History of Nursing in the Philippines Early beliefs and practices Diseases and their causes and treatment were

shrouded with mysticism and superstitions. 1. Beliefs about causation of disease: a. Another person (an enemy or a witch) b. Evil spirits 2. People believe that evil spirits could be driven away by persons with powers to expel demons. 3. People believed in special gods of healing, with the priest physician (called word doctors) as intermediary. If they used leaves or roots, they were called herb doctors (Herbolarios). The Earliest Hospitals Established: Hospital Real de Manila (1577). - was established mainly to care for the Spanish Kings soldiers, but also admitted Spanish civilians; founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande. San Lazaro Hospital (1578).- Founded by Brother Juan Clemente and was administered for many years by the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios; built exclusively for patients with leprosy. Hospital de Indio (1586).- Established by the Franciscan Order service was in general supported by alms and contributions from charitable persons. Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590) - Established in Laguna; near a medicinal spring, founded by Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan Order . San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596)- Founded by The Brotherhood of Misericordia and Administered by the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios; support was derived from alms and rents; rendered general health service to the public.

Nursing During the Philippine Revolution The prominent persons involved in nursing works: 1. Josephine Bracken, wife of Jose Rizal. Installed a field hospital in an estate house in Tejeros: provided nursing care to the wounded night and day; 2. Rosa Sevilla de Alvero. Converted their house into quarters for the Filipino soldier, during the Philippine-American War that broke our 1899. 3. Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo. Wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; organized Filipino Red Cross under the inspiration of Apolinario Mabini.

4. Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo. Second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo who provided nursing care to Filipino soldiers during the revolution. President of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas. 5. Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora). Nursed the wounded Filipino soldiersand gave them shelter and food. 6. Capitan Salome. A revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija; provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat. 7. Agueda Kahabagan. Revolutionary leader in Laguna, also provided nursing services to his troops. 8. Trinidad Tecson Ina ng Biac na Bato, stayed in the hospital at Biac na Bato to care for the wounded soldiers. Hospitals and Schools of Nursing 1. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City, 1906). It was ran by the Baptist Foreign Mission society in America. Miss Rose Nicolet. Graduate in New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston Massachusetts and was the first superintendent for nurses Miss Flora Ernst. an American nurse took charge of the school in 1942 March 1944, 22 nurses graduated April 1944, graduated nurse took the first Nurses board examination at the Iloilo Mission Hospital.

2. St Pauls Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907). The hospital was established the Arcbishop of Manila, The most Reverend Jeremiah Harty under the supervision of the sisters of St. Paul de Chartres It was located in Intramuros and provided general hospital services. It had a free dispensary and dental clinic. It opened its training school for nurses in 1908 with Rev. Mother Melanie as superintendent

3. Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing Began in 1901 as a small dispensary mainly for Civil Officers and Employees in the City of Manila. It later grew into Civil Hospital.

Mrs. Mary Coleman Masters (1906) an educator advocated for idea of training Filipino girls for the profession of nursing.

 She first opened a dormitory for girls enrolled at the Philippine Normal Hall and
the University of the Philippines with the approval of Government Officials. She opened classes in nursing under the auspices of the Bureau of Education.

Elsie McCloskey-Gaches Introduced several improvements in the school course was made attractive and more practical.

Anastacia Giron-Tupas First Filipino nurse to occupy the position of chief nurse and superintendent in the Philippines.

4. St. Lukes Hospital of Nursing (Quezon City ,1907) In 1907 ,school opened w/ three Filipino girls Admitted. These girls had their first year in combined classes w/ the Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing and St. Pauls Hospital School of Nursing.

Miss Helen Hicks was the first principal of St. Lukes Hospital of Nursing

Vitaliana Beltran was the first Filipino superintendent of nurses

Jose Fores was the first Filipino medical director of the hospital.

5.Mary Johnston Hospital and School Nursing (Manila,1907) It started as a small dispensary on Calle Cervantes (now Avenida Rizal). Was called Bethany Dispensary Was funded by the Methodist Mission for the relief of suffering among women and children.

Sr. Rebecca Parrish , Rose Dudley and Gertrude Dreisback Organized the Mary Johnston School of Nursing

In 1911, the Philippine Assembly appropriated a monthly sum of P500.00 for the hospital At the outbreak of World War II, it became an emergency hospital where the wounded were treated. It was burned down in 1945;

It was reconstructed through contributions of Methodist Church in America It reopened in 1947 at the Harris Memorial. 6. Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing (Manila 1911) Dr. W.N. Lemon established the Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing in a small house on Azcarraga, Sampaloc, Manila.

7. San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing (Manila,1913) Dr. Benito Valdez The board of Inspector and the Executive Board of the Hospital passed a resolution to open a school of nursing.

Sister Taciana Trinanes Was the first directress of the school.

The school is run by the Daughters of Charity

8.Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz,1913) In 1913, the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society sent Dr. P.H.J. Lerrigo to Capiz for the purpose of opening a hospital

The school offered a three year training course for an annual fee of P100.00.
Miss Ciara Pedrosa was the first Filipino principal

9.Southern Islands Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu, 1918) The hospital was established in 1911 under the Bureau of Health. The school opened in 1918

Anastacia Giron-Tupas - as the organizer. Miss Visitacion Perez - was the first principal. Other Schools of nursing established were as follows: Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing (1921) Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing (1921) Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing (1923) Manila Sanitarium and Hospital School of Nursing(1930) St. Pauls School of Nursing in Iloilo City (1946)

North General Hospital and School of Nursing (1946) Siliman University School of Nursing (1947)

Prepared by: Eduardo Martin B. Bernardo