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vn

DANH MC T VIT TT



T vit tt

Ngha ting Anh Ngha ting Vit
ACI Adjacent Channel Interference Nhiu knh ln cn
AWGN Additive White Gausse Noise Nhiu Gausse trng cng
BER Bit Error Rate T l li bit
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo m
COFDM Code Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
trc giao m ha
CP Cyclic Prefix Tin t vng
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier ri rc thun
FFT Fast Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier nhanh thun
FSK Frequency Shift Keying iu ch kha dch tn
GI Guard Interval Khong bo v
HPA High Power Amplifier B khuch i cng sut ln
IBO Input Back Off li u vo
ICI Intercarrier Interference Nhiu lin sng mang
IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier
Transform
Bin i Fourier ri rc ngc
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier nhanh ngc
ISI Intersymbol Interference Nhiu lin symbol
LAN Local Area Network Mng cc b
LS Least Square Bnh phng ti thiu
MMSE Minimum mean square error Li bnh phng trung bnh ti
thiu
OBO Output Back Off li u ra
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
trc giao
PAPR Peak to Average Power Ratio T s cng sut nh trn trung bnh
PSK Phase Shift Keying iu ch kha dch pha
QAM Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
iu ch bin vung gc
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo thi
gian


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LI NI U ........................................................................................................... 1
CHNG I TNG QUAN V OFDM .................................................................... 3
1.1 CC KNH V TUYN ............................................................................. 3
1.1.1 Truyn dn a ng .............................................................................. 3
1.1.2 Hiu ng Doppler .................................................................................... 6
1.1.3 Nhiu lin sng mang ICI (Intercarrier Interference) ............................ 8
1.2 C S TRUYN DN A SNG MANG................................................. 8
1.2.1 Nhc im truyn dn n sng mang (Single Carrier) ...................... 8
1.2.2 Truyn dn a sng mang (Multicarrier) ............................................... 9
1.3 OFDM .......................................................................................................... 11
1.3.1 S trc giao gia cc sng mang .......................................................... 11
1.3.2 S c bn ca OFDM ....................................................................... 13
1.4 KT LUN CHNG ............................................................................... 15
CHNG II CC VN TRONG OFDM ........................................................ 16
2.1 CC DNG IU CH TRONG OFDM ................................................. 16
2.1.1 iu ch kha dch pha PSK (Phase Shift Keying) .............................. 16
2.1.2 iu ch bin vung gc QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
18
2.1.3 M ha Gray .......................................................................................... 19
2.1.4 iu ch thch nghi trong OFDM ......................................................... 19
2.2 KHONG BO V GI (GUARD INTERVAL) V TIN T VNG CP
(CYCLIC PREFIX) ................................................................................................ 21
2.2.1 Khong bo v GI ( Guard Interval) .................................................... 21
2.2.2 Tin t vng CP (Cyclic Prefix)............................................................ 22
2.3 C LNG KNH ................................................................................. 23
2.3.1 Cu trc symbol pilot trong khung tn hiu OFDM .............................. 23
2.3.2 Cc phng php c lng knh ........................................................ 25


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2.4 T S CNG SUT NH TRN TRUNG BNH PAPR (PEAK TO
AVERAGE POWER RATIO) ................................................................................. 28
2.4.1 nh ngha PAPR .................................................................................. 29
2.4.2 Cc phng php gim PAPR .............................................................. 30
2.4.3 Bc x ph khng mong mun ............................................................. 34
2.5 M HNH H THNG OFDM .................................................................. 35
2.6 KT LUN CHNG ............................................................................... 36
CHNG III CC PHNG PHP NG B TRONG OFDM ...................... 38
3.1 TNG QUAN V NG B TRONG OFDM ........................................ 38
3.1.1 nh hng ca mt ng b thi gian .................................................. 40
3.1.2 nh hng ca mt ng b tn s ....................................................... 44
3.2 CC PHNG PHP NG B TRONG OFDM ................................. 49
3.2.1 Cc phng php ng b thi gian ..................................................... 49
3.2.2 Cc phng php ng b tn s .......................................................... 57
3.3 KT QU M PHNG ............................................................................. 63
3.3.1 Tin trnh m phng .............................................................................. 63
3.3.2 nh hng ca mt ng b ti tn hiu OFDM .................................. 65
3.3.3 Phng php c lng CFO trn min tn s Moose ......................... 66
3.4 KT LUN CHNG ............................................................................... 70
KT LUN .............................................................................................................. 71




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LI NI U
Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc thit b cng ngh, cc dch v s
cng ngy cng tr nn phong ph, p ng nhu cu ca con ngi. T mt thit b
m thoi ch c chc nng lin lc c bn, chic in thoi gi y c nhiu
tnh nng vt tri nh: truyn hnh di ng, khng dy tc cao, c c
nhng thnh tu , con ngi khng ngng Internet tm cch ci tin, nng cao
kh nng truyn ti ca cc h thng v tuyn. Nh chng ta bit, mi trng v
tuyn lun tn ti nhng hn ch nh c tnh bin i nhanh theo thi gian, kh
on trc, d b can nhiu, nht l khi bng thng knh ln. V vy, tm ra
phng php truyn dn va m bo tc , va chng li nh hng xu ca mi
trng lun l thch thc ln. Phng php ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc
giao OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)ra i gii quyt
c nhng vn trn.
OFDM l k thut iu ch cho cc ng dng a dch v tc cao nh chun
802.11a, chun dnh cho mng LAN v tuyn hiu sut cao HiPERLAN/2 (High
Performance Radio LAN/2) v pht thanh truyn hnh s ca ngy nay v tng lai
nh truyn hnh s mt t DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial), pht
thanh s DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) do cc u im ni tri so vi cc k
thut iu ch truyn thng nh chng c nhiu lin symbol ISI (Intersymbol
Interference), tri tr, fading a ng, hiu sut s dng ph cao. Nhng OFDM
c hai nhc im ln. Th nht tn hiu OFDM trn min thi gian l tng hp
ca tn hiu cc sng mang con, nn xut hin cc nh bin gy mo ln cho
cc b khuch i. Th hai , OFDM rt nhy vi lch thi gian v tn s.
Vn ng b thi gian v tn s v ang c cc nh khoa hc nghin
cu trong qu trnh pht trin OFDM. Xut pht t , em chn ti: Tm hiu
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cc phng php ng b trong OFDM lm n tt nghip. Mc tiu ca
n l nghin cu, tm hiu cc nguyn tc, k thut c bn trong vic ng b thi
gian v tn s trong h thng OFDM.
Ni dung n gm tt nghip bao gm phn m u, ni dung ba chng v
kt lun
Phn m u: Gii thiu ti, xc nh tnh cp thit v ngha khoa hc,
thc tin, mc ch nghin cu v phm vi thc hin ca n tt nghip.
Chng I: Tng quan v k thut OFDM: Gii thiu s lc mc ch ra i,
nguyn l c bn ca OFDM
Chng II: Trnh by cc vn c bn trong h thng OFDM
Chng III: Tm hiu cc phng php, nguyn l ng b trong OFDM
Phn kt lun: Khng nh li nhng kt qu t c ca n tt
nghip cng nhng mt cn hn ch









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CHNG I
TNG QUAN V OFDM
Chng I ca n s trnh by nhng khi nim c bn nht trong OFDM
nh nhu cu dn n s ra i OFDM, tnh trc giao, s c bn hnh thnh h
thng OFDM
1.1 CC KNH V TUYN
Hiu c cc c tnh ca knh truyn l v cng cn thit. N gip ta c ci
nhn tng qut v knh, ng thi l nn tng ta chn gii php truyn dn hp
l, m bo c tc , hiu qu bng thng
1.1.1 Truyn dn a ng
1.1.1.1 Tri tr
Trong lin lc v tuyn, s lan truyn ca sng c da trn cch di chuyn
ca n t bn pht ti bn thu. Trn ng i, chng chu tc ng ch yu ca ba
hin tng: phn x, khc x, tn x.

Hnh 1.1 - ng i ca tia sng t bn pht n bn thu
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Phn x sng l hin tng vt l xut hin khi sng in t lan truyn p vo
b mt vt th c kch thc rt ln so vi bc sng, v d nh b mt tri t hay
ta nh cao tng. Nhng vt th ny khin cho tn hiu b phn x
Khc x sng l hin tng xut hin khi ng i ca sng gia my thu v
my pht b chn bi b mt vt cn khng ng nht hoc l nh. iu ny ging
nh vic chng ta b cong tia sng quanh vt th v dn tri sng qua cc l.
Tn x l hin tng vt l xut hin khi s bc x sng in t b nh lch
hng bi cc vt th rt nh so vi bc sng. Hnh 1.1 m t cc trng hp
truyn sng nh vy trong mi trng.
Do chu cc tc ng trn m sng t trng thi mt tia u pht b tch ra
thnh nhiu tia khc nhau i theo nhiu ng khc nhau ti u thu. Qung ng
i cng di, cng tin hiu n cng yu. Ta gi hin tng ny l truyn dn a
ng, c trng ca truyn dn trn knh v tuyn. Hin tng a ng cn dn
n h qu tn hiu b tri tr. Trong khong thi gian sau thi im tia ti u tin
m ta gi l thi gian tri tr

, cc tia ti vn theo cc ng khc nhau n

u thu. Hnh 1.2 m t p ng xung ca knh truyn khi c tri tr.

Hnh 1.2- Hin tng tri tr
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1.1.1.2 Nhiu lin symbol ISI (Intersymbol Interference)
Trong h thng bng rng, khi tc cng cao th khong cch gia cc
symbol cng ngn li. Khong cch gia p ng xung ca cc symbol lin tip v
vy cng hp hn. Do c a ng, phn tn hiu tri tr ca symbol trc s ln
phn tn hiu ti ca symbol tip theo n. Cc symbol lc ny gy nhiu ln nhau,
ta gi y l hin tng ISI (Intersymbol Interference). Hnh 1.3 minh ha mt
trng hp ISI in hnh. Ti thi im ly mu ca mt symbol, ui symbol trc
nh hng n symbol sau.

Hnh 1.3- ISI trn min thi gian
ISI ph thuc vo khong cch gia cc symbol cng nh khong cch gia
cc p ng xung. Ni cch khc, tn hiu c tc cng cao (bng thng cng
ln) th nh hng ca ISI cng ln.
1.1.1.3 Fading
Do cc tia sng chu nh hng ca truyn dn a ng nn tn hiu u
thu l tng hp ca cc tia ti. Nu cc tia ti ng pha nhau, chng s cng vo
nhau lm ln tn hiu tng ln. Nu cc tia ti ngc pha, chng s lm gim
mc tn hiu. Qu trnh ny l ngu nhin v lun thay i theo thi gian. V vy,
fading l s thng ging ngu nhin ca cng tn hiu ti im thu.
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Hnh 1.4- Tia ti cng pha v ngc pha ti im thu

Hnh 1.5- Phn loi fading
Fading xt theo cc tiu ch khc nhau s c nhiu loi khc nhau nh trn
hnh 1.5. Xt trn min tn s, ta c fading phng (flat fading) v fading chn lc
tn s (frequency-selective fading). Trong fading phng, bng thng ca knh
truyn rt ln hn bng thng ca tn hiu. Do , tt c cc thnh phn tn s u
thng ging mt lng nh nhau. Trong fading chn lc tn s, bng thng ca tn
hiu ln so vi bng thng knh truyn. V vy, cc thnh phn tn s trong bng
tn hiu c mc thng ging khc nhau, c th gy t lin lc.
1.1.2 Hiu ng Doppler
Hiu ng Doppler gy ra bi s chuyn ng tng i ca my thu so vi
my pht. Khi my pht pht sng vi tn s f
c
khng iu ch, sng ny i ti my
thu theo nhiu tia. Xt tia th i
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Hnh 1.6- Hiu ng Doppler
Khi tn hiu thu c theo tia sng th i c tn s b dch i mt lng dch tn
Doppler:
i m D
f f o cos . =

vi
c
v f
f
c
m
.
=
(1.1)
Tn s tn hiu thu c l:
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
i c i m c
c
v
f f f o o cos 1 cos .
(1.2)
trong v l vn tc chuyn ng ca my thu.
Nh vy lng dch tn Doppler ln nht khi 0 =
i
o hay
0
180 tc l khi my
thu chuyn ng dc theo phng pht sng. Ph Doppler ca sng mang c dng
nh hnh 1.7
Hiu ng Doppler khin cho sng mang b dch chuyn, dn n bng thng
tn hiu b dch chuyn, gy nn thu sai. Ta thy rng cc tn hiu c bng thng
cng hp th s cng nhy cm vi hiu ng Doppler.

Hnh 1.7- Ph Doppler ca sng mang
Tia sng th i
v
o
i

My thu
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1.1.3 Nhiu lin sng mang ICI (Intercarrier Interference)
Bng tn ca cc knh ln cn nhau lun c sp xp sao cho chng khng
lm nhiu ln nhau. Nhng do hin tng Doppler hay mt ng b, cc knh ny
c th b dch tn, m rng ph khin chng chng ln gy nhiu ln nhau. y l
hin tng nhiu lin sng mang ICI (Intercarrier Interference). ICI c th lm
hiu sut h thng gim mnh, bt buc ta phi dng cc bin php khc phc thch
hp u thu.
1.2 C S TRUYN DN A SNG MANG
T nhng tr ngi ca knh truyn v tuyn tc ng ln tn hiu, cng vi
nhu cu truyn ti d liu ngy cng tng cao, ngi ta lun tm cch m rng bng
thng ng thi m bo tin cy, cht lng truyn tin, gi thnh hp l. y l
mt th thch khng nh cho cc nh sn xut cng nh qun l mng. Phng
php truyn dn trn mt bng thng truyn thng khng cn p ng c nhu
cu na. V khi nim truyn dn a sng mang ra i, to nn tng cho nhiu
k thut mi c p dng.
1.2.1 Nhc im truyn dn n sng mang (Single Carrier)
Nhc im u tin truyn dn n sng mang l nhy cm vi fading. Khi
truyn tn hiu tc thp, khong thi gian tn ti ca mt symbol ngn, ph
chim ca tn hiu thp. Tc truyn cng cao, di symbol cng hp, ph
chim cng ln. Bng thng tng s dn ti fading trn knh v tuyn biu hin l
fading chn lc tn s. Cc thnh phn tn s trong bng tn hiu thng ging
khng ging nhau, dn n hm truyn tng cng ca knh khng c dng cosin
nng, gy ra ISI.
Mt nhc im na ca truyn dn n sng mang l b hn ch tc do
tri tr. Khi tc truyn tng, nh hng ca tri tr cng s tng. Nh ta bit,
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khc phc nh hng ca ISI, tri tr, u thu ngi ta thng dng cc
Equalizer. Nhng tc truyn cng ln, Equalizer cng phc tp v ch c th
p ng v mt k thut mt gii hn nht nh. V vy, vi truyn dn n sng
mang, tc truyn lun b gii hn.
Trong cc h thng a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA, khc phc hin
tng tri tr, ngi ta s dng cc my thu Rake. My thu Rake c tc dng tng
hp tt c cc thnh phn tn hiu a ng c c mc tn hiu tt nht. Tc
truyn cng tng th phc tp ca my thu Rake cng tng. Do , trong h
thng CDMA, tc truyn cng b gii han.
Nhng hn ch ny ca truyn dn n sng mang c gii quyt trong k
thut truyn dn a sng mang (Multi carrier)
1.2.2 Truyn dn a sng mang (Multicarrier)
Nhng hnh thc ban u ca truyn dn a sng mang ra i t rt sm.
di dng truyn dn a knh (Multichannel). Hnh 1.8 m t vic truyn dn a
knh

Hnh 1.8 - S truyn dn a knh
Lung tn hiu cn truyn x c phn tch thnh N lung con nh hn nh
cc b lc

. u thu, gii iu ch cc thao tc c thc hin theo

th t ngc li. Nh th, t tn hiu bng tn rng phi chu fading a ng, nay
h thng ch phi chu fading phng do cc sng mang con c th coi kh hp so
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vi hm truyn knh. iu ny cn gip gim phc tp ca b Equalizer u
thu. Mt khc, ph tn hp tng ng vi vic rng v khong cch cc
symbol tn hiu ln, nh hng ca ISI gim nh. trnh ICI gia cc ph tn,
ngi ta chn vo cc khong Guardband. Chnh v vy m phng php ny c
hiu qu s dng ph thp. Mi knh trong h thng yu cu phi c b thu pht
ring v vy dn n tn thit b.
Truyn dn a sng mang l mt trng hp c bit ca truyn dn a knh,
trong d liu c chia thnh cc lung d liu con, c iu ch song song
nhau ri truyn i trn cc sng mang con (Hnh 1.9a)

Hnh 1.9a- S truyn dn a sng mang

Hnh 1.9b- Ph tn truyn dn a sng mang
Phng php ny hn truyn dn a knh ch cc lung sng mang con
c xp st nhau, khng tn Guardband (Hnh 1.9b). Cng mt rng ph tn
vi truyn dn n sng mang, truyn dn a sng mang c th mang mt lung d
liu c tc tng ng. Hn na fading trn knh lc ny ch cn l fading
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phng, nh hng ca ISI c hn ch. Nhc im tn ti y vn l vic tn
N cp my thu pht cho N sng mang.
1.3 OFDM
Nm 1966, R.W Chang pht minh ra k thut OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing) l mt trng hp c bit ca phng php
truyn dn a sng mang, trong cc sng mang con trc giao vi nhau.
1.3.1 S trc giao gia cc sng mang
tm hiu tnh trc giao ca sng mang, ta xt hai tn hiu s
1
(t) v s
2
(t) c
dng sng thi gian, chu k T
s
. Hai tn hiu ny trc giao khi hm tng quan ca
chng bng khng
R =

= 0 (1.3)
Trn min tn s, khi cc sng mang trc giao vi nhau th tn s trung tm
ca sng mang ny ri vo im khng (null) ca cc sng mang khc (hnh 1.10).

Hnh 1.10- Hnh nh cc sng mang trc giao trn min tn s
Nu gi

l tn s ca knh con knh con th i, N l s knh con, l

khong cch gia cc knh con, W l rng bng thng, W
i
l rng knh con,
T l rng symbol OFDM, T
i
l rng symbol ca knh con th

= i.

= ; W =

; (1.4)
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Biu din ton hc ca sng mang th i s l

. Xt tng quan ca hai sng

mang th i v th j
R =

(1.5)
Vi i = j th R 0 ; i j th R = 0
Hnh 1.11 m t qu trnh truyn tn hiu OFDM trn cc sng mang trc giao.
Cng ging nh truyn a sng mang, d liu c chia thnh N lung con iu
ch song song. iu khc l ch N sng mang con u ra trc giao, chng ln ln
nhau, cho php truyn cng tc nhng vi ph tn nh hn.

Hnh 1.11- S m t truyn dn OFDM
khc phc nhc im l tn thit b thu pht cho N sng mang con, nm
1971, Weistein v Ebert p dng bin i Fourier ri rc DFT (Discrete Fourier
Transformation) v bin i Fourier ri rc nghch IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier
Transformation) vo qu trnh iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu OFDM.
Php bin i Fourier ri rc l php bin i hai chiu
DFT :

(1.6a)
IDFT:

(1.6b)
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Trn thc t, iu ch/gii iu ch tn hiu OFDM, ta s dng cc cp khi
tnh ton bin i Fourier nhanh FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) v bin i
Fourier nhanh nghch IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transformation) thay th cho N
cp my thu pht. ng thi vic p dng bin i Fourier nhanh FFT gip tit
kim thi gian tnh ton so vi bin i DFT.

Hnh 1.12- Dng tn hiu OFDM trn min thi gian
1.3.2 S c bn ca OFDM

Hnh 1.13- S c bn ca OFDM
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S c bn ca h thng OFDM c th hin trn hnh 1.13. Lung d liu
cn truyn di dng bit c chia thnh N lung con nh nh b chia ni tip
song song S/P (Serial to Parallel). u ra khi ny c iu ch bng gc song
song. N symbol iu ch c a vo khi bin i IFFT N im, c tng
hp li thnh symbol OFDM nh khi bin i song song ni tip P/S (Parallel to
Serial) ri truyn i trn knh. Nh vy, mt symbol OFDM bao gm tn hiu ca
N symbol bng gc trn N sng mang.
Gi

l symbol th l ti sng mang th k, l = 0,1,2 , k = 0,1, N1.

Nh b bin i S/P, thi gian truyn symbol tng ln l NT
s
. Symbol OFDM s c
di l T
sym
= NT
s
. Sng mang th k ti symbol th l c dng

(1.7)
Tn hiu sau bin i IFFT trn min thi gian c dng

) = Re{

} (1.8a)
=

Tn hiu lin tc ny c th c ly mu tn s

(1.8b)
Gi s tn hiu nhn c c dng

vi l

< t l

+ n

(1.9a)
Tn hiu ny c ly mu, c dng {

s i qua b FFT gii iu ch

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= {

(1.9b)
Da vo nhng phn tch trn ,ta c th khi qut qu trnh iu ch/gii
iu ch bng b IFFT/FFT vi s hnh 1.14

Hnh 1.14- S m t iu ch OFDM
1.4 KT LUN CHNG
Trong nhiu nm qua, k thut OFDM ni ring v truyn dn a sng mang
ni chung c s dng rng ri, nht l trong truyn dn v tuyn, gii quyt
tt nhng vn t ra trong truyn dn n sng mang. OFDM hot ng rt hiu
qu trong cc mi trng c tri tr, a ng, fading. OFDM kt hp cng vi m
ha hp l, ghp xen l cng c mnh m chng li cc suy gim trn ng
truyn. Cc h thng di ng th h mi, cc chun LAN tc cao nh 4G,
Wimax cng ng dng OFDM. K thut ny c k vng s s dng nhiu
hn na trong cc h thng vin thng tng lai.

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CHNG II
CC VN TRONG OFDM
Vic p dng l thuyt v OFDM vo thc t khng phi n gin. Cc tc
ng ca knh truyn, cc c im ring ca OFDM lm cho vic a m hnh
OFDM vo thc tin tr nn kh khn. Chng II s trnh by v cc vn c bn
gp phi trong OFDM
2.1 CC DNG IU CH TRONG OFDM
Trong h thng OFDM, tn hiu u vo l tn hiu nh phn. V vy, iu ch
trong OFDM l iu ch s. Dng bit u vo c chia thnh cc nhnh, mi
nhnh gm N dng bit khc nhau tng ng vi phng thc iu ch s. Hay ni
cch khc, phng thc iu ch bng gc s quyt nh s bit u vo b iu ch.
Trong truyn dn OFDM, vic m bo s trc giao gia cc sng mang con
rt quan trng. Do , ch c nhng phng thc iu ch tuyn tnh c s dng.
y l iu ch kha dch pha M-PSK (Phase Shift Keying) v iu ch bin
vung gc M-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) kt hp vi m ha Gray.
Phng thc iu ch kha dch tn FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) khng c
dng v s gy pht x ph, ph dng hm Bessel khng c cc im khng ca
ph khin cho cc sng mang con mt tnh trc giao
2.1.1 iu ch kha dch pha PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
Phng thc iu ch kha dch pha M-PSK s dng c tnh pha ca sng
mang iu ch tin tc. M l s trng thi c th c ca symbol sau iu ch. Do
di pha sng mang l 0 , cc pha ca sng mang c s dng truyn
thng tin s thng qua iu ch pha s l

= 2 m/M vi m = 0,1 M1. Nh

th i vi iu ch pha nh phn (M = 2), hai gc pha ca sng mang l

= 0 v
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= . i vi iu ch pha s M mc, M =

trong k l s bit thng tin trn

mt symbol truyn i. Chm tn hiu 8-PSK c m t trn hnh 2.1.
Dng tn hiu PSK tng qut l

vi m = 0,1, M1 (2.1)
trong

l dng xung b lc pht. A l bin tn hiu

Hnh 2.1- Chm sao tn hiu 8PSK
Khi mun tng tc iu ch, ta tng s bit c iu ch trn mt symbol.
iu ny lm tng ch s M. M cng tng, vi cng mt t s tn trn tp th cc
im tn hiu cng li gn nhau. Do , xc sut li bit cng ln theo. Ph ca tn
hiu PSK ch cha thnh phn mang tin tc v cc hi bc 3, 5 m khng cha
thnh phn sng mang

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Hnh 2.2- Dng tn hiu PSK trn min thi gian
PSK c s dng kh ph bin trong iu ch s, nht l 4-PSK v 8-PSK.
2.1.2 iu ch bin vung gc QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
Phng php iu ch vung gc QAM s dng hai sng mang vung gc l

, mi mt trong chng c iu ch bi chui c lp cc

bit thng tin. Hnh 2.3 biu din dng tn hiu trn min thi gian. Hnh 2.4 biu
din chm sao tn hiu 16-QAM, trong hai thnh phn sng mang c iu ch
bi cp chui hai bit c lp nhau. Tng qut hn, QAM c th xem nh mt dng
hn hp ca iu ch pha v iu ch bin .
Dng tng qut ca tn hiu QAM l

vi m = 1,2...M
1
, n = 1,2M
2
(2.2)



Hnh 2.3- Tn hiu 8-QAM trn min thi gian

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Hnh 2.4- Chm sao tn hiu 16-QAM
QAM thch hp vi cc ng dng tc cao. Ngi ta thng s dng 16-
QAM v 64-QAM.
2.1.3 M ha Gray
M Gray l mt h thng k s nh phn, trong hai gi tr lin tip ch khc
nhau mt ch s. Trong OFDM, m Gray c s dng gn cc t hp bit cho
cc symbol sao cho cc symbol ln cn nhau ch khc nhau mt bit. Trong qu trnh
truyn v nhn tn hiu, hu nh cc symbol b sai li thnh cc symbol ln cn. Do
, s dng m Gray, nu xy ra li th hu nh ch li mt bit, t l li bit BER
(Bit Error Rate) s gim. Bng 2.1 minh ha trng hp m Gray vi M = 16
Bng 2.1-Bng m Gray
Decimal M Gray Decimal M Gray
0 0000 8 1100
1 0001 9 1101
2 0011 10 1111
3 0010 11 1110
4 0110 12 1010
5 0111 13 1011
6 0101 14 1001
7 0100 15 1000

2.1.4 iu ch thch nghi trong OFDM
Cc k thut iu ch truyn thng thng c mt s nhc im ging nhau.
l s dng cc tham s iu ch c nh m bo cht lng truyn dn ti
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trng thi xu nht ca knh truyn nn s c thng lng nh nhau mi thi
im dn n lng ph hiu qu ph tn.
iu ch thch nghi trong OFDM c s dng thch nghi ng tham s
iu ch ng vi cc thng s tc thi ca knh, nhm m bo cht lng truyn
dn yu cu. C nhiu phng php, thut ton thch nghi khc nhau, nhng c bn
c ba thut ton chnh:
- Thch nghi theo t s tn trn tp SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) pht trn mi
sng mang
- Thch nghi theo c ch chuyn mc iu ch
- Thch nghi theo c ch chn lc sng mang
M hnh thut ton thch ng iu ch c minh trn hnh 2.5. Thng tin v cht
lng knh trn tng sng mang con truyn c h thng nhn bit qua c lng
knh. Sau , da vo thng tin nhn c, h thng chn cc tham s ph hp
truyn. Cc tham s bao gm kiu iu ch, t l m, kiu m ha.
Do iu ch thch nghi nn dng iu ch, m ha trn mi sng mang con c
th khc nhau. Nu knh tt, h thng s tng bc iu ch, gim t l bit m trn
bit tin nhm tng tc knh thng tin. Ngc li, nu knh xu, bc iu ch s
gim, s bit m tng nhm tng kh nng sa li cho tn hiu. Bn thu s c
thng bo v cc tham s thch nghi tin hnh gii iu ch.







c lng
knh

Chn tham s
cn thit theo
thng tin v
knh cho ln
truyn tip theo

Thng bo
cc tham s
cho bn
nhn
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Hnh 2.5- S chung thut ton thch nghi
2.2 KHONG BO V GI (GUARD INTERVAL) V TIN T VNG CP
(CYCLIC PREFIX)
2.2.1 Khong bo v GI ( Guard Interval)
Mt trong nhng u im quan trng ca OFDM l vic i ph hiu qu vi
tri tr a ng. Bng cch chia lung tn hiu ra thnh N lung con, rng gia
cc symbol tng ln, nh hng ca tri tr gim ng k. Mc d vy, vic truyn
tn hiu OFDM vn khng trnh khi nh hng ca ISI. Nhn trn hnh 2.6 ta
thy, ti mi sng mang con, cc symbol u b nh hng ca tri tr. Tia ti u
tin b ln ln bi tia ti tr, gy ISI, BER ca h thng tng.

Hnh 2.6- nh hng ca ISI trong OFDM
gii quyt vn ny, khi truyn tin ngi ta thm vo khong bo v GI.
GI l mt khong thi gian m trong khng mang tin tc. GI c t xen k
gia cc symbol (hnh 2.7). Khi ny, chiu di symbol OFDM s bao gm chiu di
symbol tin tc cng vi chiu di khong GI. Nh c GI nn khi xut hin tri tr,
cc tia ti sau do tri tr s ln ln phn GI khng mang tin ca tn hiu symbol ti
trc, trnh c ISI.
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Mt khc, chiu di GI phi hp l. Nu ngn qu s khng th chng c tri
tr ln ca knh. Nu ln qu s lm gim hiu sut truyn tin. Hnh 2.8 ch ra
trng hp khong GI ngn hn khong tri tr ti a, phn ui ca symbol
OFDM (phn hnh qut) ln ln phn u ca symbol OFDM tip theo, gy ISI

Hnh 2.7- V tr ca GI trong khung tn hiu OFDM

Hnh 2.8- Trng hp GI ngn hn tri tr ca knh
2.2.2 Tin t vng CP (Cyclic Prefix)
Nhc im ca GI l ch, do khng mang tin nn ti phn giao nhau gia
symbol v GI, tn hiu b gin on, lm ph tn hiu m rng, v mt tnh trc giao
gia cc sng mang, gy ICI. trnh ICI, ta s dng tin t vng CP. Mc ch
ca CP l lm cho tn hiu lin tc t symbol OFDM ti GI bng cch copy phn
cui symbol OFDM ln u. Vic thm CP vo khung tn hiu OFDM c thc
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hin sau khi IFFT bn pht v g b CP c thc hin trc khi FFT u
thu.

Hnh 2.9- M t CP trn min thi gian/tn s
2.3 C LNG KNH
Trong h thng OFDM, bn pht iu ch cc chui bit tin thnh cc symbol
PSK/QAM, s dng bin i IFFT chuyn chng thnh tn hiu trn min thi
gian ri truyn trn knh v tuyn. Tn hiu thu c thng b mo do c tnh
ca knh. khi phc li cc bit truyn, tc ng ca knh truyn cn phi
c c lng v b u thu.
Mt khc, mi sng mang con trong OFDM c th coi nh mt knh v tuyn
c lp vi iu kin khng c ICI. Do vy, tn hiu ti mi sng mang con s chu
tc ng ca knh truyn kch nhau. ng thi, tn hiu ti u thu c th c
khi phc bng vic c lng knh ti tng sng mang con. Vic c lng knh
truyn c thc hin nh cc symbol pilot hay mo u c bit trc u pht
v u thu, kt hp vi cc thut ton c lng. Ngoi ra, cc kha cnh khc nh
hiu sut, phc tp tnh ton cng phi c tnh n
2.3.1 Cu trc symbol pilot trong khung tn hiu OFDM
Da vo cch sp xp cc pilot, ta c ba loi pilot : kiu khi (block), kiu
rng lc (comb) v kiu li (lattice)
2.3.1.1 Kiu khi (block)
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Vi cch sp xp cc pilot theo kiu khi, tt c cc sng mang con u cha
pilot. Chng c truyn nh k theo thi gian. Nh vy, knh truyn s c c
lng trn min thi gian. Gi S
t
l khong thi gian giu hai ln truyn symbol
pilot. c th nm bt kp nhng thay i ca c tnh knh truyn, khong cch
gia hai pilot phi khng ln hn nghch o tn s Doppler , hay chnh l thi
gian kt hp ca knh (coherence time).
S
t

(2.3)
Cch sp xp ny ph hp cho vic c lng fading chn lc tn s do tt c
cc sng mang con u c pilot

Hnh 2.10- Sp xp cc pilot theo kiu block
2.3.1.2 Kiu rng lc (comb)
Cch sp xp pilot kiu rng lc c m t nh hnh di. Vi kiu ny,
mi symbol OFDM cha pilot trong nhng sng mang con nht nh. Nh vy,
knh truyn s c c lng trn min tn s.
Gi S
f
l chu k lp li ca pilot trn min tn s. c th theo kp cc thay
i ca knh truyn dn a ng, tn s truyn pilot phi ngang bng bng thng
kt hp ca knh. Bng thng kt hp chnh bng nghch o ca tr ln nht
ca mi trng v tuyn

. Ta c
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S
f
=

(2.4)
Tri ngc vi kiu block, sp xp pilot kiu rng lc thch hp vi cc knh
c fading nhanh hn l knh c fading chn lc tn s.

Hnh 2.11- Sp xp cc pilot theo kiu comb
2.3.1.3 Kiu li (Lattice)
Cch sp xp pilot kiu li l s kt hp ca hai kiu trn. Knh truyn c
c lng trn c min tn s v thi gian.

Hnh 2.12- Sp xp cc pilot theo kiu Lattice
2.3.2 Cc phng php c lng knh
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2.3.2.1 c lng da vo symbol hun luyn (training symbol)
Cc symbol hun luyn hay chnh l cc pilot l mt cch hiu qu c
lng knh. Tuy nhin, hiu qu truyn dn s b gim do cc pilot ny khng
mang tin. Vi phng php c lng ny, hai k thut c s dng ph bin l
LS (Least Square) v MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error).
Gi s cc sng mang con trc giao, khng c ICI, pilot ca N sng mang c
th c biu din bng ma trn
X = [

] (2.5)
trong X[k] l pilot ca sng mang th k. Symbol hun luyn u thu c biu
din di dng ma trn nh sau
Y [

] = [

] [

] [

]
= XH + Z (2.6)
Z l vector nhiu tp Z =

Ta gi

l vector c lng ca knh truyn H. Vi phng php Least

Square,

c tnh ton mt cch ngn nht v n gin nht. Thng qua qu

trnh bin i, ta c

vi k = 0,1,2 N1; (2.7)

Vi phng php MMSE, ,

c tnh nh s 2.13, trong

= W

. Ta
gi

l gi tr t tng quan ca

l gi tr tng quan cho gia vector

H v

= E{

}
= E{

}
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= E{

}
= E{

}
= E{

} + E{

}
= E{

} +

(2.8)
Ta tnh c ,

= W

(2.9)

Hnh 2.13- S phng php c lng MMSE
2.3.2.2 c lng da trn php bin i DFT
Phng php c lng da trn DFT c s dng nng cao hiu qu ca
phng php LS hay MMSE, gim s nh hng ca nhiu tp.
Ta gi

l vector c c do c lng knh truyn bng phng php

LS hay MMSE. Nhn vo s 2.12 ta thy

= IDFT {

}= h[n] + z[n] vi n = 0,1, N-1;

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Hnh 2.14- S hot ng trong phng php DFT
B qua thnh phn

ch cha nhiu tp, coi tri tr ca knh truyn c

di L. Xt

c cha tn hiu bao gm L mu

= {


(2.10)
Nh vy

= DTF{

}
2.3.2.3 c lng knh DD (Decision- Directed)
Trong phng php c lng knh DD, ta ch cn gi cc pilot vo thi im
ban u ca qu trnh truyn. Sau , cc thng tin v knh s c gi v trn
knh DD (Decision- Directed) m khng cn symbol pilot na. S ca phng
php ny c ch ra trn hnh 2.13.

Hnh 2.15- S phng php c lng Decision Directed
Ngoi nhng phng php nu trn, vic c lng knh cn c thc
hin bng nhiu k thut tin tin khc nh c lng da trn cc tn hiu xp
chng, c lng bng thut ton k vng cc i
2.4 T S CNG SUT NH TRN TRUNG BNH PAPR (PEAK TO
AVERAGE POWER RATIO)
Tn hiu truyn trong OFDM c th c nhng gi tr nh rt ln trn min
thi gian do c rt nhiu thnh phn sng mang c cng vi nhau. V vy, h
thng OFDM c nhc im l tn hiu c PAPR ln. Hin tng PAPR lm
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gim hiu qu b khuch i trong my pht. PAPR gy nh hng ln nht
ng ln v hiu qu khuch i my pht lc ny ph thuc ch yu vo ngun
pin c hn trong cc thit b di ng
2.4.1 nh ngha PAPR
V mt tng qut, k c nhng b khuch i tuyn tnh cng c nhng vng
bo ha u ra do mc tn hiu u vo ln qu mc bnh thng. ng vi mc
cng sut u vo max

s c mc cng sut u ra

m bo cho tn
hiu c khuch i tuyn tnh. V vy, tn hiu u vo cn c iu chnh li
(Back off) lm vic trong vng tuyn tnh. Vng phi tuyn ca b khuch i
cng sut ln (HPA- High power amplifier) c biu th qua thng s IBO (Input
Back off) hay OBO (Output Back off).
IBO = 10

; (2.11)
OBO = 10

(2.12)
PAPR l t s gia cng sut ln nht v cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu phc s(t)
PAPR {s(t)}=

}
=

}
(2.13)
Khi s dng iu ch PSK vi N sng mang con, cng sut sng mang t
nh khi tt c N thnh phn sng mang cng pha. Khi , cng sut nh s bng N
ln cng sut trung bnh. Xc sut xy ra PAPR s cng gim khi N cng tng. Mt
khc, xc sut c PAPR trong M-QAM s ln hn M-PSK vi M>4.
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Hnh 2.17- c tnh vo ra ca b khuch i cng sut ln HPA
2.4.2 Cc phng php gim PAPR
Cc bin php gim PAPR c chia ra thnh hai nhm: nhm gy mo tn
hiu nh ct nh (clipping) v lc, gy mo trc, v nhm khng gy mo tn
hiu nh m ha, tri DFT
Phng php ct nh ct i cc nh cng sut ln trnh a b khuch i
vo vng bo ha. Phng php ny n gin trong thc hin, nhng n s gy
nhiu trong bng v ngoi bng, do ph hng s trc giao gia cc sng mang.
Phng php s dng m s chn ra cc t m c kh nng gim nh PAPR.
Vic khng gy nn mo, khng gy pht x ngoi bng. Nhc im ca phng
php ny l vic s dng m s lm gim hiu qu bng thng. ng thi n kh
phc tp trong vic tm ra nhng m ti u nht v ta phi xy dng bng m ha,
gii m kh ln, c bit l khi s sng mang con tng.
Phng php xo trn s xo trn d liu u vo ca symbol OFDM v
truyn i symbol c PAPR nh nht. T xc sut xut hin PAPR c th c
gim xung. Khi s sng mang con cng tng, k thut ny cng tr nn phc tp.
Phng php s dng mo trc thch nghi c th b nhng nh hng phi
tuyn t b khuch i cng sut trong h thng OFDM.
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Phng php tri DFT x l tn hiu u vo bng bin i DFT, hoc nhanh
hn bng IFFT. Vic ny c th gim PAPR ca OFDM xung tng ng vi
truyn dn n sng mang. K thut ny kh hiu qu vi cc thit b u cui di
ng ng ln, nht l vi chun 3GPP LTE.
2.4.2.1 Ct nh (Clipping) v lc
y l k thut gim PAPR n gin nht. Ct nh c ngha phng php ny
s gii hn cng sut ca tn hiu pht pht v mt mc cho trc no . Tuy
nhin, phng php ny c mt s nhc im:
- Ct nh gy ra mo tn hiu, do lm BER ca h thng tng. Xc sut
phn b ca nh tn hiu ln cng cao th mo tn hiu cng tng
- Ct nh cn gy pht x ngoi bng, gy nhiu knh ln cn ACI (Adjacent
Channel Interference) cho cc knh ln cn. Vn ny c th khc phc
bng vic lc. Tuy nhin, vic lc ph li lm cho tn hiu sau lc vt
ngng ct cho trc.
Biu din ton hc ca tn hiu sau khi c ct cc nh tn hiu vt qu
ngng nh sau, vi A l gi tr ngng ct,

(m) l tn hiu trn min thi gian.

= {

(2.14)
Ni chung, hiu qu ca phng php ny c th c nh gi thng qua mt
s tiu ch
- gn sng trong bng v pht x ngoi bng, c th quan st c
thng qua th mt ph cng sut
- Phn b ca h s nh ca PAPR, l t s gia nh tn hiu ngu nhin
Rayleigh v gi tr trung bnh ca tn hiu.
- T s ct nh Clipping Ratio l t s gia gi tr nh ngng cho trc v
gi tr trung bnh ton phng ca tn hiu cn ct
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- Gi tr BER ca tn hiu c m ha v khng c m ha

Hnh 2.18a- Tn hiu trc khi thc hin clipping

Hnh 2.18b-Tn hiu sau ct nh Tn hiu sau lc
Ta xt tn hiu trn min thi c hm mt xc sut v mt ph cng sut
dng nh hnh 2.18a. Nhn hnh 2.18b ta thy tn hiu sau khi c ct nh ph s
m rng. Ph ny s c thu nh sau khi lc. Nhng sau lc, nh tn hiu li tng
ln
2.4.2.2 S dng m ha gim PAPR
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Trong phng php ny, cc bit d liu s c m ha thnh cc m khc
nhau. Ly v d s dng iu ch tn hiu 16-PSK. Bn bt d liu s c m ha,
ngha l thm mt s bit m to thnh t m hon chnh. Sau , cc t m c
PAPR trn min thi gian nh nht s c chn. Tc truyn s c gim
xung gim t s PAPR.

Hnh 2. 19- Tn hiu trc v sau khi m ha vi s sng mang N = 16
Mt phng php tng t nh phng php trn l phng php nh x
chn la (selective mapping). Tn hiu u vo s c nhn vi mt chui c
pha khc nhau sau c a qua bin i IFFT. Tn hiu OFDM u ra c
a vo b chn. B chn ny s chn pht nhng tn hiu c PAPR thp nht.
Ngoi hai phng php c bn nu trn, cn rt nhiu phng php khc
gim PAPR nh tri DFT, t trc tn s,

Hnh 2.20- Phng php nh x chn la
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2.4.3 Bc x ph khng mong mun
Tn hiu sau iu ch bao gm cc thnh phn sng mang con QAM/PSK
cha c lc. Ph ca chng c dng nn gim kh chm. iu ny c
th gy nn ACI

Hnh 2.21- Mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu OFDM
gim thnh phn pht x ngoi bng, trnh gy nhiu ACI cho cc knh ln
cn, ta c th s dng b lc thng di. Nhng c c hiu qu vi cc b lc
ta cn qu trnh tnh ton phc tp. Thay vo , ta s dng mt ca s trn min
thi gian c dng cosin nng vi h s un lc . Hm truyn ca s c dng

=
{

(2.15)
vi T
g
l di khong CP, T
sub
l di symbol OFDM.
Tn hiu sau khi c x l bng hm ca s s c dng

(t - lT
sym
).

(2.16)
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Hnh 2.22- Dnh hm ca s cosin nng trn min thi gian
Hnh 2.22 m t ca s dng x l tn hiu OFDM. Khi h s un lc
tng, phn bin gim dn ti hai bin ca s s thoi hn, nh hng ca ACI s
gim xung.
2.5 M HNH H THNG OFDM
Nh vy, t s c bn ca OFDM, c th ng dng l thuyt vo thc t,
ta phi b sung thm nhiu thnh phn nhm gii quyt nhng vn tn ti trong
OFDM nh ISI, tc ng ca knh truyn, ph tn hiu nh th hin trn hnh
2.23. Khi Pilot insertion c nhim v chn cc pilot vo khung tn hiu OFDM
phc v c lng knh. u thu, khi Channel correction s da vo cc pilot
tm ra cc thng s knh truyn hin ti. Khi GI insertion and windowing u
pht v Remove GI u thu c nhim v chn/g GI cng nh x l tn hiu
OFDM theo ca s cosin nng. Cc khi DAC, ADC, Up converter, Down
converter s x l tn hiu pht/thu tn hiu cao tn ra/t knh truyn.
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Hnh 2.23- M hnh h thng OFDM
2.6 KT LUN CHNG
Nh vy, qua qu trnh tm hiu cc vn v OFDM, ta nhn thy phng
php ny c nhng u im v nhc im ring
K thut OFDM c nhiu li ch m cc k thut ghp knh khc khng c
c. OFDM cho php truyn thng tin tc cao bng cch chia bng tn ra
thnh nhiu sng mang con trc giao, fading chn lc tn s trn knh nh m
thnh fading phng. Hin tng ICI do cng c loi b. Nh s dng khong
bo v GI/CP nn d trn knh c tri tr, hin tng ISI cng b hn ch. Cng
nh CP m h thng OFDM ch cn b cn bng min tn s n gin. Vic truyn
dn c iu chnh thch nghi theo iu kin knh v tuyn nh c ch c lng
knh.
Do OFDM l phng php truyn dn a sng mang nn nhc im chnh
y t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh PAPR ln, dn n vic khc
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phc phc tp. Mt khc, tn hiu OFDM l tng hp ca nhiu sn mang con nn
ng bao bin khng bng phng, gy mo phi tuyn trong cc b khuch i.
Mt nhc im na trong phng php ny l vic s dng nhiu pilot, cc
khong GI/CP khng mang tin khin hiu qu truyn tin gim. rng cc sng
mang con nh nn h thng OFDM nhy cm vi hiu ng Doppler cng nh i
hi mt qu trnh ng b nhanh chng v chnh xc.
Ngy nay, k thut OFDM cn c kt hp vi phng php m knh trong
thng tin v tuyn. Cc h thng ny cn c gi l COFDM (code OFDM).
Trong h thng ny tn hiu trc khi c iu ch OFDM s c m knh vi
cc loi m khc nhau nhm mc ch chng li cc li ng truyn. Tuy nhin
n khng tp trung tm hiu v COFDM m s tin hnh tm hiu cc phng
php ng b trong OFDM.










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CHNG III
CC PHNG PHP NG B TRONG OFDM
C mt s mt khin cho ng b trong h thng OFDM khc bit so vi ng
b trong truyn dn n sng mang. OFDM chia lung d liu thnh mt c s cc
lung con. Mi lung con li c tc truyn nh hn v khong thi gian symbol
T
s
di hn, qua m nh hng ca tri tr gim xung. Hn na, vic ny cn
khin cho h thng chu li do mt ng b thi gian tt nh cc khong CP khng
mang d liu. Tuy nhin, trong thc t lun c nhng trng hp c bit, sai lch
mt ng b vt qu gii hn kim sot ca h thng. Mt khc, do rng cc
sng mang con rt nh so vi tng rng bng thng nn vic ng b tn s tr
nn kh khn. V d nh vi h thng truyn dn OFDM lm vic tn s trung
tm l f
c
= 1500MHz vi rng symbol T = 500ms th t s gia khong cch cc
sng mang v tn s trung tm s l

= 1,33.

, i hi chnh xc rt cao
trong ng b. Trong chng ny, ta s xem xt cc phng php ng b trong
OFDM
3.1 TNG QUAN V NG B TRONG OFDM
i vi h thng OFDM, ng b l thao tc c bn, nht l khi truyn dn
trn knh vi tc ngy cng cao v nh hng nh fading, tri tr ngy cng ln.
ng b trong OFDM bao gm ng b v thi gian v tn s.
V mt tn s, khi n my thu, tn hiu dng analog cao tn trc tin c
trn tn xung bng gc. Tn s a vo trn tn phi chnh xc trnh thu li.
Do , b to dao ng ti my thu c lin tc iu chnh cho chnh xc vi tn
s bn pht. mo pha v bin ca mi sng mang con cng c c lng
b ti u thu.
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V mt thi gian, b to xung ng h phi c ng b my thu c th
nhn bit im bt u khung, symbol tn hiu, trnh ISI. Tn hiu xung ng h ly
mu ti khi chuyn i tng t/s cng cn c iu chnh chnh xc. Hiu sut
ca cc phng php ng b c quyt nh bi mt s thng s:
- T s tn trn tp SNR ti thiu c cu ng b hot ng
- Thi gian iu chnh v khong iu chnh
- Lng thng tin mo u cn thit cho qu trnh iu chnh
- phc tp trong qu trnh hin thc ha thit k
- chnh xc v kh nng chu ng khi c fading v tri tr
c th phn tch nhng nh hng ca lch tn s v lch thi gian
ti vic truyn dn OFDM, ta gi v ln lt biu din gi tr lch tn s
sng mang CFO (Carrier Frequency Offset) v lch thi gian symbol STO
(Symbol Timing Offset) chun ha. Tn hiu nhn c u thu sau bin i FFT
c dng
Y
l
(k)

= {

= {

}}

{{

(3.1)
trong

, Y
l
(k),

l k hiu ch cc thnh phn ca sng mang

con th k ca symbol OFDM th l ln lt bao gm: tn hiu pht X, tn hiu thu
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c Y, hm truyn knh H v nhiu tp trn knh Z. Tt c c biu din trn
min tn s. Tn hiu chu s mt ng b v thi gian v tn s trn knh c dng

= IFFT{ Y
l
(k)} = IFFT{

}
=

(3.2)
vi

= IFFT(

)
3.1.1 nh hng ca mt ng b thi gian
3.1.1.1 nh hng ca mt ng b thi gian symbol STO
IFFT v FFT l nhng khi chc nng c bn cn thit cho vic iu ch v
gii iu ch ti u pht v thu OFDM. Vic s dng b FFT N im u thu
i hi di symbol OFDM, khong cch cc mu ca N sng mang con phi
chnh xc nh u pht. Hay ni cch khc, ta cn phi c c ch ng b thi
gian pht hin im bt u ca mi symbol OFDM.
Nu tn hiu pht c dng x(n) trn min thi gian, X(k) trn min tn s th tn
hiu nhn c chu nh hng ca mt b s c dng
- Trn min thi gian: y(n) ~ x(n+ )
- Trn min tn s: Y(k) ~

X(k)

Hnh 3.1- Cc trng hp lch im bt u symbol OFDM
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lch thi gian STO trn min thi gian to ra mt di pha trn min tn
s tng ng vi sng mang th k. Da vo v tr m im bt u symbol
OFDM b xc nh lch, nh hng ca STO s khc nhau
- Trng hp th nht: im bt u c lng symbol OFDM ca u thu
trng khp vi im bt u symbol OFDM nh u pht. Trng hp ny
tn hiu c bo ton, khng phi chu s sai lch do STO. S trc giao
gia cc sng mang khng b vi phm.
- Trng hp th hai: im bt u c lng symbol OFDM xy ra trc
im bt u thc s ca symbol OFDM, nhng vn cha ln ln phn tri
tr di nht ca symbol trc . Khi ny, ta coi nh symbol OFDM vn
cha ln ln symbol trc n ng ngha vi vic khng xut hin ISI, nhng
phn tn hiu symbol ta cn thu s b mt mt phn. xem xt nh hng,
ta s dng bin i FFT cho tn hiu nhn c dng:

= y
l
(n)

(3.3)
trong :

= {



Nhn vo biu thc trn, ta nhn thy tnh trc giao gia cc thnh phn sng
mang c bo ton. Tuy nhin, STO to ra mt lng dch pha tng ng vi
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lng trn sng mang th k, khin cho chm sao tn hiu b quay i so vi ban
u

Hnh 3.2- Chm sao tn hiu khi c STO trng hp 1 v 2
- Trng hp th ba: im bt u c lng symbol OFDM xy ra trc
im bt u thc s v ln ln phn tri tr ca symbol OFDM trc .
Khi ny ISI xut hin. ng thi ISI ny cn gy ra ICI gia cc thnh phn
sng mang
- Trng hp th t: lc ny, im bt u c lng symbol OFDM ca u
thu xy ra sau im bt u thc s . iu ny c ngha tn hiu OFDM nhn
c bao gm phn ln phn symbol OFDM cn thu ng v mt phn tn
hiu ca symbol OFDM tip sau .

= {

(3.4)
vi N
g
l di khong CP.

= FFT{

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=

(3.5)
trong

= {




Hnh 3.3- Chm sao tn hiu khi c STO trng hp 3 v 4
Thnh phn th hai trong biu thc 3.5 biu din nh hng ca ICI, c ngha
s trc giao gia cc sng mang b vi phm. Cn thnh phn th ba ca biu thc
biu din nh hng ca ISI ti symbol ang xt.
3.1.1.2 nh hng ca mt ng b ng h trong vic ly mu tn hiu
S lch pha trn min thi gian i vi xung ng h ly mu c th coi tng
ng vi lch thi gian symbol STO. Vic lch pha ny xy ra khi tn s ly
mu s dng u thu v pht khng ging nhau. Hnh 3.4 biu din nh hng
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ca vic lch pha tn s ly mu. Cc mu tng ng lch nhau mt gi tr c
nh.
Cng ging nh lch thi gian symbol STO, vic mt ng b tn s ly
mu trn min thi gian cn dn n s quay pha tn hiu trn min tn s. Tuy
nhin gi tr lch ny nh nn ta c th coi n nh mt phn ca STO m khng
cn phi c khi b ring.

Hnh 3.4- Minh ha s lch pha tn s ly mu trn min thi gian
3.1.2 nh hng ca mt ng b tn s
Tn hiu bng gc c iu ch sng mang u pht v sau u thu,
n c a tr li bng gc nh tn s ging ht bn pht c to ra t b dao
ng ni. V c bn, c hai loi mo tn hiu lin quan n tn s. Mt l nhiu pha
gy ra do s khng n nh ca b to dao ng hai bn pht v thu. Hai l lch
tn s sng mang CFO gy ra do lch tn gia hai b to dao ng ti hai u thu
pht v hin tng Doppler vi dch tn f
d
. Cu to ca cc b to dao ng
khng th hon ton ging ht nhau nn s sai lch tn s l khng th trnh khi.
Gi f
t
l tn s sng mang pht, f
r
l tn s sng mang nhn c. lch tn
s f
offset
c tnh bng
f
offset
= f
t
- f
r
(3.6)
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dch tn Doppler vi v l tc di chuyn ca my thu, c l tc nh sng l
f
d
=

(3.7)
lch tn s chun ha lc ny s l
=

(3.8)
vi l khong cch gia cc sng mang con
Trn min tn s, tn hiu thu c chu nh hng ca CFO c dng:
Y(k) ~ X(k - )
Trn min thi gian, lch tn gy ra mt s dch pha c gi tr 2n ng
vi mu tn hiu th n:
y(n) ~

x(n)

Hnh 3.5- nh hng ca s lch tn s
Gi s b qua nh hng ca nhiu pha, tn hiu nhn c trn min thi
gian l

(3.9)
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Trn hnh 3.6, ta c th thy, tn hiu trn min thi gian b quay pha nhanh
hn khi gi tr tng ln, tng ng vi ng th dc hn. Khi > 0.5, gi tr
sai pha bin i khng cn theo ng tuyn tnh na.

Hnh 3.6- S sai pha ca tn hiu trn min thi gian khi c CFO
lch tn s chun ha bao gm hai thnh phn: phn nguyn

v phn thp
phn

: =

3.1.2.1 nh hng ca lch tn s phn nguyn IFO (Integer Carrier Frequency
Offset)

Hnh 3.7- nh hng ca phn nguyn CFO n tn hiu thu
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Tn hiu trn min tn s u pht c dng X(k), khi chu tc ng ca IFO
s c dng X(k -

). Tn hiu trn sng mang th k b dch i mt s nguyn

sng mang. Nu phn sai lch ny khng c b, n s khin BER ca h thng

tng mnh. Tuy nhin, s trc giao gia cc sng mang vn c gi nguyn. V
vy ICI khng xut hin. Hnh 3.7 minh ha s dch tn ca tn hiu do IFO
3.1.2.2 nh hng ca lch tn s phn thp phn FFO (Fraction Carrier
Frequency Offset)
Xt tn hiu nhn c u thu trn min tn s

= FFT{

} =

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=

(3.10)
vi

Thnh phn th nht trong biu thc 3.10 biu din tn hiu trn sng mang
th k vi bin v pha b mo do FFO.

biu din nh hng ca ICI t cc

sng mang bn cnh. Phn thp phn ca lch tn s chnh l nguyn nhn gy
nn ICI gia cc sng mang. nh hng ca FFO c th nhn thy trn hnh 3.8

Hnh 3.8- Chm sao tn hiu vi nh hng ca FFO
3.1.2.3 nh hng ca lch tn s ly mu (Sampling Frequency Offset)
lch tn s ly mu SFO (Sampling Frequency Offset) gia u thu v u
pht xut hin do s khc nhau gia b to dao ng a vo khi ly mu ti u
thu v u pht
Hnh 3.9 m t nh hng ca lch tn s ly mu. Gi tr lch thay i
theo thi gian. Tn hiu nhn c chu nh hng ca SFO trn min tn s c
dng

= Y(k)

(3.11)
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vi =

;
Thnh phn u tin trong biu thc biu din tn hiu trn sng mang th k
vi bin v pha b mo.

biu din thnh phn ICI do SFO gy nn. SFO

khin symbol trn min thi gian b thm/ bt cc mu tn hiu theo mt chu k nht
nh. V vy, lch ny cn c x l khi n u thu.

Hnh 3.9- nh hng ca lch tn s ly mu
3.2 CC PHNG PHP NG B TRONG OFDM
Cc phng php ng b trong OFDM c th phn loi thnh hai nhm:
- Data aided: s dng cc symbol c bit vi cu trc tn hiu bit trc
- Non data aided: s dng c tnh thng k ca cc tn hiu d liu thu c
3.2.1 Cc phng php ng b thi gian
Nh phn tch, lch thi gian symbol STO khng ch gy nn mo pha
m cn lm xut hin ISI trong h thng. khc phc nhng nh hng trn,
im bt u symbol phi c nhn bit mt cch chnh xc bng cch c lng
gi tr STO. Vic c lng ny c th thc hin trn c min thi gian v tn s.
3.2.1.1 c lng STO trn min thi gian
Gi thit tn hiu thu c l cc symbol OFDM vi khong CP c di N
g

mu tng ng T
g
giy. Chiu di phn tn hiu cha d liu l N
sub
tng ng T
sub

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giy. Trn min thi gian, STO c c lng qua hai phng php Data aided
v Non data aided.
3.2.1.1.1 Phng php Non data aided
Trong phng php ny, ta s dng khong CP ca symbol OFDM. CP l bn
sao mt on tn hiu cha d liu trong symbol OFDM. iu c ngha ta c th
s dng s tng ng gia CP v on d liu kia cho vic c lng STO.
V mt tng qut, nu gi tn hiu nhn c l y(t) = x(t) + n(t) trong x (t)
l tn hiu u pht, n(t) l nhiu trn knh v tuyn th, dng ton hc ca hm
tng quan gia hai ca s l
R(t) =

Hnh 3.10- S phng php c lng STO bng khong CP
Tn hiu thu c a qua b to tr, sau c ly tch phn. B so snh
Find maximum correlation s tm ra gi tr tng quan cc i. T lch
thi gian c tm ra. Tuy nhin, trn min thi gian ri rc, c nhiu phng khc
nhau xc nh gi tr tng quan cc i gia hai ca s.
Thc t, thao tc trn symbol, ta k hiu khon CP l B cn khong d liu
tng ng l B. Hai khi B v

cch nhau mt khong N

sub
mu tn hiu. u
thu, ta s dng hai ca s W
1
v W
2
cng c di T
g
giy, tng ng khong
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N
g
. Chng c th trt trn trc thi gian o s tng ng gia cc mu tn
hiu cha trong chng. S tng ng ny cc i khi khong CP v on d liu
tng ng ri hon ton vo hai ca s W
1
v W
2
. T gi tr cc i ny ta c th
tm ra im bt u ca symbol.

Hnh 3.11- c lng STO s dng khong CP trn min thi gian
Phng php tnh ton n gin nht l ng dng biu thc (3.12). im bt
u thc ca symbol l v tr lm cho sai khc gia hai ca s nh nht.

} (3.12)
V n gin nn phng php ny c hn ch ln l s chnh xc gim mnh
khi c CFO. Mt k thut khc c th khc phc hn ch ny l tm gi tr cc tiu
ca bnh phng hiu gia N
g
mu ca s W
1
v lin hp phc ca N
g
mu ca
s W
2
.

} (3.13)
Ngoi ra, ta c th tnh ton gi tr tng quan gia hai ca s theo thi gian.
Gi tr tng quan ny t cc i khi hai ca s nm vo v tr ca khong CP v
on d liu tng ng
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} (3.14)

Hnh 3.12a- Gi tr tng quan ca hai ca s theo thi gian vi tm symbol/48
sng mang con

Hnh 3.12b- Gi tr tng quan ca hai ca s theo thi gian vi tm symbol/192
sng mang con
Hnh 3.12 m t bin hm tng quan gia hai ca s trn min thi gian
trong vng tm symbol v 48/192 sng mang. Ta nhn thy ng vi tm symbol c
tm nh gi tr tng quan. Mi nh tng ng vi mt im bt u ca symbol.
Tuy nhin, cc nh gi tr ny c bin khng bng nhau. L do l mc d nng
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lng trung bnh trn mi symbol khng i, nng lng trn phn GI/CP bin i
kh nhiu. Mt hin tng khc ta c th thy l vic gia cc nh tng quan
vn c nhng bin tng quan khng mong mun. Nhng bin gi tr ny hnh
thnh khi hai ca s trt qua nhng vng tn hiu thuc hai symbol khc nhau. Ta
bit rng hai symbol khc nhau thng cha d liu khc nhau, hm tng quan
u ra s l mt hm ngu nhin. Gi tr ca n i khi cn cao hn c nh tng
quan m ta mong mun. Khi mt mu tn hiu cng dy, tng ng vi s sng
mang cng nhiu, cc gi tr bin cng gim.
Nh vy phng php c lng STO s dng khong CP n gin nhng
tin cy km do khong CP lun chu nh hng ca tri tr. Phng php ny ch
thc s c hiu qu khi s sng mang s dng ln (thng l trn 100). khc
phc nhc im ny, ta c th thay cc symbol ngu nhin bng cc symbol hun
luyn vi cu trc c nh bit trc
3.2.1.1.2 Phng php Data aided
Cc symbol hun luyn c th c s dng cho ng b u thu. Tri
ngc vi k thut s dng CP, y ta s dng ton b phn symbol hun luyn
cho ng b. Phng php ny khc phc c nh hng ca truyn dn a
ng.

Hnh 3.13- Cu trc symbol hun luyn
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H thng OFDM c th s dng hai symbol hun luyn ging nhau hoc mt
symbol hun luyn c hai hay bn phn ging ht nhau. Hnh 3.13 minh ha cu
trc mt symbol hun luyn. Trong cc khong k hiu bng C trn min thi gian,
ta c th chn dy bit 0 vo. u thu khi nhn c symbol s c gng tnh tng
quan gia cc khong lp C, t tm ra im bt u. Ging nh phng php
trc, tnh tng quan, ta s dng hai ca s trt trn min thi gian W
1
v W
2
.

{ |

} (3.15)
STO c c lng bng cch tm ra cc tiu ca bnh phng lch gia hai
khi mu tn hiu trong hai ca s. Nhc im ca phng php l khi c tri tr,
symbol ang xt s b nh hng bi cc symbol trc v sau. Do , gi tr cc
tiu lch c th xut hin sau thi im chnh xc cn nhn bit. trnh iu
ny, ta c th t thit lp mt ngng. V d gi tr STO cn xc nh s tng
ng vi cc tiu u tin ca hm tng quan m ti bnh phng lch di
ngng chn.
Mt nhc im khc l bi chiu di ca s l N/2 nn hm gi tr lch
s c mt vng phng trong cc khong CP. Khong ny khng c ch trong vic
c lng STO. khc phc ta tnh trung bnh gi tr tng quan trn di mt
khong CP. Gi tr lch s t min khi ly trung bnh ti v tr khong B.

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Hnh 3.14- Cu trc symbol hun luyn vi 4 khong lp

) (3.16)
vi

=
|

Nhm nng cao tnh chnh xc cho phng php ny, cu trc symbol hun
luyn c chia thnh bn khong vi mu tn hiu trn hai khong C sau l o
ca cc gi tr trong hai khong C u.
Mt cch c lng STO khc l s dng gi tr tng quan cho gia symbol
hun luyn v tn hiu nhn c, v symbol hun luyn c bit trc u
thu. Lc ny ta ch cn s dng mt ca s trt c chiu di T
sub
/2 tm gi tr
tng quan.
3.2.1.2 c lng STO trn min tn s theo phng php Data aided
Nh phn tch, lch thi gian symbol khin tn hiu quay pha trn min
tn s. Do ln quay pha t l vi ln STO nn ta c th c lng STO bng
lch pha gia cc sng mang lin tip. Trn min tn s ta gi i cc symbol
hun luyn c cu trc ging nhau v bit trc u thu, bin bng nhau

v p ng knh trn min tn s tng ng ca chng xp x

nhau

vi . u thu ta nhn c

(3.17)

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Hnh 3.15- c lng STO da vo p ng knh
Gi tr STO c th c xc nh nh sau

arg

(3.18)
Ngoi ra ta c th s dng k thut c lng khc nh h qu ca vic quay
pha (hnh 3.15). Ta xc nh gi tr STO thng qua p ng knh truyn tr.

) (3.19)
trong

= IFFT{

}
=

(3.20)
vi nng lng symbol hun luyn gi s cho bng 1:

= 1

Hnh 3.16- p ng xung ca tn hiu
Hnh 3.16 minh ha p ng xung ca hai tn hiu, ng lin nt l ca tn
hiu khng c STO, ng t nt l ca tn hiu c STO. Tn hiu chu nh hng
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ca STO s c p ng xung tr hn so vi tn hiu bnh thng ng bng gi tr
STO.
3.2.2 Cc phng php ng b tn s
Cng ging nh ng b thi gian, vic ng b tn s cng c thc hin
trn c min thi gian v tn s bng phng php Data aided v Non data aided
3.2.2.1 c lng CFO trn min thi gian
3.2.2.1.1 3.2.2.1.1 Phng php Non data aided
Nh ta bit, khi ng b thi gian trong h thng l hon ho, lch tn
s sng mang vi mt lng s khin tn hiu trn min thi gian b quay pha
2n/N. Gi s tn hiu khng phi chu tc ng ca knh truyn th lch pha
gia khong CP v on symbol gc tng ng do CFO s l 2N/N = 2. CFO
c th c xc nh bng gc ca tch chp gia CP v on d liu tng ng.
=

arg{

} vi n = -1, -2, , -N
g
(3.21)
gim nhiu, ta ly trung bnh trn khong CP
=

arg{

} (3.22)
Gi tr l kt qu ca hm

nn di gi tr ca biu thc (3.21) nm

trong khong [-,+) /2 = [-0.5, 0.5). V vy phng php ny khng th xc nh
cc gi tr CFO nguyn. Mt khc, tch

ch cho ra s thc khi

khng c CFO. iu ny c ngha khi CFO khc 0,

cho gi tr
phc. Tuy nhin, phn o ca tch ny vn c th s dng. Sai s lc ny c tnh
bng cng thc

(3.23)
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trong L l s mu dng ly trung bnh. K vng ca hm

l
E{

} =

sin(

) |

(3.24)
vi k l s sng mang,

l nng lng tn hiu pht,

l p ng knh truyn
vi sng mang th k. K vng hm

c dng sng sin dao ng quanh gc 0, l

gi tr m ta mong mun khi thc hin ng b. Nh vy, phng php c lng
CFO bng CP n gin vi di gi tr hp v lun tn ti sai s.

Hnh 3.17- c tnh bin hm E{

}
3.2.2.1.2 Phng php Data aided
Khi mi bt u tin hnh ng b, gi tr CFO c th ln, phng php c
lng bng khong CP khng th p ng. Ta phi tm mt phng php khc c
di c lng rng hn. Di gi tr ny c th tng ln bng cch gim khong
cch gia hai khi tn hiu dng ly tng quan. Trong h thng OFDM, ta thc
hin bng cch s dng cc symbol hun luyn vi chu k lp li ngn.
Gi D l s nguyn biu din t s gia chiu di symbol OFDM hun luyn
vi chiu di khong lp li, c ngha D l s on mu lp li trn mt symbol.
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= {

(3.25)
trong

l tn hiu symbol hun luyn trn min tn s,

l bin ca
symbol iu ch bc M, N/D l s nguyn. Do

c cu trc
ging nhau nn.

(3.26)
Gi tr CFO c th c c lng nh sau
=

arg{

} (3.27)

Hnh 3.18a- S tng qut phng php Data aided trn min thi gian
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Hnh 3.18b- c tnh quan h gia CFO v chnh xc khi D = 1 v D = 4
Di gi tr CFO trong trng hp ny s l || D/2. Khi D tng, di c lng s
tng theo, ng thi khi lng mu tn hiu dng tnh hm tng quan s gim.
iu ny c ngha rng di gi tr CFO c lng t l nghch vi chnh xc
(Hnh 3.18b). khc phc, ta s dng c lng trung bnh
=

arg{

} (3.28)
3.2.2.2 c lng CFO trn min tn s bng phng php Data aided
Phng php u tin c tn l Moose. Nu hai symbol hun luyn truyn lin
tip nhau, ta c th biu din chng nh sau

(3.29)
Gi tr CFO c th c tnh nh biu thc
=

} (3.30)
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Biu thc 3.30 ly trung bnh trn cc sng mang khc khng nn sai s s
tng khi s sng mang khc khng gim. Mc d di CFO c lng ch nm trong
di , ta c th tng ln D ln bng cch tng khong lp nh lm vi
phng php c lng trn min thi gian. Phng php ny i hi trong giai
on u ca vic lin lc phi c mt s symbol hun luyn truyn lin tip tnh
ton. Khi , vic truyn d liu khng th din ra.
Mt phng php na ng b tn s l s dng cc pilot hay cn c tn
l Classen. Cc pilot c chn vo trn min tn s trong nhng sng mang con
(hay tone) nht nh. iu ny c ngha mi symbol d liu OFDM truyn i u
cha cc pilot phc v cho ng b nhng tn s sng mang con nht nh. Gi
tr CFO s c tm ra nh lch ca hai pilot trong hai symbol OFDM lin tip.
S 3.19 m t mt s c lng CFO Classen c th. Hai symbol
OFDM

sau khi ng b thi gian s c lu trong b nh. Tip

, tn hiu c bin i FFT thnh {

v {

trong bao
gm c pilot. Sau khi c lng CFO t pilot, tn hiu s c b CFO trn min
thi gian. Qu trnh ny din ra theo hai ch : ch kha v ch bm. Trong
ch kha, CFO c tnh ton trn di rng, bao gm phn nguyn CFO. Cn
trong ch bm, CFO phn thp phn c c lng. CFO s c b theo tng
phn nguyn v phn thp phn
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Hnh 3.19- S ng b tn s s dng cc pilot(Classen)
3.2.2.3 c lng lch tn s ly mu
Vic ly mu tn hiu trn min thi gian u thu l khng th thiu trong
qu trnh x l tn hiu. Ty thuc vo c ch iu khin xung ng h ly mu, k
thut b lch tn s ly mu c th chia lm hai loi: ly mu ng b v ly
mu khng ng b.
Vi phng php ly mu ng b, xung ng h c kim sot trc tip
thng qua VCXO (Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscillator) v DPLL (Digital Phase
Locked Loop). B TED (Timing Error Detection) c nhim v tnh ton quay
pha v iu chnh tn s ra ca VCXO thng qua DPLL.
Vi phng php ly mu khng ng b, tn s ly mu c c nh bi
thch anh. Lng sai pha c b cc khi pha sau, c th l cc b lc FIR ni
suy.
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Hnh 3.20a- My thu OFDM vi s ly mu ng b

Hnh 3.20b- My thu OFDM vi s ly mu khng ng b
V phng php ny khng yu cu tn hiu phn hi nn d trin khai trong
thc t, ng thi h thng s nhy cm hn vi vic lch tn. Khi Skip/duplicate
Interpolate c tc dng chng li vic thm/bt symbol OFDM khi c mt ng
b tn s ly mu. Tn hiu s c b pha ti khi FEQ (Frequency-domain
Equalizer).
3.3 KT QU M PHNG
3.3.1 Tin trnh m phng
Ta tin hnh m phng trn phn mm Matlab phng php c lng CFO
Moose. Cc bc tin hnh nh sau:
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- Chn cc thng s cho h thng nh: s FFT, kiu iu ch, gi tr CFO,
gi tr SNR
- To ngu nhin lung d liu
- Chn pilot
- iu ch bng gc, thc hin bin i FFT
- Chn CP
- To vng lp tng ng vi s gi tr SNR
- To lch tn s CFO cho tn hiu
- To vng lp phc v tnh gi tr MSE trung bnh v sau
- Truyn tn hiu qua knh nhiu Gausse trng cng AWGN (Additive White
Gausse Noise)
- Thu v c lng CFO s dng phng php Moose
- Tnh ton gi tr li bnh phng trung bnh MSE
- V th da trn s liu c
- Kt thc
Lu tin trnh m phng c th hin nh s 3.1







To d liu
u vo
Chn pilot
iu ch
bng gc
Bin i
IFFT
Chn CP
i = 1 n N. N l
s gi tr SNR
Iter = 1 n
max
Tnh gi tr
MSE
Knh AWGN
To CFO
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no
yes



no
yes

S 3.1-Lu m phng
3.3.2 nh hng ca mt ng b ti tn hiu OFDM
tm hiu nh hng ca ng b, ta tin hnh m phng vi cc thng s
c th. Tn hiu c truyn i l tn hiu OFDM c iu ch 16-QAM, c kch
thc FFT (N
fft
) l 256. Chiu di khong CP chn l N
fft
/4. Ta thc hin truyn tn
hiu trn knh nhiu Gausse trng chun AWGN (Additive White Gausse Noise)
khng c tri tr vi t s tn trn tp SNR = 30 dB. Khi xut hin lch tn s,
thi gian, chm sao tn hiu b mo ng thi t l li trong h thng OFDM tng
nh c th thy trn hnh 3.21.
V th MSE
Tnh gi tr
trung bnh
cng MSE
i = N
iter = max
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Hnh 3.21- nh hng ca CFO, STO ti chm sao tn hiu
3.3.3 Phng php c lng CFO trn min tn s Moose
Ta thc hin m phng hiu sut phng php c lng CFO Moose trong
gi tr lch tn s c tnh ton da trn s sai pha gia hai symbol hun
luyn theo cng thc (3.30). Tn hiu OFDM c truyn i trn knh AWGN,
iu ch 16-QAM, kch thc FFT l N
fft
= 256. Hnh 3.22 cho thy chnh xc
ca vic c lng t l thun vi t s SNR vi gi tr CFO trong khong
(-0.5,0.5). Vi cc gi tr nm ngoi khong ny, gi tr c lng c khng cn
chnh xc (hnh 3.23)
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Hnh 3.22- th c lng gi tr CFO theo SNR vi CFO = 0.01 v CFO = 0.4,
N
fft
= 256

Hnh 3.23-Vic c lng khng chnh xc khi CFO nm ngoi khong (-0.5,0.5)
nh gi hiu sut ca phng php c lng, ngi ta cn da vo gi
tr sai s bnh phng trung bnh MSE.
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Hnh 3.24- th MSE vi cc gi tr CFO khc nhau

Hnh 3.25- th MSE vi CFO ngoi khong cho php
Da vo hnh 3.24, ta thy, trong khong gi tr CFO (-0.5,0.5) MSE gn nh
khng thay i. Hay ni cch khc, hm MSE khng ph thuc vo gi tr CFO
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trong khong (-0.5,0.5). Ngc li, vi cc gi tr CFO nm ngoi khong ny, gi
tr hm MSE s tin v 1, vic c lng khng cn chnh xc na. iu ny c
th hin trn hnh 3.25.

Hnh 3.26- th MSE vi cc gi tr N
fft
khc nhau ti CFO = 0.15
Hnh 3.26 m t hm MSE vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca kch thc FFT. Ta
thy gi tr MSE t l thun vi kch thc FFT. iu ny c c xut pht t
cng thc 3.29, gi tr CFO c c lng t cc mu trn cc sng mang khc
khng trn min tn s ri ly trung bnh cc sng mang. S im ca b bin i
FFT cng cao, s mu khc khng trn min tn s cng ln, vic c lng cng
chnh xc.
Hnh 3.27 th so snh MSE ca phng php Moose so vi phng php
dng khong CP v Classen. Ta c th thy vi cng gi tr N
fft
l 256, CFO = 0.25,
hiu sut phng php Moose ln hn so vi phng php s dng khong CP v
nh hn so vi phng php Classen.
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Hnh 3.27- th MSE ca ba phng php c lng CFO khc nhau
3.4 KT LUN CHNG
Nh vy, vic ng b c th thc hin trn c min tn s v thi gian, bng
nhiu phng php khc nhau s dng chnh cc symbol d liu hay symbol c
bit dnh ring. Mi phng php li c u nhc im khc nhau. Cc phng
php Non data aided tuy n gin nhng chu nh hng ca tc ng mi trng
nhiu. Cc phng php Data aided s dng cc symbol hun luyn c chnh
xc v tin cy cao hn
Khu ng b trong OFDM v cng quan trng, quyt nh hiu sut lm vic
ca h thng. Tuy nhin, mi trng truyn thng v tuyn l rt phc tp v mi
mi trng khc nhau th tn hiu s chu nh hng khc nhau. V th nu nghin
cu v ng dng cc bin php ng b khc nhau vo thc t ta s to c h
thng c mc p ng nhu cu tt hn.
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KT LUN
S ra i ca OFDM to tin cho nhiu cng ngh bng rng pht trin
nh u im vt tri so vi cc phng php truyn thng khc. Ngoi vic c
kh nng chng ISI, fading a ng, OFDM cn cho php truyn ti tc cao
vi hiu qu bng thng ln. m bo hiu sut lm vic cao ca h thng, vai
tr ca c cu ng b l rt ln. Trong khun kh n ny, em trnh by
nhng phng php c bn v ng b trong OFDM. Qu trnh ng b c th
thc hin c trn min thi gian v tn s. K thut ng b v c bn c hai loi:
s dng cc symbol mang d liu c sn hoc s dng cc symbol hun luyn dnh
ring cho ng b. Vic trnh by tuy vy vn cha i su vo c cc k thut
phc tp m ch dng li mc tng quan l thuyt. V vy, vi kin thc cn
hn ch, n ca em vn cn nhiu sai st, hn ch, mong nhn c s b sung,
ng gp, gip ca thy c v cc bn.
Qua qu trnh tm hiu v nghin cu n ca mnh em cng thu c rt
nhiu nhng kin thc b ch cho bn thn, cng c thm c nhng kin thc v
chuyn ngnh hc cng nh cch gii quyt, nghin cu ti liu khi ng trc
mt vn m mnh quan tm. cng l mt bi hc qu gi, gip ch rt nhiu
cho em trong cng vic v cuc sng .
Em xin chn thnh cm n s ging dy nhit tnh ca cc thy, c gio trong



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TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] PGS-TS Nguyn Quc Bnh, M phng cc h thng thng tin s, NXB
Qun i nhn dn 2002.
[2] PGS-TS Trn Xun Nam, Bi ging Tng quan v OFDM.
[3] Henrik Schulze, Christian Luders, Theory and applications of OFDM and
CDMA Wideband wireless communications, John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2005.
[4] K.Fasel, S.Kaiser, Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems From OFDM
and MC-CDMA to LTE and Wimax, A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication
2008.
[5] Richard van Nee, Ramjee Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia
Communications, Artech House Boston-London 2000.
[6] Yong Soo Cho, Jaekwon Kim, Won Young Yang and Chung G.Kang, MIMO-
OFDM Wireless Communitcations with Matlab, John Wiley &Sons (Asia) Pte
Ltd 2010.










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PH LC
CHNG TRNH M PHNG
1 CHNG TRNH M PHNG NH HNG CA MT NG B
N TN HIU OFDM
% OFDM_basic.m
clc
clear all
%Initial
NgType=1; % NgType=1/2 for cyclic prefix/zero padding
if NgType==1, nt='CP'; elseif NgType==2, nt='ZP'; end
Ch=0; % Ch=0/1 for AWGN/multipath channel
if Ch==0, chType='AWGN'; Target_neb=1000; else chType='CH';
Target_neb=500; end
%figure(Ch+1), clf
PowerdB=[0 -8 -17 -21 -25]; % Channel tap power profile 'dB'
Delay=[1 2 3 4 5]; % Channel delay 'sample'
Power=10.^(PowerdB/10); % Channel tap power profile 'linear scale'
Ntap=length(PowerdB); % Chanel tap number
Lch=Delay(end)+1; %Channel length
Nbps=4; M=2^Nbps; % Modulation order=2/4/6 for QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
Nfft=64; % FFT size
%Ng=0; %Nfft/4; % Ng=0: Guard interval length
Ng=Nfft/4;
Nsym=Nfft+Ng; % Symbol duration
%Nvc=Nfft/4; %
Nvc=0;

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Nused=Nfft-Nvc;
EbN0=[0:5:30]; % EbN0
N_iter=500; % Number of iterations for each EbN0
Nframe=4 ; % Number of symbols per frame
sigPow=0; % Signal power initialization
file_name=['OFDM_BER_' chType '_' nt '_' 'GL' num2str(Ng) '.dat'];
fid=fopen(file_name, 'w+');
norms=[1 sqrt(2) 0 sqrt(10) 0 sqrt(42)]; % BPSK 4-QAM 16-QAM

%Begin
for i=0:length(EbN0)
est = [];
%randn('state',0); rand('state',0); % BER initialization
Neb=0; Ntb=0; % Initialize the number of error/total bits
for m=1:N_iter
% Tx
X= randint(1,Nused*Nframe,M); % bit: integer vector
Xmod= qammod(X,M,0,'gray')/norms(Nbps);
%Tx constellation
if m == 1 && i==0
scatterplot(Xmod)
end
if NgType~=2, x_GI=zeros(1,Nframe*Nsym);
elseif NgType==2, x_GI= zeros(1,Nframe*Nsym+Ng); % Extend an OFDM
symbol by Ng zeros
end
kk1=[1:Nused/2]; kk2=[Nused/2+1:Nused]; kk3=1:Nfft; kk4=1:Nsym;

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for k=1:Nframe
if Nvc~=0, X_shift= [0 Xmod(kk2) zeros(1,Nvc-1) Xmod(kk1)];
else X_shift= [Xmod(kk2) Xmod(kk1)];
end
x= ifft(X_shift);
%x_GI(kk4)= guard_interval(Ng,Nfft,NgType,x);
x_GI(kk4)= add_CP(x,Ng);
kk1=kk1+Nused; kk2= kk2+Nused; kk3=kk3+Nfft; kk4=kk4+Nsym;
end

%CFO&STO
if Ch==0
y= add_CFO(x_GI,0.02,Nfft);
%y = add_STO(x_GI,1);
%y = x_GI
else % Multipath fading channel
channel=(randn(1,Ntap)+j*randn(1,Ntap)).*sqrt(Power/2);
h=zeros(1,Lch); h(Delay+1)=channel; % cir: channel impulse response
y = conv(x_GI,h);
end

if i==0 % Only to measure the signal power for adding AWGN noise
y1=y(1:Nframe*Nsym); sigPow = sigPow + y1*y1';
continue;
end
% Add AWGN noise
snr = EbN0(i)+10*log10(Nbps*(Nused/Nfft)); % SNR vs. Eb/N0

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noise_mag = sqrt((10.^(-snr/10))*sigPow/2);
y_GI = y + noise_mag*(randn(size(y))+j*randn(size(y)));
%y_GI = y;

% Rx
kk1=(NgType==2)*Ng+[1:Nsym]; kk2=1:Nfft;
kk3=1:Nused; kk4=Nused/2+Nvc+1:Nfft; kk5=(Nvc~=0)+[1:Nused/2];
if Ch==1
H= fft([h zeros(1,Nfft-Lch)]); % Channel frequency response
H_shift(kk3)= [H(kk4) H(kk5)];
end

for k=1:Nframe
est1 = CFO_CP(y_GI,Nfft,Ng);
est = [est est1];
%Y(kk2)= fft(remove_GI(Ng,Nsym,NgType,y_GI(kk1)));
Y(kk2)= fft(remove_CP(y_GI(kk1),Ng));
Y_shift=[Y(kk4) Y(kk5)];
if Ch==0, Xmod_r(kk3) = Y_shift;
else Xmod_r(kk3)= Y_shift./H_shift; % Equalizer - channel compensation
end
kk1=kk1+Nsym; kk2=kk2+Nfft; kk3=kk3+Nused; kk4=kk4+Nfft;
kk5=kk5+Nfft;
end
%Rx constellation
if m == 1
EbN0(i)

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scatterplot(Xmod_r)
end

X_r=qamdemod(Xmod_r*norms(Nbps),M,0,'gray');
Neb=Neb+sum(sum(de2bi(X_r,Nbps)~=de2bi(X,Nbps)));
Ntb=Ntb+Nused*Nframe*Nbps; %[Ber,Neb,Ntb]=ber(bit_Rx,bit,Nbps);
if Neb>Target_neb, break; end
end
if i==0
sigPow= sigPow/Nsym/Nframe/N_iter;
fprintf('Signal power= %11.3e\n', sigPow);
fprintf(fid,'%%Signal power= %11.3e\n%%EbN0[dB] BER\n', sigPow);
else
Ber = Neb/Ntb;
fprintf('EbN0=%3d[dB], BER=%4d/%8d =%11.3e\n', EbN0(i), Neb,Ntb,Ber)
fprintf(fid, '%d\t%11.3e\n', EbN0(i), Ber);
if Ber<1e-6, break; end
end
end
if (fid~=0), fclose(fid); end
disp('Simulation is finished');
plot_ber(file_name,Nbps);

2 CHNG TRNH M PHNG PHNG PHP C LNG
LCH TN S SNG MANG CFO MOOSE
%CFO_estimation.m
clear

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CFO = 0.25;
Nfft=256; % FFT size
Nbps=4; M=2^Nbps; % Number of bits per (modulated) symbol
Es=1; A=sqrt(3/2/(M-1)*Es); % Signal energy and QAM normalization factor
N=Nfft; Ng=Nfft/4; Nofdm=Nfft+Ng;
Nsym=3;
h=complex(randn,randn)/sqrt(2);

%Transmit signal
x=[];
for m=1:Nsym
msgint=randint(1,N,M);
if i<=2, Xp = add_pilot(zeros(1,Nfft),Nfft,4); Xf=Xp; % add_pilot
else %Xf= QAM(msgint((i-1)*N+1:i*N),Nbps); % constellation mapping.
%average power=1
mod_object = modem.qammod('M',M, 'SymbolOrder','gray');
Xf = A*modulate(mod_object,msgint);
end
xt = ifft(Xf,Nfft);
x_sym = add_CP(xt,Ng);
x= [x x_sym];
end

y=x; % No channel effect
%Signal power calculation
sig_pow= y*y'/length(y); % Signal power calculation
SNRdBs= 0:2:50;

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MaxIter = 100;
cp = [];
for i=1:length(SNRdBs)
SNRdB = SNRdBs(i);
MSE_CFO_CP = 0; MSE_CFO_Moose = 0; MSE_CFO_Classen = 0;
rand('seed',1); randn('seed',1); % Initialize seed for random number generator
y_CFO= add_CFO(y,CFO,Nfft); % Add CFO
for iter=1:MaxIter
%y_aw=add_AWGN(y_CFO,sig_pow,SNRdB,'SNR',Nbps); % AWGN added,
%signal power=1
y_aw = awgn(y_CFO,SNRdB,'measured'); % AWGN added, signal power=1
Est_CFO_CP = CFO_CP(y_aw,Nfft,Ng); % CP-based
MSE_CFO_CP = MSE_CFO_CP + (Est_CFO_CP-CFO)^2;
Est_CFO_Moose = CFO_Moose(y_aw,Nfft); % Moose (based on two
%consecutive preambles)
MSE_CFO_Moose = MSE_CFO_Moose + (Est_CFO_Moose-CFO)^2;
Est_CFO_Classen = CFO_Classen(y_aw,Nfft,Ng,Xp); % Classen (Pilot-based)
MSE_CFO_Classen = MSE_CFO_Classen + (Est_CFO_Classen-CFO)^2;
end % the end of for (iter) loop
MSE_CP(i)=MSE_CFO_CP/MaxIter;
MSE_Moose(i)=MSE_CFO_Moose/MaxIter;
MSE_Classen(i)=MSE_CFO_Classen/MaxIter;
%cp = [cp Est_CFO_Moose];
end %ebn0 end

%i = 1:length(SNRdBs);
%plot(SNRdBs,cp,'-')

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%xlabel('SNR[dB]'),ylabel('CFO'), grid on, hold on

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semilogy(SNRdBs, MSE_CP,'-'), grid on, hold on
semilogy(SNRdBs, MSE_Moose,'-+')%,grid on, hold on
semilogy(SNRdBs, MSE_Classen,'-*')%,grid on, hold on
xlabel('SNR[dB]'), ylabel('MSE'); title('CFO Estimation'); %axis([0 30 10e-8 10e-
2])
%str=sprintf('CFO = %1.2f',CFO);
%legend('CFO = 0.25');
legend('CP-based','Moose','Classen');
% legend(str);