Chemistry F321 Definitions

Permanent Dipole A small charge difference across a bond that results from a difference in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms Isotope atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons Atomic number the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom Ion a positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms Relative isotopic mass the mass of an atom of an isotope when compared with 1/12 the mass of a carbon 12 atom Relative atomic mass the weighted mean mass of an atom of an element when compared to 1/12th the mass of a carbon 12 atom Relative molecular mass the weighted mean mass of a molecule when compared to 1/12th the mass of a carbon 12 atom Empirical formula the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound Molecular formula the actual number of atoms present in a molecule Standard Solution A solution of known concentration, used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution in a titration Acid A proton (H+) donor Base a proton acceptor Alkali a base that dissolves in water to produce OH- ions Salt Chemical compound formed from an acid when the H+ ion from the acid has been replaced with a metal ion or another positively charged ion Water of Crystallisation the water molecules that form an essential part of a crystalline structure of a compound Stoichiometry The molar relationship between the relative quantaties of substances taking part in a reaction. Oxidation loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation number Reduction gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation number Redox reaction A reaction where both reduction and oxidation take place

Reducing agent something that reduces, adds electrons to, another species. The reducing agent is oxidised Oxidising agent something that oxidises, removes electrons from, another species. The oxidising agent is reduced First ionisation energy The energy needed to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of 1+ charge ions. Second ionisation energy the energy needed to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of gaseous 1+ ions to form 1 mole of gaseous 2+ ions. Ionic bond the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Covalent bond bond formed from a shared pair of electrons Dative Covalent Bond a shared pair of electrons with both of the electrons being donated by one of the bonding atoms Metallic Bonding electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and the delocalised electrons Orbital a region of space within an atom that can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins Electronegativity A measure of the attraction of a bonded atom for the pair of electrons in a covalent bond