MULTICAST Cn Multicast li dng ch ch trao i thng tin trong thng tin c gi t mt im ti mt tp cc im khc cn li, tc l mt ngun v nhiu ch (Nhiu khng

hng c ngha l tt c ! ). Mt s giao thc lp 3, v d nh giao thc OSPF cng dng Multicast ( vi a ch 224.0.0.5 ) truyn i thng tin cp nht nh tuyn n DR v BDR. a ch multicast Cc ng dng multicast lun lun dng a ch multicast. a ch multicast ny tng trng cho cc ng dng multicast v cn c gi l cc nhm. Khng ging nh trong a ch unicast (mt a ch tng trng cho mt host), mt a ch multicast c dng nh mt a ch ch trn mt gi tin IP ch ra rng gi tin ang mang traffic cho mt ng dng multicast. V d, nu mt gi multicast mang a ch ch l 225.5.5.5, iu ny c { ngha l ti ang mang traffic cho ng dng multicast c a ch nhm l 225.5.5.5, bn c mun dng khng?. Mt a ch multicast s khng bao gi c gn n mt thit b mng, v vy n s khng bao gi dng nh mt a ch ngun. Mt a ch ngun trn mt gi multicast cng s ging nh mi gi tin unicast, lun lun dng mt a ch unicast. Cc router v switch phi c phng thc phn bit traffic dng multicast vi dng unicast hay broadcast. iu ny thc hin thng qua vic gn a ch IP, bng cch dng a ch lp D t 224.0.0.0 n 239.255.255.255 ch cho multicast. Cc thit b mng c th nhanh chng lc ra cc a ch multicast bng cch c 4 bit bn tri ca mt a ch. Bn bit ny ca mt a ch multicast lun lun bng 1110. Khng ging nh dy a ch lp A,B v C, a ch lp D ny khng c qu trnh subnetting. V vy c n 2 ly tha 28 a ch nhm multicast c trch dn ra t lp D ny. Cc a ch multicast l tng trng mt nhm, khng tng trng cho host. nh x a ch IP multicast sang a ch MAC Lm th no m mt router v switch kt hp mt a ch multicast ca IP vi mt a ch MAC. Vic gn a ch multicast vo mt nhm L3 sang mt nhm multicast thng s t ng to ra a ch multicast lp 2. Do khng c c ch tng ng vi c ch ARP, mt dng gi tr c bit dnh ring cho a ch MAC ca multicast s c dng. Cc a ch ny bt u bng 0100.5e. Phn 28 bit sau ca a ch multicast IP s c nh x vo 23bit thp ca a ch MAC bng mt gii thut n gin. a ch MAC c hnh thnh bng cch dng dng OUI 01005E, sau l gi tr 0 v sau cng l 23 bits a ch ca L3 multicast.

Hnh trn cho thy c ch nh x a ch. Ch c 23 bit cui ca a ch l c chp t a ch IP sang a ch MAC. Tuy nhin ch rng c 5 bit ca a ch IP khng c chuyn sang a ch MAC. Kh nng ny lm cho ny sinh mt vn l c th c 32 a ch multicast khc nhau c th nh x vo cng mt a

ch MAC. Do s nhp nhng ny, mt host multicast c mt vn nh khi n nhn mt Ethernet frame ca mt a ch multicast. Mt MAC c th tng ng vi 32 a ch multicast khc nhau. V vy, khi mt host phi nhn v kim tra tt c cc frame c MAC m n quan tm. Sau host ny phi kim tra phn a ch IP bn trong mi frame nhn ra phn a ch ca tng nhm multicast.

hiu tin trnh chuyn i dng cc bc sau: - Bc 1: Chuyn i a ch IP sang dng nh phn. Lu { 4bit u tin lun lun l a ch 1110 cho bt kz a ch multicast no. - Bc 2: Thay th bn bit u tin 1110 ca a ch IP vi 6 k t (24bits) 01-00-5E nh l a ch bt u trong tng s 12 k t dng thp lc phn (48bits) ca a ch multicast MAC. - Bc 3: Thay th 5bit k tip ca dng a ch IP vI mt bit 0 trong khng gian a ch MAC. - Bc 4: Chp 23 bit cui ca a ch IP dng nh phn vo 23 bit cui ca a ch multicast. - Bc 5: Chuyn i 24bit cui ca a ch multicast t dng nh phn sang dng 6 s thp lc phn. - Bc 6: Kt hp su ch s hexa u tin 01-00-5E vi su ch s hexa va tnh bc 5 hnh thnh a ch multicast y . Theo cch thc nu trn, a ch 238.10.24.5 s sinh ra a ch MAC l 0x01-00-5E-0A-18-05 cng ging nh kt qu do a ch 228.10.24.5. IETF ch ra rng kh nng hai ng dng multicast trn cng mt LAN c th to ra cng nhng a ch MAC l thp. Nu tnh c iu ny xy ra, mt gi tin t mt ng dng multicasat khc c th s c phn bit bng a ch lp 3. Ngi qun tr nn cn thn khi chn la a ch multicast, trnh vic to ra nhng a ch MAC tng t nhau. Mt vi khng gian a ch c dnh ring Ton b khng gian a ch multicast:224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255 a ch link-local: 224.0.0.0-224.0.0.255 c dng bi cc giao thc nh tuyn. Router s khng chuyn cc gi tin c a ch ny. Cc a ch bao gm a ch tt c cc host all-hosts 224.0.0.1, tt c cc router 224.0.0.2, tt c cc OSPF routers 224.0.0.5224.0.1.1 dng cho giao thc NTP. y l a ch cc nhm c nh v cc a ch ny c nh ngha trc. a ch 232.0.0.0-232.255.255.255. a ch GLOP trong tm 233.0.0.0-233.255.255.255. Tm a ch dnh cho qun tr (239.0.0.0-239.255.255.255) c dng trong cc vng multicast ring, ging nh dy a ch dnh ring trong RFC1918. a ch ny khng c route gia cc domain nn n c th c dng li nhiu ln. a ch ton cc (224.0.1.0-238.255.255.255) c dng bi bt c i tng no. Cc a ch ny c th c nh tuyn trn Internet, v vy a ch ny phi duy nht.

a ch multicast cho nhng nhm thng trc IANA dnh ra hai dy a ch dnh ring cho multicast. S khc nhau gia hai dy a ch ny l dy th nht c dng cho nhng gi tin khng nn c truyn bi router v nhm th hai c dng khi cc gi tin phi c truyn bi router. Dy a ch c dng cho cc b l 224.0.0.0 n 224.0.0.255. Cc a ch ny tng t nh cc a ch dng bi cc giao thc nh tuyn. V d nh 224.0.0.5 v 224.0.0.6 c dng bi OSPF. Cc v d khc bao gm a ch multicast 224.0.0.1 ch ra tt c cc host c th x l multicast v 224.0.0.2 ch ra tt c cc router c kh nng x l{ multicast. Dy cc a ch nhm c dng khi cc gi tin phi c nh tuyn l 224.0.1.0 n 224.0.1.255. Dy a ch ny bao gm 24.0.1.39 v 224.0.1.40 l hai a ch c dng bi Auto-RP. a ch multicast cho cc ng dng multicast SSM IANA cp pht dy a ch 232.0.0.0 n 232.255.255.255 cho cc ng dng SSM. Mc ch ca ng dng ny l cho php mt host chn ra mt ngun cho cc nhm multicast. SSM gip cho vic nh tuyn multicast tr nn hiu qu hn, cho php mt host chn la mt ngun c cht lng tt hn v gip cc nh qun tr mng gim thiu kiu tn cng multicast DoS. Ch c cc host chy IGMPv3 c kh nng dng tnh nng SSM. IGMPv3 l mt giao thc mi. a ch multicast cho cc ng dng GLOP IANA dnh ra dy a ch 233.0.0.0 n 233.255.255.255.255 gi l a ch GLOP. a ch ny c th c dng bi bt kz ai ang c mt AS hp l (registered autonomous system number-ASN) to ra 256 a ch multicast ton cc. IANA dnh ring cc a ch ny m bo tnh duy nht ton cc ca a ch. Bng cch dng gi tr 233 cho octet u tin v bng cch dng ASN cho octet th hai v th ba, mt AS c th to ra mt a ch multicast ton cc. V d nu AS dng s hiu mng ASN 5663, gi tr ny c th chuyn sang dng nh phn l 0001011000011111. 8 bit u tin, 00010110, bng vi 22 trong dng thp phn v 8 bit cui, 00011111, bng vi 31 trong dng thp phn. nh x 8bit u tin vo octet th hai v 8bit cui vo octet th ba trong dy a ch 233, cng ty no c mng AS l 5663 s c t ng cp dy a ch 233.22.31.0 n 233.22.31.255. GLOP khng phi l mt t vit tt v khng tng trng cho bt kz ci g. a ch multicast cho nhng domain ring Dy a ch dnh ring cui cng l dy a ch dnh cho qun tr. IANA gn dy a ch 239.0.0.0 n 239.255.255.255 (RFC 2365) dng trong nhng min multicast. IANA s khng gn cc tm a ch ny ti bt kz mt giao thc no hoc mt ng dng no. Cc nh qun tr mng c th t do s dng cc a ch trong dy ny, tuy nhin h phi cu hnh cc router multicast m bo multicast traffic trong dy a ch ny khng vt qu ranh gii ca min multicast.

a ch multicast tm thi cho cc nhm Khi mt doanh nghip mun dng mt a ch multicast ton cc, doanh nghip cn mt khi a ch t ISP hoc t IANA. Tuy nhin, khi mt doanh nghip mun dng mt a ch multicast m khng phi l mt phn ca cc khng gian a ch multicast c m t trong cc phn trc, cc phn a ch cn li ny c gi l cc a ch multicast transient. iu ny c ngha l ton b Internet phi chia s a ch ny. Cc a ch ny s c cp pht ng khi cn thit v phi c gii phng khi khng cn c dng. Bi v cc a ch ny khng c gn vo bt c ng dng no nn n c gi l tm thi. Bt kz mt doanh nghip c th dng cc a ch multicast ny m khng cn s cho php t IANA nhng cc doanh nghip cn gii phng sau khi dng xong.

Truyn d liu t my tnh n my tnh trong h thng mng c 3 loi l: Unicast, Broadcast v Multicast c nh ngha trong IPv4 v c ng dng thc t, ngoi ra cn c mt kiu truyn d liu khc l Anycast (IPv6) nhng cng ch mi l nh ngha. Unicast: truyn thng Unicast l vic truyn d liu t mt my tnh n mt my tnh khc. Trong mt mng my tnh thng thng, khi my A truyn d liu n cho my B th tt c cc my tnh khc s khng nhn v x l c d liu ny.

VD: my tnh ngun kt ni vi my tnh ch thng qua Switch. Khi my ngun mun truyn d liu th n s gi d liu n cho Switch v Switch s chuyn n cho my ngun (cc my cn li s khng nhn c d liu). Trong mt trng hp khc ta thay Switch bng vic dng Hub th mt vn khc s xy ra. V Hub khng thng minh nh Switch nn d liu t my ngun s c gi n tt c my tnh khc trong mng. Tuy nhin, nu iu ny c xy ra th NIC (Network Interface Card) trn cc my tnh b gi nhm s xc nh li a ch IP my nhn trong gi tin Unicast c phi gi n cho a ch IP ca n hay khng, nu khng phi th n s khng x l gi tin .

Broadcast: l vic truyn d liu t mt my n tt c cc my trong cng mt Subnet (mng con). y cn xc nh r rng gi tin Broadcast khng phi l gi tin gi d liu t mt my n tt c cc my trong mng, thay vo n s gi d liu n tt c cc my trong mt Subnet.

Subnet: l mt nhm cc my tnh c xc nh t mt nhm my tnh ln hn, c xc nh qua mt hoc nhiu Router. Ni mt cch d hiu, mt port (cng) trn Router s phn chia ra mt Subnet

Multicast: hnh thc truyn d liu t mt my n mt nhm my tnh c thit lp t trc. Khi mt my tnh tham gia vo nhm Multicast, NIC ca my s cu hnh cho php x l d liu thng qua vic a ch IP ca nhm Multicast . Nhng khc bit:

Unicast: truyn d liu t mt my n mt my trong cng mt mng ln (c th truyn t subnet ny sang subnet khc). Broadcast: truyn d liu t mt my n tt c cc my trong cng mt mng con (ch c th truyn d liu trong cng mt subnet, tr trng hp ngoi l). Multicast: d liu c th c truyn t subnet ny sang subnet khc (tng t Unicast)

Nhng ngoi l:

Hu ht cc quy tc c t ra u c ngoi l. V th m Router v Broadcast cng c trng hp ngoi l. Trong trng hp bnh thng, Router l thit b xc nh v phn cch cc Subnet nn gi tin Broadcast n t cc port khc nhau ca Router s khng th truyn n c vi nhau. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp nh vic s dng DHCP Server, Router s c cu hnh cho php cc gi tin Broadcast di chuyn t subnet ny sang subnet kia mt cch d dng. iu ny gip cho mt DHCP Server n l c th phc v cho nhiu DHCP Server trong mng, mc d trong mng c nhiu subnet c phn chia.

a ch Multicast 8 Thng Trc -Trong hot ng IPv6 khng tn ti khi nim broadcast. a ch IPv6 multicast thay th cho c a ch broadcast v multicast IPv4.

H: gi tin gi ti a ch multicast -IPv6 c rt nhiu dng a ch multicast, mi dng c phm vi hot ng tng ng -Mt IPv6 node c th nghe lu lng ca nhiu loi a ch multicast ti cng mt thi im, node cng c th gia nhp hoc ri b nhm multicast ti bt c thi im no. 1. Cu trc a ch IPv6 Multicast

H: cu trc a ch IPv6 multicast -a ch IPv6 multicast c 8 bit prefix 1111 1111 nn lun bt u bng FF, a ch multicast khng bao gi c s dng lm a ch ngun ca mt gi tin IPv6. -C(Flag): trng ny c 4 bt 0T00 +Bit T=0: y l a ch multicast IPv6 vnh vin c IANA quy nh +Bit T=1: y l dng a ch multicast khng vnh vin. -Phm vi(Scope): trng ny cng gm 4bit, dng xc nh phm vi ca nhm a ch multicast, ty thuc vo gi tr m phm vi c xc nh nh sau: +0001=1 : phm vi Node +0010=2 : phm vi Link +0101=5 : phm vi Site +1000=8 : phm vi t chc(Organisation) +1110=E : phm vi ton cu(Global) -Router s dng gi tr trng Scope ca a ch multicast quyt nh c forward lu lng a ch multicast hay khng. V d: a ch FF02::2 , a ch ny c phm vi link-local nn router s khng bao gi forward gi tin ny ra khi phm vi local link. -Nhm(Group ID): thc hin chc nng nh danh cc nhm multicast. Lu lng c a ch ch multicast s c chuyn ti cc my thuc nhm multicast xc nh bi Group ID trong phm vi xc nh bi Scope.

H: cu trc a ch IPv6 multicast 2. Mt s a ch IPv6 multicast vnh vin -Multicast ti mi node: Nhm ny c gn gi tr Group ID = 1 +FF01::1 ac h multicast mi node phm vi node (Scope=1: xc nh phm vi node; Group ID=1 xc nh nhm multicast mi node) +FF02::1 a ch multicast mi node phm vi link (Scope=2; Group ID=1) -Multicast ti mi Router: Nhm ny c gn gi tr Group ID = 2 +FF01::2 a ch multicast mi router phm vi node(Scope=1: xc nh phm vi node; Group ID=2: xc nh nhm multicast mi router) +FF02::2 a ch multicast mi router phm vi link(Scope=2; Group ID=2) +FF05::2 a ch multicast mi router phm vi site. a ch ny xc nh mi router IPv6 trong phm vi mt site(Scope=5;Group ID=2) -Nhng gi tr IPv6 multicast vnh vin khc c th tm hiu trong RFC2375(xem thm http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2375.txt) 3. Mt s hnh v minh ha cho a ch multicast vnh vin -Multicast mi node trong phm vi link (FF02::1)

H: host gi gi tin ti a ch multicast mi node trong phm vi link -Multicast mi router phm vi link(FF02::2)

H: host gi gi tin ti a ch multicast mi router trong phm vi link