefooting.Thus,thedimensionofthesideofthesquarefooting
andthemomentvaluefromthetowerdesignwillbeusedalongwiththefootingdimensionsand
reductionfactortocomputetherequiredcoefficientofresistanceforstrengthdesign,

,inthe

equationbelow:

Where isequalto0.9.Thisvalueisusedintheequationsforthereinforcementratio,,tofindthe
,asspecifiedbyACI10.5.4,forthedevelopmentof

requiredandminimumrequiredareaofsteel,

reinforcementforthecriticalsectionseenbelow:
1

Oncethevalueof iscomputed,itisnecessarytochecktoensurethatitislessthanorequalto75%of
,whichiscalculatedintheequationbelow:

thereinforcementforabalancedcondition,
0.85

87,000
87,000

Where isequalto0.85foraconcretecompressivestrengthof3000psiandthevaluesfor

and

aretakenfromtheinitialassumptions.Oncethischeckissatisfied,thereinforcementratiocanbeused
tocomputethetotalareaofreinforcingsteelrequiredandtheminimumrequiredareaofsteelshown
below:

Where isequalto

0.85

0.002

.Theresultofthisequationcanbeusedtochoosethenumberand

diameterofbarsforreinforcement.Inthedesignspreadsheet,theinputvaluescanbechosenbythe
userbasedonthecomputed

.ThebarsizescanbechosenfromTable9below.

44

Table9:Size,Diameter,andAreaofReinforcingBars50

Nominal

BarArea

Diameter(in.)

(in^2)

0.375

0.11

0.5

0.2

0.625

0.31

0.75

0.44

0.875

0.6

0.79

1.128

10

1.27

1.27

11

1.41

1.56

14

1.693

2.25

18

2.257

BarSize

50

ChuKiaWang,C.G.(2007).ReinforcedConcreteDesign.JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.

45

AsshowninFigure20,whentheuserselectsabarsizeasindicatedbythegreenarrow,thevaluesfor
thenominaldiameterandtheareaforonebarareautofilledfromTable9asshownbytheredbracket.
Thecalculatedreinforcementratiowillbecheckeddetermineifitsatisfiestherequirementfora
balancedconditionasindicatedbytheOKtotheleftofyellowarrow.Theoutcomeofthisportionof
thespreadsheet,shownbythebluearrow,isthatitsuggestsanumberofbarsbasedonthesizechosen
bytheuser.

Figure20:DesignforBendingMomentStrengthinDesignSpreadsheet

Afterthenumberofbarsandtheareaofsteelareselected,thebarspacingandmomentvaluesmustbe
checked. The spacing is calculating by dividing the side length of the footing by the number of bars.
According to ACI Code provisions, the spacing must be at least 1 in between the bars. The new bar
diameteriscalculatedusingthesameequationastheinitialcalculationbelow:

Thenominalbendingcapacitymustalsobefoundusingtheareaofsteelprovidedbythebarsinthe
followingseriesofequations:
0.85

46

Where isthecompressivestressand isthedepthofthestressblock.Thisequationissetequalto

theequationfortension:

The result is a value for which is used to compute the nominal bending capacity,

using the

equationbelow:

0.5

Where isequalto0.9.Thisvalueiscomparedtotheactualmomentvalue,

,resultingfromthe

towercalculations.Thesuggestedvalueofbarsdoesnotnecessarilyresultinadequatebendingcapacity
sincethevaluesoftherequiredareaofsteelandtheactualareaofsteelcanbeveryclose.Therefore,if
NGisdisplayedinthecheckforthemomentcapacity,theusermustincreasetheamountofbars
used.Inaddition,thespacingofthebarswillautomaticallydefaulttoatleastoneinchifthecalculated
valueislessthanoneinch.Thismeansthatthesidelengthofthefootingmayneedtobeincreasedor
largerbarscanbechosen.Althoughtheexactvaluesforthebarspacingaredisplayedinthe
spreadsheet,foramorerealisticdesign,thebarspacingwouldmostlikelyberounded.Figure21shows
thechecksforbarspacingandadequatebendingstrength.

Figure21:CheckforBendingMomentStrengthandBarSpacing

IfthechosenreinforcementpassesallbendingmomentstrengthandbarspacingteststhenACIFormula
121belowcanbeusedforthedevelopmentofreinforcement.
3
40

Where isthesmallerofthetwovaluesfromthefollowingequations:
47

1.5

Thevaluesfor

areequalto1.0becauseforthepurposeofthisproject,thebarsizeswill

typicallyneedtobe#7orlargerduetospacingconstraints.Thevaluefor

isequalto1.3fortopbars,

whichaccordingtoACI12.2.4arehorizontalreinforcementwhichgreaterthan12inchesofconcrete
belowthem.Sincefootingsforturbinesaredeeperthan12inches,avalueof1.3canbeassumedinthe
calculationsanddesignspreadsheet.Thevalue

isequaltozeroiftherearenostirrups.The

maximumvalueis2.5,soif isgreaterthanthatvalue,then2.5mustbeused.Thesesubstitutions
simplifytheequationto:

ACI12.1

Oncethisvalueiscomputed,itiscomparedagainsttheactualembedmentwhichisabouttwoinchesof
coversubtractedfromthewidthofthefooting.
AsseeninFigure22below,theactualembedmentmustbegreaterthanthedevelopmentlength.Inthis
exampletherequiredembedmentlengthistoolargeresultinginaNGmessagetotheleftofthe
yellowstar.ThischeckwillcausethedesignspreadsheettodisplaytheIncreasefootingwidth
messageunderneaththecheck.Thisrequiresthatallhandcalculationsaffectedbythefootinglength
needtobeupdated,however,withthespreadsheet,thesidelengthofthefootingcanbeincreased
untilthecheckisOKaslongasalloftheotherrequirementsinthedesignspreadsheetremain
satisfied.

Figure22:FailedEmbedmentLengthCheck

48

Usingthenumbersinthisexample,thefootingneededtobeincreasedfrom14feetto16feetinorder
fortheembedmentlengthtobeadequateasseeninFigure23.Asmentionedabove,allotherchecks
weresatisfiedandthenumberofbarswasadjustedtoreflecttheincreaseinfootingwidth.

Figure23:EmbedmentLengthCheck"OK"AfterIncreaseinFootingWidth

Thefinalstepinthedesignofthefootingistoupdatetheshearcalculationsusingthenewvaluefor ,
whichwasupdatedfortheactualspacingandbardiameters.Theprocedureisthesameasbeforeas
seeninFigure24fromthedesignspreadsheetbelowwiththeredbracketsignifyingthecalculated
valuesincludingthenewvalueford.

Figure24:UpdatedShearCheckwithNewdvalue

49

SincetheupdatedshearcheckisOK,andnoreinforcementisneeded,thismeansthatthedimensions,
baseplate,andreinforcementforthefootingareadequateforthegiventowerincludingloadingand
soilconditions.

FoundationDimensions
Basedonthetoweraxialload,moment,andcolumnbasediameter,obtainedfromthetowerdesign,
thefootingwasdesignedusingthemethodexplainedthroughoutthechapter.Table10displaystheuser
inputvalueswereusedforthesoilandconcreteconditionsforthedesignexamples:
Table10:AssumedUserInputValuesforDesignExamples

SoilandConcreteCondition
BearingStrengthoftheSoil,

ValueUsedinDesignExamples

CompressiveStrengthofConcrete,

4500psf(sandygravel)

3000psi

YieldStrengthofConcrete,

40,000psi

TheresultsofthecalculationsinvolvingtheassumeduserinputvaluesfromTable10andthe
characteristicslistedbelowinTable11,thefollowingresultsforthefoundationdesignwereproduced.
Table11:SummaryofFoundationDesignResultsforVariousTowerHeights

DesignCriteria

250'Tower

350'Tower

Diameteratbase

8feet

12feet

Totalaxialloadactingattowerbase

774.4kips

1206.9kips

Totalmomentactingattowerbase

6956.0ftkips

21637.7ftkips

Totalshearloadactingattowerbase

52.0kips

115.5kips

FootingDimensions

16x16x3

24x24x6

BasePlateDimensions

128x128x7

180x180x8

ReinforcingSteel

85#9@2.25

113#9@2.55

Byobservingtheseresults,itcanbedeterminedthatthe100footincreaseintowerheightand
consequentincreaseinaxialloadsandmomentforcesresultedina350%increaseintheareaoffooting
required.Itwasfoundthatforbothtowerheights,theembedmentlengthwasthegoverningfactorin
thewidthofthefooting.Thebarsize,#9,waskeptconsistenttoshowtheincreaseinbarsbetweenthe
twofootingsizes,whichwas28bars,andthespacingwasincreased0.30inches.Sincethebaseplate
50

calculationischeckedwithshear,thedesignsweresimilarbecausetheshearstrengthsofthe250and
350towersweresimilarasseeninTable11.Handcalculationsandthecorrespondingdesignsheetsfor
the250foottowercanbefoundinAppendixE.
Inadditiontothevariationsintheloadsfromthetower,threedifferentsoiltypeswereinvestigated
usingthedimensionsandloaddatafromthe250foottower.Thesoiltypesincludedclayeysoil,sandy
gravel,whichwasusedasanassumeduserinputvalueinthepreviousexamples,androckysoil.The
foundationresultsaresummarizedinTable12below:
Table12:SummaryofFoundationDesignResultsforVariousSoilTypes

DesignCriteria

ClayeySoil

SandyGravel

RockySoil

DiameteratBase

8feet

8feet

8feet

AllowableBearingStrength51

2000psf

4500psf

6500psf

FootingDimensions

22x22x3

16x16x3

14x14x4

BasePlateDimensions

128x128x7

128x128x7

128x128x7

ReinforcingSteel

82#9@3.22

85#9@2.25

58#92.90

Byobservingtheseresults,itcanbedeterminedthatthechangesinthesoiltypeaffectboththewidth
andthedepthofthefoundation.Intheclayeysoil,thefootingwidthneededtobelargerinorderto
compensateforalossinbearingcapacityincomparisontotheassumeduservalueof4500psf.When
theallowablesoilcapacitywasincreasedto6500psfforrockysoil,thefootingwidthwasabletobe
decreased;however,thedepthofthefoundationneededtobeincreasedtosatisfytherequirementsfor
shearstrength.Thebarsize,#9,waskeptconsistenttoshowthefluctuationinthenumberofbars
betweenthedifferentfootingsizesandsoiltypes.Theresultsshowthatasignificantdecreaseinthe
numberofbarsoccurredintherockysoilbecauseofthecombinationoftheincreaseinthedepthand
thedecreaseinthewidthofthefooting.Thedesignspreadsheetsfortheclayeyandrockysoilcanbe
foundinAppendixE.

AnchorBoltDesign
Anotherimportantaspectofthedesignofthewindturbinefootingandbaseplateistheanchordesign.
Sincetheanchorboltdesignverycasespecificanddependentonmanydifferentfactors,itwasnot
includedinthedesignspreadsheet.Thesamplecalculationsfortheanchorboltdesignarereferencedin

51

PoleBarns,(November2009),www.polebarn.info/soilbearingcapacity.html

51

AppendixG.Ananchorboltdesignwascreatedforthe250foottowerinwiththecharacteristicsin
Table13:
Table13:AnchorBoltDesignTowerandFoundationCharacteristics

DesignCriteria

250'Tower

Diameteratbase

8feet

Totalaxialloadactingattowerbase

774.4kips

Totalmomentactingattowerbase

6956.0ftkips

Totalshearattowerbase

52.0kips

FootingDimensions

16x16x3

BasePlateDimensions

128x128x7

ReinforcingSteel

85#9@2.25

Therearealargevarietyofrodsavailableforuseasanchorbolts.Inthedesignforthe250foottower,
therodsusedfortheanchorboltdesignarethreadedASTMA490rodswithatensilecapacityof119ksi
andashearcapacityof60ksi.TherodsweredesignedfortensilestrengthbasedonASCE705Table7
2.Theboltsweredesignedinacircularconfigurationaroundthebaseofthetowerflange.Thebolt
strengthforcombinedshearandtensionwasconsideredtoensurethattheboltshadadequatestrength
toresistthoseforces.ThefinaldesignfortheanchorboltsislistedinTable14.Figure25showsthe
anchorboltdesignanddimensions.
Table14:AnchorBoltDesignfor250'Tower

AnchorBoltCharacteristic

Result

NumberandTypeofRods

281ASTM490rods

EmbedmentLength

18

EdgeDistance

7.5

Spacing

171/8

52


Figure25:AnchorBoltDesignDetail

AutoCADDrawings
AutoCADDrawingswerepreparedforthedesignalternativeinTable15.Figure26andFigure27show
thefinaldimensionsforthedesigncriteria.

53

Table15:DesignCriteriaforAutoCADDrawings

DesignCriteria

250'Tower

Diameteratbase

8feet

Totalaxialloadactingattowerbase

774.4kips

Totalmomentactingattowerbase

6956.0ftkips

FootingDimensions

16x16x3

BasePlateDimensions

128x128x7

ReinforcingSteel

85#9@2.25

Figure26:FootingandBasePlateDimensionswithEstablishedReinforcement(TopView)

54


Figure27:FootingandBasePlateDimensionswithEstablishedReinforcement(SideView)

55

Chapter6:ProjectAnalysis
Theeconomics,energyoutput,permittingandschedulingallplayabigroleintheoverallunderstanding
ofaproject.Inordertoanalyzethesetopics,anExcelspreadsheetwascreatedwhichuseskey
informationenteredbyapersoninvolvedintheprojectandcalculatesvariousnecessarypiecesof
informationneededtoanalyzemanyaspectsoftheproject.Thisspreadsheetcancalculateanestimate
oftheelectricityoutput,therevenueearned,theexpensesowed,theoverallcashflow,andeventhe
IRRofinvestinginawindturbine.Theseareallimportantpiecesofinformationforanyonewhois
researchingthebenefitsofinstallingawindturbine.Thisspreadsheetdoesmanycalculationsandtakes
manythingsintoconsideration;allofwhichwillbeexplainedinthischapter.Whilethisspreadsheet
detailstheenergyoutput,economicfeasibility,andevenhelpsdesignthetowerandfoundation,
permittingandtheoverallprocessofinstallingaturbinewerealsoresearchedforthisproject.These
twotopicsareleftoutofthespreadsheet,butareexplainedinthisreport.

Permitting
Oneofthefirststepsintheschedulingprocessispermittingtheturbine.Theprocessofobtaininga
permitforawindturbineprojectvariesbystateandcountyaccordingtolocallaws.Thisreportwill
focusonthegeneralpermittingprocessinthestateofMassachusetts,wheretheguidelinesarewell
developed.TheMassachusettsDivisionofEnergyResourcesdevelopedamodelamendmentforall
MassachusettstownswhichisshowinthedocumentModelAmendmenttoaZoningOrdinanceorBy
law:AllowingWindFacilitiesbySpecialPermit.ThismodelexplainstheGeneralStandardsand
PermittingApplication.Thepermittingapplicationisrequiredtoprovethataprojectisabidingbythe
generalstandardsoutlinedinthebeginningoftheamendment.
Inthegeneralstandardssectionoftheamendmentmanytopicsareaddressed.Thesetopicsrangefrom
insurancetoturbinedesign;andfromlightingtoenvironmentalimpacts.Specifically,thefollowing
topicsareaddressed:LiabilityInsurance,SiteControl,Height,Setbacks,Color,Finish,Lighting,
Signage/Advertisement,UtilityConnections,AppurtenantStructures,Shadow/Flicker,Noise,Habitat
Impact,FacilityMaintenance,Removal/AbandonmentandFinancialSecurity.Detailsabouteachof
thesetopicscanbefoundinthemodelamendmentonTheOfficialWebsiteoftheCommonwealthof
Massachusetts.Significantdetailsthatshouldbeconsideredare:insurancemustbeownedforthe
turbine;thetowermustbesetbackatleast1.5timestheheightoftheturbinefromanynearby
inhabitedstructures,overheadutilitylinesandpublicroads;afinancialsuretyissometimesrequiredof
56

turbineprojectsinthecasethattheturbinebecomesabandonedandmustberemoved;andthewind
turbineshouldnotadverselyaffectneighboringproperties.Anapplicationmustbesubmittedbythe
projectownersinordertoprovetheyareabidingbyalloftheabovestandards.
Thepermitapplicationprocessisalengthystepinawindturbineproject.Thiscanlastupwardsofmany
yearsifthereisanyoppositiontotheturbineinstallation.Inthisapplicationtheownermustinclude
severalpiecesofinformationregardingtheirproject.Includedinthispacketmustbe:General
Information,DescriptionsoftheProperty,OperationandMaintenancePlansandCompliance
Documents.Eachofthesesectionsdetailsalistofnecessarydocumentsthatmustbesubmittedinorder
tobeconsideredforapermit.
TheGeneralInformationsectionofthepermitapplicationisaverysimplesection.Inthissectionthe
ownermustsupplytheapplicantsname,address,phonenumber,andsignature.Theymustalso
providethename,address,phonenumber,andsignatureofanyagentwhoisrepresentingthe
applicant.Lastly,inthissection,documentationisneededtoprovethattheapplicanthasalegalrightto
usethesite.
TheDescriptionofPropertysectionisamuchlengthiersectionoftheapplication.Firstalocusmap
(1:25,000)showingtheareawithinatleasttwomilesofthefacilityisneededalongwiththeplanned
windturbinelocation.Next,amapoftheproposedfacilitysiteatthescaleof1=200isneededthat
showsthecontourintervals,propertylines,existingbuildings,roads,treecover,andproposedground
equipment.Alsoneededarepictureswhichshowwhatthestructurewilllooklikeonceitisinstalled.
Thesepicturesshouldberepresentationsfrompopulatedareasorpublicwayswithina2mileradiusof
thewindfacility.Lastly,alandscapeplanforthesiteisneeded.
ThenextsectionistheOperationandMaintenancePlan.Thissectionrequiresaplantomaintainallof
theaccessroadsandstormwatercontrolsonthesite.Also,aplanthatoutlinestheproceduresfor
operatingandmaintainingthewindfacilityisneeded.Theseproceduresareoftenprovidedbythe
manufacturerofwindturbines,soitwillbebeneficialtohavethewindturbinemodelchosenpriorto
thispermittingstep.
ThelastsectionneededforthepermitapplicationistheComplianceDocumentssection.Inthissection,
theownermustdemonstratetothetownthattheprojectiscomplyingwiththegeneralstandards
outlinedearlier.Afinancialsuretymustbeprovidedhere,aswellasproofofliabilityinsurance.A
certificationmustbeprovidedshowingthattheheightofthestructureiswithinthelimitations
57

addressedintheGeneralConditionsandifitisnotwithintheselimitationsthatithasbeendocumented
thattheturbinehaspermissiblereasonstobetaller.Thesereasonsthatwillallowthetowertobetaller
aretheapplicantdemonstratesbysubstantialevidencethatsuchheightreflectsindustrystandardsfor
asimilarlysitedwindfacility;suchexcessheightisnecessarytopreventfinancialhardshiptothe
applicant,andthefacilitysatisfiesallothercriteriaforthegrantingofaspecialpermitunderthe
provisionsofthissection.52Andlastly,documentationregardingexistingandmaximumprojectnoise
levelsisnecessarytoshowthatthenoiseislowerthantheallowedmaximumdetailedinthegeneral
standardssection.
Thispermittingprocess,whilespecifictoMassachusetts,issimilaracrossthecountryandoftenfocuses
onthesametopics(seeotherstategovernmentwebsites).Itisnecessarytoobtainapermitforawind
turbineprojectinorderforconstructiontobegin,anditisoftenthisstagewhichholdsupundesirable
projects.Permittingisoneofthefirststepsintheprocesstoinstallingawindturbinefacilityandmust
betakenseriously.

Installation
Thenextstepinthescheduleofawindturbineprojectistheinstallationoftheturbine.Inorderforthis
steptooccur,thepermitting,costanalysis,andmanufacturingoftheturbinemustallhavetakenplace.
Thefirststepoftheinstallationprocessisclearingthesite.Thismaybealargestepifthesitehasmany
treesandothervegetation.Afterthisstep,theconstructionofanaccessroadmightbenecessary,
especiallywherethesiteisremoteandhasnoexistingroads.Thisroadisneededinordertotransport
thewindturbinetothesite,aswellasanynecessaryconstructionequipment.Afterthesetwosteps
havebeencompleted,theexcavationforthefoundationcantakeplace.Theentireinstallationofthe
castinplacefoundation(andoftendesign)iscompletedbyaseparatecompanywhomustbehiredfor
thejobinadvance.Thefoundationcanthenbeformedandinstalled.Thisstepcanbeaffectedbythe
weather.Thus,enoughtimeshouldbeallottedforconcreteplacementandcuring.Afterthefoundation
iscuredthewindturbinecanbeinstalled.Inordertocompletethisstepacraneisneededtoliftthe
towersegments,nacelle,andbladesintoplace.Thisstepisoftendonebycompaniessuggestedbythe
manufacturer.Windspeedsshouldnotbeexcessiveduringinstallationofthetowerinordertosteer
clearofallpossibleproblems.Erectioninrainorsnowconditionsalsoimpedestheinstallationprocess.

52

MassachusettsDivisionofEnergyResources.(n.d.).(November2009),
http://www.mass.gov/Eoca/docs/doer/renew/modelallowwindbypermit.pdf

58

Oncetheturbineiscompletelyinstalled,itisconnectedtothelocalutilityandcanstartgenerating
electricity.

Maintenance
Oncethewindturbinehasbeeninstalled,somemaintenanceisrequiredtokeepitoperating.The
turbineshouldbeinspectedatleastonceeveryyear;however,twiceisrecommended.Mostturbines
willcomewithamaintenancescheduleandprocedurewhentheyarepurchasedfromthe
manufacturer.Theseproceduresdetailhowtheblades,tower,foundation,andmechanicsareinspected
andmaintained.Maintenancecannotbedonebytheaverageperson.Oftentimes,manufacturershave
companiesinmanyareaswhomtheytraininmaintenanceinordertoperformservicesintheirregion.
Thetypesofcompanieswhoperformtheseservicesarebecomingmorepopulararoundthecountry.It
costs,onaverage,$10,000$15,000everyyearinordertokeepaturbinewellmaintained53.Thiscostis
relativelysmallcomparedtothecostofrepairingalargeproblemontheturbine.Annualmaintenance
increasestheoveralllifeoftheturbineandensuresthatitrunssmoothly.

ProjectAnalysisSpreadsheet
Aspreviouslymentionedaprojectanalysisspreadsheetwascreatedtocalculatevaluesthatwouldbe
neededtoanalyzethefinancesanddesignoftheproject.Thisanalysisofthefinancesoftheprojectis
crucialtoasuccessfulproject.Investorsdependonthiscostanalysiswhendecidingwhetherornotan
investmentintheprojectisbeneficialornot.Manydifferentfactorsmustbeconsideredwhen
calculatingthesefinalnumbers,andoftentimesthesefactorsvaryfromprojecttoproject.Itismost
beneficialtohaveaspreadsheetthatcanbealteredaccordingtoeachdifferentproject.Majorfactors
thatmustbeconsideredaretheaveragewindspeedofasite,thesizeofthewindturbine,thelocation
oftheturbine,whichinfluenceiceloadsandmaximumwindforces,andthefinancingstructureofthe
project.
ThefourmainsectionsofthespreadsheetareEnergyOutput,EconomicAnalysis,TowerDesign,and
FoundationDesign.Thedocumentisuserfriendlyandonlyrequiresdatatobetypedintoonemain
GeneralInformationpageasshowninFigure28.Thisinputinformationisusedinmanydifferent
equationsandeventuallyimportantturbineinformationissummarizedintheoutputreports.Datais
alsocalculatedintheinputtabofthespreadsheetinordertoshowtheuservariouspiecesof

53

Kuhn,B.(2009,October23).VicePresidentMarketing.

59

informationthatcanbeusefulinthedesignoftheproject.Thisinformationincludeschecksofdifferent
equationsthatshowwhetherornotdesigndimensionsenteredwillbeadequate.

Figure28:SampleGeneralInformationPage

60

EnergyOutput

Theelectricityoutputofthewindturbineisthekeyrevenuegeneratorfortheproject.Becauseofthis,
inordertoreliablyanalyzetheeconomicsoftheproject,theelectricityoutputmustbepredictedusinga
probabilisticmodelwhichaccountformanydifferentuncertaintiesinthewind.Inordertodothis,many
differentfactorsmustbeconsideredandanalyzed.Thekeytothisanalysisisthepowercurveforthe
specificwindturbine.Thepowercurvedepictstheamountofelectricitythatthegivenwindturbinecan
generateatvaryingwindspeeds.Becausetheenergycontainedinthewindraisesexponentiallyfor
every1mileperhourincreaseinwindvelocity,theelectricityoutputofthemachinealsoraises
exponentially.Themanufacturergenerallyproducesthesepowercurvesforeachoftheirproductsand
providesthesetothegeneralpublicsothattheycanshowhowmuchelectricitytheirproductcould
produce.

Figure29:WindSpeedDistribution(www.windenergythefacts.org)

TheprobabilitycurveaboveinFigure29estimatestheamountoftimethewindwillbeblowingatany
givenwindspeedataspecificlocation.Inordertodothis,theaveragewindspeedforasiteisusedand
isevaluatedusingastatisticalformulatomodeltheprobabilitydensityofthedistributionofwind
speeds.Thecurvethatdefinestheassumeddistributionofwindspeedsisgeneratedusingacertain
factorthatiscommoninthewindenergycommunity.ThisfactoriscalledtheWeibullKfactor,andfora

61

curvethatispredictingwindspeedsthefactorisassumedtobe254.Thisfactordefinestheshapeofthe
parabolabeingusedasshowninFigure29.Oncethisparabolaisdeveloped,otherfactorsmustbetaken
intoconsiderationinordertomoreaccuratelyderiveanexpectedvaluefortheamountofelectricity
thatwillbegeneratedbythewindturbineinthespecificlocation.
Thealtitudeandtemperatureofasitealsoaffecttheexpectedvaluefortheoverallelectricitythe
turbinegenerates.Bothofthesefactorsplayadirectroleinthedensityoftheairinagivenarea,and
thedensityoftheairchangestheamountofenergyitcontains.Equationsareusedtoevaluatethe
changeinenergycontainedinthewindcollidingwiththeturbine,andtheseequationsareincorporated
intothespreadsheet.Often,thesefactorsplayasmallroleinaffectingtheelectricityproducedbythe
machine;howeveritstillmustbeanalyzedtoproduceresultswhichconsiderallfactors.Theequations
belowareforthealtitudeandtemperaturecorrectioninevaluatingtheenergyinthewindcomingin
contactwiththewindturbine:

Theefficiencyofthewindturbineisanattractivefacttoknow.Thiscanbecalculatedbydividingthe
powercurveenergy(kW)foragivenwindspeedbytheenergyactuallycontainedinthewind(kW)at
thatspeed.Theactualenergycontainedinthewindiscalculatedintheequationbelow.Theentiretyof
thisenergycannotbeharvestedbyawindturbine,andtheenergythatcanbeharvestedisdefinedby
thepowercurveoftheturbinegivenbythemanufacturer.Bycomparingthesetwonumbersthe
efficiencyoftheturbine(atagivenwindspeed)isfound:

J.V.Seguro,T.(2000).ModernestimationoftheparametersoftheWeibullwindspeeddistributionfor
windenergyanalysis.JournalofWindEngineeringandIndustrialAerodynamics,7584.

54

62

Ws=WindSpeed(mph)

Ew=(Ws3*(1.2252/2)*As)

Ew=EnergyintheWind

1000

As=SweptAreaofBlades

Thetimesthatthewindturbinewillnotbeoperatingarealsoconsideredwhenanalyzingtheoverall
energyoutputofthemachineforanentireyear.Theseoutagesareusuallyduetotheannual
maintenancethatmustoccurfortheupkeepofthemachines.Therearealsooutagesduetoextreme
windspeedswhentheturbinemustshutdowntopreventdamage.Theseoutagesusuallycauseavery
smallpercentageoflostrevenue,butarevitaltothequalityoftheestimatefortheoverallenergy
output.Inordertotakethesetimesintoconsideration,alocationisavailableintheProjectAnalysis
spreadsheettoinputthelimitingfactorthatwillbeused.Thisfactorcanbecautiousorbold,depending
ontheownersapproachtorisk.Ifcautious,thisnumbercouldbeaslowas0.755,toallowforany
possibilityoflowenergygenerationfromtheturbine,whichwouldoccuriftherewasnotenoughwind,
therewasagreatdealofmaintenanceneeded,andtheturbinewasnotperformingtomaximum
capacity.Ifbold,thisnumbercouldbeashighas1.0,assumingthattheturbinewillalwaysperformas
expectedfortheentireyear.
Allofthesevariablesaretakenintoaccountwhencalculatingtheexpectedvaluefortheoverallenergy
outputofagivenwindturbine.TheyareshowninTable16todemonstratehoweachdifferentwind
speedproducesadifferentoutput,whichissummarizedinthefinalsectionofthepage.

55

(Kuhn,VicePresidentMarketing,2009)

63

Table16:SampleEnergyOutputAnalysis

Expectedproduction
(kWh)inoneyear

Theexpectedvaluefortheoutputelectricity,measuredinkilowatthours(kWh),iscrucialtothecost
analysisanddecisionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheproject.Thiselectricitycanbesold,anditsrevenue
accountsforthemajorityofrevenueacquiredbytheproject.
Onceallofthesefactorsaretakenintoconsideration,theProjectAnalysisspreadsheetsummarizesallof
theimportantinformationregardingtheestimatedEnergyOutputanddisplaysthisinformationina
userfriendlyprintoutpage.ThispageisshowninFigure30.

64


Figure30:SampleEnergyGenerationSummarySheet

65

FinancialAnalysis
Installingawindturbinerequiresalarge,lumpsumofmoneyinthebeginningoftheproject.
Approximately70%ofthecapitalthatisneededfortheprojectisneededinthefirstyear.Thiscanbe
seeninthefinancinginformationinprojectanalysisspreadsheet.Becauseofthis,theownersofprojects
mustoftenreceivefinancingfromanoutsidesource.Itisveryrarethatanownercanfundtheentire
projectwithouttheuseofanoutsidelenderorinvestor.
Therearemanywayscapitalcanbeobtainedinthebeginningofaproject.Theownercanapplyfora
loanfromthebank,similartoamortgage,andpaybackmonthlypaymentsontheloan.Anotheroption
istohaveoutsidefinancersinvesttheirmoneyintheproject.Inordertodothis,theownerneedsto
providethemwiththeexpectedreturnontheirinvestment,andprovetothemthattheinvestmentisa
goodfinancialdecision.Similartoinvestors,theownercouldpartnerwithoneotherpersonwhohasa
largesumofmoneyandtheycouldreceivecapitalfromthatindividual.Thiswouldbesimilartoa
businesspartnership,andthepartnerwiththelargesumofmoneywouldseethefinancialreturns
quickly.
Inordertodemonstratetoinvestorsthattheirinvestmentwouldbeagoodeconomicdecision,the
ownerofaprojectmustanalyzetheexpectedrevenuesversustheexpectedcosts.Variousexpenditures
mustbeconsideredwhenanalyzingtheexpectedcostoftheentireproject.Thesemainfactorsinclude
feasibilitystudies,permittingcosts,machinecosts,installation,maintenance,financing,andinsurance.
Outofthesemaincosts,feasibilitystudies,permittingcosts,machinecostsandinstallationcostsareall
requiredintheverybeginningoftheproject.Itissafetoanalyzethesecostsasinitialcoststothe
project;however,thecostsofmaintenance,financing,andinsuranceallhavemorecostsduetothefact
thattheyareaffectedbytimevalueofmoneybecausetheyareneededyearslater.
Analyzingthefinancesforaprojectisanecessarystepinordertoverifythattheprojectwillbe
financiallyfeasible.Inanalyzingthesefinances,manydifferentfactorsmustbeconsideredthatcan
affecttheoverallrevenueoftheproject.Theescalationrateofmoney,timevalueofmoney,internal
rateofreturn,andsafetyfactorsallshouldbeanalyzed.
Theescalationrateofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenanalyzingfuturecostsandrevenue.Thisrate
canfluctuatefromyeartoyearandasafeestimateoftheaverageforpastyearsmaybedetermined.In
thisproject,itwasassumedthata5yearescalationratewassufficientlyaccurateandwouldbe
acceptablefortheresearch.Thiswasdecidedbecausetheescalationratevariesonlyslightlyfromyear
66

toyear,andanalyzingtherateeveryfiveyearsgivesabalancedratethataccountsfortheslight
fluctuationfromyeartoyear.Thisescalationratecanthenbeappliedtotheannualcostanalysisin
ordertoconsiderhowthemoneyinthefutureisaffected.
Timevalueofmoneyisalsoakeyfactorthatmustbeanalyzed.Thetimevalueofmoneyisthevalueof
moneyincludingagivenamountofinterestearnedoveracertainperiodoftime.Forexample,if
someonewastoinvest$1.00ata5%interestratethentheywouldhave$1.05inoneyear.Thevalueof
the$1.00todayandthe$1.05inoneyearisthesametotheinvestoratT=0,howeveratT=1yearthe
investorwouldratherhave$1.05.Theinterestrateforthisinvestmentmustbecalculatedusingthe
presentvalue(the$1.00,orinthewindturbinesituation,theinitialvalueoftheinvestment)andalso
thefuturevalue(the$1.05,orinthewindturbinesituation,thefinalamountofmoneytheprojectis
leftwith).
Anotherfactorthattheanalystmightwanttoconsideristhesafetypercentageofthefinancial
investment.Thispercentagetakesintoconsiderationthesafetyfactorintheprojectsfinancialanalysis.
Thisistoconsiderthefactthattheprojectmaynotmakeasmuchmoneyasanticipated,becausethe
actualenergyoutputwaslessthantheexpected.Whendoingananalysis,oneshouldmakesurethat
theywilldefinitelyhaveapositiveinvestmentandnotloseanymoney.Thispercentagecanbeashigh
orlowastheinvestorwants,itmerelydependsonhowcautioustheinvestorwouldliketobe.
Theinternalrateofreturnisacalculatedvaluethatisusedtoshowinvestorshowmuchprofittheir
investmentwillproduce.Thisvalueshowstheinvestorthequality(oryield)oftheirinvestment.By
calculatingthisnumbertheowneroftheprojectismorelikely(orlesslikely,iftheIRRissmall)toobtain
willinginvestors.Thisvaluemustbeasaccurateaspossibleinordertoeliminatethepotentialconflicts
inthefuture.TheIRRcanbecalculatedusingthenetpresentvalueequationshownintheequation
belowfornetpresentvalue.Inthisequation,theIRRisthervalue.

Cn=NetYieldinYearn
Manyportionsofthewindturbineinstallationprocesscostmoneywhichisnotconsideredintheprice
oftheturbinefromthemanufacturer.Theseaddedexpendituresincludethefoundation,surveying,
67

landclearing,androadwayinstallation(ifnecessary).RSMeansisapublisherofreferencebooksthat
offersconstructioncostdatathatcanbeusedtoestimatecostsofvariousconstructionactivities.These
bookswereusedtoestimatethecostoftheportionsofwindturbineinstallationprocess.Thecostdata
wasusedtoestimatethecost/unitofeachactivity.Thefoundationisestimatedin$/CY,surveyingand
landclearingisestimatedin$/acre,androadwayinstallationismeasuredin$/LF.Thisisintegratedinto
theProjectAnalysisspreadsheetinsuchawaythattheoperatoronlyhastoenterthecubicyardsof
foundationneeded(specificallythedimensionsofthefoundationandtheCYiscalculated),acreageof
landonthesite,andthelinearfeetofroadwayneeded,andthespreadsheetwillcalculateandoutput
thecostsofeachoftheactivities.
AlloftherevenuesandexpensesoftheprojectareanalyzedintheProjectAnalysisspreadsheet.This
analysisgivestheexpectedprofitsoftheownerandtheinvestorforvariousprojects.Thisinformationis
alsosummarizedinanoutputsheettitledEconomicAnalysisfromwhichtheusercaneasilysee
importantfinancialinformationabouttheproject.AsampleofthisoutputsheetisshowninFigure31.

68


Figure31:SampleEconomicAnalysisSummarySheet

69

Thissummarysheetshowstheuserthefinancialoutcomesbasedoffoftheprojectinformationthey
enteredintotheGeneralInformationtaboftheProjectAnalysisspreadsheet.Thisspecificoutputsheet
showstheresultsofapositivecashflowproject,whichusesaninvestortypeofinvestment.Inthis
outputsheettheusercanreferencethebreakevenpointfortheinvestorandtheowner,whichisgiven
inthenumberofyearsittakesforthecashflowtobepositive.Italsoshowstheoverallprofitofthe
investorandtheowner,in20yearvalues(i.e.thefuturevalueoftheirinvestments).Theinternalrateof
returnisgivenwhichshowstheinvestorthattheinvestmentwill(orwillnot)makemoneyandatwhat
degreetheywilldoso.

SampleProjectAnalysis
Thisoutputsheetgivesvaluesforatenyearloan,paying$250,000,ona750kWAeronauticaWind
Turbine.Thetowerisdesignedspecificallyandthecostofthetoweristakenfromthecostestimation
tab.Thebreakevenpointfortheinvestorisyearten,andfortheowneritisyear13.Thisexample
showsthatwiththesevalues,boththeinvestorandtheownerhavepositiveprofitsfromtheproject.
Table17showsfinancialinformationforthesame250footwindturbinethatwasdesignedinChapters
4and5.
Table17:SummaryofFinancialDatafor250'Turbine

WindTurbineModel:
TurbineCost(w/Installation):
RetailValueofElectricity:
Owner'sProfit(20YearValue):
Investor'sProfit(20YearValue):

AeronauticaWindpower47750
$3,301,449.24
$0.12
$1,626,386.20
$3,692,746.17

70

Chapter7:OffshoreTurbine
Inadditiontolandbasedwindturbines,windturbineslocatedintheocean,oroffshorewindturbines,
haveemergedasanefficientsourceofrenewableenergy.Incomparisontolandbasedwindturbines,
offshoreturbinesaresubjecttohigherwindspeedsandaremadeinalargerscale.Thus,offshore
turbineshavethepotentialtoproducemoreenergyinamoreefficientmanner.Thischapterwill
investigatetheimplicationsofanoffshorewindturbineincludingthetowerandfoundationdesign,and
modificationstotheconstructionandenergydeliveryprocess.

OffshoreWindTurbineBackground
Asindicatedthroughoutthisreport,amainfactorinthefeasibilityandpotentialenergyproductionofa
windturbineisthewindspeedsinthelocationoftheturbine.Forthisreason,offshorewindturbines
appeartobeapromisingsourceofrenewableenergyforthefutureduetostrongerwindspeeds.While
theinvestigationofoffshorewindturbinesinEuropebeganintheearly1980s,thedesignofoffshore
windturbinesisarelativelynewtechnologytotheUnitedStates.56Thereasonforthisisbecausethe
UnitedStateshashadmoresuccesswithwindenergyonlandthanEuropeancountriesduetothe
climateandgeographyofthecountry.However,withincreasingenergydemandsandcosts,therehas
beenarecentfocusonoffshorewindintheUnitedStates.Attheendof2008,itwasdeterminedthat
worldwide,therewas120,800MWofwindgeneratingcapacityversus1,471MWfromEuropean
offshoreprojects.57Thewindgeneratingcapacityfromoffshoreprojectsispredictedtorisetoover
11,000MWasaresultofprojectsplannedthroughoutEurope,Asia,theUnitedStates,andCanadain
2010.58
Aswithlandbasedwindturbines,thereareseveralcharacteristicsandvariablesthatthatneedtobe
investigatedwhenselectingasuitablesitefortheoffshoreturbine.Thefollowingcharacteristicsshould
beexamined:

Distancefromtheshore

Proximitytopowerdemandsites,localelectriccompanies,localairports

Interferencewithtelecominstallationsandlineofsitefromonshore

Interferencewithwildlifeandavianpopulation

56

EuropeanWindEnergyAssociation.EWEA.(October2009),fromwww.ewea.org
EuropeanWindEnergyAssociation
58
OCSAlternativeEnergyandAlternateUseProgrammaticEIS:InformationCenter.(n.d.).R(February2010),
OffshoreWindEnergy:ocsenergy.anl.gov/index/index.cfm
57

71

Existenceofunderseagaslinesandcables

Impactonexistenceonshippingroutes

Intermsofassessingtheeffectsofthesurroundingenvironmentontheperformanceofthewind
turbine,theexistingwindconditions,thedepthtobottomoftheocean,andwaveconditionsare
critical.Additionally,currents,tides,iceloads,andgeotechnicalpropertiesassociatedwiththeseafloor
soilmustbetakenintoconsideration.59
Offshoretowersaretypicallylargerthanlandbasedturbinesbecauseofcostimplications.Themassive
anduniqueloadingconditionsonanoffshoreturbinedrivetheconstructionandfoundationcosts.60
Therefore,largerturbineswithgreaterenergyoutputsarebeingproducedtooffsetinitialconstruction
expenses.

OffshoreTowerDesign
Theoffshoretowerdesignwasbasedonmethodsusedforthelandbasedturbinedesignandincluded
additionalloadsduetotheeffectsofwave,showninFigure32.

59

Malhotra,S.(2009).Design&ConstructionConsiderationsforOffshoreWindTurbineFoundationsinNorth
America.CivilEngineeringPractice,9.
60
Malhotra,11

72


Figure32:LoadsActingonTower

Theportionofthetowerthatremainsabovethesealevelisdesignedwiththesameaxialandlateral
loadsasalandbasedturbineasdescribedinChapter4:TowerDesign.Atsealevel,abreakingwave
loadisintroducedasfollows:61
0.5

where

61

ASCE705(2005).AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers.

73

isthedensityofseawater,64pcf,
is1.75forroundcolumns,
isthediameterofthetoweratthesealevelheight,
and

isthewaterdepthtimesareductionfactorof0.78.

Thehydrodynamicloadsbelowthewatersurfacearecalculatedbymultiplyingthewaterprism,
byanimpactfactoroftwo.Inthewaterprismequations,histhewaterdepth.The
forcesona240foottowerwith40feetsubmergedunderwateraresummarizedinTable18andTable
19below.AllsupportingcalculationsanddesignsheetscanbefoundinAppendixH.
Table18:ForcesDuetoAxialLoads

Force
Equipment
Steel
Ice

Axial
700kips
359.2kips
47.03kips

Table19:ForcesDuetoLateralLoads

Force
Wind
BreakingWave
Wave

Moment
15370ftk
27256ftk
17066.7ftk

Shear
106.7kips
681.4kips
1280kips

Thetowerwasdesignedforaxial,bending,andcombinedstressesinthesamemannerastheland
basedwindturbine.ThedesignsummarydataisinTable20below.

74

Table20:OffshoreTurbineDesignData

DesignCriteria
Diameteratbase
Diameterathub
Shellthickness
Strengthofsteel
ModulusofElasticity
Totalaxialloadactingattowerbase
Totalmomentactingattowerbase
Totalshearloadactingattowerbase

240'Tower
12.5'
11'
1in.
36ksi
29,000ksi
1318.1kips
59693ftk
2068.1kips

OffshoreFoundationDesign
Thedesignchosenforthistoweristhedrivensteelmonopoledeepfoundation,whichisacceptablefor
depthsupto165feet.62Sincethewindturbineissubjectedtosuchexcessivelateralforces,the
foundationmustbedesignedtoresistit.Themethodusedtodesignthediameteranddepthofthe
foundationwasEvanandDuncansCharts,whichisbasedonthepymethod.Thepymethodlimitsthe
designintermsoflateralloaddeflection,whichmustnotexceed.63Intheequationsusedto
calculatethecharacteristicshearandmomentloads,thediameterofthepileisassumedandchecked
fordeflection.Thedepthofthepileisdeterminedbymultiplyingitsdiameterby35sothatitis
consideredfixedatitsbottomforacorrectanalysis.Thediameterchosenforthisdesignwas12feet,
andtheminimumdepthofthepileshouldbe437feet.Allequationsandcalculationscanbefoundin
AppendixH.

ConstructionofOffshoreWindTurbines
Theconstructionofoffshorewindturbinescanbesummarizedinthreemainphases.First,the
transportationphasedependsonthetypeofturbineandsupportingstructurebeingused.Mostoften
thepiecesoftheturbinearetransportedtobargeslocatedatthesiteofconstruction.Sometimespieces
canbetransportedtogetheraftertheyarealreadyassembled(i.e.thenacelleattachedtothetower
withtherotoralsoattached),butsometimestheturbinehastobeshippedwiththepiecesseparate.
Thebargesatthesiteareusedasaconstructionplatformforthesecondphaseofconstruction,the
erection.Thebargesaremostcommonlyavailable,howevertheylackthestabilityneededtoconstruct
theturbine.Analternativetothisplatformisajackuprigwhichisstableenoughplatformfor

62
63

Malhotra,11
Coduto

75

installingthenacelle,rotors,andtoweraswellasfordrivingthepilesneededforthefoundation.These
jackuprigslacktheamountofmaneuverabilityneededtoinstalltheturbineefficiently.Aplatformwith
agoodbalanceofbothstabilityandmaneuverabilityisashipshapedvesselwhichcarriesarotating
crane.Thelastphaseofconstructionneededfortheinstallationofanoffshoreturbineisinstalling
electricalwiresinordertotransportthegeneratedelectricitytothemainlandwhereitwillbeused.
Thesewirescannotfloatintheopenoceanbecauseofthechangeofanimalormarinevessel
interference.Inordertopreventthis,thewirescanbeburiedundertheseafloor.Manydifferent
methodsexistforburyingthesewires;howeveramethodthathasshowntobelessinvasivetothe
surroundingoceanflooriscalledhydroplowing.Thismethoduseswatertoexcavateatrenchinwhich
thewirescanbeplaced,andthistrenchiseventuallyfilledwithshiftingsediment.64

64

Malhotra,S.,14

76

Chapter8:Conclusions
Thepurposeofthisprojectwastodesignalandbasedwindturbineconsideringvariousdesign
alternativesandinvestigatetheimplications.Indepthresearchwasconductedonwindenergyand
currentdesignstandardsofwindturbines.Thisresearchcontributedtotheimprovedunderstandingof
themainfactorsthatinfluencethefeasibilityandpotentialefficiencyofawindturbineatagivensite.
Thisallowedfortheinitialestablishmentofsuitableconditionsforwindturbines.Oncetheseconditions
weredetermined,thegroupexploredtheavailableoptionsfordesigningtheturbinetowerand
foundation.Thebackgroundresearchalsoprovidedkeyinformationonthesocialandpoliticalaspects
involvedwhenasuitablesiteisfoundforaturbineinagivencommunity.
Intermsofthestructuraldesignoftheturbinetower,themainfactorsthatwereconsideredwerethe
windloads,deadloadsfromtheweightoftheturbine,iceloads,andlateralloads.Usingthe
MassachusettsStateBuildingCode(780CMR)andAISCSteelConstructionManualasmainresourcesfor
thedesignequations,itwasdeterminedthatintermsofheight,thetowerisgovernedbytherequired
flexuralstrength.AcomputeranalysiswasconductedusingANSYS,whichinvestigatedthedeflectionof
thetowerdesigninordertofindthemagnificationfactorofthemomentonthetower.Byexploring
differentwindspeedsandtowerheights,theportionoftheprojectpertainingtothetowerdesign
resultedinabetterunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenaxialloads,momentforces,andvarying
windspeeds.
ThefoundationdesignprocedureforthewindturbinewascreatedprimarilyinreferencetoACIcode
provisions.Thefoundationwasdesignedconsideringdifferentdesignalternatives,suchasvaryingtower
heightsandsoilproperties.Theimplicationsofthesechangeswereobservedfromtheuseofthe
integrateddesignspreadsheet,whichusedthetowerdatafromthetowerdesignprocess.Thisportion
oftheprojectresultedintheunderstandingofthechecksinvolvedinthedesignofafoundation
includingshear,bearing,andbendingstresses.
Theprojectanalysisnotonlyhelpedtofulfillthecapstonedesignrequirementofinvestigatingthecost
effectivenessofaproject,butalsotiedtheconstructionofawindturbinebacktotheinitialresearch
aboutthefeasibility.Itwasimportanttorecognizethatthesuccessofawindturbineisnotjustbased
onthesite,butalsothefinancialstatusoftheindividualsandorganizationsinvolved.
Theinvestigationofanoffshorewindturbineprovidedfurtherexperiencewithalternativedesignsand
theimplicationsinvolved.Newforceswereintroducedandconsidered,suchasdynamicwaveforces
77

andbreakingwaveloads.Thissectionofthereporthelpedtoreinforcetheideaofhowforcesandother
factorscanaffectthewindturbinedesignandhelpedtoidentifytheadvantagesofoffshorewind.
Theintegratedspreadsheetwasdesignedwiththeintentiontoallowuserswithlesstechnical
experiencetoexploretheiroptionsintermsofturbineandfoundationsizesandthefinancialaspectsof
installingawindturbine.Thespreadsheetcanalsotheoreticallyeliminateasitebasedonfeasibilityand
saveacommunityorperspectivebuilderthetimeandmoneythatmayhavebeenspentona
preliminarywindstudy.
Asstatedinthebackgroundchapter,windenergyandwindturbinesarerelativelynewtechnologies,
andtherefore,donothaveanabundanceofpriorresearch.Therefore,itwasdifficulttofindcomplete
designmethodsfortheturbines.Thedesignprocessesutilizedthroughoutthisprojectwasadapted
fromseveraldifferentcodesandmethodsbecausemostofthepublishedinformationonwindturbines
areownedbywindturbinecompanies.Inthefuture,whenmorecohesivedesignmethodsareavailable
forwindturbinetowersandfoundations,theintegratedspreadsheetcouldbemodifiedtoincreaseits
accuracy.
Forfuturework,itisrecommendedthatadditionaldesignalternativesareperformedsuchastheuseof
ringstiffenersorhighstrengthsteel.Theconsiderationoftheamountofsteelandconcreteusedinthe
designcouldbeinvestigatedinordertodeterminethemostcostefficientdesign.Asaresultofthe
backgroundresearch,itwasfoundthatringstiffenerscouldhelpoptimizethedesignofthetowerby
decreasinglocalbucklingandallowingfortheuseofthinnersteelfortheshell65.Forthepurposeofthe
integratedspreadsheet,complexdesignfactors,suchasringstiffeners,werenotconsidered,butitmay
beeffectivetodesignthemformorespecificprojects.
Inaddition,researchrevealedthatothergeometriesforthefootingmaybemoreefficientincluding
circular,octagonal,orhexagonal.Itisrecommendedthatoncemoreinformationisavailableto
investigatetheimplicationsofreplacingasquarefoundationwithanothershape.

65
Uys,OptimisationofaSteelTowerforaWindTurbineStructure,ScienceDirect,
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science(November2009).

78

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82

Appendices

83

AppendixA:ProjectProposal

84


ProjectNumber:LDA1004

WINDTURBINEDESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATION
AProposalforaMajorQualifyingProjectReport:
SubmittedtoFacultyof
WORCESTERPOLYTECHNICINSTITUTE
inpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthe
DegreeofBachelorofScience
By

BethanyKuhn

JulieMarquis

HilaryRotatori
Date:October15,2009

Approved:

ProfessorLeonardD.Albano,Advisor

TableofContents

ProblemStatement.......................................................................................................................................3
Objective.......................................................................................................................................................3
ScopeofWork...............................................................................................................................................3
Background...................................................................................................................................................3
ProjectManagement................................................................................................................................3
Design........................................................................................................................................................4
Power....................................................................................................................................................4
Tower....................................................................................................................................................5
Foundation............................................................................................................................................5
CapstoneDesign...........................................................................................................................................6
Economic...................................................................................................................................................6
Environmental...........................................................................................................................................7
Sustainability.............................................................................................................................................7
Constructability.........................................................................................................................................7
Ethical........................................................................................................................................................7
HealthandSafety......................................................................................................................................8
SocialandPolitical....................................................................................................................................8
Methodology.................................................................................................................................................8
Schedule....................................................................................................................................................8
LandBasedWindTurbineDesign.............................................................................................................9
AlternativeTurbineDesigns....................................................................................................................10

ProblemStatement
Asthedemandformoreenvironmentallyfriendlyenergyresourcesgrows,energyprovidershave
recognizedtheimportanceofwindpowerthroughthedevelopmentofwindturbines.Infact,wind
energyistheonlyrenewableresourcethathasgrownfasterthanpredicted.1Theconstructionofawind
turbineislimitedtospecificsiteguidelinesduetosocialandspecialconstraints;thereforethereisan
alternativeneedforsitesotherthanlandbasedturbines,suchasoffshoreandretrofit(onanexisting
building)turbines.Windturbinesmustbedesignedtowithstandheavyloadsandmomentsdueto
extremewindconditiontopreventfailures,aswellasotherforcesthatareintroducedwithalternative
sitedesigns.

Objective
Thepurposeofthisprojectistodesignalandbasedwindturbineaswellasexploredesignsforoff
shoreandretrofitoptionsfortheenergyneedsofthechosensite.Tobeginstudyingtheconstructionof
windturbines,asuitablesitemustbechosenbasedonagivencriteria.Theeffectofwindloadsis
evaluatedonthewindturbineforitsdesign.Thisprojectwillinvestigateanddrawrecommendationson
theprocessofconstructingthreedifferentwindturbineswithdifferenttypesoffoundations.

ScopeofWork

Thisprojectwillbesplitintotwomainsections;thefirstbeingdesignandthesecondbeingproject
management.Allthreegroupmemberswillcontributetoeachsectionoftheproject.Thedesign
sectionwillfocusondetailinghowaspecificwindturbinetowerisdesignedaswellashowafoundation
shouldbedesigned.Theprojectmanagementsectionwilldetailthestepsthatgointoschedulingand
analyzingtheoverallcostoftheproject.Thesepartscontributetofulfillingthecapstonedesign
requirementforthethreegroupmembers.

Background
ProjectManagement
TheProjectManagementaspectofthisprocessmustcommenceasearlyaspossibleinordertohave
themostefficientdecisionmakingprocess.Themainpartofthisstageistocreateanaccurateschedule
inordertocompletethetasksathandontime.Thiswillhelpkeeptheprojectontrackandwillset

Singh;Concreteconstructionforwindenergytowers

deadlinesfordifferentphases.ProjectManagementwillalsofocusthestepsthatwouldbeneededto
permitawindturbineproject.Lateronintheproject,thecostwillbeanalyzedthroughoutallstagesof
theprojecttoensurethattheprojectisstillfinanciallyfeasible,aswellasalifecyclecostanalysisfor
longtermuseoftheturbine.

Design
Inordertodesignthetowerandfoundationofawindturbine,itishelpfultoknowthemechanical
designandhowitworks.Theforceofthewindisappliedtothebladesoftheturbine,whichareangled
toproducearotationwherethebladesconvene.2Thebladesareconnectedtoashaftthatalsospins
alongwiththerotationoftheblades,whichinturnscreatesenergythatisconvertedthrougha
generatoratthebaseoftheturbine.Thetoweroftheturbinerotates(withanaxisofrotation
perpendiculartotheground)basedonthedirectionofthewind,inwhichthebladesarepositioned
perpendiculartothewindloadtomaximizethewindexposedsurfacearea.Whentheforceofthewind
exceedstheforceatwhichtheturbinewasdesignedfor,thebladesarepositionedparalleltothewind
directioninordertoreducethewindexposedsurfaceareaandthespinningmotionisconstricteddueto
arotorbrake.
Power
Theturbinesizeisdeterminedbasedontheenergyneedsofasite.Aturbineisgenerallyclassifiedas
oneofthreesizes.Windturbinescanvaryinsizefromsmallresidentialturbinestolargeutilityscale
turbines.Table1showsthescale,sizeranges,andusesfordifferentclassificationsofwindturbines.
Table1:WindTurbineClassifications3

Scale

AverageSizeRange

Utility

900kW2MW

Industrial

50kW250kW

Residential

400Wto50kW

Uses
Generatebulkenergyforsalein
powermarkets
Commonlyusedinwind
farms
Remotegridproduction
Reduceconsumptionofhigher
costgridpower
Maybesoldifpermittedby
stateregulations
Remotepower
Batterycharging
Netmeteringtypegeneration

2
3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_design
http://www.powernaturally.org/Programs/Wind/toolkit/9_windturbinetech.pdf


Tower
Thetowerisalsoanimportantfactorin
thedesignofthewindturbine.The
increasefactorofthewindspeed
increasesexponentiallyastheheight
aboveasurfaceincreases,asshownin
Figure3.4Fromthisgraph,onecansee
thatatlowheights,thewindspeed
increasessignificantlyatfirst,butat
higherelevationstherateofincreaseis
muchless.Thewindspeedwillalsovary
duetothesurroundingarea.4The
Figure1:RelationshipofHeightandIncreasefactorofWind

increaseofwindspeedsishigherinopen
areas(suchasoverabodyofwater)

thaninhighlyvegetatedareas(suchaswoodedareas).Throughyearsofexperience,turbine
manufacturersandconsultantshaverecommendedthataturbineshouldbeatleast30feethigherthan
anyobjectwithin300feet.5Thisruleofthumbisusedtoavoidrapidchangeswindvelocityand
direction,orturbulence.Thewindspeedsmustbemaximizedanddirectionconstantatthebladesof
theturbineinordertomaximizetheproductivityofthewindturbine.
Foundation
Thefoundationofawindturbineisdesignedfortheworstcaseloading.Theturbinefoundationhasto
resistgreatloadsmainlybecauseofthemomentduetowindandmustsimultaneouslyresistforcesand
upliftfromgeotechnicalconditions.6ReinforcedConcreteSpreadfootingsaremostcommonindesign
becauseitisapplicabletoawiderangeofsoilstrengths,howeverforsomeweakersoilsadeeper
foundationisneededtostabilizetheturbinetower.6Themaincomponentsindesigningaspread
footingareitswidth,depth,amountofsteelreinforcement,andconstructionrequirements.
Theessentialfoundationdesigncriteriaarestiffness,strength,stability,differentialsettlement,
durability,andeconomy.Theseminimumvaluesforfoundationsareusuallyprovidedbytheturbine

http://www.greenenergyohio.org/page.cfm?pageId=536pg36
http://books.google.com/books?id=1ZKky0XK6IUC&pg=PA270&dq=turbulence+wind+turbine#pg270
6
www.garradhassan.com/.../Wind_Turbine_Foundation_Behavior_and_Design_Considerations.pdf
5

manufacturersdesignspecifications.Belowliststhedesignfactor,itsdesigncriteria,andanydesign
codesorstandardsthatareusedinconjunctionwiththecriteria.12
Table2:FoundationDesignCriteria

DesignFactor

Criteria

DesignCodes/Standards

RotationalStiffness

Acceptableinteractionbetweentheflexible
concretefootingandthesoilsupportingitdueto
rotationalforces,allowsfootingto"give"with
appliedloads

Arya,etal.andDNV

Strength

Withstandfactoredloadsandfatigueloads

IEC,ACI,FoS

Stability

Resistexcessivetranslationalandrotational
movementunderextremeloads

FoS(FactorofSafety)

DifferentialSettlement

Considerssoilcriteriatominimizeshorttermand
longtermdifferentialsettlements

GeotechnicalStandards

Durability

Resistenvironmentaldamagetoconcreteand
maintainserviceabilityfortheturbine'slifetime

ACI

CapstoneDesign
ThisprojectwilladdressthedesignconstraintssetbytheAccreditationBoardforEngineeringand
Technology(ABET)inordertomeettherequirementofcapstonedesignexperiencefortheMajor
QualifyingProject.AsstatedbyABETGeneralCriterion4,Studentmustbepreparedforengineering
practicethroughthecurriculumculminatinginamajordesignexperiencebasedontheknowledgeand
skillsacquiredinearliercourseworkandincorporatingengineeringstandardsandrealisticconstraints
thatincludemostofthefollowingconsiderations:economic;environmental;sustainability;
manufacturability;ethical;healthandsafety;social;andpolitical.7Inadditiontotheseconstraints,this
projectwillconsidertheAmericanAssociationofCivilEngineers(ASCE)CommentaryonEngineering
Design.

Economic
Oneofthemoreimportantconstraintsonlargescalecivilengineeringprojectsiseconomicfeasibility.
Thedesignoftheprojectshouldconsiderthecostofconstructionandthematerialsused.Inorderto
ensurethattheprojectisaffordable,acostanalysisofalternativedesignsandmaterialswillbe

http://abet.soe.ucsc.edu/design.html

performedtohelpchooseadesign.Alifecycleanalysisofthefinaldesignwillalsobeconductedto
determinetheeconomicimpactoftheturbineonceitisinoperation.

Environmental
Theenvironmentalimpactsofprojectshavebeenarisingconcerninthecivilengineeringindustryin
recentyears.Itisimportanttoprotectthelandsurroundingtheconstructionsiteandtoinvestigatethe
affectsofthewindturbineonwildlife.Thisprojectwilladdressenvironmentalconstraintsbyreviewing
allenvironmentalcodesandregulationsregardingtheconstructionandoperationoftheturbine.This
reviewwillallowthegrouptocompilealistoftypicalregulationsthatshouldbeconsideredbeforea
turbineisconstructed.

Sustainability
Sustainabilityisanimportantaspectofthedesignofthewindturbinebecausethedesignshouldbe
durableaswellaseconomicalandenvironmentallyfriendly.Thisprojectwilladdresssustainabilityby
consideringthemaintenancetobedoneontheturbineinthefuture.Theavailabilityofthematerials
usedwillalsobetakenintoaccount.Also,byusinginnovativedesignssuchasretrofitturbines(onan
existingbuilding),landcanbepreserved.Inaddition,alifecyclecostanalysiswillbedoneincludingan
estimationofthepaybacktimefortheconstructionoftheturbine.

Constructability
Theconstructabilityoftheprojectwilladdressfeasibilityofthedesignandconstructionoftheturbine.
Thisprojectwilladdressthisconstraintbyconsideringeaseofconstructionwhenchoosingbuilding
materials,andresearchingthemostpracticalmethodsfortheconstructionofaturbine.Thegroupwill
considerusingstandarddimensionsforthetowerheightandastandardturbinepowersothatthe
turbinecouldbeeasilyconstructedandreplicatedifsuccessful.Inaddition,thetowerwillbe
constructedusingamodularapproachtofacilitatetheconstructionprocessandlimitthenecessarysite
operations.

Ethical
InordertoaddresstheethicalconstraintsthegroupwillusetheprinciplesoutlinedbytheAmerican
SocietyofCivilEngineers(ASCE)CodeofEthicswhichstates,Engineersupholdandadvancethe
integrity,honoranddignityoftheengineeringprofessionbyusingtheirknowledgeandskillforthe
enhancementofhumanwelfareandtheenvironment,beinghonestandimpartialandservingwith
fidelitythepublic,theiremployersandclients,strivingtoincreasethecompetenceandprestigeofthe

engineeringprofession,andsupportingtheprofessionalandtechnicalsocietiesoftheirdisciplines.8
Thisprojectwillconsidertheseprinciplesinallaspectsofthedesignandconstructionplansincluding
creatingasufficientlistofregulationsandfactorsrelatedtothelocationoftheturbine.

HealthandSafety
Inordertoaddresshealthandsafetyconsiderationsastructuralanalysisofthefoundationdesign
materialsunderdifferentforceswillbeperformed.Theresearchperformedonzoningandlocation
restrictionswillbeconsideredinthedesignprocesstoensurethattheturbineisanappropriatedistance
fromitssurroundings.Inaddition,thedescriptionoftheconstructionprocesswillincludetheproper
safetyprecautionstoprotectlaborersandresidentsinthenearbyarea.

SocialandPolitical
Sincewindenergyisarelativelynewtechnology,societyhasnotfullyembracedtheideaofwind
turbinesbeingconstructedintheircommunities.Thisprojectwilladdresssocialandpoliticalconstraints
byconsideringthepermittingprocessofconstructingawindturbineinaspecificcommunityandby
researchingthepeopleandstepsinvolved.Oncetheseprocessesareunderstood,aflowchartofthe
permittingprocessandpeopleororganizationsareinvolvedwillbeprepared.Inaddition,thegroupwill
examinecasestudiesinordertodeterminewaysthatwindturbineshavebeensuccessfullyintegrated
intothesocialaspectofcommunitiesinthepast.

Methodology
ThisMajorQualifyingProjectwillfocusmainlyonthedesignofalandbasedwindturbine,with
substantialconsiderationofhowthisdesignwouldchangeforoffshoreandretrofitwindturbine
designs.

Schedule
Theprojectwilltakeplaceoveraperiodofeightmonths.DuringthemonthofSeptember2009,the
scopeoftheprojectwillbecreatedandinitialresearchfordesignandconstructioncomponentswill
commence.Aftertheinitialresearchiscompletedandtheproposaliswritten,thedesignofaland
basedturbinewillbederived,consideringalldesignfactors.Then,asitethatwouldbesuitableforthe
useofawindturbinewillbeselectedandawindturbinewillbedesignedforthatparticularsite.A
stressanalysiswillbeperformedontheturbinefoundationwiththeaidofcomputersoftwaretocheck

http://www.asce.org/inside/codeofethics.cfm

ourfinaldesign.Finally,thedesignofthelandbasedwindturbinewillbemodifiedtoasuitabledesign
foranoffshoreandretrofitwindturbine.Duringthistimethegroupwillcreaterelationshipchartthat
willoutlinethedifferentfactorsthatgointoinstallingawindturbine,andhowaturbineshouldbe
designedbasedonthedifferentvariables.InCterm,thegroupwillfinalizethereportandalsofinishthe
capstonedesignrequirementoftheproject.AdetailedtimelinecanbeseeninFigure2.

Figure2:MQPSchedule

LandBasedWindTurbineDesign
Whendesigningawindturbine,therewillbecertaindesignfactorsassociatedwiththesitethatis
chosentobuildupon.Thisprojectwillexamineseveraldifferentalternativestothedesignfactorslisted
belowinTable3.Thefirstcolumndisplaysthespecificdesigncomponent,thesecondcolumndisplays
alternativestothedesigncomponenttoconsider,andthethirdcolumndisplayswhatotherdesign
factorsplayintodesigningthatparticularpartoftheturbine.

Table3:DesignFactorAlternativesforConsideration

DesignComponent
SoilProfile

FoundationType

TurbineSize

NumberofBlades
TowerDesign
TypeofSite
WindSpeed
Distribution

AlternativestoConsider
1.Sandy
2.Clayey
3.Rock
1.Spread
2.Pile
3.Anchor
1.SmallScale
2.MidScale
3.LargeScale
1.Twoblades
2.Threeblades
Width,height,shape
1.Residential
2.Commercial
1.Class13
2.Class47
1.BehindtheGrid
2.SelltotheGrid

DesignFactorstoConsider
StrengthofSoil
SoilProfile,TurbineSize,Number
ofBlades,TowerDesign,Wind
Speed
TypeofSite,Distribution

WindSpeed,Towerheight
WindSpeed,SurroundingTerrain,
Turbulence
Zoning,SurroundingParcels
LocationofSite,Heightoffthe
Ground
EnergyneedsoftheSite

Throughresearchandcalculations,thisprojectwilldeterminehowthedifferentalternativestothe
designcomponentwillaffecttheoveralldesignoftheturbine.Aturbinewillthenbedesignedfora
particularsiteusingtheinformationfromthiscomponentoftheproject.

AlternativeTurbineDesigns
Usingtheknowledgeandexperiencegainedfromdesigningalandbasedwindturbine,twoalternative
turbinedesignswillbegenerated:anoffshorewindturbineandaretrofitwindturbineonanexisting
building.Bothcaseswillhavethesamebasicconceptsofdesigningalandbasedturbine;howevereach
designwillhavedifferentloadsappliedanddifferentdesignconstraints.Theoffshorewindturbinewill
nowhaveanadditionalloadonthetowerfromthewatercurrent,strongerwindsandzeroturbulence
fromthesmoothsurfaceofthewater,andconstructionconstraints.Theretrofitwindturbinewillalso
havestrongerwindsfrombeingatanincreasedheight(however,moreturbulenceifsurrounding
buildingsareofcomparableheights),andthebuildingwillhavetobereinforcedtohandletheforce
createdbythewindturbine.BothdesignswillbeincorporatedinthisMajorQualifyingProjecttobetter
understandthedifferencesindesignofthewindturbineindifferentenvironments.

DeliverablesandConclusions
Thefinaldeliverablesofthisprojectwillincludedesignsforalandbased,offshore,andretrofitwind
turbine,alongwithadesignchartidentifyingdifferentcomponentsofdesigningawindturbineandhow
thesefactorschangedbasedonsiteconditions.Acostanalysisofeachdesign,alistofcriteriausedto
determinepotentialsites,andasummaryofthepermittingprocesstoconstructawindturbinewillalso
bedetermined.Also,adesignchartwillbecreatedasareferencetoassistfutureturbinedesigns,in
whichalloftheaforementioneddesigncriteriawillbeincorporated.Thedesignswillbecompleted
throughhandcalculationsandCADdrawings.Thefoundationdesignofthetowerswillbeanalyzedina
computerprogramsuchasANSYS.Thecostanalysisforthelandbased,offshore,andretrofitturbines
willbecompletedandwilldetailtheeconomicreturnoftheentirelifecycleoftheturbines.Alistof
criteriaforpotentialsiteswillbecreatedinanorganizedtableinordertobereferencedforfuture
projects.Also,thestepsthatmustbetakentogetawindturbineapprovedandpermittedwillbegiven
inadetailedlist.Finally,allofourresultswillbepresentedintheformofaMajorQualifyingProject
ReportwhichwillincludehowallofourdeliverablestookintoaccounttheABETconstraintsfor
capstonedesignexperience.

AppendixB:InterviewNoteswithAeronauticaWindPower

BrianKuhn(Aeronautica),HilaryRotatori,JulieMarquis,BethanyKuhn
Friday;October23,2009;8:45AM10:15AM

1. Aeronauticamustsendtheinformationtheyhavetoalocalcivilengineer,locatednearthe
locationwheretheturbineisbeinginstalled,inordertohaveafoundationdesigned.
2. Aeronauticacanprovideuswithloadingdataforthefoundation
3. Vestasisafullyintegrateddesignandmanufacturingcompany(asisNorwin)
4. Aeronauticahasthedesignfora60mtowerforthe750kWmachine
5. Goalshouldbetomakespreadsheetforwindspeeds/towerheight(likeNorwinhasandcharges
for)
6. Towersareoftenmadeofsteel
7. Sizescales
a. ~1599kW:smallscale
b. 100999kW:midscale
c. 1MWandup:utilityscale
8. Retrofitisonlyusedformicromachinesnoteconomicallyfeasible
a. Smallermachines
b. Highernoise
c. Rattling/vibrations
9. Cleanairvs.Turbulentair
a. Cleanairislocatedaboveallotherobstacles
b. Turbulentairhasmoredrag/friction
i. Locatednearbuildings
ii. Anotherreasonretrofitdoesntmakesense
10. Powerinwindisacubicfunctionofwindspeed
11. Offshoreturbinesareoftendoneclosetotheshorelinewithpilesdrivenintothesand/mud.
Turbineslocatedfurtherfromthecoastareoftenonafloatingplatformthatisanchoredtothe
ground.
a. Thiscoststwiceasmuchmoneyaslandbaseddesigns
12. Processchartcandependonthecustomer**
a. Needvs.Desire
b. Choosethesitevs.Verifythesite
c. Designofturbinevs.Selectionofturbine
13. Specialpermittingisoftenrequiredifabylawdoesntexistinatown(notcreatingabylawlike
wehad)
14. Doprojectmanagementbeforedesign
15. Townregulationsusuallyrefertothehubheight
16. FAAregulationsusuallyrefertotheoverallheight
85

17. Rotorsize=wingspan
18. Usuallyanattorneypresentstheapplicationforapermittothetown(knowsthezoning
regulationsandsuch)
19. FoundationDesignContacts
a. AtlanticDesignEngineers,LLC
b. PatrickandHenderson(CA)
c. Meridian,SGE(RI),Alteris
20. MTC(MassachusettsTechnologyCollaborative)
a. Grantsforrenewableenergy
i. Moneycangotowardswindstudiesorothernecessarystudies
21. Cancostanywherebetween$50,000$150,000forpermits(evenmoreorless)
a. Averages$100,000
b. Studiesincludedinthisprice
c. Feasibilitystudiesactualvs.desktopwinddata(eventuallyactualdataisnecessary)
i. Dopplerwindprovidesinitialdatabutawindtowermustbeinstalledforatleast
1yeartogetrealwinddata($30,000$40,000)
1. Thisisoftenneededtoobtainfinancingfortheturbine
ii. Feasibility(Simonsstudies(noise,howitwilllook(pictures),flicker):$10,000
$20,000
d. Windappraisal(firststep):$2,000$3,000
22. MaintenanceandDebtServicearethetwomajorcostsoncetheturbineisinstalled
a. 710yearloansavailable,oftenbetween8%9%
b. O&M(operatingandmaintenance)
i. Twiceyearlyservicecheckups
ii. Manufacturersprovidemaintenancechecklists
iii. $10,000$15,000/yearformaintenance

**AlsoseenotesonProcessFlowChart

86

AppendixC:TowerDesignSheetsandHandCalculations

87

WeightofEquipment:
Heightoftower
OuterDiameteratbase
OuterDiameterathub
Thickness
WeightofSteel
Town(Massachusetts)

400
250
8
7
0.75
490

kips
ft
ft
ft
in
pcf

AxialLoad
MomentLoad
TotalShear

744.4273105
6956.037889
52.03

tice

0.083333333

Section
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5

Diameter Height
to
8
0
7.75
51
7.5
101
7.25
151
7
201

50
100
150
200
250

InnerDia.
OR
7.875
7.625
7.375
7.125
6.875

IR
4
3.875
3.75
3.625
3.5

3.9375
3.8125
3.6875
3.5625
3.4375

IceRadius
4.25
4.125
4
3.875
3.75

Rutland

Height
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82

VolumeofSteel
WeightofSteel VolumeofIce WeightofIce
Fz
td
D1
1.55852448
0.763676995 2.228225212
0.124780612 0.6577269 0.08769692
1.55852448
0.763676995 2.490105275
0.139445895 0.73410424 0.09788057
1.55852448
0.763676995 2.622271265
0.146847191 0.77257848 0.10301046
1.55852448
0.763676995 2.713184367
0.151938325 0.79901588 0.10653545
1.55852448
0.763676995 2.783165184
0.15585725 0.81935075 0.10924677
1.55852448
0.763676995 2.840354703
0.159059863 0.8359588 0.11146117
1.55852448
0.763676995 2.888871096
0.161776781 0.85004113 0.11333882
1.55852448
0.763676995 2.931098322
0.164141506 0.86229275 0.11497237
1.55852448
0.763676995 2.968545048
0.166238523 0.8731533 0.11642044
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.002228755
0.16812481 0.88291921 0.11772256
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.032869301
0.169840681 0.89180014 0.11890669
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.060995366
0.171415741 0.89995002 0.11999334
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.087007058
0.172872395 0.90748532 0.12099804
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.111214732
0.174228025 0.91449636 0.12193285
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.133864143
0.175496392 0.92105466 0.12280729
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.155153326
0.176688586 0.92721783 0.12362904
1.55852448
0.763676995
3.17524428
0.17781368 0.93303299 0.1244044
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.194271274
0.178879191 0.93853919 0.12513856
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.212346875
0.179891425 0.94376915 0.12583589
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.229566418
0.180855719 0.94875061 0.12650008
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.246011378
0.181776637 0.95350723 0.1271343
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.261751952
0.182658109 0.95805943 0.12774126
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.276849062
0.183503547 0.96242492 0.12832332
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.291355934
0.184315932 0.96661914 0.12888255
1.55852448
0.763676995
3.30531935
0.185097884 0.97065571 0.12942076
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.318780654
0.185851717 0.97454663 0.12993955
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.331776573
0.186579488 0.97830257 0.13044034
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.344339883
0.187283033 0.98193304 0.13092441
1.55852448
0.763676995
3.35649996
0.187963998 0.98544659 0.13139288
1.55852448
0.763676995
3.36828324
0.188623861 0.98885089 0.13184678
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.379713597
0.189263961 0.99215286 0.13228705
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.390812673
0.18988551 0.9953588 0.13271451
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.401600145
0.190489608 0.99847442 0.13312992
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.412093959
0.191077262 1.00150492 0.13353399
1.55852448
0.763676995
3.42231053
0.19164939 1.00445507 0.13392734
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.432264909
0.192206835 1.00732924 0.13431057
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.441970938
0.192750373 1.01013145 0.13468419
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.451441369
0.193280717 1.01286539 0.13504872
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.460687983
0.193798527 1.01553449 0.1354046
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.469721683
0.194304414 1.01814191 0.13575225
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.478552582
0.194798945 1.02069058 0.13609208
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.487190077
0.195282644 1.02318324 0.13642443
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.495642915
0.195756003 1.0256224 0.13674965
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.503919254
0.196219478 1.02801046 0.13706806
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.512026715
0.196673496 1.0303496 0.13737995
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.519972424
0.197118456 1.03264191 0.13768559
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.527763062
0.197554731 1.03488931 0.13798524
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.535404894
0.197982674 1.03709363 0.13827915
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.542903809
0.198402613 1.03925657 0.13856754
1.55852448
0.763676995 3.550265347
0.198814859 1.04137974 0.13885063
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.448223361
0.193100508 1.04346466 0.13912862
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.455111026
0.193486217 1.04551274 0.1394017
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.461879815
0.19386527 1.04752534 0.13967004
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.468533988
0.194237903 1.04950372 0.13993383
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.475077575
0.194604344 1.05144911 0.14019321
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.481514393
0.194964806 1.05336262 0.14044835
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.487848064
0.195319492 1.05524536 0.14069938
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.494082022
0.195668593 1.05709834 0.14094645
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.500219533
0.196012294 1.05892254 0.14118967
1.509437095
0.739624177
3.5062637
0.196350767 1.06071889 0.14142919
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.512217477
0.196684179 1.06248827 0.1416651
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.518083677
0.197012686 1.06423152 0.14189754
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.523864982
0.197336439 1.06594944 0.14212659
1.509437095
0.739624177
3.52956395
0.197655581 1.06764281 0.14235237
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.535183024
0.197970249 1.06931234 0.14257498
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.540724537
0.198280574 1.07095873 0.1427945
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.546190721
0.19858668 1.07258266 0.14301102
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.551583709
0.198888688 1.07418475 0.14322463
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.556905545
0.19918671 1.07576563 0.14343542
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.562158186
0.199480858 1.07732586 0.14364345
1.509437095
0.739624177
3.56734351
0.199771237 1.07886603 0.1438488
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.572463315
0.200057946 1.08038665 0.14405155
1.509437095
0.739624177
3.57751933
0.200341082 1.08188826 0.14425177
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.582513213
0.20062074 1.08337133 0.14444951
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.587446557
0.200897007 1.08483636 0.14464485
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.592320896
0.20116997 1.0862838 0.14483784
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.597137702
0.201439711 1.08771408 0.14502854
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.601898394
0.20170631 1.08912763 0.14521702
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.606604337
0.201969843 1.09052486 0.14540332
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.611256848
0.202230383 1.09190617 0.14558749
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.615857193
0.202488003 1.09327192 0.14576959
1.509437095
0.739624177 3.620406595
0.202742769 1.09462249 0.14594967

D2
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75

D3

D4

D5

Diameter V(3s)
V(f.m)
z
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
8
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87
7.75
100
87

0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
16.5
17.5
18.5
19.5
20.5
21.5
22.5
23.5
24.5
25.5
26.5
27.5
28.5
29.5
30.5
31.5
32.5
33.5
34.5
35.5
36.5
37.5
38.5
39.5
40.5
41.5
42.5
43.5
44.5
45.5
46.5
47.5
48.5
49.5
50.5
51.5
52.5
53.5
54.5
55.5
56.5
57.5
58.5
59.5
60.5
61.5
62.5
63.5
64.5
65.5
66.5
67.5
68.5
69.5
70.5
71.5
72.5
73.5
74.5
75.5
76.5
77.5
78.5
79.5
80.5
81.5

1 Kz
1 Kz2.58 q z
Gh
Kzcalc
0.302086
1
1 19.37664
0.413476
1
1 19.37664
0.478449
1
1 19.37664
0.526729
1
1 19.37664
0.565941
1
1 19.37664
0.599337
1
1 19.37664
0.628637
1
1 19.37664
0.654872
1
1 19.37664
0.678715
1
1 19.37664
0.70063
1
1 19.37664
0.720953
1
1 19.37664
0.739938
1
1 19.37664
0.757778
1
1 19.37664
0.774625
1
1 19.37664
0.790603
1
1 19.37664
0.805812
1
1 19.37664
0.820335
1
1 19.37664
0.834243
1
1 19.37664
0.847594
1
1 19.37664
0.860439
1
1 19.37664
0.872822
1
1 19.37664
0.884781
1
1 19.37664
0.896348
1
1 19.37664
0.907554
1
1 19.37664
0.918425
1
1 19.37664
0.928982
1
1 19.37664
0.939249
1
1 19.37664
0.949242
1
1 19.37664
0.958978
1
1 19.37664
0.968474
1
1 19.37664
0.977743
1
1 19.37664
0.986797
1
1 19.37664
0.995647
1
1 19.37664
1.004306 1.00430578 1.0043058 19.46007
1.012781 1.012781498 1.0127815 19.6243
1.021084 1.021083506 1.0210835 19.78517
1.02922 1.029220112 1.0292201 19.94283
1.037199 1.03719901 1.037199 20.09743
1.045027 1.045027344 1.0450273 20.24912
1.052712 1.052711756 1.0527118 20.39802
1.060258 1.06025844 1.0602584 20.54425
1.067673 1.067673173 1.0676732 20.68792
1.074961 1.074961362 1.0749614 20.82914
1.082128 1.082128069 1.0821281 20.96801
1.089178 1.089178042 1.089178 21.10461
1.096116 1.096115745 1.0961157 21.23904
1.102945 1.102945375 1.1029454 21.37138
1.109671 1.109670885 1.1096709 21.50169
1.116296 1.116296006 1.116296 21.63007
1.122824 1.122824262 1.1228243 21.75656
1.129259 1.129258983 1.129259 21.88124
1.135603 1.135603321 1.1356033 22.00418
1.14186 1.141860267 1.1418603 22.12542
1.148033 1.148032653 1.1480327 22.24502
1.154123 1.154123172 1.1541232 22.36303
1.160134 1.160134383 1.1601344 22.47951
1.166069 1.166068719 1.1660687 22.59449
1.171928 1.171928499 1.1719285 22.70804
1.177716 1.177715932 1.1777159 22.82018
1.183433 1.183433126 1.1834331 22.93096
1.189082 1.189082092 1.1890821 23.04042
1.194665 1.194664752 1.1946648 23.14859
1.200183 1.200182944 1.2001829 23.25551
1.205638 1.205638427 1.2056384 23.36122
1.211033 1.211032883 1.2110329 23.46575
1.216368 1.216367926 1.2163679 23.56912
1.221645 1.221645104 1.2216451 23.67138
1.226866 1.226865898 1.2268659 23.77254
1.232032 1.232031735 1.2320317 23.87264
1.237144 1.237143983 1.237144 23.97169
1.242204 1.242203955 1.242204 24.06974
1.247213 1.247212918 1.2472129 24.1668
1.252172 1.252172089 1.2521721 24.26289
1.257083 1.257082638 1.2570826 24.35804
1.261946 1.261945695 1.2619457 24.45227
1.266762 1.266762348 1.2667623 24.5456
1.271534 1.271533644 1.2715336 24.63805
1.276261 1.276260596 1.2762606 24.72964
1.280944 1.28094418 1.2809442 24.82039
1.285585 1.285585339 1.2855853 24.91032
1.290185 1.290184984 1.290185 24.99945
1.294744 1.294743995 1.294744 25.08779

Cf
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69

0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59

Ar
Ag
e
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
8.166667 8.166667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667
7.916667 7.916667

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Ae
Force
Moment
8.166667 0.157784 0.07889183
8.166667 0.157784 0.23667548
8.166667 0.157784 0.39445914
8.166667 0.157784 0.5522428
8.166667 0.157784 0.71002645
8.166667 0.157784 0.86781011
8.166667 0.157784 1.02559377
8.166667 0.157784 1.18337742
8.166667 0.157784 1.34116108
8.166667 0.157784 1.49894474
8.166667 0.157784 1.65672839
8.166667 0.157784 1.81451205
8.166667 0.157784 1.97229571
8.166667 0.157784 2.13007936
8.166667 0.157784 2.28786302
8.166667 0.157784 2.44564668
8.166667 0.157784 2.60343033
8.166667 0.157784 2.76121399
8.166667 0.157784 2.91899765
8.166667 0.157784 3.0767813
8.166667 0.157784 3.23456496
8.166667 0.157784 3.39234862
8.166667 0.157784 3.55013227
8.166667 0.157784 3.70791593
8.166667 0.157784 3.86569959
8.166667 0.157784 4.02348324
8.166667 0.157784 4.1812669
8.166667 0.157784 4.33905056
8.166667 0.157784 4.49683421
8.166667 0.157784 4.65461787
8.166667 0.157784 4.81240153
8.166667 0.157784 4.97018518
8.166667 0.157784 5.13906541
8.166667 0.158463 5.3310235
8.166667
0.1598
5.535818
8.166667 0.16111 5.74231012
8.166667 0.162394 5.95046568
8.166667 0.163653 6.16025208
8.166667 0.164888 6.37163825
8.166667 0.166101 6.58459446
8.166667 0.167291 6.79909232
8.166667 0.168461 7.0151046
8.166667 0.169611 7.23260521
8.166667 0.170742 7.45156913
8.166667 0.171854 7.67197231
8.166667 0.172949 7.89379163
8.166667 0.174027 8.11700483
8.166667 0.175088 8.34159051
8.166667 0.176133 8.56752799
8.166667 0.177163 8.65934525
7.916667 0.172724 8.74715348
7.916667 0.173695 8.96999256
7.916667 0.174652 9.19406869
7.916667 0.175596 9.41936504
7.916667 0.176527 9.64586529
7.916667 0.177447 9.87355367
7.916667 0.178354 10.1024149
7.916667 0.179251 10.332434
7.916667 0.180136 10.5635968
7.916667 0.18101 10.7958892
7.916667 0.181874 11.0292977
7.916667 0.182728 11.263809
7.916667 0.183572 11.4994104
7.916667 0.184407 11.7360893
7.916667 0.185232 11.9738337
7.916667 0.186048 12.2126318
7.916667 0.186855 12.4524721
7.916667 0.187653 12.6933433
7.916667 0.188444 12.9352345
7.916667 0.189226 13.1781352
7.916667 0.189999 13.4220349
7.916667 0.190766 13.6669234
7.916667 0.191524 13.912791
7.916667 0.192275 14.159628
7.916667 0.193019 14.4074249
7.916667 0.193756 14.6561725
7.916667 0.194486 14.9058619
7.916667 0.195209 15.1564842
7.916667 0.195925 15.4080308
7.916667 0.196635 15.6604934
7.916667 0.197338 15.9138636
7.916667 0.198036 16.1681335

83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174

1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325
1.411262325

0.739624177
0.739624177
0.739624177
0.739624177
0.739624177
0.739624177
0.739624177
0.739624177
0.739624177
0.739624177
0.739624177
0.739624177
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0.691518539

3.624906233
3.629357246
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3.660807196
3.662968866

0.202994749
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1.09595823
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0.14612776
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0.15740455

7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
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7.75
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7.75
7.5
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7.25
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7.25

7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
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7.5
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7.25

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
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100
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100
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100
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100
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100
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100
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100
100
100
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100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
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87
87
87
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87
87
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87
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87
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87
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87
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87
87
87
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87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87

82.5
83.5
84.5
85.5
86.5
87.5
88.5
89.5
90.5
91.5
92.5
93.5
94.5
95.5
96.5
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128.5
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130.5
131.5
132.5
133.5
134.5
135.5
136.5
137.5
138.5
139.5
140.5
141.5
142.5
143.5
144.5
145.5
146.5
147.5
148.5
149.5
150.5
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152.5
153.5
154.5
155.5
156.5
157.5
158.5
159.5
160.5
161.5
162.5
163.5
164.5
165.5
166.5
167.5
168.5
169.5
170.5
171.5
172.5
173.5

1.299263
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1.606715

1.299263223
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1.2992632
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25.17536
25.26217
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31.02977
31.08136
31.13273

1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
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0.59
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7.916667
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1
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7.916667
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16.4232951
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39.9780131

175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
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185
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234
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250

1.411262325
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0.691518539
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3.665119404
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7.25
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7.25
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100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87

174.5
175.5
176.5
177.5
178.5
179.5
180.5
181.5
182.5
183.5
184.5
185.5
186.5
187.5
188.5
189.5
190.5
191.5
192.5
193.5
194.5
195.5
196.5
197.5
198.5
199.5
200.5
201.5
202.5
203.5
204.5
205.5
206.5
207.5
208.5
209.5
210.5
211.5
212.5
213.5
214.5
215.5
216.5
217.5
218.5
219.5
220.5
221.5
222.5
223.5
224.5
225.5
226.5
227.5
228.5
229.5
230.5
231.5
232.5
233.5
234.5
235.5
236.5
237.5
238.5
239.5
240.5
241.5
242.5
243.5
244.5
245.5
246.5
247.5
248.5
249.5

1.609355
1.611985
1.614604
1.617212
1.61981
1.622398
1.624975
1.627542
1.630099
1.632646
1.635183
1.637711
1.640228
1.642736
1.645235
1.647724
1.650203
1.652674
1.655135
1.657587
1.66003
1.662464
1.664889
1.667306
1.669713
1.672112
1.674503
1.676885
1.679258
1.681623
1.68398
1.686329
1.688669
1.691002
1.693326
1.695643
1.697951
1.700252
1.702545
1.70483
1.707108
1.709378
1.711641
1.713896
1.716143
1.718384
1.720617
1.722843
1.725062
1.727273
1.729478
1.731675
1.733866
1.73605
1.738226
1.740397
1.74256
1.744717
1.746867
1.74901
1.751147
1.753277
1.755401
1.757519
1.75963
1.761734
1.763833
1.765925
1.768012
1.770092
1.772165
1.774233
1.776295
1.778351
1.780401
1.782445

1.609355004
1.611984676
1.614603666
1.617212079
1.619810016
1.622397578
1.624974864
1.627541971
1.630098995
1.632646031
1.635183171
1.637710507
1.640228131
1.642736131
1.645234594
1.647723608
1.650203257
1.652673627
1.655134799
1.657586855
1.660029877
1.662463943
1.664889133
1.667305522
1.669713188
1.672112206
1.67450265
1.676884593
1.679258107
1.681623264
1.683980133
1.686328785
1.688669287
1.691001707
1.693326112
1.695642568
1.697951139
1.70025189
1.702544883
1.704830182
1.707107849
1.709377943
1.711640525
1.713895654
1.71614339
1.718383789
1.72061691
1.722842809
1.725061541
1.727273162
1.729477726
1.731675286
1.733865897
1.736049611
1.738226479
1.740396552
1.742559882
1.744716519
1.746866512
1.749009909
1.75114676
1.753277112
1.755401012
1.757518507
1.759629643
1.761734466
1.763833021
1.765925352
1.768011504
1.77009152
1.772165444
1.774233318
1.776295184
1.778351083
1.780401058
1.782445149

1.609355
1.6119847
1.6146037
1.6172121
1.61981
1.6223976
1.6249749
1.627542
1.630099
1.632646
1.6351832
1.6377105
1.6402281
1.6427361
1.6452346
1.6477236
1.6502033
1.6526736
1.6551348
1.6575869
1.6600299
1.6624639
1.6648891
1.6673055
1.6697132
1.6721122
1.6745026
1.6768846
1.6792581
1.6816233
1.6839801
1.6863288
1.6886693
1.6910017
1.6933261
1.6956426
1.6979511
1.7002519
1.7025449
1.7048302
1.7071078
1.7093779
1.7116405
1.7138957
1.7161434
1.7183838
1.7206169
1.7228428
1.7250615
1.7272732
1.7294777
1.7316753
1.7338659
1.7360496
1.7382265
1.7403966
1.7425599
1.7447165
1.7468665
1.7490099
1.7511468
1.7532771
1.755401
1.7575185
1.7596296
1.7617345
1.763833
1.7659254
1.7680115
1.7700915
1.7721654
1.7742333
1.7762952
1.7783511
1.7804011
1.7824451

31.18389
31.23485
31.28559
31.33614
31.38648
31.43661
31.48655
31.53629
31.58584
31.63519
31.68436
31.73333
31.78211
31.83071
31.87912
31.92735
31.97539
32.02326
32.07095
32.11846
32.1658
32.21297
32.25996
32.30678
32.35343
32.39992
32.44624
32.49239
32.53838
32.58421
32.62988
32.67539
32.72074
32.76593
32.81097
32.85586
32.90059
32.94517
32.9896
33.03388
33.07801
33.122
33.16584
33.20954
33.25309
33.2965
33.33977
33.3829
33.4259
33.46875
33.51147
33.55405
33.5965
33.63881
33.68099
33.72304
33.76496
33.80674
33.8484
33.88994
33.93134
33.97262
34.01377
34.0548
34.09571
34.13649
34.17716
34.2177
34.25812
34.29843
34.33861
34.37868
34.41863
34.45847
34.49819
34.5378

1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69

0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59

7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667

7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.416667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667
7.166667

0.23061
0.230987
0.231362
0.231736
0.232108
0.232479
0.232848
0.233216
0.233582
0.233947
0.234311
0.234673
0.235034
0.235393
0.235751
0.236108
0.236463
0.236817
0.23717
0.237521
0.237871
0.23822
0.238567
0.238914
0.239259
0.239603
0.231857
0.232187
0.232515
0.232843
0.233169
0.233494
0.233819
0.234142
0.234463
0.234784
0.235104
0.235422
0.23574
0.236056
0.236372
0.236686
0.236999
0.237311
0.237623
0.237933
0.238242
0.23855
0.238858
0.239164
0.239469
0.239773
0.240077
0.240379
0.24068
0.240981
0.24128
0.241579
0.241877
0.242174
0.242469
0.242764
0.243058
0.243352
0.243644
0.243935
0.244226
0.244516
0.244805
0.245093
0.24538
0.245666
0.245952
0.246236
0.24652
0.246803

40.2743225
40.5711173
40.8683952
41.1661546
41.4643932
41.7631094
42.0623011
42.3619665
42.6621036
42.9627108
43.2637861
43.5653277
43.8673338
44.1698027
44.4727325
44.7761216
45.0799682
45.3842706
45.6890271
45.994236
46.2998956
46.6060043
46.9125604
47.2195624
47.5270085
47.0274417
46.5204216
46.8187829
47.1175672
47.4167732
47.7163994
48.0164442
48.3169063
48.6177841
48.9190763
49.2207815
49.5228981
49.8254249
50.1283604
50.4317033
50.7354522
51.0396058
51.3441627
51.6491215
51.9544811
52.2602399
52.5663968
52.8729505
53.1798997
53.4872431
53.7949794
54.1031074
54.4116259
54.7205337
55.0298294
55.3395119
55.64958
55.9600325
56.2708683
56.582086
56.8936846
57.2056629
57.5180198
57.8307541
58.1438646
58.4573503
58.77121
59.0854427
59.4000471
59.7150223
60.0303671
60.3460804
60.6621612
60.9786085
61.2954211

ANSYSAnalysisforDeflection
PRINT U

NODAL SOLUTION PER NODE

***** POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *****

LOAD STEP=
1
TIME=
1.0000

SUBSTEP=
1
LOAD CASE=

THE FOLLOWING DEGREE OF FREEDOM RESULTS ARE IN THE GLOBAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
NODE
UX
1
0.0000
2 -1.56623
3 -2.1016
4 -2.6027
5 -3.0657
6 -5.4877
MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES
NODE
6
VALUE
-5.4877

UserInput
Overallheight
DiameteratBase
ShellThickness
StrengthofSteel
ModulusofElasticity
ID
S
Z
r
I

AxialStrength
FlexureStrength
CombinedLoads
ft= 3000 in FactoredLoad
744.4273105 FactoredLoad
83472.45 CombinedLoading
0.841748 1.0
ft=
96 in FactoredStrength
1508.537309 FactoredStrength
220467.83 Pu/Pc
0.493476
in
Pn
1774.749775 YieldingMn
244964.25 ForPu/Pc0.2
0.841748
ksi
Fcr
7.907897098 LocalBuckling
216128.8075 ForPu/Pc<0.2
0.59501
ksi
KL/r
178.1631148
MagnificationFactors
CheckforCompactsection:
4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
133.680683 D/t
128 B2
1.03484
94.5
Fe
9.016986429 p
56.38888889 Pnt
744.4273
FcrforKL/r4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
5302.757785
6.769799368 c
249.7222222 Pe2
22111.49
H
52.03
6804.5625
FcrforKL/r>4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
7.907897098 noncompact
33.67700439
Ag
224.4275252 FlexureStrength:
OK
H
6
254532.3737
L
3000
CheckforCompactsection:
D/t
128
p
c
88.61111111
noncompact
250
8
0.75
36
29000

AxialStrength:

OK

OK

AppendixD:TowerDesignAlternatives

88

WeightofEquipment:
Heightoftower
OuterDiameteratbase
OuterDiameterathub
Thickness
WeightofSteel
Town(Massachusetts)

400
250
8.25
7.5
0.75
490

kips
ft
ft
ft
in
pcf

AxialLoad
MomentLoad
TotalShear

757.7449302
7878.008784
58.54

tice

0.083333333

Section
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5

Diameter Height
to
8.25
0
8.0625
51
7.875
101
7.6875
151
7.5
201

50
100
150
200
250

InnerDia.
OR
IR
IceRadius
8.125
4.125
4.0625
4.375
7.9375
4.03125 3.96875 4.28125
7.75
3.9375
3.875
4.1875
7.5625
3.84375 3.78125 4.09375
7.375
3.75
3.6875
4

Belmont

Height
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82

VolumeofSteel
WeightofSteel VolumeofIce WeightofIce
Fz
td
D1
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.297102212
0.128637724 0.6577269 0.08769692 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.566980491
0.143750908 0.73410424 0.09788057 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.703175494
0.151377828 0.77257848 0.10301046 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.796857114
0.156623998 0.79901588 0.10653545 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.868967395
0.160662174 0.81935075 0.10924677 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.927896104
0.163962182 0.8359588 0.11146117 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.977887196
0.166761683 0.85004113 0.11333882 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.021397408
0.169198255 0.86229275 0.11497237 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.059981447
0.171358961 0.8731533 0.11642044 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.094687838
0.173302519 0.88291921 0.11772256 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.126258393
0.17507047 0.89180014 0.11890669 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.155237912
0.176693323 0.89995002 0.11999334 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.182038698
0.178194167 0.90748532 0.12099804 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.206980567
0.179590912 0.91449636 0.12193285 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.230316762
0.180897739 0.92105466 0.12280729 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814
3.25225135
0.182126076 0.92721783 0.12362904 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.272951267
0.183285271 0.93303299 0.1244044 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.292554868
0.184383073 0.93853919 0.12513856 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814
3.31117815
0.185425976 0.94376915 0.12583589 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.328919349
0.186419484 0.94875061 0.12650008 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.345862422
0.187368296 0.95350723 0.1271343 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.362079701
0.188276463 0.95805943 0.12774126 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.377633964
0.189147502 0.96242492 0.12832332 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.392580054
0.189984483 0.96661914 0.12888255 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.406966178
0.190790106 0.97065571 0.12942076 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.420834938
0.191566757 0.97454663 0.12993955 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.434224179
0.192316554 0.97830257 0.13044034 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.447167671
0.19304139 0.98193304 0.13092441 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.459695686
0.193742958 0.98544659 0.13139288 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.471835462
0.194422786 0.98885089 0.13184678 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.483611602
0.19508225 0.99215286 0.13228705 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.495046403
0.195722599 0.9953588 0.13271451 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.506160142
0.196344968 0.99847442 0.13312992 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.516971309
0.196950393 1.00150492 0.13353399 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.527496819
0.197539822 1.00445507 0.13392734 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.537752181
0.198114122 1.00732924 0.13431057 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.547751656
0.198674093 1.01013145 0.13468419 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.557508385
0.19922047 1.01286539 0.13504872 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.567034506
0.199753932 1.01553449 0.1354046 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.576341255
0.20027511 1.01814191 0.13575225 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814
3.58543905
0.200784587 1.02069058 0.13609208 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.594337575
0.201282904 1.02318324 0.13642443 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.603045842
0.201770567 1.0256224 0.13674965 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.611572258
0.202248046 1.02801046 0.13706806 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.619924673
0.202715782 1.0303496 0.13737995 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.628110432
0.203174184 1.03264191 0.13768559 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.636136417
0.203623639 1.03488931 0.13798524 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.644009085
0.204064509 1.03709363 0.13827915 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.651734503
0.204497132 1.03925657 0.13856754 8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 3.659318378
0.204921829 1.04137974 0.13885063 8.25
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.584812565
0.200749504 1.04346466 0.13912862
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.591968323
0.201150226 1.04551274 0.1394017
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.599000561
0.201544031 1.04752534 0.13967004
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.605913704
0.201931167 1.04950372 0.13993383
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.612711941
0.202311869 1.05144911 0.14019321
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.619399238
0.202686357 1.05336262 0.14044835
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.625979358
0.203054844 1.05524536 0.14069938
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.632455871
0.203417529 1.05709834 0.14094645
1.570796327
0.7696902
3.63883217
0.203774601 1.05892254 0.14118967
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.645111478
0.204126243 1.06071889 0.14142919
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.651296866
0.204472625 1.06248827 0.1416651
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.657391257
0.20481391 1.06423152 0.14189754
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.663397438
0.205150257 1.06594944 0.14212659
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.669318067
0.205481812 1.06764281 0.14235237
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.675155682
0.205808718 1.06931234 0.14257498
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.680912707
0.206131112 1.07095873 0.1427945
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.686591462
0.206449122 1.07258266 0.14301102
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.692194164
0.206762873 1.07418475 0.14322463
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.697722936
0.207072484 1.07576563 0.14343542
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.703179812
0.207378069 1.07732586 0.14364345
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.708566742
0.207679738 1.07886603 0.1438488
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.713885597
0.207977593 1.08038665 0.14405155
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.719138171
0.208271738 1.08188826 0.14425177
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.724326189
0.208562267 1.08337133 0.14444951
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.729451305
0.208849273 1.08483636 0.14464485
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.734515112
0.209132846 1.0862838 0.14483784
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.739519142
0.209413072 1.08771408 0.14502854
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.744464867
0.209690033 1.08912763 0.14521702
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.749353708
0.209963808 1.09052486 0.14540332
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.754187031
0.210234474 1.09190617 0.14558749
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.758966153
0.210502105 1.09327192 0.14576959
1.570796327
0.7696902 3.763692344
0.210766771 1.09462249 0.14594967

D2

8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063

D3

D4

D5

Diameter V(3s)
V(f.m)
z
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.25
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90
8.0625
105
90

0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
16.5
17.5
18.5
19.5
20.5
21.5
22.5
23.5
24.5
25.5
26.5
27.5
28.5
29.5
30.5
31.5
32.5
33.5
34.5
35.5
36.5
37.5
38.5
39.5
40.5
41.5
42.5
43.5
44.5
45.5
46.5
47.5
48.5
49.5
50.5
51.5
52.5
53.5
54.5
55.5
56.5
57.5
58.5
59.5
60.5
61.5
62.5
63.5
64.5
65.5
66.5
67.5
68.5
69.5
70.5
71.5
72.5
73.5
74.5
75.5
76.5
77.5
78.5
79.5
80.5
81.5

Kzcalc
0.302086
0.413476
0.478449
0.526729
0.565941
0.599337
0.628637
0.654872
0.678715
0.70063
0.720953
0.739938
0.757778
0.774625
0.790603
0.805812
0.820335
0.834243
0.847594
0.860439
0.872822
0.884781
0.896348
0.907554
0.918425
0.928982
0.939249
0.949242
0.958978
0.968474
0.977743
0.986797
0.995647
1.004306
1.012781
1.021084
1.02922
1.037199
1.045027
1.052712
1.060258
1.067673
1.074961
1.082128
1.089178
1.096116
1.102945
1.109671
1.116296
1.122824
1.129259
1.135603
1.14186
1.148033
1.154123
1.160134
1.166069
1.171928
1.177716
1.183433
1.189082
1.194665
1.200183
1.205638
1.211033
1.216368
1.221645
1.226866
1.232032
1.237144
1.242204
1.247213
1.252172
1.257083
1.261946
1.266762
1.271534
1.276261
1.280944
1.285585
1.290185
1.294744

1 Kz
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.00430578
1.012781498
1.021083506
1.029220112
1.03719901
1.045027344
1.052711756
1.06025844
1.067673173
1.074961362
1.082128069
1.089178042
1.096115745
1.102945375
1.109670885
1.116296006
1.122824262
1.129258983
1.135603321
1.141860267
1.148032653
1.154123172
1.160134383
1.166068719
1.171928499
1.177715932
1.183433126
1.189082092
1.194664752
1.200182944
1.205638427
1.211032883
1.216367926
1.221645104
1.226865898
1.232031735
1.237143983
1.242203955
1.247212918
1.252172089
1.257082638
1.261945695
1.266762348
1.271533644
1.276260596
1.28094418
1.285585339
1.290184984
1.294743995

1 Kz2.58 q z
Gh
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1
20.736
1.0043058 20.82528
1.0127815 21.00104
1.0210835 21.17319
1.0292201 21.34191
1.037199 21.50736
1.0450273 21.66969
1.0527118 21.82903
1.0602584 21.98552
1.0676732 22.13927
1.0749614 22.2904
1.0821281 22.43901
1.089178 22.5852
1.0961157 22.72906
1.1029454 22.87068
1.1096709 23.01014
1.116296 23.14751
1.1228243 23.28288
1.129259 23.41631
1.1356033 23.54787
1.1418603 23.67761
1.1480327 23.80561
1.1541232 23.9319
1.1601344 24.05655
1.1660687 24.1796
1.1719285 24.30111
1.1777159 24.42112
1.1834331 24.53967
1.1890821 24.65681
1.1946648 24.77257
1.2001829 24.88699
1.2056384 25.00012
1.2110329 25.11198
1.2163679 25.22261
1.2216451 25.33203
1.2268659 25.44029
1.2320317 25.54741
1.237144 25.65342
1.242204 25.75834
1.2472129 25.86221
1.2521721 25.96504
1.2570826 26.06687
1.2619457 26.16771
1.2667623 26.26758
1.2715336 26.36652
1.2762606 26.46454
1.2809442 26.56166
1.2855853 26.6579
1.290185 26.75328
1.294744 26.84781

Cf
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69

0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59

Ar
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167

Ag
e
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Ae
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.416667
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167
8.229167

Force
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174022
0.174771
0.176246
0.177691
0.179107
0.180495
0.181858
0.183195
0.184508
0.185798
0.187067
0.188314
0.189541
0.190748
0.191937
0.193107
0.19426
0.195396
0.192138
0.193217
0.194282
0.195332
0.196368
0.197391
0.198401
0.199398
0.200383
0.201355
0.202317
0.203266
0.204205
0.205134
0.206051
0.206959
0.207857
0.208745
0.209624
0.210494
0.211355
0.212207
0.213051
0.213887
0.214714
0.215533
0.216345
0.21715
0.217946
0.218736
0.219519
0.220294

Moment
0.08701093
0.2610328
0.43505467
0.60907654
0.78309841
0.95712028
1.13114215
1.30516402
1.47918588
1.65320775
1.82722962
2.00125149
2.17527336
2.34929523
2.5233171
2.69733897
2.87136084
3.0453827
3.21940457
3.39342644
3.56744831
3.74147018
3.91549205
4.08951392
4.26353579
4.43755765
4.61157952
4.78560139
4.95962326
5.13364513
5.307667
5.48168887
5.6679493
5.87966265
6.10553345
6.33327659
6.56285435
6.7942308
7.02737165
7.26224413
7.4988169
7.73705996
7.97694452
8.21844299
8.46152883
8.70617655
8.95236161
9.20006039
9.44925009
9.59119273
9.73031186
9.9781975
10.2274592
10.4780783
10.7300366
10.9833166
11.2379013
11.493774
11.7509189
12.0093204
12.2689634
12.5298332
12.7919156
13.0551967
13.319663
13.5853014
13.8520991
14.1200436
14.3891228
14.6593249
14.9306383
15.2030518
15.4765543
15.7511351
16.0267837
16.30349
16.5812438
16.8600354
17.1398553
17.420694
17.7025425
17.9853916

83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174

1.570796327
1.570796327
1.570796327
1.570796327
1.570796327
1.570796327
1.570796327
1.570796327
1.570796327
1.570796327
1.570796327
1.570796327
1.570796327
1.570796327
1.570796327
1.570796327
1.570796327
1.570796327
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.533980788
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249
1.497165249

0.7696902
0.7696902
0.7696902
0.7696902
0.7696902
0.7696902
0.7696902
0.7696902
0.7696902
0.7696902
0.7696902
0.7696902
0.7696902
0.7696902
0.7696902
0.7696902
0.7696902
0.7696902
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.751650586
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972
0.733610972

3.76836683
3.772990792
3.777565374
3.782091677
3.786570766
3.791003673
3.795391393
3.799734889
3.804035095
3.808292913
3.812509218
3.816684857
3.820820651
3.824917396
3.828975864
3.832996803
3.836980942
3.840928985
3.757049587
3.760840507
3.764598096
3.768322968
3.77201572
3.775676933
3.779307171
3.782906983
3.786476904
3.790017455
3.793529142
3.797012459
3.800467886
3.803895892
3.807296933
3.810671454
3.814019889
3.817342661
3.820640183
3.823912857
3.827161076
3.830385223
3.833585674
3.836762794
3.839916939
3.843048459
3.846157694
3.849244977
3.852310634
3.855354982
3.858378333
3.861380991
3.864363253
3.86732541
3.870267747
3.873190543
3.87609407
3.878978594
3.881844378
3.884691677
3.887520742
3.890331817
3.893125144
3.895900958
3.898659489
3.901400964
3.904125604
3.906833627
3.909525245
3.912200668
3.823450431
3.826033518
3.82860137
3.831154177
3.833692125
3.836215395
3.838724165
3.841218612
3.843698906
3.846165217
3.848617711
3.85105655
3.853481894
3.855893901
3.858292724
3.860678516
3.863051425
3.865411597
3.867759176
3.870094305
3.872417121
3.874727761
3.877026359
3.879313049

0.211028542
0.211287484
0.211543661
0.211797134
0.212047963
0.212296206
0.212541918
0.212785154
0.213025965
0.213264403
0.213500516
0.213734352
0.213965956
0.214195374
0.214422648
0.214647821
0.214870933
0.215092023
0.210394777
0.210607068
0.210817493
0.211026086
0.21123288
0.211437908
0.211641202
0.211842791
0.212042707
0.212240977
0.212437632
0.212632698
0.212826202
0.21301817
0.213208628
0.213397601
0.213585114
0.213771189
0.21395585
0.21413912
0.21432102
0.214501573
0.214680798
0.214858716
0.215035349
0.215210714
0.215384831
0.215557719
0.215729395
0.215899879
0.216069187
0.216237335
0.216404342
0.216570223
0.216734994
0.21689867
0.217061268
0.217222801
0.217383285
0.217542734
0.217701162
0.217858582
0.218015008
0.218170454
0.218324931
0.218478454
0.218631034
0.218782683
0.218933414
0.219083237
0.214113224
0.214257877
0.214401677
0.214544634
0.214686759
0.214828062
0.214968553
0.215108242
0.215247139
0.215385252
0.215522592
0.215659167
0.215794986
0.215930058
0.216064393
0.216197997
0.21633088
0.216463049
0.216594514
0.216725281
0.216855359
0.216984755
0.217113476
0.217241531

1.09595823
1.09727947
1.09858655
1.09987978
1.10115947
1.10242591
1.10367939
1.10492019
1.10614857
1.1073648
1.10856913
1.10976179
1.11094303
1.11211307
1.11327213
1.11442044
1.11555819
1.1166856
1.11780285
1.11891014
1.12000766
1.12109558
1.12217408
1.12324334
1.12430351
1.12535476
1.12639725
1.12743112
1.12845653
1.12947362
1.13048254
1.13148341
1.13247639
1.13346158
1.13443913
1.13540916
1.13637178
1.13732712
1.1382753
1.13921641
1.14015059
1.14107792
1.14199852
1.14291249
1.14381993
1.14472093
1.1456156
1.14650402
1.14738629
1.1482625
1.14913273
1.14999707
1.1508556
1.1517084
1.15255556
1.15339715
1.15423326
1.15506394
1.15588929
1.15670936
1.15752423
1.15833398
1.15913866
1.15993834
1.1607331
1.16152298
1.16230807
1.1630884
1.16386406
1.16463509
1.16540155
1.1661635
1.166921
1.16767409
1.16842285
1.1691673
1.16990752
1.17064355
1.17137543
1.17210322
1.17282697
1.17354671
1.17426251
1.1749744
1.17568244
1.17638665
1.17708709
1.1777838
1.17847682
1.17916619
1.17985195
1.18053415

0.14612776
0.14630393
0.14647821
0.14665064
0.14682126
0.14699012
0.14715725
0.14732269
0.14748648
0.14764864
0.14780922
0.14796824
0.14812574
0.14828174
0.14843628
0.14858939
0.14874109
0.14889141
0.14904038
0.14918802
0.14933435
0.14947941
0.14962321
0.14976578
0.14990713
0.1500473
0.1501863
0.15032415
0.15046087
0.15059648
0.15073101
0.15086446
0.15099685
0.15112821
0.15125855
0.15138789
0.15151624
0.15164362
0.15177004
0.15189552
0.15202008
0.15214372
0.15226647
0.15238833
0.15250932
0.15262946
0.15274875
0.1528672
0.15298484
0.15310167
0.1532177
0.15333294
0.15344741
0.15356112
0.15367408
0.15378629
0.15389777
0.15400853
0.15411857
0.15422791
0.15433656
0.15444453
0.15455182
0.15465845
0.15476441
0.15486973
0.15497441
0.15507845
0.15518187
0.15528468
0.15538687
0.15548847
0.15558947
0.15568988
0.15578971
0.15588897
0.15598767
0.15608581
0.15618339
0.15628043
0.15637693
0.1564729
0.15656833
0.15666325
0.15675766
0.15685155
0.15694495
0.15703784
0.15713024
0.15722216
0.15731359
0.15740455

8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688

8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875

105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
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82.5
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1.69
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0.59
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3.881587958
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3.929669371

0.217368926
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1.18121281
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1.22371771
1.22420926

0.15749504
0.15758506
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0.16316236
0.1632279

7.688
7.688
7.688
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7.5
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7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5

7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
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7.5
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7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5

105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
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105
105
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105
105
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105
105
105
105
105
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105
105
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105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90

174.5
175.5
176.5
177.5
178.5
179.5
180.5
181.5
182.5
183.5
184.5
185.5
186.5
187.5
188.5
189.5
190.5
191.5
192.5
193.5
194.5
195.5
196.5
197.5
198.5
199.5
200.5
201.5
202.5
203.5
204.5
205.5
206.5
207.5
208.5
209.5
210.5
211.5
212.5
213.5
214.5
215.5
216.5
217.5
218.5
219.5
220.5
221.5
222.5
223.5
224.5
225.5
226.5
227.5
228.5
229.5
230.5
231.5
232.5
233.5
234.5
235.5
236.5
237.5
238.5
239.5
240.5
241.5
242.5
243.5
244.5
245.5
246.5
247.5
248.5
249.5

1.609355
1.611985
1.614604
1.617212
1.61981
1.622398
1.624975
1.627542
1.630099
1.632646
1.635183
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1.66003
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1.674503
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1.70483
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1.731675
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1.763833
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1.768012
1.770092
1.772165
1.774233
1.776295
1.778351
1.780401
1.782445

1.609355004
1.611984676
1.614603666
1.617212079
1.619810016
1.622397578
1.624974864
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1.650203257
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1.664889133
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1.686328785
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1.75114676
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1.755401012
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1.759629643
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1.768011504
1.77009152
1.772165444
1.774233318
1.776295184
1.778351083
1.780401058
1.782445149

1.609355
1.6119847
1.6146037
1.6172121
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1.7468665
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1.7511468
1.7532771
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1.7659254
1.7680115
1.7700915
1.7721654
1.7742333
1.7762952
1.7783511
1.7804011
1.7824451

33.37159
33.42611
33.48042
33.53451
33.58838
33.64204
33.69548
33.74871
33.80173
33.85455
33.90716
33.95957
34.01177
34.06378
34.11558
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34.21861
34.26984
34.32088
34.37172
34.42238
34.47285
34.52314
34.57325
34.62317
34.67292
34.72249
34.77188
34.8211
34.87014
34.91901
34.96771
35.01625
35.06461
35.11281
35.16084
35.20871
35.25642
35.30397
35.35136
35.39859
35.44566
35.49258
35.53934
35.58595
35.63241
35.67871
35.72487
35.77088
35.81674
35.86245
35.90802
35.95344
35.99872
36.04386
36.08886
36.13372
36.17844
36.22302
36.26747
36.31178
36.35595
36.4
36.4439
36.48768
36.53133
36.57484
36.61823
36.66149
36.70462
36.74762
36.7905
36.83326
36.87589
36.9184
36.96078

1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
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1.69
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1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69

0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
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0.59
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0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59

7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
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7.666667
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7.666667

7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
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7.666667
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7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.854167
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667
7.666667

0.261346
0.261773
0.262198
0.262622
0.263044
0.263464
0.263882
0.264299
0.264715
0.265128
0.26554
0.265951
0.266359
0.266767
0.267172
0.267577
0.267979
0.26838
0.26878
0.269178
0.269575
0.26997
0.270364
0.270757
0.271148
0.271537
0.265434
0.265811
0.266188
0.266562
0.266936
0.267308
0.267679
0.268049
0.268418
0.268785
0.269151
0.269515
0.269879
0.270241
0.270602
0.270962
0.271321
0.271678
0.272034
0.27239
0.272744
0.273096
0.273448
0.273799
0.274148
0.274496
0.274844
0.27519
0.275535
0.275879
0.276222
0.276564
0.276904
0.277244
0.277583
0.277921
0.278257
0.278593
0.278928
0.279261
0.279594
0.279926
0.280256
0.280586
0.280915
0.281243
0.281569
0.281895
0.28222
0.282544

45.6421517
45.9785037
46.3154034
46.6528485
46.990837
47.3293665
47.668435
48.0080402
48.3481802
48.6888528
49.0300559
49.3717875
49.7140455
50.0568279
50.4001328
50.7439581
51.0883019
51.4331622
51.7785371
52.1244248
52.4708232
52.8177306
53.165145
53.5130647
53.8614878
53.5623358
53.2573474
53.5989163
53.9409696
54.2835056
54.6265225
54.9700188
55.3139927
55.6584427
56.003367
56.348764
56.6946321
57.0409698
57.3877754
57.7350474
58.0827841
58.4309842
58.7796459
59.1287678
59.4783485
59.8283863
60.1788798
60.5298275
60.881228
61.2330798
61.5853814
61.9381315
62.2913285
62.6449712
62.9990581
63.3535877
63.7085588
64.06397
64.4198199
64.7761071
65.1328303
65.4899883
65.8475796
66.2056029
66.5640571
66.9229407
67.2822525
67.6419912
68.0021556
68.3627443
68.7237563
69.0851901
69.4470446
69.8093187
70.1720109

UserInput
Overallheight
DiameteratBase
ShellThickness
StrengthofSteel
ModulusofElasticity
ID
S
Z
r
I

AxialStrength
FlexureStrength
CombinedLoads
ft= 3000 in FactoredLoad
757.7449302 FactoredLoad
94536.11 CombinedLoading
0.827171 1.0
234573.98 Pu/Pc
0.457684
ft=
99 in FactoredStrength
1655.606644 FactoredStrength
in
Pn
1947.772522 YieldingMn
260637.75 ForPu/Pc0.2
0.827171
229197.9926 ForPu/Pc<0.2
0.598329
ksi
Fcr
8.413845629 LocalBuckling
ksi
KL/r
172.7233417
MagnificationFactors
CheckforCompactsection:
4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
133.680683 D/t
132 B2
1.031415
97.5
Fe
9.593894674 p
56.38888889 Pnt
757.7449
FcrforKL/r4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
5643.375308
7.485413811 c
249.7222222 Pe2
24878.07
H
58.54
7239.9375
FcrforKL/r>4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
8.413845629 noncompact
34.73763269
Ag
231.4961087 FlexureStrength:
OK
H
6
279347.0777
L
3000
CheckforCompactsection:
D/t
132
p
c
88.61111111
noncompact
250
8.25
0.75
36
29000

AxialStrength:

OK

OK

WeightofEquipment:
Heightoftower
OuterDiameteratbase
OuterDiameterathub
Thickness
WeightofSteel
Town(Massachusetts)

400
250
8.25
7.5
0.50
490

kips
ft
ft
ft
in
pcf

AxialLoad
MomentLoad
TotalShear

tice

669.7351275
5587.946162
41.52

Section
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5

0.0625

Diameter Height
to
8.25
0
8.0625
51
7.875
101
7.6875
151
7.5
201

50
100
150
200
250

InnerDia.
OR
8.166666667
4.125
7.979166667
4.03125
7.791666667
3.9375
7.604166667
3.84375
7.416666667
3.75

IR
IceRadius
4.083333
4.375
3.989583 4.28125
3.895833
4.1875
3.802083 4.09375
3.708333
4

Lee

Height
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82

VolumeofSteel
WeightofSteel VolumeofIce WeightofIce
Fz
td
D1
1.074468321
0.526489477 1.718296433
0.0962246 0.6577269 0.06577269 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 1.919591926
0.107497148 0.73410424 0.07341042 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.021131134
0.113183343 0.77257848 0.07725785 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477
2.09095725
0.117093606 0.79901588 0.07990159 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.144695335
0.120102939 0.81935075 0.08193508 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.188603977
0.122561823 0.8359588 0.08359588 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.225848662
0.124647525 0.85004113 0.08500411 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.258261631
0.126462651 0.86229275 0.08622927 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.287002286
0.128072128 0.8731533 0.08731533 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.312852489
0.129519739 0.88291921 0.08829192 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.336365354
0.13083646 0.89180014 0.08918001 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.357947076
0.132045036 0.89995002
0.089995 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.377905042
0.133162682 0.90748532 0.09074853 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.396477675
0.13420275 0.91449636 0.09144964 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.413853758
0.13517581 0.92105466 0.09210547 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.430185411
0.136090383 0.92721783 0.09272178 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.445597066
0.136953436 0.93303299 0.0933033 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.460191851
0.137770744 0.93853919 0.09385392 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.474056221
0.138547148 0.94376915 0.09437692 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.487263396
0.13928675 0.94875061 0.09487506 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.499875947
0.139993053 0.95350723 0.09535072 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.511947781
0.140669076 0.95805943 0.09580594 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.523525683
0.141317438 0.96242492 0.09624249 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.534650524
0.141940429 0.96661914 0.09666191 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.545358226
0.142540061 0.97065571 0.09706557 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.555680538
0.14311811 0.97454663 0.09745466 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.565645658
0.143676157 0.97830257 0.09783026 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.575278753
0.14421561 0.98193304 0.0981933 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.584602377
0.144737733 0.98544659 0.09854466 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.593636826
0.145243662 0.98885089 0.09888509 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.602400431
0.145734424 0.99215286 0.09921529 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.610909806
0.146210949 0.9953588 0.09953588 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.619180058
0.146674083 0.99847442 0.09984744 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.627224964
0.147124598 1.00150492 0.10015049 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.635057124
0.147563199 1.00445507 0.10044551 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.642688094
0.147990533 1.00732924 0.10073292 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.650128499
0.148407196 1.01013145 0.10101314 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.657388128
0.148813735 1.01286539 0.10128654 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.664476024
0.149210657 1.01553449 0.10155345 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.671400556
0.149598431 1.01814191 0.10181419 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.678169486
0.149977491 1.02069058 0.10206906 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.684790029
0.150348242 1.02318324 0.10231832 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.691268897
0.150711058 1.0256224 0.10256224 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.697612352
0.151066292 1.02801046 0.10280105 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.703826243
0.15141427 1.0303496 0.10303496 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477
2.70991604
0.151755298 1.03264191 0.10326419 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477
2.71588687
0.152089665 1.03488931 0.10348893 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.721743542
0.152417638 1.03709363 0.10370936 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.727490576
0.152739472 1.03925657 0.10392566 8.25
1.074468321
0.526489477 2.733132222
0.153055404 1.04137974 0.10413797 8.25
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.677207343
0.149923611 1.04346466 0.10434647
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.682529359
0.150221644 1.04551274 0.10455127
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.687759424
0.150514528 1.04752534 0.10475253
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.692900836
0.150802447 1.04950372 0.10495037
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.697956713
0.151085576 1.05144911 0.10514491
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.702930009
0.151364081 1.05336262 0.10533626
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.707823526
0.151638117 1.05524536 0.10552454
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.712639922
0.151907836 1.05709834 0.10570983
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.717381724
0.152173377 1.05892254 0.10589225
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.722051332
0.152434875 1.06071889 0.10607189
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.726651032
0.152692458 1.06248827 0.10624883
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.731183002
0.152946248 1.06423152 0.10642315
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.735649315
0.153196362 1.06594944 0.10659494
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.740051952
0.153442909 1.06764281 0.10676428
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.744392802
0.153685997 1.06931234 0.10693123
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.748673671
0.153925726 1.07095873 0.10709587
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.752896285
0.154162192 1.07258266 0.10725827
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.757062294
0.154395488 1.07418475 0.10741848
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.761173281
0.154625704 1.07576563 0.10757656
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.765230759
0.154852923 1.07732586 0.10773259
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.769236181
0.155077226 1.07886603 0.1078866
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.773190938
0.155298693 1.08038665 0.10803867
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.777096368
0.155517397 1.08188826 0.10818883
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.780953752
0.15573341 1.08337133 0.10833713
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.784764325
0.155946802 1.08483636 0.10848364
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.788529272
0.156157639 1.0862838 0.10862838
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.792249732
0.156365985 1.08771408 0.10877141
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.795926804
0.156571901 1.08912763 0.10891276
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.799561542
0.156775446 1.09052486 0.10905249
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.803154965
0.156976678 1.09190617 0.10919062
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.806708054
0.157175651 1.09327192 0.10932719
1.049924628
0.514463068 2.810221754
0.157372418 1.09462249 0.10946225

D2

8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063

D3

D4

D5

Diameter V(3s)
V(f.m)
z
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.25
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76
8.0625
90
76

0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
16.5
17.5
18.5
19.5
20.5
21.5
22.5
23.5
24.5
25.5
26.5
27.5
28.5
29.5
30.5
31.5
32.5
33.5
34.5
35.5
36.5
37.5
38.5
39.5
40.5
41.5
42.5
43.5
44.5
45.5
46.5
47.5
48.5
49.5
50.5
51.5
52.5
53.5
54.5
55.5
56.5
57.5
58.5
59.5
60.5
61.5
62.5
63.5
64.5
65.5
66.5
67.5
68.5
69.5
70.5
71.5
72.5
73.5
74.5
75.5
76.5
77.5
78.5
79.5
80.5
81.5

Kzcalc
0.302086
0.413476
0.478449
0.526729
0.565941
0.599337
0.628637
0.654872
0.678715
0.70063
0.720953
0.739938
0.757778
0.774625
0.790603
0.805812
0.820335
0.834243
0.847594
0.860439
0.872822
0.884781
0.896348
0.907554
0.918425
0.928982
0.939249
0.949242
0.958978
0.968474
0.977743
0.986797
0.995647
1.004306
1.012781
1.021084
1.02922
1.037199
1.045027
1.052712
1.060258
1.067673
1.074961
1.082128
1.089178
1.096116
1.102945
1.109671
1.116296
1.122824
1.129259
1.135603
1.14186
1.148033
1.154123
1.160134
1.166069
1.171928
1.177716
1.183433
1.189082
1.194665
1.200183
1.205638
1.211033
1.216368
1.221645
1.226866
1.232032
1.237144
1.242204
1.247213
1.252172
1.257083
1.261946
1.266762
1.271534
1.276261
1.280944
1.285585
1.290185
1.294744

1 Kz
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.00430578
1.012781498
1.021083506
1.029220112
1.03719901
1.045027344
1.052711756
1.06025844
1.067673173
1.074961362
1.082128069
1.089178042
1.096115745
1.102945375
1.109670885
1.116296006
1.122824262
1.129258983
1.135603321
1.141860267
1.148032653
1.154123172
1.160134383
1.166068719
1.171928499
1.177715932
1.183433126
1.189082092
1.194664752
1.200182944
1.205638427
1.211032883
1.216367926
1.221645104
1.226865898
1.232031735
1.237143983
1.242203955
1.247212918
1.252172089
1.257082638
1.261945695
1.266762348
1.271533644
1.276260596
1.28094418
1.285585339
1.290184984
1.294743995

1 Kz2.58 q z
Gh
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1 14.78656
1.0043058 14.85023
1.0127815 14.97555
1.0210835 15.09831
1.0292201 15.21862
1.037199 15.33661
1.0450273 15.45236
1.0527118 15.56599
1.0602584 15.67758
1.0676732 15.78721
1.0749614 15.89498
1.0821281 16.00095
1.089178 16.1052
1.0961157 16.20778
1.1029454 16.30877
1.1096709 16.40822
1.116296 16.50618
1.1228243 16.60271
1.129259 16.69786
1.1356033 16.79167
1.1418603 16.88419
1.1480327 16.97545
1.1541232 17.06551
1.1601344 17.1544
1.1660687 17.24215
1.1719285 17.32879
1.1777159 17.41437
1.1834331 17.4989
1.1890821 17.58243
1.1946648 17.66498
1.2001829 17.74658
1.2056384 17.82724
1.2110329 17.90701
1.2163679 17.9859
1.2216451 18.06393
1.2268659 18.14113
1.2320317 18.21751
1.237144 18.2931
1.242204 18.36792
1.2472129 18.44199
1.2521721 18.51532
1.2570826 18.58793
1.2619457 18.65984
1.2667623 18.73106
1.2715336 18.80161
1.2762606 18.8715
1.2809442 18.94076
1.2855853 19.00938
1.290185 19.0774
1.294744 19.14481

Cf
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69

Ar
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59

Ag
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875

e
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875

Ae
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875

Force
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.123478
0.12401
0.125057
0.126082
0.127086
0.128072
0.129038
0.129987
0.130919
0.131834
0.132734
0.133619
0.13449
0.135347
0.13619
0.13702
0.137838
0.138644
0.136317
0.137083
0.137838
0.138583
0.139319
0.140044
0.140761
0.141468
0.142167
0.142857
0.143539
0.144213
0.144879
0.145537
0.146188
0.146832
0.14747
0.1481
0.148723
0.14934
0.149951
0.150556
0.151155
0.151747
0.152334
0.152916
0.153492
0.154062
0.154628
0.155188
0.155743
0.156294

Moment
0.06173916
0.18521747
0.30869578
0.43217409
0.5556524
0.67913071
0.80260902
0.92608734
1.04956565
1.17304396
1.29652227
1.42000058
1.54347889
1.6669572
1.79043552
1.91391383
2.03739214
2.16087045
2.28434876
2.40782707
2.53130538
2.6547837
2.77826201
2.90174032
3.02521863
3.14869694
3.27217525
3.39565356
3.51913188
3.64261019
3.7660885
3.88956681
4.02172907
4.17195161
4.33221966
4.49381623
4.65671458
4.82088919
4.98631575
5.15297099
5.32083269
5.48987955
5.66009115
5.83144791
6.003931
6.17752232
6.35220448
6.52796071
6.70477483
6.80510734
6.90342133
7.07929021
7.25613539
7.43394358
7.61270193
7.79239796
7.97301961
8.15455516
8.33699326
8.52032287
8.7045333
8.88961413
9.07555526
9.26234683
9.44997929
9.63844332
9.82772984
10.01783
10.2087352
10.4004371
10.5929274
10.7861981
10.9802416
11.17505
11.3706161
11.5669325
11.7639921
11.9617881
12.1603135
12.3595618
12.5595265
12.7602011

83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174

1.049924628
1.049924628
1.049924628
1.049924628
1.049924628
1.049924628
1.049924628
1.049924628
1.049924628
1.049924628
1.049924628
1.049924628
1.049924628
1.049924628
1.049924628
1.049924628
1.049924628
1.049924628
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.025380936
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243
1.000837243

0.514463068
0.514463068
0.514463068
0.514463068
0.514463068
0.514463068
0.514463068
0.514463068
0.514463068
0.514463068
0.514463068
0.514463068
0.514463068
0.514463068
0.514463068
0.514463068
0.514463068
0.514463068
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.502436658
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249
0.490410249

2.813696977
2.817134603
2.820535483
2.823900437
2.827230258
2.830525714
2.833787545
2.83701647
2.840213182
2.843378354
2.846512636
2.849616659
2.852691034
2.855736355
2.858753195
2.861742112
2.864703646
2.867638324
2.804702632
2.807519887
2.810312346
2.813080468
2.815824697
2.818545464
2.82124319
2.823918283
2.826571142
2.829202154
2.831811695
2.834400134
2.836967827
2.839515123
2.842042362
2.844549876
2.847037986
2.849507007
2.851957247
2.854389006
2.856802575
2.859198241
2.861576281
2.863936967
2.866280566
2.868607337
2.870917533
2.873211403
2.875489187
2.877751124
2.879997443
2.882228373
2.884444133
2.886644941
2.888831008
2.891002541
2.893159744
2.895302815
2.897431948
2.899547334
2.901649159
2.903737605
2.905812852
2.907875075
2.909924445
2.91196113
2.913985297
2.915997105
2.917996714
2.919984278
2.8534027
2.855321214
2.857228401
2.859124403
2.861009356
2.862883397
2.864746658
2.866599269
2.868441358
2.870273051
2.872094472
2.873905741
2.875706977
2.877498296
2.879279815
2.881051646
2.882813898
2.884566682
2.886310104
2.888044269
2.889769281
2.891485241
2.893192249
2.894890404

0.157567031
0.157759538
0.157949987
0.158138424
0.158324894
0.15850944
0.158692103
0.158872922
0.159051938
0.159229188
0.159404708
0.159578533
0.159750698
0.159921236
0.160090179
0.160257558
0.160423404
0.160587746
0.157063347
0.157221114
0.157377491
0.157532506
0.157686183
0.157838546
0.157989619
0.158139424
0.158287984
0.158435321
0.158581455
0.158726407
0.158870198
0.159012847
0.159154372
0.159294793
0.159434127
0.159572392
0.159709606
0.159845784
0.159980944
0.160115101
0.160248272
0.16038047
0.160511712
0.160642011
0.160771382
0.160899839
0.161027394
0.161154063
0.161279857
0.161404789
0.161528871
0.161652117
0.161774536
0.161896142
0.162016946
0.162136958
0.162256189
0.162374651
0.162492353
0.162609306
0.16272552
0.162841004
0.162955769
0.163069823
0.163183177
0.163295838
0.163407816
0.16351912
0.159790551
0.159897988
0.16000479
0.160110967
0.160216524
0.16032147
0.160425813
0.160529559
0.160632716
0.160735291
0.16083729
0.160938721
0.161039591
0.161139905
0.16123967
0.161338892
0.161437578
0.161535734
0.161633366
0.161730479
0.16182708
0.161923174
0.162018766
0.162113863

1.09595823
1.09727947
1.09858655
1.09987978
1.10115947
1.10242591
1.10367939
1.10492019
1.10614857
1.1073648
1.10856913
1.10976179
1.11094303
1.11211307
1.11327213
1.11442044
1.11555819
1.1166856
1.11780285
1.11891014
1.12000766
1.12109558
1.12217408
1.12324334
1.12430351
1.12535476
1.12639725
1.12743112
1.12845653
1.12947362
1.13048254
1.13148341
1.13247639
1.13346158
1.13443913
1.13540916
1.13637178
1.13732712
1.1382753
1.13921641
1.14015059
1.14107792
1.14199852
1.14291249
1.14381993
1.14472093
1.1456156
1.14650402
1.14738629
1.1482625
1.14913273
1.14999707
1.1508556
1.1517084
1.15255556
1.15339715
1.15423326
1.15506394
1.15588929
1.15670936
1.15752423
1.15833398
1.15913866
1.15993834
1.1607331
1.16152298
1.16230807
1.1630884
1.16386406
1.16463509
1.16540155
1.1661635
1.166921
1.16767409
1.16842285
1.1691673
1.16990752
1.17064355
1.17137543
1.17210322
1.17282697
1.17354671
1.17426251
1.1749744
1.17568244
1.17638665
1.17708709
1.1777838
1.17847682
1.17916619
1.17985195
1.18053415

0.10959582
0.10972795
0.10985865
0.10998798
0.11011595
0.11024259
0.11036794
0.11049202
0.11061486
0.11073648
0.11085691
0.11097618
0.1110943
0.11121131
0.11132721
0.11144204
0.11155582
0.11166856
0.11178028
0.11189101
0.11200077
0.11210956
0.11221741
0.11232433
0.11243035
0.11253548
0.11263972
0.11274311
0.11284565
0.11294736
0.11304825
0.11314834
0.11324764
0.11334616
0.11344391
0.11354092
0.11363718
0.11373271
0.11382753
0.11392164
0.11401506
0.11410779
0.11419985
0.11429125
0.11438199
0.11447209
0.11456156
0.1146504
0.11473863
0.11482625
0.11491327
0.11499971
0.11508556
0.11517084
0.11525556
0.11533972
0.11542333
0.11550639
0.11558893
0.11567094
0.11575242
0.1158334
0.11591387
0.11599383
0.11607331
0.1161523
0.11623081
0.11630884
0.11638641
0.11646351
0.11654015
0.11661635
0.1166921
0.11676741
0.11684228
0.11691673
0.11699075
0.11706435
0.11713754
0.11721032
0.1172827
0.11735467
0.11742625
0.11749744
0.11756824
0.11763866
0.11770871
0.11777838
0.11784768
0.11791662
0.1179852
0.11805341

8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
8.063
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688
7.688

8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
8.0625
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875
7.6875

90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90

76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76

82.5
83.5
84.5
85.5
86.5
87.5
88.5
89.5
90.5
91.5
92.5
93.5
94.5
95.5
96.5
97.5
98.5
99.5
100.5
101.5
102.5
103.5
104.5
105.5
106.5
107.5
108.5
109.5
110.5
111.5
112.5
113.5
114.5
115.5
116.5
117.5
118.5
119.5
120.5
121.5
122.5
123.5
124.5
125.5
126.5
127.5
128.5
129.5
130.5
131.5
132.5
133.5
134.5
135.5
136.5
137.5
138.5
139.5
140.5
141.5
142.5
143.5
144.5
145.5
146.5
147.5
148.5
149.5
150.5
151.5
152.5
153.5
154.5
155.5
156.5
157.5
158.5
159.5
160.5
161.5
162.5
163.5
164.5
165.5
166.5
167.5
168.5
169.5
170.5
171.5
172.5
173.5

1.299263
1.303743
1.308186
1.31259
1.316958
1.321291
1.325587
1.32985
1.334078
1.338274
1.342436
1.346567
1.350666
1.354734
1.358772
1.36278
1.366759
1.37071
1.374632
1.378526
1.382393
1.386233
1.390046
1.393834
1.397596
1.401333
1.405045
1.408733
1.412397
1.416037
1.419654
1.423248
1.426819
1.430369
1.433896
1.437402
1.440887
1.44435
1.447793
1.451216
1.454619
1.458002
1.461365
1.464709
1.468034
1.471341
1.474629
1.477898
1.48115
1.484384
1.4876
1.490799
1.493982
1.497147
1.500295
1.503428
1.506543
1.509643
1.512727
1.515796
1.518849
1.521887
1.524909
1.527917
1.53091
1.533888
1.536852
1.539802
1.542738
1.54566
1.548568
1.551462
1.554344
1.557211
1.560066
1.562908
1.565736
1.568553
1.571356
1.574147
1.576926
1.579692
1.582447
1.585189
1.58792
1.590639
1.593347
1.596043
1.598727
1.601401
1.604063
1.606715

1.299263223
1.30374349
1.308185595
1.312590307
1.316958373
1.321290517
1.325587439
1.32984982
1.334078317
1.338273571
1.342436201
1.346566811
1.350665984
1.35473429
1.358772279
1.36278049
1.366759443
1.370709645
1.374631591
1.378525761
1.382392622
1.386232629
1.390046226
1.393833844
1.397595905
1.401332817
1.405044981
1.408732787
1.412396615
1.416036835
1.41965381
1.423247891
1.426819425
1.430368748
1.433896188
1.437402066
1.440886696
1.444350385
1.447793432
1.451216129
1.454618764
1.458001615
1.461364957
1.464709058
1.46803418
1.471340579
1.474628506
1.477898208
1.481149924
1.48438389
1.487600337
1.490799492
1.493981574
1.497146803
1.50029539
1.503427543
1.506543468
1.509643364
1.512727428
1.515795852
1.518848826
1.521886535
1.524909161
1.527916882
1.530909874
1.533888309
1.536852354
1.539802177
1.54273794
1.545659802
1.54856792
1.551462449
1.55434354
1.557211342
1.560066
1.562907659
1.56573646
1.568552541
1.57135604
1.574147089
1.576925821
1.579692365
1.58244685
1.5851894
1.587920138
1.590639187
1.593346665
1.596042691
1.598727379
1.601400843
1.604063195
1.606714546

1.2992632
1.3037435
1.3081856
1.3125903
1.3169584
1.3212905
1.3255874
1.3298498
1.3340783
1.3382736
1.3424362
1.3465668
1.350666
1.3547343
1.3587723
1.3627805
1.3667594
1.3707096
1.3746316
1.3785258
1.3823926
1.3862326
1.3900462
1.3938338
1.3975959
1.4013328
1.405045
1.4087328
1.4123966
1.4160368
1.4196538
1.4232479
1.4268194
1.4303687
1.4338962
1.4374021
1.4408867
1.4443504
1.4477934
1.4512161
1.4546188
1.4580016
1.461365
1.4647091
1.4680342
1.4713406
1.4746285
1.4778982
1.4811499
1.4843839
1.4876003
1.4907995
1.4939816
1.4971468
1.5002954
1.5034275
1.5065435
1.5096434
1.5127274
1.5157959
1.5188488
1.5218865
1.5249092
1.5279169
1.5309099
1.5338883
1.5368524
1.5398022
1.5427379
1.5456598
1.5485679
1.5514624
1.5543435
1.5572113
1.560066
1.5629077
1.5657365
1.5685525
1.571356
1.5741471
1.5769258
1.5796924
1.5824468
1.5851894
1.5879201
1.5906392
1.5933467
1.5960427
1.5987274
1.6014008
1.6040632
1.6067145

19.21163
19.27788
19.34356
19.4087
19.47328
19.53734
19.60088
19.6639
19.72643
19.78846
19.85001
19.91109
19.9717
20.03186
20.09157
20.15084
20.20967
20.26808
20.32607
20.38365
20.44083
20.49761
20.554
20.61001
20.66564
20.72089
20.77578
20.83031
20.88449
20.93831
20.9918
21.04494
21.09775
21.15023
21.20239
21.25423
21.30576
21.35697
21.40788
21.45849
21.50881
21.55883
21.60856
21.65801
21.70718
21.75607
21.80468
21.85303
21.90111
21.94893
21.99649
22.0438
22.09085
22.13765
22.18421
22.23052
22.2766
22.32243
22.36803
22.41341
22.45855
22.50347
22.54816
22.59263
22.63689
22.68093
22.72476
22.76838
22.81179
22.85499
22.89799
22.94079
22.98339
23.0258
23.06801
23.11003
23.15186
23.1935
23.23495
23.27622
23.31731
23.35822
23.39895
23.4395
23.47988
23.52008
23.56012
23.59998
23.63968
23.67921
23.71858
23.75778

1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69

0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59

8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125

8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8.1875
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
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175
176
177
178
179
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7.688
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7.6875
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90
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76
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174.5
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1.609355
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1.755401
1.7575185
1.7596296
1.7617345
1.763833
1.7659254
1.7680115
1.7700915
1.7721654
1.7742333
1.7762952
1.7783511
1.7804011
1.7824451

23.79682
23.83571
23.87443
23.913
23.95142
23.98968
24.02779
24.06575
24.10356
24.14122
24.17873
24.2161
24.25333
24.29042
24.32736
24.36416
24.40083
24.43736
24.47375
24.51001
24.54613
24.58212
24.61798
24.65371
24.68931
24.72479
24.76013
24.79535
24.83045
24.86542
24.90027
24.935
24.96961
25.0041
25.03847
25.07272
25.10686
25.14088
25.17478
25.20857
25.24225
25.27582
25.30928
25.34262
25.37586
25.40899
25.44201
25.47492
25.50773
25.54043
25.57303
25.60552
25.63791
25.6702
25.70239
25.73448
25.76647
25.79836
25.83015
25.86184
25.89344
25.92494
25.95634
25.98765
26.01887
26.04999
26.08102
26.11196
26.14281
26.17356
26.20423
26.23481
26.2653
26.29569
26.32601
26.35623

1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69

0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59

7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625

7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.8125
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625

0.185374
0.185676
0.185978
0.186279
0.186578
0.186876
0.187173
0.187468
0.187763
0.188056
0.188349
0.18864
0.18893
0.189219
0.189506
0.189793
0.190079
0.190363
0.190647
0.190929
0.191211
0.191491
0.19177
0.192049
0.192326
0.192602
0.188249
0.188516
0.188783
0.189049
0.189314
0.189578
0.189841
0.190103
0.190365
0.190625
0.190885
0.191143
0.191401
0.191658
0.191914
0.192169
0.192424
0.192677
0.19293
0.193182
0.193433
0.193683
0.193932
0.194181
0.194429
0.194676
0.194922
0.195168
0.195412
0.195656
0.1959
0.196142
0.196384
0.196625
0.196865
0.197104
0.197343
0.197581
0.197819
0.198055
0.198291
0.198526
0.198761
0.198995
0.199228
0.19946
0.199692
0.199923
0.200154
0.200383

32.3741365
32.6127121
32.8516762
33.0910273
33.3307636
33.5708838
33.8113862
34.0522694
34.2935319
34.5351721
34.7771887
35.0195801
35.2623449
35.5054816
35.748989
35.9928654
36.2371097
36.4817203
36.7266959
36.9720352
37.2177369
37.4637995
37.7102217
37.9570024
38.2041401
37.9894989
37.770694
38.0129384
38.2555263
38.4984565
38.7417279
38.9853393
39.2292893
39.473577
39.7182011
39.9631604
40.2084539
40.4540804
40.7000387
40.9463278
41.1929465
41.4398938
41.6871685
41.9347696
42.182696
42.4309467
42.6795205
42.9284165
43.1776335
43.4271707
43.6770268
43.9272011
44.1776923
44.4284995
44.6796218
44.9310581
45.1828075
45.434869
45.6872417
45.9399245
46.1929165
46.4462168
46.6998245
46.9537386
47.2079582
47.4624823
47.7173102
47.9724408
48.2278733
48.4836069
48.7396405
48.9959733
49.2526045
49.5095332
49.7667586

UserInput
Overallheight
DiameteratBase
ShellThickness
StrengthofSteel
ModulusofElasticity
ID
S
Z
r
I

AxialStrength
FlexureStrength
CombinedLoads
ft= 3000 in FactoredLoad
669.7351275 FactoredLoad
67055.35 CombinedLoading
0.996377 1.0
0.602199
ft=
99 in FactoredStrength
1112.14855 FactoredStrength
157177.80 Pu/Pc
in
Pn
1308.410059 YieldingMn
174642 ForPu/Pc0.2
0.996377
148133.055 ForPu/Pc<0.2
0.695277
ksi
Fcr
8.456443794 LocalBuckling
ksi
KL/r
172.2877575
MagnificationFactors
CheckforCompactsection:
4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
133.680683 D/t
198 B2
1.039447
98
Fe
9.642467267 p
56.38888889 Pnt
669.7351
FcrforKL/r4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
3790.919594
7.544869482 c
249.7222222 Pe2
17647.76
4851.166667
FcrforKL/r>4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
8.456443794 noncompact
H
41.52
34.82545764
Ag
154.7234382 FlexureStrength:
OK
H
6
187650.5199
L
3000
CheckforCompactsection:
D/t
198
p
c
88.61111111
noncompact
250
8.25
0.5
36
29000

AxialStrength:

OK

OK

WeightofEquipment:
Heightoftower
OuterDiameteratbase
OuterDiameterathub
Thickness
WeightofSteel
Town(Massachusetts)

400
250
8.5
7.5
0.75
490

kips
ft
ft
ft
in
pcf

AxialLoad
MomentLoad
TotalShear

tice

748.6849367
10552.98717
78.83

Section
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5

0.0625

Diameter Height
to
8.5
0
8.25
51
8
101
7.75
151
7.5
201

50
100
150
200
250

InnerDia.
OR
8.375
8.125
7.875
7.625
7.375

IR
4.25
4.125
4
3.875
3.75

4.1875
4.0625
3.9375
3.8125
3.6875

IceRadius
4.5
4.375
4.25
4.125
4

Yarmouth

Height
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82

VolumeofSteel
WeightofSteel VolumeofIce WeightofIce
Fz
td
D1
D2
D3
1.656699251
0.811782633 1.769954184
0.099117434 0.6577269 0.06577269
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 1.977248338
0.110725907 0.73410424 0.07341042
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.081809306
0.116581321 0.77257848 0.07725785
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633
2.15371181
0.120607861 0.79901588 0.07990159
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.209046993
0.123706632 0.81935075 0.08193508
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.254260028
0.126238562 0.8359588 0.08359588
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.292610737
0.128386201 0.85004113 0.08500411
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.325985945
0.130255213 0.86229275 0.08622927
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.355579586
0.131912457 0.8731533 0.08731533
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.382196801
0.133403021 0.88291921 0.08829192
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.406407173
0.134758802 0.89180014 0.08918001
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.428628985
0.136003223 0.89995002
0.089995
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.449178772
0.137154011 0.90748532 0.09074853
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.468302051
0.138224915 0.91449636 0.09144964
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.486193222
0.13922682 0.92105466 0.09210547
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.503008929
0.1401685 0.92721783 0.09272178
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.518877306
0.141057129 0.93303299 0.0933033
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.533904546
0.141898655 0.93853919 0.09385392
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.548179677
0.142698062 0.94376915 0.09437692
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.561778095
0.143459573 0.94875061 0.09487506
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633
2.57476423
0.144186797 0.95350723 0.09535072
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.587193593
0.144882841 0.95805943 0.09580594
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.599114359
0.145550404 0.96242492 0.09624249
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.610568614
0.146191842 0.96661914 0.09666191
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.621593348
0.146809227 0.97065571 0.09706557
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.632221251
0.14740439 0.97454663 0.09745466
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.642481362
0.147978956 0.97830257 0.09783026
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.652399594
0.148534377 0.98193304 0.0981933
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.661999171
0.149071954 0.98544659 0.09854466
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.671300993
0.149592856 0.98885089 0.09888509
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.680323935
0.15009814 0.99215286 0.09921529
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.689085104
0.150588766 0.9953588 0.09953588
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.697600056
0.151065603 0.99847442 0.09984744
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.705882976
0.151529447 1.00150492 0.10015049
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.713946841
0.151981023 1.00445507 0.10044551
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.721803548
0.152420999 1.00732924 0.10073292
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.729464037
0.152849986 1.01013145 0.10101314
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633
2.73693839
0.15326855 1.01286539 0.10128654
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.744235916
0.153677211 1.01553449 0.10155345
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.751365234
0.154076453 1.01814191 0.10181419
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.758334337
0.154466723 1.02069058 0.10206906
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.765150652
0.154848437 1.02318324 0.10231832
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.771821092
0.155221981 1.0256224 0.10256224
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.778352104
0.155587718 1.02801046 0.10280105
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.784749711
0.155945984 1.0303496 0.10303496
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.791019546
0.156297095 1.03264191 0.10326419
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.797166886
0.156641346 1.03488931 0.10348893
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.803196686
0.156979014 1.03709363 0.10370936
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.809113596
0.157310361 1.03925657 0.10392566
8.5
1.656699251
0.811782633 2.814921996
0.157635632 1.04137974 0.10413797
8.5
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.738672485
0.153365659 1.04346466 0.10434647
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.744115143
0.153670448 1.04551274 0.10455127
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814
2.74946376
0.153969971 1.04752534 0.10475253
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.754721709
0.154264416 1.04950372 0.10495037
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.759892178
0.154553962 1.05144911 0.10514491
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.764978189
0.154838779 1.05336262 0.10533626
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.769982609
0.155119026 1.05524536 0.10552454
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.774908154
0.155394857 1.05709834 0.10570983
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814
2.77975741
0.155666415 1.05892254 0.10589225
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.784532832
0.155933839 1.06071889 0.10607189
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.789236757
0.156197258 1.06248827 0.10624883
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.793871413
0.156456799 1.06423152 0.10642315
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814
2.79843892
0.15671258 1.06594944 0.10659494
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.802941304
0.156964713 1.06764281 0.10676428
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.807380498
0.157213308 1.06931234 0.10693123
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.811758348
0.157458467 1.07095873 0.10709587
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.816076618
0.157700291 1.07258266 0.10725827
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.820336999
0.157938872 1.07418475 0.10741848
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.824541107
0.158174302 1.07576563 0.10757656
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.828690491
0.158406667 1.07732586 0.10773259
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.832786636
0.158636052 1.07886603 0.1078866
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.836830965
0.158862534 1.08038665 0.10803867
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.840824846
0.159086191 1.08188826 0.10818883
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.844769592
0.159307097 1.08337133 0.10833713
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.848666462
0.159525322 1.08483636 0.10848364
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.852516669
0.159740933 1.0862838 0.10862838
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814
2.85632138
0.159953997 1.08771408 0.10877141
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.860081717
0.160164576 1.08912763 0.10891276
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.863798759
0.160372731 1.09052486 0.10905249
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.867473548
0.160578519 1.09190617 0.10919062
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.871107086
0.160781997 1.09327192 0.10932719
8.25
1.607611866
0.787729814 2.874700341
0.160983219 1.09462249 0.10946225
8.25

D4

D5

Diameter V(3s)
V(f.m)
z
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.5
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104
8.25
120
104

0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
16.5
17.5
18.5
19.5
20.5
21.5
22.5
23.5
24.5
25.5
26.5
27.5
28.5
29.5
30.5
31.5
32.5
33.5
34.5
35.5
36.5
37.5
38.5
39.5
40.5
41.5
42.5
43.5
44.5
45.5
46.5
47.5
48.5
49.5
50.5
51.5
52.5
53.5
54.5
55.5
56.5
57.5
58.5
59.5
60.5
61.5
62.5
63.5
64.5
65.5
66.5
67.5
68.5
69.5
70.5
71.5
72.5
73.5
74.5
75.5
76.5
77.5
78.5
79.5
80.5
81.5

Kzcalc
0.302086
0.413476
0.478449
0.526729
0.565941
0.599337
0.628637
0.654872
0.678715
0.70063
0.720953
0.739938
0.757778
0.774625
0.790603
0.805812
0.820335
0.834243
0.847594
0.860439
0.872822
0.884781
0.896348
0.907554
0.918425
0.928982
0.939249
0.949242
0.958978
0.968474
0.977743
0.986797
0.995647
1.004306
1.012781
1.021084
1.02922
1.037199
1.045027
1.052712
1.060258
1.067673
1.074961
1.082128
1.089178
1.096116
1.102945
1.109671
1.116296
1.122824
1.129259
1.135603
1.14186
1.148033
1.154123
1.160134
1.166069
1.171928
1.177716
1.183433
1.189082
1.194665
1.200183
1.205638
1.211033
1.216368
1.221645
1.226866
1.232032
1.237144
1.242204
1.247213
1.252172
1.257083
1.261946
1.266762
1.271534
1.276261
1.280944
1.285585
1.290185
1.294744

1 Kz
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.00430578
1.012781498
1.021083506
1.029220112
1.03719901
1.045027344
1.052711756
1.06025844
1.067673173
1.074961362
1.082128069
1.089178042
1.096115745
1.102945375
1.109670885
1.116296006
1.122824262
1.129258983
1.135603321
1.141860267
1.148032653
1.154123172
1.160134383
1.166068719
1.171928499
1.177715932
1.183433126
1.189082092
1.194664752
1.200182944
1.205638427
1.211032883
1.216367926
1.221645104
1.226865898
1.232031735
1.237143983
1.242203955
1.247212918
1.252172089
1.257082638
1.261945695
1.266762348
1.271533644
1.276260596
1.28094418
1.285585339
1.290184984
1.294743995

1 Kz2.58 q z
Gh
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1 27.68896
1.0043058 27.80818
1.0127815 28.04287
1.0210835 28.27274
1.0292201 28.49803
1.037199 28.71896
1.0450273 28.93572
1.0527118 29.14849
1.0602584 29.35745
1.0676732 29.56276
1.0749614 29.76456
1.0821281
29.963
1.089178 30.15821
1.0961157 30.35031
1.1029454 30.53941
1.1096709 30.72563
1.116296 30.90908
1.1228243 31.08984
1.129259 31.26801
1.1356033 31.44367
1.1418603 31.61692
1.1480327 31.78783
1.1541232 31.95647
1.1601344 32.12291
1.1660687 32.28723
1.1719285 32.44948
1.1777159 32.60973
1.1834331 32.76803
1.1890821 32.92445
1.1946648 33.07902
1.2001829 33.23182
1.2056384 33.38287
1.2110329 33.53224
1.2163679 33.67996
1.2216451 33.82608
1.2268659 33.97064
1.2320317 34.11368
1.237144 34.25523
1.242204 34.39534
1.2472129 34.53403
1.2521721 34.67134
1.2570826 34.80731
1.2619457 34.94196
1.2667623 35.07533
1.2715336 35.20744
1.2762606 35.33833
1.2809442 35.46801
1.2855853 35.59652
1.290185 35.72388
1.294744 35.85011

Cf
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69

Ar
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59

Ag
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375

e
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375

Ae
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375

Force
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.238125
0.23915
0.241168
0.243145
0.245083
0.246983
0.248847
0.250677
0.252474
0.254239
0.255975
0.257681
0.25936
0.261012
0.262639
0.26424
0.265818
0.267372
0.26111
0.262577
0.264024
0.265451
0.266859
0.268249
0.269621
0.270976
0.272314
0.273636
0.274943
0.276233
0.277509
0.278771
0.280018
0.281252
0.282472
0.283679
0.284874
0.286056
0.287226
0.288384
0.28953
0.290666
0.29179
0.292904
0.294007
0.2951
0.296183
0.297256
0.29832
0.299374

Moment
0.11906235
0.35718706
0.59531177
0.83343648
1.07156119
1.3096859
1.54781061
1.78593532
2.02406003
2.26218474
2.50030945
2.73843416
2.97655887
3.21468358
3.45280829
3.690933
3.92905771
4.16718242
4.40530713
4.64343184
4.88155655
5.11968126
5.35780597
5.59593068
5.83405539
6.0721801
6.31030481
6.54842952
6.78655423
7.02467894
7.26280365
7.50092836
7.75579984
8.0455001
8.35457286
8.66620765
8.98035287
9.29695934
9.61598014
9.93737045
10.2610874
10.5870898
10.9153385
11.2457955
11.5784247
11.913191
12.250061
12.5890023
12.9299838
13.079416
13.2232247
13.5600944
13.8988342
14.2394186
14.581823
14.9260235
15.271997
15.619721
15.9691738
16.3203343
16.6731819
17.0276967
17.3838595
17.7416512
18.1010536
18.4620488
18.8246195
19.1887487
19.5544199
19.9216171
20.2903245
20.6605268
21.0322091
21.4053569
21.7799558
22.1559919
22.5334517
22.9123218
23.2925892
23.6742413
24.0572655
24.4416497

83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174

1.607611866
1.607611866
1.607611866
1.607611866
1.607611866
1.607611866
1.607611866
1.607611866
1.607611866
1.607611866
1.607611866
1.607611866
1.607611866
1.607611866
1.607611866
1.607611866
1.607611866
1.607611866
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.55852448
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095

0.787729814
0.787729814
0.787729814
0.787729814
0.787729814
0.787729814
0.787729814
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0.739624177
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0.739624177
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0.739624177
0.739624177

2.878254245
2.881769699
2.885247572
2.888688703
2.892093905
2.89546396
2.898799628
2.902101642
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2.900540832
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2.909422155
2.91117
2.912908619
2.914638115
2.916358588
2.918070138

0.161182238
0.161379103
0.161573864
0.161766567
0.161957259
0.162145982
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0.163316081
0.163411928

1.09595823
1.09727947
1.09858655
1.09987978
1.10115947
1.10242591
1.10367939
1.10492019
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1.12845653
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1.13540916
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1.17568244
1.17638665
1.17708709
1.1777838
1.17847682
1.17916619
1.17985195
1.18053415

0.10959582
0.10972795
0.10985865
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0.11024259
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0.11770871
0.11777838
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0.11791662
0.1179852
0.11805341

8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75

8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75

120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
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120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
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120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120

104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
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104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
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104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104

82.5
83.5
84.5
85.5
86.5
87.5
88.5
89.5
90.5
91.5
92.5
93.5
94.5
95.5
96.5
97.5
98.5
99.5
100.5
101.5
102.5
103.5
104.5
105.5
106.5
107.5
108.5
109.5
110.5
111.5
112.5
113.5
114.5
115.5
116.5
117.5
118.5
119.5
120.5
121.5
122.5
123.5
124.5
125.5
126.5
127.5
128.5
129.5
130.5
131.5
132.5
133.5
134.5
135.5
136.5
137.5
138.5
139.5
140.5
141.5
142.5
143.5
144.5
145.5
146.5
147.5
148.5
149.5
150.5
151.5
152.5
153.5
154.5
155.5
156.5
157.5
158.5
159.5
160.5
161.5
162.5
163.5
164.5
165.5
166.5
167.5
168.5
169.5
170.5
171.5
172.5
173.5

1.299263
1.303743
1.308186
1.31259
1.316958
1.321291
1.325587
1.32985
1.334078
1.338274
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1.346567
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1.571356
1.574147
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1.585189
1.58792
1.590639
1.593347
1.596043
1.598727
1.601401
1.604063
1.606715

1.299263223
1.30374349
1.308185595
1.312590307
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1.334078317
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1.497146803
1.50029539
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1.506543468
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1.512727428
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1.518848826
1.521886535
1.524909161
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1.530909874
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1.560066
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1.56573646
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1.57135604
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1.593346665
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1.601400843
1.604063195
1.606714546

1.2992632
1.3037435
1.3081856
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1.3169584
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1.5851894
1.5879201
1.5906392
1.5933467
1.5960427
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1.6014008
1.6040632
1.6067145

35.97525
36.0993
36.2223
36.34426
36.46521
36.58516
36.70414
36.82216
36.93924
37.0554
37.17066
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38.06212
38.16994
38.27701
38.38334
38.48893
38.59381
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38.80145
38.90423
39.00635
39.10779
39.20859
39.30874
39.40825
39.50715
39.60542
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39.80017
39.89665
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40.08789
40.18267
40.27688
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40.46368
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40.83093
40.92146
41.0115
41.10105
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41.27869
41.3668
41.45444
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41.62835
41.71462
41.80045
41.88585
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42.05534
42.13946
42.22315
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42.47177
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42.71681
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42.87824
42.95838
43.03816
43.11756
43.19661
43.27529
43.35361
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43.50921
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43.66344
43.74004
43.81631
43.89225
43.96786
44.04314
44.11811
44.19276
44.2671
44.34112
44.41484
44.48825

1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
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1.69
1.69
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1.69
1.69
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1.69
1.69
1.69
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1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69

0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
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0.59
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0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59

8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
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8.125
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8.125
8.125
8.125
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875

8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
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8.125
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7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.375
8.125
8.125
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8.125
8.125
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8.125
8.125
8.125
8.125
8.125
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8.125
8.125
8.125
8.125
8.125
8.125
8.125
8.125
8.125
8.125
8.125
8.125
8.125
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875

0.300419
0.301455
0.302482
0.3035
0.30451
0.305512
0.306506
0.307491
0.308469
0.309439
0.310402
0.311357
0.312304
0.313245
0.314179
0.315106
0.316026
0.316939
0.308358
0.309231
0.310099
0.31096
0.311816
0.312665
0.313509
0.314348
0.31518
0.316007
0.316829
0.317646
0.318457
0.319264
0.320065
0.320861
0.321652
0.322439
0.32322
0.323997
0.32477
0.325537
0.326301
0.327059
0.327814
0.328564
0.32931
0.330052
0.330789
0.331523
0.332252
0.332978
0.333699
0.334417
0.335131
0.335841
0.336547
0.337249
0.337948
0.338644
0.339336
0.340024
0.340709
0.34139
0.342068
0.342743
0.343414
0.344082
0.344747
0.345409
0.335419
0.336055
0.336687
0.337316
0.337943
0.338566
0.339187
0.339805
0.34042
0.341032
0.341641
0.342248
0.342852
0.343454
0.344053
0.344649
0.345243
0.345834
0.346423
0.347009
0.347592
0.348174
0.348753
0.349329

24.827382
25.2144507
25.6028443
25.9925517
26.3835618
26.775864
27.1694476
27.5643023
27.960418
28.3577846
28.7563926
29.1562321
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29.9595687
30.3630474
30.7677211
31.1735811
31.1078033
31.0339351
31.4310829
31.8293489
32.2287254
32.6292047
33.0307794
33.4334419
33.8371849
34.2420014
34.6478842
35.0548263
35.462821
35.8718614
36.281941
36.6930531
37.1051914
37.5183495
37.9325212
38.3477002
38.7638805
39.1810561
39.5992211
40.0183698
40.4384963
40.859595
41.2816603
41.7046868
42.1286689
42.5536014
42.979479
43.4062963
43.8340484
44.2627301
44.6923364
45.1228623
45.5543031
45.9866537
46.4199096
46.8540659
47.2891181
47.7250615
48.1618916
48.599604
49.0381942
49.4776578
49.9179906
50.3591882
50.8012464
51.2441612
50.8910855
50.5284654
50.9602185
51.3927861
51.8261643
52.2603493
52.6953374
53.1311249
53.5677082
54.0050836
54.4432476
54.8821966
55.3219272
55.7624359
56.2037192
56.6457739
57.0885965
57.5321837
57.9765322
58.4216389
58.8675004
59.3141136
59.7614754
60.2095826
60.6584321

175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250

1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
1.509437095
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1.46034971
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1.46034971
1.46034971
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1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
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1.46034971
1.46034971
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1.46034971
1.46034971
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1.46034971
1.46034971
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1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971
1.46034971

0.739624177
0.739624177
0.739624177
0.739624177
0.739624177
0.739624177
0.739624177
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0.715571358
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0.715571358
0.715571358
0.715571358
0.715571358
0.715571358
0.715571358
0.715571358
0.715571358

2.919772861
2.921466853
2.923152208
2.92482902
2.926497379
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2.929809095
2.931452628
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2.89896395
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2.905487189
2.906776455
2.908060693
2.909339943
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2.911883644
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2.915662795
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2.919399194
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2.921866876
2.923093852
2.924316298
2.92553425
2.926747742
2.92795681
2.929161486
2.930361806
2.931557801

0.16350728
0.163602144
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0.164161347
0.164252931
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0.160883456
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0.163136298
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0.163761713
0.163829918
0.163897874
0.163965581
0.164033043
0.164100261
0.164167237

1.18121281
1.18188799
1.18255971
1.18322801
1.18389293
1.18455451
1.18521278
1.18586778
1.18651954
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1.18909483
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1.19036388
1.19099387
1.19162088
1.19224493
1.19286605
1.19348428
1.19409964
1.19471215
1.19532186
1.19592878
1.19653293
1.19713436
1.19773308
1.19832911
1.19892249
1.19951324
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1.20126995
1.20185041
1.20242836
1.20300383
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1.20640557
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1.20807459
1.20862635
1.20917585
1.20972311
1.21026816
1.210811
1.21135166
1.21189016
1.21242652
1.21296075
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1.21402289
1.21455084
1.21507674
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1.21612242
1.21664224
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1.21767593
1.21818982
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1.2192118
1.21971991
1.22022613
1.22073046
1.22123292
1.22173353
1.2222323
1.22272924
1.22322437
1.22371771
1.22420926

0.11812128
0.1181888
0.11825597
0.1183228
0.11838929
0.11845545
0.11852128
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0.12242093

7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
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7.5
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7.5
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7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
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7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5

7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
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7.75
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7.75
7.75
7.75
7.75
7.5
7.5
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7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
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7.5
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7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5

120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
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120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
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120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120

104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104

174.5
175.5
176.5
177.5
178.5
179.5
180.5
181.5
182.5
183.5
184.5
185.5
186.5
187.5
188.5
189.5
190.5
191.5
192.5
193.5
194.5
195.5
196.5
197.5
198.5
199.5
200.5
201.5
202.5
203.5
204.5
205.5
206.5
207.5
208.5
209.5
210.5
211.5
212.5
213.5
214.5
215.5
216.5
217.5
218.5
219.5
220.5
221.5
222.5
223.5
224.5
225.5
226.5
227.5
228.5
229.5
230.5
231.5
232.5
233.5
234.5
235.5
236.5
237.5
238.5
239.5
240.5
241.5
242.5
243.5
244.5
245.5
246.5
247.5
248.5
249.5

1.609355
1.611985
1.614604
1.617212
1.61981
1.622398
1.624975
1.627542
1.630099
1.632646
1.635183
1.637711
1.640228
1.642736
1.645235
1.647724
1.650203
1.652674
1.655135
1.657587
1.66003
1.662464
1.664889
1.667306
1.669713
1.672112
1.674503
1.676885
1.679258
1.681623
1.68398
1.686329
1.688669
1.691002
1.693326
1.695643
1.697951
1.700252
1.702545
1.70483
1.707108
1.709378
1.711641
1.713896
1.716143
1.718384
1.720617
1.722843
1.725062
1.727273
1.729478
1.731675
1.733866
1.73605
1.738226
1.740397
1.74256
1.744717
1.746867
1.74901
1.751147
1.753277
1.755401
1.757519
1.75963
1.761734
1.763833
1.765925
1.768012
1.770092
1.772165
1.774233
1.776295
1.778351
1.780401
1.782445

1.609355004
1.611984676
1.614603666
1.617212079
1.619810016
1.622397578
1.624974864
1.627541971
1.630098995
1.632646031
1.635183171
1.637710507
1.640228131
1.642736131
1.645234594
1.647723608
1.650203257
1.652673627
1.655134799
1.657586855
1.660029877
1.662463943
1.664889133
1.667305522
1.669713188
1.672112206
1.67450265
1.676884593
1.679258107
1.681623264
1.683980133
1.686328785
1.688669287
1.691001707
1.693326112
1.695642568
1.697951139
1.70025189
1.702544883
1.704830182
1.707107849
1.709377943
1.711640525
1.713895654
1.71614339
1.718383789
1.72061691
1.722842809
1.725061541
1.727273162
1.729477726
1.731675286
1.733865897
1.736049611
1.738226479
1.740396552
1.742559882
1.744716519
1.746866512
1.749009909
1.75114676
1.753277112
1.755401012
1.757518507
1.759629643
1.761734466
1.763833021
1.765925352
1.768011504
1.77009152
1.772165444
1.774233318
1.776295184
1.778351083
1.780401058
1.782445149

1.609355
1.6119847
1.6146037
1.6172121
1.61981
1.6223976
1.6249749
1.627542
1.630099
1.632646
1.6351832
1.6377105
1.6402281
1.6427361
1.6452346
1.6477236
1.6502033
1.6526736
1.6551348
1.6575869
1.6600299
1.6624639
1.6648891
1.6673055
1.6697132
1.6721122
1.6745026
1.6768846
1.6792581
1.6816233
1.6839801
1.6863288
1.6886693
1.6910017
1.6933261
1.6956426
1.6979511
1.7002519
1.7025449
1.7048302
1.7071078
1.7093779
1.7116405
1.7138957
1.7161434
1.7183838
1.7206169
1.7228428
1.7250615
1.7272732
1.7294777
1.7316753
1.7338659
1.7360496
1.7382265
1.7403966
1.7425599
1.7447165
1.7468665
1.7490099
1.7511468
1.7532771
1.755401
1.7575185
1.7596296
1.7617345
1.763833
1.7659254
1.7680115
1.7700915
1.7721654
1.7742333
1.7762952
1.7783511
1.7804011
1.7824451

44.56137
44.63418
44.7067
44.77892
44.85085
44.9225
44.99386
45.06494
45.13575
45.20627
45.27652
45.3465
45.41621
45.48566
45.55483
45.62375
45.69241
45.76081
45.82896
45.89686
45.9645
46.0319
46.09905
46.16596
46.23262
46.29905
46.36524
46.43119
46.49691
46.5624
46.62766
46.69269
46.7575
46.82208
46.88644
46.95058
47.0145
47.07821
47.1417
47.20497
47.26804
47.3309
47.39355
47.45599
47.51823
47.58026
47.64209
47.70373
47.76516
47.8264
47.88744
47.94829
48.00894
48.06941
48.12968
48.18977
48.24967
48.30939
48.36892
48.42827
48.48743
48.54642
48.60523
48.66386
48.72231
48.7806
48.8387
48.89664
48.9544
49.01199
49.06942
49.12668
49.18377
49.24069
49.29745
49.35405

1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69

0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59

7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625

7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.875
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625
7.625

0.349903
0.350475
0.351044
0.351611
0.352176
0.352739
0.353299
0.353857
0.354413
0.354967
0.355519
0.356068
0.356615
0.357161
0.357704
0.358245
0.358784
0.359321
0.359856
0.36039
0.360921
0.36145
0.361977
0.362503
0.363026
0.363548
0.35251
0.353011
0.353511
0.354009
0.354505
0.354999
0.355492
0.355983
0.356472
0.35696
0.357446
0.35793
0.358413
0.358894
0.359374
0.359851
0.360328
0.360803
0.361276
0.361747
0.362217
0.362686
0.363153
0.363619
0.364083
0.364545
0.365007
0.365466
0.365925
0.366381
0.366837
0.367291
0.367743
0.368195
0.368644
0.369093
0.36954
0.369986
0.37043
0.370873
0.371315
0.371756
0.372195
0.372633
0.373069
0.373505
0.373939
0.374371
0.374803
0.375233

61.108021
61.5583461
62.0094044
62.4611931
62.9137091
63.3669495
63.8209116
64.2755923
64.7309889
65.1870985
65.6439185
66.101446
66.5596784
67.0186128
67.4782467
67.9385774
68.3996023
68.8613188
69.3237242
69.786816
70.2505918
70.7150489
71.180185
71.6459974
72.1124839
71.4257987
70.7285017
71.1821228
71.6363872
72.0912926
72.5468368
73.0030176
73.4598327
73.9172799
74.3753572
74.8340622
75.2933929
75.7533472
76.2139229
76.675118
77.1369303
77.5993579
78.0623987
78.5260506
78.9903117
79.4551799
79.9206533
80.38673
80.8534079
81.3206852
81.78856
82.2570302
82.7260941
83.1957498
83.6659954
84.1368291
84.608249
85.0802534
85.5528403
86.0260081
86.499755
86.9740791
87.4489788
87.9244523
88.4004978
88.8771137
89.3542983
89.8320499
90.3103667
90.7892472
91.2686896
91.7486924
92.2292539
92.7103724
93.1920465

UserInput
Overallheight
DiameteratBase
ShellThickness
StrengthofSteel
ModulusofElasticity
ID
S
Z
r
I

AxialStrength
FlexureStrength
CombinedLoads
ft= 3000 in FactoredLoad
748.6849367 FactoredLoad
126635.85 CombinedLoading
0.875381 1.0
249117.53 Pu/Pc
0.413196
ft= 102 in FactoredStrength
1811.937034 FactoredStrength
in
Pn
2131.690628 YieldingMn
276797.25 ForPu/Pc0.2
0.875381
242648.892 ForPu/Pc<0.2
0.668783
ksi
Fcr
8.935482487 LocalBuckling
ksi
KL/r
167.6058981
MagnificationFactors
CheckforCompactsection:
4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
133.680683 D/t
136 B2
1.022859
100.5
Fe
10.18869155 p
56.38888889 Pnt
748.6849
FcrforKL/r4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
5994.595697
8.204172194 c
249.7222222 Pe2
33501.45
H
78.83
7688.8125
FcrforKL/r>4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
8.935482487 noncompact
35.79826288
Ag
238.5646921 FlexureStrength:
OK
H
6
305724.3805
L
3000
CheckforCompactsection:
D/t
136
p
c
88.61111111
noncompact
250
8.5
0.75
36
29000

AxialStrength:

OK

OK

AppendixE:FoundationDesignSheetsandHandCalculations

89

250Tower

InitialInputs
AxialLoad,Pu
Moment,Mu
ColumnBaseDiameter,D
AllowableBearingStress,qa
f'c
fy
DetermineFootingSize
FootingDepth
WeightofFooting
pnet
RequiredArea
Suggestedsidelength
Chosensidelength
CheckEccentricity
Eccentricity,e
B/6
DetermineDepthbasedonShear
averaged
Vu
bo
Bc
Alphas
Choosesmallestof:
Vc
Vc
Vc
GoverningVc
CheckTwoWayShear
Bc
bo/d
ShearCapacity(phic,Vc)
CheckOneWayShear
Vu
Vcu
Phi*Vc

744.43
6956.04
8.00
4500.00
3000.00
40000.00

k
ftk
ft
psf
psi
psi

3.00
450.00
4050.00
183.81
13.56
16.00

ft
psf
psf
ft^2
ft
ft

0.06 ft
2.67 ft

OK

qequiv<qa

OK

31.00 in
1036.80 k
271.01 in
(for
1.00 squares)
(for
40.00 columns)
2760.92
3025.75
1840.61
1840.61

k
k
k
k

1.00
8.74
1380.46 k

OK
OK
OK

NoShearReinforcement

91.80 k
652.01 k
489.01 k

OK

NoShearReinforcement
1

DesignofBaseplate
Trybaseplatewidth
CheckBearingPressure:

128.00 in

CPP

37601.28 >

C*0.85*f'c*A1*sqrt(A2/A1)
1.7*f'c*A1
fmax
Mu
tmin
Chooset

37601.28
50135.04
0.28
256.00
6.89
7

DesignforBendingMoment
Strength
RequiredRn
m
p
Checkbalancedcondition
pb
RequiredAs
MinRequiredAs
BarSize,#
Diameter,db
Area,a
Suggested#ofbars,As/a
Chosen#ofBars
As
CheckBarSpacing
Calculatedbarspacing
Actualbarspacing
Newd
CompressiveStrength,C
TensileStrength,T
a
PhiMn
DevelopmentofReinforcement
bottomandsidecover
onehalfccspacing
cb
Cb/db
ActulCb/db

k
k
ksi
ink
in
in

OK
744.4
3 OK

OK

OK

502.66 psi
15.69
0.014
0.028
84.12
13.82
9.00
1.13
1.00
84.12
85.00
85.00

2.26
2.26
31.87
489.60
3400.00
6.94
7241.94

OK
in^2
in^2
in
in^2

in^2

in/bar
in/bar
in
a
k
in
ftk

2.06 in
1.13 in
1.13 in
1.00
1.00

OK

OK

OK

Ld
ActualEmbedment

80.22 in
94.00 in

CheckShearwithNewd
averaged
Vu
bo

OK

31.87 in
1036.80 k
270.13 in
(for
1.00 squares)
(for
40.00 columns)

Bc
Alphas
Choosesmallestof:
Vc
Vc
Vc
GoverningVc
CheckTwoWayShear
Bc
bo/d
ShearCapacity(phic,Vc)
CheckOneWayShear
Vu
Vcu
Phi*Vc

2829.44
3168.71
1886.30
1886.30

k
k
k
k

1.00
8.48
1414.72 k

OK
OK
OK

NoShearReinforcement

87.09 k
670.35 k
502.76 k

OK

NoShearReinforcement

AppendixF:FoundationDesignAlternatives

90

350Tower

InitialInputs
AxialLoad,Pu
Moment,Mu
ColumnBaseDiameter,D
AllowableBearingStress,qa
f'c
fy
DetermineFootingSize
FootingDepth
WeightofFooting
pnet
RequiredArea
Suggestedsidelength
Chosensidelength
CheckEccentricity
Eccentricity,e
B/6
DetermineDepthbasedonShear
averaged
Vu
bo
Bc
Alphas
Choosesmallestof:
Vc
Vc
Vc
GoverningVc
CheckTwoWayShear
Bc
bo/d
ShearCapacity(phic,Vc)
CheckOneWayShear
Vu
Vcu
Phi*Vc

1026.88
21637.72
12.00
4500.00
3000.00
40000.00

k
ftk
ft
psf
psi
psi

6.00
900.00
3600.00
285.24
16.89
24.00

ft
psf
psf
ft^2
ft
ft

0.04 ft
4.00 ft

OK

qequiv<qa

OK

67.00
2073.60
386.01
1.00

in
k
in
(forsquares)
(for
40.00 columns)

8499.33
12668.02
5666.22
5666.22

k
k
k
k

1.00
5.76
4249.67 k

OK
OK
OK

NoShearReinforcement

36.00 k
2113.77 k
1585.33 k

OK

NoShearReinforcement

DesignofBaseplate
Trybaseplatewidth
CheckBearingPressure:

180.00 in

CPP

79315.20 >

C*0.85*f'c*A1*sqrt(A2/A1)
1.7*f'c*A1
fmax
Mu
tmin
Chooset

79315.20
99144.00
0.30
324.01
7.75
8

k
k
ksi
ink
in
in

DesignforBendingMomentStrength
RequiredRn
223.16 psi
m
15.69
p
0.006
Checkbalancedcondition
pb
0.028
RequiredAs
112.82 in^2
MinRequiredAs
41.47 in^2
BarSize,#
9.00
Diameter,db
1.13 in
Area,a
1.00 in^2
Suggested#ofbars,As/a
112.82
Chosen#ofBars
113.00
As
113.00 in^2
CheckBarSpacing

Calculatedbarspacing
2.55 in/bar
Actualbarspacing
2.55 in/bar
Newd
67.87 in
CompressiveStrength,C
734.40 a
TensileStrength,T
4520.00 k
a
6.15 in
PhiMn
21965.39 ftk
DevelopmentofReinforcement
bottomandsidecover
onehalfccspacing
cb
Cb/db
ActulCb/db
Ld
ActualEmbedment

2.06
1.27
1.27
1.13
1.13
71.09
142.00

OK
1026.88 OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

in
in
in
OK
in
in

OK
5

CheckShearwithNewd
averaged
Vu
bo
Bc

67.87
2073.60
385.14
1.00

in
k
in
(forsquares)
(for
40.00 columns)

Alphas
Choosesmallestof:
Vc
Vc
Vc
GoverningVc
CheckTwoWayShear
Bc
bo/d
ShearCapacity(phic,Vc)
CheckOneWayShear
Vu
Vcu
Phi*Vc

8590.50
12956.07
5727.00
5727.00

k
k
k
k

1.00
5.67
4295.25 k

OK
OK
OK

NoShearReinforcement

29.72 k
2141.28 k
1605.96 k

OK

NoShearReinforcement

250TowerwithClayeySoil

InitialInputs
AxialLoad,Pu
Moment,Mu
ColumnBaseDiameter,D
AllowableBearingStress,qa
f'c
fy
DetermineFootingSize
FootingDepth
WeightofFooting
pnet
RequiredArea
Suggestedsidelength
Chosensidelength
CheckEccentricity
Eccentricity,e
B/6
DetermineDepthbasedonShear
averaged
Vu
bo
Bc
Alphas
Choosesmallestof:
Vc
Vc
Vc
GoverningVc
CheckTwoWayShear
Bc
bo/d
ShearCapacity(phic,Vc)
CheckOneWayShear
Vu
Vcu
Phi*Vc

744.43
6956.04
8.00
2000.00
3000.00
40000.00

k
ftk
ft
psf
psi
psi

3.00
450.00
1550.00
480.28
21.92
22.00

ft
psf
psf
ft^2
ft
ft

0.03 ft
3.67 ft

OK

qequiv<qa

OK

31.00 in
750.20 k
271.01 in
(for
1.00 squares)
(for
40.00 columns)
2760.92
3025.75
1840.61
1840.61

k
k
k
k

1.00
8.74
1380.46 k

OK
OK
OK

NoShearReinforcement

150.61 k
896.51 k
672.38 k

OK

NoShearReinforcement
7

DesignofBaseplate
Trybaseplatewidth
CheckBearingPressure:

128.00 in

CPP

50135.04 >

C*0.85*f'c*A1*sqrt(A2/A1)
1.7*f'c*A1
fmax
Mu
tmin
Chooset

51701.76
50135.04
0.28
256.00
6.89
7

DesignforBendingMoment
Strength
RequiredRn
m
p
Checkbalancedcondition
pb
RequiredAs
MinRequiredAs
BarSize,#
Diameter,db
Area,a
Suggested#ofbars,As/a
Chosen#ofBars
As
CheckBarSpacing
Calculatedbarspacing
Actualbarspacing
Newd
CompressiveStrength,C
TensileStrength,T
a
PhiMn
DevelopmentofReinforcement
bottomandsidecover
onehalfccspacing
cb
Cb/db
ActulCb/db

k
k
ksi
ink
in
in

OK
744.4
3 OK

OK

OK

365.57 psi
15.69
0.010
0.028
81.10
19.01
9.00
1.13
1.00
81.10
82.00
82.00

3.22
3.22
31.87
673.20
3280.00
4.87
7241.23

OK
in^2
in^2
in
in^2

in^2

in/bar
in/bar
in
a
k
in
ftk

2.06 in
1.61 in
1.61 in
1.43
1.43

OK

OK

OK

Ld
ActualEmbedment

56.28 in
166.00 in

CheckShearwithNewd
averaged
Vu
bo

OK

31.87 in
750.20 k
270.13 in
(for
1.00 squares)
(for
40.00 columns)

Bc
Alphas
Choosesmallestof:
Vc
Vc
Vc
GoverningVc
CheckTwoWayShear
Bc
bo/d
ShearCapacity(phic,Vc)
CheckOneWayShear
Vu
Vcu
Phi*Vc

2829.44
3168.71
1886.30
1886.30

k
k
k
k

1.00
8.48
1414.72 k

OK
OK
OK

NoShearReinforcement

148.13 k
921.73 k
691.30 k

OK

NoShearReinforcement

250TowerwithRockySoil

InitialInputs
AxialLoad,Pu
Moment,Mu
ColumnBaseDiameter,D
AllowableBearingStress,qa
f'c
fy
DetermineFootingSize
FootingDepth
WeightofFooting
pnet
RequiredArea
Suggestedsidelength
Chosensidelength
CheckEccentricity
Eccentricity,e
B/6
DetermineDepthbasedonShear
averaged
Vu
bo
Bc
Alphas
Choosesmallestof:
Vc
Vc
Vc
GoverningVc
CheckTwoWayShear
Bc
bo/d
ShearCapacity(phic,Vc)
CheckOneWayShear
Vu
Vcu
Phi*Vc

744.43
6956.04
8.00
6500.00
3000.00
40000.00

k
ftk
ft
psf
psi
psi

4.00
600.00
5900.00
126.17
11.23
14.00

ft
psf
psf
ft^2
ft
ft

0.06 ft
2.33 ft

OK

qequiv<qa

OK

43.00 in
1156.40 k
259.01 in
(for
1.00 squares)
(for
40.00 columns)
3660.08
5270.98
2440.05
2440.05

k
k
k
k

1.00
6.02
1830.04 k

OK
OK
OK

NoShearReinforcement

48.18 k
791.35 k
593.51 k

OK

NoShearReinforcement
10

DesignofBaseplate
Trybaseplatewidth
CheckBearingPressure:

128.00 in

CPP

32901.12 >

C*0.85*f'c*A1*sqrt(A2/A1)
1.7*f'c*A1
fmax
Mu
tmin
Chooset

32901.12
50135.04
0.28
256.00
6.89
7

DesignforBendingMoment
Strength
RequiredRn
m
p
Checkbalancedcondition
pb
RequiredAs
MinRequiredAs
BarSize,#
Diameter,db
Area,a
Suggested#ofbars,As/a
Chosen#ofBars
As
CheckBarSpacing
Calculatedbarspacing
Actualbarspacing
Newd
CompressiveStrength,C
TensileStrength,T
a
PhiMn
DevelopmentofReinforcement
bottomandsidecover
onehalfccspacing
cb
Cb/db
ActulCb/db

k
k
ksi
ink
in
in

OK
744.4
3 OK

OK

OK

298.58 psi
15.69
0.008
0.028
57.51
16.13
9.00
1.13
1.00
57.51
58.00
58.00

2.90
2.90
43.87
428.40
2320.00
5.42
7162.58

OK
in^2
in^2
in
in^2

in^2

in/bar
in/bar
in
a
k
in
ftk

2.06 in
1.45 in
1.45 in
1.28
1.28

OK

OK

OK

11

Ld
ActualEmbedment
CheckShearwithNewd
averaged
Vu
bo
Bc
Alphas
Choosesmallestof:
Vc
Vc
Vc
GoverningVc
CheckTwoWayShear
Bc
bo/d
ShearCapacity(phic,Vc)
CheckOneWayShear
Vu
Vcu
Phi*Vc

62.56 in
70.00 in

OK

43.87 in
1156.40 k
258.13 in
(for
1.00 squares)
(for
40.00 columns)
3721.73
5457.50
2481.16
2481.16

k
k
k
k

1.00
5.88
1860.87 k

OK
OK
OK

NoShearReinforcement

54.19 k
807.40 k
605.55 k

OK

NoShearReinforcement

12

AppendixG:AnchorBoltDesign

91

AppendixH:OffshoreWindTurbineDesignSheetsandHandCalculations

92

WeightofEquipment:
Heightoftower
OuterDiameteratbase
OuterDiameterathub
Thickness
WeightofSteel

Load
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind

700
240
12.5
11
1.00
490

Height
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82

kips
ft
ft
ft
in
pcf

AxialLoad
MomentLoad
TotalShear

tice

1318.058907
59693.2003
2068.12

Diameter Height
to
12.5
0
12.125
49
11.75
97
11.375
145
11
193

0.0625

47.03239526
359.1887601
VolumeofSteel
WeightofSteel VolumeofIce WeightofIce
Fz
td
D1
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109
12.5
1.592831109
12.5
3.250675732
3.250675732
1.592831109 2.596478187
0.145402778 0.6577269 0.06577269 12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109 4.050920626
0.226851555 1.02318324 0.10231832 12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109 4.060656216
0.227396748 1.0256224 0.10256224 12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109 4.070188142
0.227930536 1.02801046 0.10280105 12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109 4.079525205
0.228453412 1.0303496 0.10303496 12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109 4.088675637
0.228965836 1.03264191 0.10326419 12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109 4.097647149
0.22946824 1.03488931 0.10348893 12.5
3.250675732
1.592831109 4.106446978
0.229961031 1.03709363 0.10370936 12.5
3.152500961
1.544725471 3.992647391
0.223588254 1.03925657 0.10392566
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.000873716
0.224048928 1.04137974 0.10413797
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.008952085
0.224501317 1.04346466 0.10434647
3.152500961
1.544725471
4.01688801
0.224945729 1.04551274 0.10455127
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.024686698
0.225382455 1.04752534 0.10475253
3.152500961
1.544725471
4.03235307
0.225811772 1.04950372 0.10495037
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.039891783
0.22623394 1.05144911 0.10514491
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.047307248
0.226649206 1.05336262 0.10533626
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.054603647
0.227057804 1.05524536 0.10552454
3.152500961
1.544725471
4.06178495
0.227459957 1.05709834 0.10570983
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.068854928
0.227855876 1.05892254 0.10589225
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.075817166
0.228245761 1.06071889 0.10607189
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.082675076
0.228629804 1.06248827 0.10624883
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.089431909
0.229008187 1.06423152 0.10642315
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.096090761
0.229381083 1.06594944 0.10659494
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.102654589
0.229748657 1.06764281 0.10676428
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.109126214
0.230111068 1.06931234 0.10693123
3.152500961
1.544725471
4.11550833
0.230468466 1.07095873 0.10709587
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.121803515
0.230820997 1.07258266 0.10725827
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.128014233
0.231168797 1.07418475 0.10741848
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.134142845
0.231511999 1.07576563 0.10757656
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.140191612
0.23185073 1.07732586 0.10773259
3.152500961
1.544725471
4.1461627
0.232185111 1.07886603 0.1078866
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.152058189
0.232515259 1.08038665 0.10803867
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.157880073
0.232841284 1.08188826 0.10818883
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.163630268
0.233163295 1.08337133 0.10833713
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.169310615
0.233481394 1.08483636 0.10848364
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.174922882
0.233795681 1.0862838 0.10862838
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.180468771
0.234106251 1.08771408 0.10877141
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.185949921
0.234413196 1.08912763 0.10891276
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.191367907
0.234716603 1.09052486 0.10905249
3.152500961
1.544725471
4.19672425
0.235016558 1.09190617 0.10919062
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.202020412
0.235313143 1.09327192 0.10932719
3.152500961
1.544725471 4.207257805
0.235606437 1.09462249 0.10946225

D2

12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13

D3

D4

D5

Diameter V(f.m)
z
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
110
12.5
110
12.5
110
12.5
110
12.5
110
12.5
110
12.5
110
12.5
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110
12.125
110

48
96
144
192
240

Kzcalc

0.5
41.5
42.5
43.5
44.5
45.5
46.5
47.5
48.5
49.5
50.5
51.5
52.5
53.5
54.5
55.5
56.5
57.5
58.5
59.5
60.5
61.5
62.5
63.5
64.5
65.5
66.5
67.5
68.5
69.5
70.5
71.5
72.5
73.5
74.5
75.5
76.5
77.5
78.5
79.5
80.5
81.5

0.302086
1.067673
1.074961
1.082128
1.089178
1.096116
1.102945
1.109671
1.116296
1.122824
1.129259
1.135603
1.14186
1.148033
1.154123
1.160134
1.166069
1.171928
1.177716
1.183433
1.189082
1.194665
1.200183
1.205638
1.211033
1.216368
1.221645
1.226866
1.232032
1.237144
1.242204
1.247213
1.252172
1.257083
1.261946
1.266762
1.271534
1.276261
1.280944
1.285585
1.290185
1.294744

InnerDia.
OR
IR
IceRadius
12.33333333
6.25 6.166667
6.5
11.95833333
6.0625 5.979167
6.3125
11.58333333
5.875 5.791667
6.125
11.20833333
5.6875 5.604167
5.9375
10.83333333
5.5 5.416667
5.75

1 Kz

1
1.067673173
1.074961362
1.082128069
1.089178042
1.096115745
1.102945375
1.109670885
1.116296006
1.122824262
1.129258983
1.135603321
1.141860267
1.148032653
1.154123172
1.160134383
1.166068719
1.171928499
1.177715932
1.183433126
1.189082092
1.194664752
1.200182944
1.205638427
1.211032883
1.216367926
1.221645104
1.226865898
1.232031735
1.237143983
1.242203955
1.247212918
1.252172089
1.257082638
1.261945695
1.266762348
1.271533644
1.276260596
1.28094418
1.285585339
1.290184984
1.294743995

1 Kz2.58 q z

1
1.0676732
1.0749614
1.0821281
1.089178
1.0961157
1.1029454
1.1096709
1.116296
1.1228243
1.129259
1.1356033
1.1418603
1.1480327
1.1541232
1.1601344
1.1660687
1.1719285
1.1777159
1.1834331
1.1890821
1.1946648
1.2001829
1.2056384
1.2110329
1.2163679
1.2216451
1.2268659
1.2320317
1.237144
1.242204
1.2472129
1.2521721
1.2570826
1.2619457
1.2667623
1.2715336
1.2762606
1.2809442
1.2855853
1.290185
1.294744

30.976
33.07224
33.298
33.52
33.73838
33.95328
34.16484
34.37317
34.57839
34.7806
34.97993
35.17645
35.37026
35.56146
35.75012
35.93632
36.12014
36.30166
36.48093
36.65802
36.83301
37.00594
37.17687
37.34586
37.51295
37.67821
37.84168
38.0034
38.16342
38.32177
38.47851
38.63367
38.78728
38.93939
39.09003
39.23923
39.38703
39.53345
39.67853
39.82229
39.96477
40.10599

Gh

Cf

1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69

Ar

0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59

Ag

12.625
12.625
12.625
12.625
12.625
12.625
12.625
12.625
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25

12.625
12.625
12.625
12.625
12.625
12.625
12.625
12.625
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25

106.7167 15370.2136
Force
Moment

Ae

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

12.625
12.625
12.625
12.625
12.625
12.625
12.625
12.625
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25

0.389938
0.416326
0.419168
0.421963
0.424712
0.427417
0.43008
0.432703
0.422357
0.424827
0.427261
0.429662
0.432029
0.434365
0.436669
0.438943
0.441189
0.443406
0.445595
0.447759
0.449896
0.452008
0.454096
0.45616
0.458201
0.46022
0.462216
0.464192
0.466146
0.46808
0.469995
0.47189
0.473766
0.475624
0.477464
0.479287
0.481092
0.48288
0.484652
0.486408
0.488149
0.489874

0.20376506
17.3367455
17.8742646
18.4154
18.9600924
19.5082845
20.0599214
20.306802
20.5444092
21.0893872
21.637513
22.1887418
22.7430308
23.3003381
23.8606234
24.4238478
24.9899734
25.5589634
26.1307823
26.7053955
27.2827694
27.8628715
28.44567
29.031134
29.6192337
30.2099398
30.8032238
31.399058
31.9974156
32.59827
33.2015957
33.8073676
34.4155612
35.0261528
35.6391189
36.2544368
36.8720842
37.4920394
38.1142811
38.7387885
39.3655412
39.9945193

Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind

83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174

3.152500961
3.152500961
3.152500961
3.152500961
3.152500961
3.152500961
3.152500961
3.152500961
3.152500961
3.152500961
3.152500961
3.152500961
3.152500961
3.152500961
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
3.054326191
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421

1.544725471
1.544725471
1.544725471
1.544725471
1.544725471
1.544725471
1.544725471
1.544725471
1.544725471
1.544725471
1.544725471
1.544725471
1.544725471
1.544725471
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.496619834
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196

4.212437791
4.217561683
4.222630751
4.227646218
4.23260927
4.23752105
4.242382666
4.247195188
4.251959653
4.256677062
4.261348389
4.265974574
4.270556529
4.275095139
4.148436978
4.152756163
4.157035743
4.161276478
4.165479105
4.16964434
4.173772882
4.177865405
4.181922568
4.18594501
4.189933354
4.193888204
4.19781015
4.201699766
4.205557608
4.209384222
4.213180135
4.216945866
4.220681915
4.224388775
4.228066921
4.231716821
4.235338929
4.238933689
4.242501533
4.246042884
4.249558154
4.253047746
4.256512054
4.259951461
4.263366343
4.266757066
4.270123989
4.273467462
4.276787828
4.280085422
4.283360571
4.286613596
4.289844811
4.293054521
4.296243029
4.299410626
4.302557602
4.305684238
4.308790809
4.311877587
4.314944835
4.317992813
4.184463969
4.187379954
4.190277997
4.193158331
4.196021181
4.198866772
4.201695321
4.204507043
4.207302148
4.210080842
4.212843328
4.215589804
4.218320465
4.221035503
4.223735104
4.226419455
4.229088734
4.231743121
4.23438279
4.237007911
4.239618655
4.242215185
4.244797665
4.247366255
4.249921111
4.252462388
4.254990237
4.257504808
4.260006247
4.262494697

0.235896516
0.236183454
0.236467322
0.236748188
0.237026119
0.237301179
0.237573429
0.237842931
0.238109741
0.238373915
0.23863551
0.238894576
0.239151166
0.239405328
0.232312471
0.232554345
0.232794002
0.233031483
0.23326683
0.233500083
0.233731281
0.233960463
0.234187664
0.234412921
0.234636268
0.234857739
0.235077368
0.235295187
0.235511226
0.235725516
0.235938088
0.236148968
0.236358187
0.236565771
0.236771748
0.236976142
0.23717898
0.237380287
0.237580086
0.237778401
0.237975257
0.238170674
0.238364675
0.238557282
0.238748515
0.238938396
0.239126943
0.239314178
0.239500118
0.239684784
0.239868192
0.240050361
0.240231309
0.240411053
0.24058961
0.240766995
0.240943226
0.241118317
0.241292285
0.241465145
0.241636911
0.241807598
0.234329982
0.234493277
0.234655568
0.234816867
0.234977186
0.235136539
0.235294938
0.235452394
0.23560892
0.235764527
0.235919226
0.236073029
0.236225946
0.236377988
0.236529166
0.236679489
0.236828969
0.236977615
0.237125436
0.237272443
0.237418645
0.23756405
0.237708669
0.23785251
0.237995582
0.238137894
0.238279453
0.238420269
0.23856035
0.238699703

1.09595823
1.09727947
1.09858655
1.09987978
1.10115947
1.10242591
1.10367939
1.10492019
1.10614857
1.1073648
1.10856913
1.10976179
1.11094303
1.11211307
1.11327213
1.11442044
1.11555819
1.1166856
1.11780285
1.11891014
1.12000766
1.12109558
1.12217408
1.12324334
1.12430351
1.12535476
1.12639725
1.12743112
1.12845653
1.12947362
1.13048254
1.13148341
1.13247639
1.13346158
1.13443913
1.13540916
1.13637178
1.13732712
1.1382753
1.13921641
1.14015059
1.14107792
1.14199852
1.14291249
1.14381993
1.14472093
1.1456156
1.14650402
1.14738629
1.1482625
1.14913273
1.14999707
1.1508556
1.1517084
1.15255556
1.15339715
1.15423326
1.15506394
1.15588929
1.15670936
1.15752423
1.15833398
1.15913866
1.15993834
1.1607331
1.16152298
1.16230807
1.1630884
1.16386406
1.16463509
1.16540155
1.1661635
1.166921
1.16767409
1.16842285
1.1691673
1.16990752
1.17064355
1.17137543
1.17210322
1.17282697
1.17354671
1.17426251
1.1749744
1.17568244
1.17638665
1.17708709
1.1777838
1.17847682
1.17916619
1.17985195
1.18053415

0.10959582
0.10972795
0.10985865
0.10998798
0.11011595
0.11024259
0.11036794
0.11049202
0.11061486
0.11073648
0.11085691
0.11097618
0.1110943
0.11121131
0.11132721
0.11144204
0.11155582
0.11166856
0.11178028
0.11189101
0.11200077
0.11210956
0.11221741
0.11232433
0.11243035
0.11253548
0.11263972
0.11274311
0.11284565
0.11294736
0.11304825
0.11314834
0.11324764
0.11334616
0.11344391
0.11354092
0.11363718
0.11373271
0.11382753
0.11392164
0.11401506
0.11410779
0.11419985
0.11429125
0.11438199
0.11447209
0.11456156
0.1146504
0.11473863
0.11482625
0.11491327
0.11499971
0.11508556
0.11517084
0.11525556
0.11533972
0.11542333
0.11550639
0.11558893
0.11567094
0.11575242
0.1158334
0.11591387
0.11599383
0.11607331
0.1161523
0.11623081
0.11630884
0.11638641
0.11646351
0.11654015
0.11661635
0.1166921
0.11676741
0.11684228
0.11691673
0.11699075
0.11706435
0.11713754
0.11721032
0.1172827
0.11735467
0.11742625
0.11749744
0.11756824
0.11763866
0.11770871
0.11777838
0.11784768
0.11791662
0.1179852
0.11805341

12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
12.13
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38

12.125
12.125
12.125
12.125
12.125
12.125
12.125
12.125
12.125
12.125
12.125
12.125
12.125
12.125
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375

110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110

82.5
83.5
84.5
85.5
86.5
87.5
88.5
89.5
90.5
91.5
92.5
93.5
94.5
95.5
96.5
97.5
98.5
99.5
100.5
101.5
102.5
103.5
104.5
105.5
106.5
107.5
108.5
109.5
110.5
111.5
112.5
113.5
114.5
115.5
116.5
117.5
118.5
119.5
120.5
121.5
122.5
123.5
124.5
125.5
126.5
127.5
128.5
129.5
130.5
131.5
132.5
133.5
134.5
135.5
136.5
137.5
138.5
139.5
140.5
141.5
142.5
143.5
144.5
145.5
146.5
147.5
148.5
149.5
150.5
151.5
152.5
153.5
154.5
155.5
156.5
157.5
158.5
159.5
160.5
161.5
162.5
163.5
164.5
165.5
166.5
167.5
168.5
169.5
170.5
171.5
172.5
173.5

1.299263
1.303743
1.308186
1.31259
1.316958
1.321291
1.325587
1.32985
1.334078
1.338274
1.342436
1.346567
1.350666
1.354734
1.358772
1.36278
1.366759
1.37071
1.374632
1.378526
1.382393
1.386233
1.390046
1.393834
1.397596
1.401333
1.405045
1.408733
1.412397
1.416037
1.419654
1.423248
1.426819
1.430369
1.433896
1.437402
1.440887
1.44435
1.447793
1.451216
1.454619
1.458002
1.461365
1.464709
1.468034
1.471341
1.474629
1.477898
1.48115
1.484384
1.4876
1.490799
1.493982
1.497147
1.500295
1.503428
1.506543
1.509643
1.512727
1.515796
1.518849
1.521887
1.524909
1.527917
1.53091
1.533888
1.536852
1.539802
1.542738
1.54566
1.548568
1.551462
1.554344
1.557211
1.560066
1.562908
1.565736
1.568553
1.571356
1.574147
1.576926
1.579692
1.582447
1.585189
1.58792
1.590639
1.593347
1.596043
1.598727
1.601401
1.604063
1.606715

1.299263223
1.30374349
1.308185595
1.312590307
1.316958373
1.321290517
1.325587439
1.32984982
1.334078317
1.338273571
1.342436201
1.346566811
1.350665984
1.35473429
1.358772279
1.36278049
1.366759443
1.370709645
1.374631591
1.378525761
1.382392622
1.386232629
1.390046226
1.393833844
1.397595905
1.401332817
1.405044981
1.408732787
1.412396615
1.416036835
1.41965381
1.423247891
1.426819425
1.430368748
1.433896188
1.437402066
1.440886696
1.444350385
1.447793432
1.451216129
1.454618764
1.458001615
1.461364957
1.464709058
1.46803418
1.471340579
1.474628506
1.477898208
1.481149924
1.48438389
1.487600337
1.490799492
1.493981574
1.497146803
1.50029539
1.503427543
1.506543468
1.509643364
1.512727428
1.515795852
1.518848826
1.521886535
1.524909161
1.527916882
1.530909874
1.533888309
1.536852354
1.539802177
1.54273794
1.545659802
1.54856792
1.551462449
1.55434354
1.557211342
1.560066
1.562907659
1.56573646
1.568552541
1.57135604
1.574147089
1.576925821
1.579692365
1.58244685
1.5851894
1.587920138
1.590639187
1.593346665
1.596042691
1.598727379
1.601400843
1.604063195
1.606714546

1.2992632
1.3037435
1.3081856
1.3125903
1.3169584
1.3212905
1.3255874
1.3298498
1.3340783
1.3382736
1.3424362
1.3465668
1.350666
1.3547343
1.3587723
1.3627805
1.3667594
1.3707096
1.3746316
1.3785258
1.3823926
1.3862326
1.3900462
1.3938338
1.3975959
1.4013328
1.405045
1.4087328
1.4123966
1.4160368
1.4196538
1.4232479
1.4268194
1.4303687
1.4338962
1.4374021
1.4408867
1.4443504
1.4477934
1.4512161
1.4546188
1.4580016
1.461365
1.4647091
1.4680342
1.4713406
1.4746285
1.4778982
1.4811499
1.4843839
1.4876003
1.4907995
1.4939816
1.4971468
1.5002954
1.5034275
1.5065435
1.5096434
1.5127274
1.5157959
1.5188488
1.5218865
1.5249092
1.5279169
1.5309099
1.5338883
1.5368524
1.5398022
1.5427379
1.5456598
1.5485679
1.5514624
1.5543435
1.5572113
1.560066
1.5629077
1.5657365
1.5685525
1.571356
1.5741471
1.5769258
1.5796924
1.5824468
1.5851894
1.5879201
1.5906392
1.5933467
1.5960427
1.5987274
1.6014008
1.6040632
1.6067145

40.24598
40.38476
40.52236
40.6588
40.7941
40.9283
41.0614
41.19343
41.32441
41.45436
41.5833
41.71125
41.83823
41.96425
42.08933
42.21349
42.33674
42.4591
42.58059
42.70121
42.82099
42.93994
43.05807
43.1754
43.29193
43.40769
43.52267
43.63691
43.7504
43.86316
43.9752
44.08653
44.19716
44.3071
44.41637
44.52497
44.63291
44.7402
44.84685
44.95287
45.05827
45.16306
45.26724
45.37083
45.47383
45.57625
45.67809
45.77937
45.8801
45.98028
46.07991
46.17901
46.27757
46.37562
46.47315
46.57017
46.66669
46.76271
46.85824
46.95329
47.04786
47.14196
47.23559
47.32875
47.42146
47.51372
47.60554
47.69691
47.78785
47.87836
47.96844
48.0581
48.14735
48.23618
48.3246
48.41263
48.50025
48.58748
48.67432
48.76078
48.84685
48.93255
49.01787
49.10283
49.18741
49.27164
49.35551
49.43902
49.52218
49.60499
49.68746
49.76959

1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69

0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59

12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5

12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
12.25
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.875
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5

0.491583
0.493279
0.494959
0.496626
0.498279
0.499918
0.501543
0.503156
0.504756
0.506343
0.507918
0.509481
0.511032
0.512571
0.498361
0.499831
0.501291
0.50274
0.504178
0.505606
0.507025
0.508433
0.509832
0.511221
0.512601
0.513971
0.515333
0.516686
0.518029
0.519364
0.520691
0.522009
0.523319
0.524621
0.525915
0.527201
0.528479
0.529749
0.531012
0.532267
0.533515
0.534756
0.53599
0.537216
0.538436
0.539648
0.540854
0.542054
0.543246
0.544432
0.545612
0.546785
0.547952
0.549113
0.550268
0.551417
0.55256
0.553697
0.554828
0.555953
0.557073
0.558187
0.541634
0.542702
0.543765
0.544823
0.545876
0.546924
0.547967
0.549004
0.550037
0.551065
0.552089
0.553107
0.554121
0.555131
0.556135
0.557136
0.558131
0.559123
0.56011
0.561092
0.562071
0.563045
0.564015
0.564981
0.565942
0.5669
0.567853
0.568803
0.569749
0.57069

40.6257032
41.259074
41.8946127
42.5323012
43.1721215
43.8140559
44.4580872
45.1041984
45.752373
46.4025946
47.0548473
47.7091154
48.3653834
48.2708484
48.1629247
48.8048323
49.4486215
50.0942787
50.7417906
51.3911438
52.0423255
52.6953229
53.3501235
54.006715
54.6650851
55.325222
55.987114
56.6507494
57.316117
57.9832054
58.6520038
59.3225011
59.9946868
60.6685502
61.3440811
62.0212692
62.7001043
63.3805766
64.0626764
64.7463938
65.4317195
66.118644
66.8071581
67.4972527
68.1889188
68.8821474
69.5769299
70.2732576
70.971122
71.6705147
72.3714273
73.0738517
73.7777797
74.4832035
75.190115
75.8985066
76.6083705
77.3196991
78.0324849
78.7467206
79.4623987
78.9107935
78.3433783
79.0406052
79.7392016
80.4391607
81.140476
81.8431408
82.5471489
83.2524937
83.9591691
84.6671687
85.3764864
86.0871161
86.7990517
87.5122874
88.2268172
88.9426352
89.6597358
90.3781132
91.0977617
91.8186758
92.54085
93.2642787
93.9889565
94.7148781
95.4420382
96.1704316
96.9000529
97.6308972
98.3629593
99.0962341

Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind

175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240

2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.956151421
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665
2.85797665

BreakingWave
681.408

27256.32

1280

17066.66667

Waterpressure

1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.448514196
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559
1.400408559

4.264970302
4.267433201
4.269883529
4.272321423
4.274747015
4.277160435
4.279561812
4.281951272
4.28432894
4.286694937
4.289049384
4.291392401
4.293724102
4.296044604
4.29835402
4.30065246
4.302940035
4.305216852
4.166951797
4.169134584
4.171307266
4.17346994
4.175622705
4.177765656
4.179898887
4.18202249
4.184136556
4.186241177
4.188336441
4.190422435
4.192499246
4.194566958
4.196625656
4.198675422
4.200716337
4.202748483
4.204771938
4.20678678
4.208793088
4.210790936
4.2127804
4.214761553
4.21673447
4.218699222
4.220655879
4.222604513
4.224545192
4.226477986
4.22840296
4.230320183
4.232229718
4.234131633
4.236025989
4.237912851
4.239792282
4.241664342
4.243529092
4.245386593
4.247236904
4.249080083
4.250916189
4.252745278
4.254567407
4.256382632
4.258191007
4.259992588

0.238838337
0.238976259
0.239113478
0.23925
0.239385833
0.239520984
0.239655461
0.239789271
0.239922421
0.240054916
0.240186766
0.240317974
0.24044855
0.240578498
0.240707825
0.240836538
0.240964642
0.241092144
0.233349301
0.233471537
0.233593207
0.233714317
0.233834871
0.233954877
0.234074338
0.234193259
0.234311647
0.234429506
0.234546841
0.234663656
0.234779958
0.23489575
0.235011037
0.235125824
0.235240115
0.235353915
0.235467229
0.23558006
0.235692413
0.235804292
0.235915702
0.236026647
0.23613713
0.236247156
0.236356729
0.236465853
0.236574531
0.236682767
0.236790566
0.23689793
0.237004864
0.237111371
0.237217455
0.23732312
0.237428368
0.237533203
0.237637629
0.237741649
0.237845267
0.237948485
0.238051307
0.238153736
0.238255775
0.238357427
0.238458696
0.238559585

1.18121281
1.18188799
1.18255971
1.18322801
1.18389293
1.18455451
1.18521278
1.18586778
1.18651954
1.18716809
1.18781346
1.1884557
1.18909483
1.18973088
1.19036388
1.19099387
1.19162088
1.19224493
1.19286605
1.19348428
1.19409964
1.19471215
1.19532186
1.19592878
1.19653293
1.19713436
1.19773308
1.19832911
1.19892249
1.19951324
1.20010139
1.20068695
1.20126995
1.20185041
1.20242836
1.20300383
1.20357682
1.20414737
1.2047155
1.20528123
1.20584458
1.20640557
1.20696422
1.20752055
1.20807459
1.20862635
1.20917585
1.20972311
1.21026816
1.210811
1.21135166
1.21189016
1.21242652
1.21296075
1.21349286
1.21402289
1.21455084
1.21507674
1.21560059
1.21612242
1.21664224
1.21716007
1.21767593
1.21818982
1.21870178
1.2192118

0.11812128
0.1181888
0.11825597
0.1183228
0.11838929
0.11845545
0.11852128
0.11858678
0.11865195
0.11871681
0.11878135
0.11884557
0.11890948
0.11897309
0.11903639
0.11909939
0.11916209
0.11922449
0.11928661
0.11934843
0.11940996
0.11947122
0.11953219
0.11959288
0.11965329
0.11971344
0.11977331
0.11983291
0.11989225
0.11995132
0.12001014
0.12006869
0.12012699
0.12018504
0.12024284
0.12030038
0.12035768
0.12041474
0.12047155
0.12052812
0.12058446
0.12064056
0.12069642
0.12075206
0.12080746
0.12086264
0.12091759
0.12097231
0.12102682
0.1210811
0.12113517
0.12118902
0.12124265
0.12129607
0.12134929
0.12140229
0.12145508
0.12150767
0.12156006
0.12161224
0.12166422
0.12171601
0.12176759
0.12181898
0.12187018
0.12192118

11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11.38
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11.375
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110

174.5
175.5
176.5
177.5
178.5
179.5
180.5
181.5
182.5
183.5
184.5
185.5
186.5
187.5
188.5
189.5
190.5
191.5
192.5
193.5
194.5
195.5
196.5
197.5
198.5
199.5
200.5
201.5
202.5
203.5
204.5
205.5
206.5
207.5
208.5
209.5
210.5
211.5
212.5
213.5
214.5
215.5
216.5
217.5
218.5
219.5
220.5
221.5
222.5
223.5
224.5
225.5
226.5
227.5
228.5
229.5
230.5
231.5
232.5
233.5
234.5
235.5
236.5
237.5
238.5
239.5

1.609355
1.611985
1.614604
1.617212
1.61981
1.622398
1.624975
1.627542
1.630099
1.632646
1.635183
1.637711
1.640228
1.642736
1.645235
1.647724
1.650203
1.652674
1.655135
1.657587
1.66003
1.662464
1.664889
1.667306
1.669713
1.672112
1.674503
1.676885
1.679258
1.681623
1.68398
1.686329
1.688669
1.691002
1.693326
1.695643
1.697951
1.700252
1.702545
1.70483
1.707108
1.709378
1.711641
1.713896
1.716143
1.718384
1.720617
1.722843
1.725062
1.727273
1.729478
1.731675
1.733866
1.73605
1.738226
1.740397
1.74256
1.744717
1.746867
1.74901
1.751147
1.753277
1.755401
1.757519
1.75963
1.761734

1.609355004
1.611984676
1.614603666
1.617212079
1.619810016
1.622397578
1.624974864
1.627541971
1.630098995
1.632646031
1.635183171
1.637710507
1.640228131
1.642736131
1.645234594
1.647723608
1.650203257
1.652673627
1.655134799
1.657586855
1.660029877
1.662463943
1.664889133
1.667305522
1.669713188
1.672112206
1.67450265
1.676884593
1.679258107
1.681623264
1.683980133
1.686328785
1.688669287
1.691001707
1.693326112
1.695642568
1.697951139
1.70025189
1.702544883
1.704830182
1.707107849
1.709377943
1.711640525
1.713895654
1.71614339
1.718383789
1.72061691
1.722842809
1.725061541
1.727273162
1.729477726
1.731675286
1.733865897
1.736049611
1.738226479
1.740396552
1.742559882
1.744716519
1.746866512
1.749009909
1.75114676
1.753277112
1.755401012
1.757518507
1.759629643
1.761734466

1.609355
1.6119847
1.6146037
1.6172121
1.61981
1.6223976
1.6249749
1.627542
1.630099
1.632646
1.6351832
1.6377105
1.6402281
1.6427361
1.6452346
1.6477236
1.6502033
1.6526736
1.6551348
1.6575869
1.6600299
1.6624639
1.6648891
1.6673055
1.6697132
1.6721122
1.6745026
1.6768846
1.6792581
1.6816233
1.6839801
1.6863288
1.6886693
1.6910017
1.6933261
1.6956426
1.6979511
1.7002519
1.7025449
1.7048302
1.7071078
1.7093779
1.7116405
1.7138957
1.7161434
1.7183838
1.7206169
1.7228428
1.7250615
1.7272732
1.7294777
1.7316753
1.7338659
1.7360496
1.7382265
1.7403966
1.7425599
1.7447165
1.7468665
1.7490099
1.7511468
1.7532771
1.755401
1.7575185
1.7596296
1.7617345

49.85138
49.93284
50.01396
50.09476
50.17524
50.25539
50.33522
50.41474
50.49395
50.57284
50.65143
50.72972
50.80771
50.88539
50.96279
51.03989
51.1167
51.19322
51.26946
51.34541
51.42109
51.49648
51.57161
51.64646
51.72104
51.79535
51.86939
51.94318
52.0167
52.08996
52.16297
52.23572
52.30822
52.38047
52.45247
52.52422
52.59573
52.667
52.73803
52.80882
52.87937
52.94969
53.01978
53.08963
53.15926
53.22866
53.29783
53.36678
53.43551
53.50401
53.5723
53.64037
53.70823
53.77587
53.8433
53.91052
53.97753
54.04434
54.11094
54.17733
54.24352
54.30951
54.3753
54.44089
54.50629
54.57149

1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69

0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59

11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125

11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125
11.125

0.571628
0.572562
0.573493
0.574419
0.575342
0.576261
0.577176
0.578088
0.578996
0.579901
0.580802
0.5817
0.582594
0.583485
0.584372
0.585257
0.586137
0.587015
0.568719
0.569561
0.570401
0.571237
0.57207
0.572901
0.573728
0.574552
0.575374
0.576192
0.577008
0.57782
0.57863
0.579437
0.580241
0.581043
0.581841
0.582637
0.583431
0.584221
0.585009
0.585794
0.586577
0.587357
0.588134
0.588909
0.589682
0.590452
0.591219
0.591984
0.592746
0.593506
0.594263
0.595019
0.595771
0.596522
0.59727
0.598015
0.598759
0.5995
0.600238
0.600975
0.601709
0.602441
0.603171
0.603899
0.604624
0.605347

99.8307166
100.566402
101.303285
102.041362
102.780626
103.521074
104.262701
105.005502
105.749473
106.494608
107.240904
107.988356
108.736959
109.48671
110.237603
110.989634
111.742799
110.659941
109.559498
110.291371
111.024324
111.758354
112.493456
113.229628
113.966865
114.705164
115.44452
116.184929
116.926389
117.668895
118.412444
119.157032
119.902655
120.649309
121.396993
122.1457
122.895429
123.646176
124.397937
125.15071
125.904489
126.659273
127.415058
128.17184
128.929616
129.688384
130.448139
131.208879
131.970601
132.7333
133.496975
134.261622
135.027238
135.793819
136.561364
137.329868
138.09933
138.869745
139.641111
140.413425
141.186685
141.960886
142.736027
143.512105
144.289116

UserInput
Overallheight
DiameteratBase
ShellThickness
StrengthofSteel
ModulusofElasticity
ID
S
Z
r
I

AxialStrength
FlexureStrength
CombinedLoads
ft= 2880 in FactoredLoad
1318.058907 FactoredLoad
716318.40 CombinedLoading
0.972893 1.0
OK
719323.20 Pu/Pc
0.172664
ft= 150 in FactoredStrength
7633.644538 FactoredStrength
in
Pn
8980.75828 YieldingMn
799248 ForPu/Pc0.2
1.059225
693885.6946 ForPu/Pc<0.2
0.972893 624497.1
ksi
Fcr
19.18566541 LocalBuckling
ksi
KL/r
109.3380761
MagnificationFactors
CheckforCompactsection:
4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
133.680683 D/t
150 B2
1.001565
148
Fe
23.94165422 p
56.38888889 Pnt
1318.059
FcrforKL/r4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
17321.16062
19.18566541 c
249.7222222 Pe2
843794.86
22201.33333
FcrforKL/r>4.71*sqrt(E/Fy)
20.99683075 noncompact
H
2068.12
52.68064161
Ag
468.0973054 FlexureStrength:
OK
H
6
1299087.047
L
2880
CheckforCompactsection:
D/t
150
p
c
88.61111111
noncompact
240
12.5
1
36
29000

AxialStrength:

OK