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Research Paper
June 6, 2006
Abstract: The allegation of Native American genocide and the current definition of genocide is
such a controversial issue that is highly debated today. The attempt of “civilizing the savage” and
assimilation of Native Americans in early America is the issue at hand that has left behind
intergenerational emotional scars and impacts that contemporary Native American communities
are still struggling to overcome. Even though Native Americans are on the path of healing, the
healing of whole communities is slow to come. A greater understanding of the complexities
within Native American communities is needed to create a healthier living environment as well
as a greater awareness by mainstream society of the American history that the United States was
built upon.
The Aftermath of Native American Genocide and the Legacy it Has Left Behind
The history of the United States was not built on freedom, but on the genocide of Native
Americans. Today, the definition and parameters of the word genocide is highly debated
throughout the world and it is such an unsettled issue that it has become an academic field of
study. One of the questionable issues noted is the allegation of Native American genocide in the
United States. While is ever important to come upon an agreed definition of genocide to protect
and liberate human rights and to clarify such controversial issues of past and present, it is also
important to look at how the harmful actions have led to negative intergenerational impacts that
has filtered into the shaping Native American individuals within families and culture. With
Native Americans experiencing a reign of terror under the conquest of another during early
colonization, many people have not recognized the Native outcry of genocide but it has lead to
further crises of emotional wounds and scars that have become so internalized that it has brought
According to William D. Rubinstein (2004), the word genocide was introduced in 1944
by a Polish Jew, Raphael Lemkin. By 1948, Raphael Lemkin convinced the United Nations (UN)
to implement the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UN
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means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,
c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life designed to bring about its
Rubinstein also acknowledged the UN definition is different than how the general public
understands the word genocide and is likely to mean the purposeful killing of the entire or part of
a specific group of people simply because they are part of that group and with no other reason
(para.5).
Rubinstein pointed out that the two definitions do not fully agree with each other because
the general public’s view of the meaning of genocide is limited to intentional killings. He
reported a segment of the genocide outline of the UN definition is happening today with the
forced removal of children of “criminal or mentally impaired parents” (para. 6) Lisa M. Poupart
(2003) claimed a similar situation of the child removal policies in Native American communities
which is not considered by Rubinstein but falls under the same part of the definition of genocide.
The child removal polices occurred during the time of the residential schools and many
generations of school age children were removed from families and transported to schools with
In a recent paper I had written I had researched the effects of some of the genocidal
actions that the U.S. government had applied to the Native Americans in trying to assimilate
Native Americans into early civilization. I talked about how the implementation of residential
schools was a plan to “civilize” the Indian and to tear away the traditional culture and traditional
languages from Native Americans. With the required attendance of Native American children,
the children were forcefully removed from families and taken away to residential schools for
most of their lives that were sometimes hundreds of miles away. During the stay at the residential
schools, the children were sexually and physically abused as means of discipline. There were
babies born to Native girls fathered by school staff and near some of the schools there are
unmarked cemeteries full of Native American students and newborn babies. Some of the schools
performed experimental surgery on the children and some female students were sterilized. While
attending the schools, the students would be segregated into grade levels, sex and age therefore
separated all brothers and sisters and sibling contact was tightly controlled. With generations of
Native peoples spending most of their young lives away from family and growing up in a
segregated, destructive environment; the children grew up with no experience of human love or
the family unit. These generations of residential school survivors did not learn the ability of
parenting skills and abuses into native communities have brought on the struggles that we
The residential schools are only one aspect of the argument of the genocide allegation.
without the purpose to kill (para. 14) but many Native Americans implicate these acts as
genocide. The European introduction of unknown diseases to Native Americans was not with
Rubinstein but Lillian Friedberg (2000) refuted this point by providing a cited 1763 letter from
Lord Jeffrey Amherst to Colonel Henry Bouquet that read, “You will do well to [infect] the
Indians by means of blankets as well as to try every other method that can serve to extirpate this
[execrable] race” (para. 18). Rubinstein does recognize the killings during the removal and
relocation of Native Americans to reservations in the West and considers these acts close to the
Residential schools and the spread of disease are only a few aspects that are considered
acts of genocide on the Native American people and there have been more actions of
“civilization” that have led to the normalization of sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse
and alcoholism with the lack of love and parenting skills in Native American communities. It has
brought about intergenerational impacts that Native American peoples are continually dealing
with by trying to break the cycle of abuse. Many have internalized the Western practices that had
forced past and present abuses upon them (Poupart, para. 4). Native identity includes the
internalized oppression, towards oneself and others, which stems from physical situations and
personal experiences as well as their distinctive past experience of colonization. Poupart also
claimed that although Native Americans have internalized, live in and with contemporary
Western society, a part of their identities are still linked to traditional beliefs of Native ancestry
which is also incorporated in their daily lives. There is agreement between Friedberg and Poupart
on severe loss of culture and internalized oppression and this has become part of Native
American identities which lead to self destruction of the individual and family alike. Poupart
suggested that even though Native American people are not practicing traditional culture there is
still a close connection between the traditional values and beliefs in their everyday lives.
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The country of United States was not built on freedom and the American dream, but on
the attempted eradication of Native Americans. It is considerable to argue that the actions against
Native Americans can be labeled genocide and the suffering of Native Americans lasted centuries
and still continues today. It is not right to ask for acknowledgement when in Canada, the
government has taken responsibility and set in motion the steps to support Native Americans in
healing? Rubinstein ended his argument with the new area of “genocide studies” as either being
perceived as extending human rights and the ability to provide reparation for past mistakes or as
a section of “the culture of complaint” which lies in “guilt-ridden white middle-class liberals and
minority activists” (para. 19). In Canada, the justification seems to be the latter and in the U.S.,
the Native genocide outcry seems to be dismissed with a wave of the hand. Regarding Native
Americans, the government has denied the right of “justice for all” of the original inhabitants of
Today, the U.S. government does not have to implement destructive actions towards
Native American people because the internalized oppression has created self-destructive actions
within individuals and families. Residential schools have left their mark on survivors and several
of the following generations. Throughout the U.S. and Canada contemporary Native
communities, whether they are reservations or urban communities, many people face similar
struggles that were not part of the traditional lifestyle. Some of the struggles within communities
are high rates of divorce and poverty, low rates of education and employment, alcoholism, family
violence, sexual and physical abuse, incest, fetal alcohol syndrome, homicide and suicide. In the
Onion article they stated the findings of a study done by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs and
they said, “Our research revealed that most Native Americans view ‘the white man’ as a
deceitful, avaricious, exploitive mass murderer, just as their ancestors did” (para. 1). With a
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united view of the white man the Native communities have become so closely knitted that any
community who has overcame many obstacles and became a self-sustaining tribe. The
Muckleshoot Tribe is a self-governing body with many self-supporting and self-care facilities.
They own and operate the Muckleshoot Indian Casino, Muckleshoot Indian Bingo, White River
Amphitheater, and the Muckleshoot Market & Deli. All tribal owned facilities have preferred
tribal affiliation hiring practices. The Casino and Bingo bring in much income for the tribe as a
whole and as well is put back into not only the tribal community but into Auburn as well.
Muckleshoot also has implemented programs and facilities to care for its tribal members. There
is the Elder’s building which has senior activities and health care. They have just had a grand
opening of the Health and Wellness Center last spring. The Health and Wellness center has a
pharmacy, Doctor and Dentist offices, counseling services and physical therapy available. It also
has a swimming pool, hot tub, sauna, daycare and weight lifting facilities with available personal
trainers and on-going health-related workshops. They have provided their own education system
with a Head Start program, a tribal school from K-12, and a Tribal College and are currently
reclaiming and revitalizing their tribal language. Muckleshoot has provided low-income housing
opportunities as well as assistance of tribal members owning their own home. Muckleshoot
Indian Tribe is a great example of a tribe with a mission to not only care for their members but to
offer support in all areas with the importance on education. Many reservations do not have the
additional opportunities of employment and support services and with Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
As a child, I have been raised and lived on a reservation for most of my life and have
seen the way other people have been labeled as they try to infiltrate such a tight-knit community
and I also have become aware of the community conflicts within. There are the urban Indians
who have been raised most of their lives in the cities and they are considered not to be “Indian
enough” to be fully accepted into the community. There are the “drunk Indians” who struggle to
stay drunk by begging for change and sleeping on the streets and even if they are from the local
reservation they aren’t accepted within the community. There is the “apple” or in other words,
the sell-out, who has moved away and become educated which usually goes along with the
assumed notion of trying to be “white.” Usually somewhere in there, there is always an actual
white man who has been adopted into a group of natives in the community but is still not fully
accepted on a community level. There is the Native from another reservation who is always
viewed as an outsider and never really becomes part of the community. There are family politics
that hand down inter-family conflicts so it is an ongoing dislike passed down through
generations. With the internal conflicts in reservation life as well as all the negative obstacles of
just trying to survive, Native Americans are constantly negotiating the conflicts within
themselves, conflicts with others as in friends and families, conflicts within their own
communities whether it is urban or reservations and then face the conflicts of surviving within
With the past and present distinctive experiences that Native Americans have been
through, it has created an “us and them,“ “insider/outsider” complex. Whoever is not with us is
against us and it used as a self-protection and survival tactic. The strong family ties within
communities are sometimes a great aspect but can be negative as well. With the alcoholism and
sexual and physical abuse introduced and normalized in Native American communities, it can
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create dangerous, enclosed atmospheres to live in and it is very difficult situation to get out of.
Any person outside the family or community trying to intervene on a person’s behalf, who is in
an unhealthy relationship, may be seen as an outsider therefore one of “them.” It can also create
huge family differences when a family member tries to intervene. Because such self-destructive
actions have become normalized in Native American communities, individuals who carry-out
actions of violence or abuse are protected within the families sometimes through family denial or
and people turning a blind eye and these actions are allowed to carry on. With the knowledge of
the genocide and residential school legacies, Native Americans have taken the steps to the path
of healing but the change is slow to come with people so resistant to any outsiders.
Even though some tribes are on the path of healing and self-sufficiency, there needs to be
further investigation to understand about the inner conflicts within communities as well as bring
a greater awareness of the Native American history and the complexity of Native American
communities to the mainstream society. Moving away from my home reservation, I have become
an outsider. Relocating near Muckleshoot reservation and not being a tribal member, I have
become an outsider. Attending Green River Community College and not being part of
Native communities implementing further research the “us and them” and the “insider/outsider”
complex would bring about an understanding to Native American communities and may give a
solution, in whole or part, for Native Americans to come out the protective mode of survival and
be less resistant to change. This research could also bring about new ideas to complement and
further the healing processes already in effect. Bringing a greater understanding to the
mainstream society about Native Americans communities, the history and how it has led to the
complexities of Native life and survival may lessen the idea that Native Americans are getting to
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many breaks and special treatment. It may also dissipate the common attitude or question of the
mainstream society of the stereotypical lazy, uneducated Indians and their “choice” of lifestyle.
While the Native American outcry of genocide is still unacknowledged and highly disputed, the
country’s destructive actions of “civilization” and assimilation have left their toll on Native
Americans as a whole.
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