Sanskrit

LEARN SANSKRIT
Through English Medium

WITH TRANSLITERATION
A SYSTEMATIC TEACHING AND SELF-LEARNING TOOL
Three Volumes in One
Ratnakar Narale
KALIDAS SANSKRIT UNIVERSITY, NAGPUR, INDIA
PRAYER
TO THE GODDESS OF LEARNING
oaardavandnaa
oaarda sada smarNaIyaa_
s{a@rada@ sada@ smaran<&ya@
svarda varda stavanaIyaa_
svarada@ varada@ stavan<&ya@
BaartajananaI namanaIyaa_
sa>stavaaNaI vaNaIyaa_
anukampa@ hr<di dharan<&ya@
bha@rata janan& naman&ya@
Anaukmpaa id ZarNaIyaa_
saevaa manasaa krNaIyaa_
sam~skr<t va@n& s{ravan<&ya@
ja@ti-kupratha@ tyajan&ya@
jaaitakpaRYaa tyajanaIyaa_
banZauBaavanaa BajanaIyaa_
AiSaLasaGtaa krNaIyaa_
ivaovae samataa BarNaIyaa_
naih sauSaoayyaa oayanaIyaa_ nahi sukhas{aiyya@ s{ayan&ya@

na naIcaicantaa cayanaIyaa_ na n&c{a-c{inta@ c{ayan&ya@
rja:kamanaa oamanaIyaa_
rajah<-ka@mana@ s{aman&ya@
tamaaevaasanaa dmanaIyaa_
tamo-va@sana@ daman&ya@
pramatta-kumatir-dahan&ya@
paRmaTakmaitad|hnaIyaa_
AagatahainassahnaIyaa_
paRjaapaRitaP#a vahnaIyaa_
mayaa paRitaXaa gaRhNaIyaa_
satatasaubaui&Za|rNaIyaa_
maanasaoaui&va|rNaIyaa_
oauBaa sariNarnausarNaIyaa_
satsaGitariBaLaPaNaIyaa_
satata-subuddhir-dharan<&ya@

-rtnaakr:
seva@ manasa@ karan<&ya@


ma@nasa-s{uddhir-varan<&ya@
s{ubha@ saran<i-ranusaran<&ya@
sat-san[gati-rabhilas<an<&ya@

bandhu-bha@vana@ bhajan&ya@
akhila-san[ghata@ karan<&ya@
vis{ve samat@ bharan<&ya@

a@gata-ha@ni-ssahan&ya@
praja@-pratis<t>ha@-vahan&ya@
maya@ pratijn~a grahan&ya@

-Ratna@karah<
INDEX
anukraman<ika@
AnaumaiNaka_
INTRODUCTION
paRitaP#apanama`
xii
The anus>tu> bh metre
AnauP@uBa`-Cnd:
xvii
BOOK 1
LEARN TO READ & WRITE SANSKRIT
Lesson 1 The Sanskrit Alphabet
sa>stavaNa|maaLaa
Lesson 2 Reading Sanskrit (Pronunciation)
qccaara:
Lesson 3 The Sanskrit Characters
sa>stavaNaa|:
Vowels
svara:
Consonants
vyajanaaina
10
maaheovaraiNa saU%aaiNa
12
Lesson 4 Writing the Sanskrit Consonants
vyajanaaina
15
Lesson 5 Writing the Sanskrit Vowels
svara:
17
Lesson 6 Writing the Vowel-Signs
svaricaaina
20
Sound Formulas from S}iva
Application of Vowel-signs
Anusvara and Avagraha
25
Anausvaar: AvagaRh: ca
Rules for Sanskrit to English Transliteration with diacritical marks

Lesson 7 Writing Compound Consonants
Lesson 8 Writing Special Compound Characters
26
27
30
sa>yauFoabda:
36
oabdantaa:
45
oaIzaRpa#nama`
47
The Sanskrit Language
sa>staBaaPaa
47
Ra@ma@yan<am
ramaayaNama`
49
Word endings
Lesson 9 Rapid Reading :
A Devotional Song
BaiFgaItama`
50
Maha@bha@ratam
mahaBaartama`
51
The G&ta@
gaItaa
53
I am S}iva
ioavaae~hma`
54
Obeisance to Motherland
vande maatarma`
55
The Ga@yatr& Chant
gaaya%aI-man%a:
56
BOOK 2
UNDERSTAND SANSKRIT, EASY WAY
Lesson 10 Introduction to Sandhi
sainZa:
59
Compounding Vowels
svarsainZa:
59
Compounding Consonants
vyajanasainZa:
67
Flowchart of Visarga-Sandhi
ivasaga|sainZa:
70
Lesson 11 Introduction to Numerals
sa>Syaa:
74
Lesson 12 Sanskrit Verbs
iyaapadaina
84
Lesson 13 Persons
pauwPaa:
89
Lesson 14 Numbers
vacanaaina
91
iLaGaina
96
naamaaina
98
Dictionary of Nouns
oabdkaeoa:
100
Pictorial Dictionary
ica%akaeoa:
108
Lesson 16 Pronouns
sava|naamaaina
123
Lesson 17 The Present Tense
La@`
126
Use of the Particle sma
sma
129
Lesson 18 The (Past) Imperfect Tense
LaG`
136
maa sma
140
iLa@`
141
Genders
Lesson 15 Nouns
Use of the phrase ma@ sma

Lesson 19 The (Past) Perfect Tense
Lesson 20 The (Past Indefinite) Aorist Tense
LauG`
143
maa
145
Lesson 21 The Indefinite Future Tense
La\@`
146
Lesson 22 The Definite Future Tense
Lau@`
150
LakarpaRyaaega:
154
Lesson 23 Parasmaipad& and tmanepad& Verbs
AatmanaepadI parsmaEpadI ca
155
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
sakma|kma` Akma|kma` ca
160
The Causative Verbs
iNajantapaRiyaa
162
The Desiderative Verbs
santapaRiyaa
163
yaGnta-yaGLaugantapaRiyae
165
Lesson 24 The 11 Classes of Verbs
gaNaa:
167
1. The First Class
Bvaaid:
170
2. The Second Class
Adaid:
178
3. The Third Class
jauhaetyaaid:
184
4. The Fourth Class
idvaaid:
189
5. The Fifth Class
svaaid:
194
6. The Sixth Class
taudaid:
198
7. The Seventh Class
wZaaid:
204
8. The Eighth Class
tanaaid:
208
210
9. The Nineth Class
yaaid:
215
10. The Tenth Class
cauraid:
220
11. The Eleventh Class
kNDaid:
224
karkaiNa ca ivaBaFya: ca
228
paRYamaa
231
Use of the Particle ma@
WHICH TENSE TO USE?
The Frequentive Verbs
The verb |(to do)
Lesson 25 The Cases

The Nominative (1st) Case
The Accusative (2nd) Case
iVtaIyaa
235
The Instrumental (3rd) Case
ta\taIyaa
240
The Dative (4th) Case
catauYaI|
246
The Ablative (5th) Case
pacamaI
251
The Possessive (6th) Case
PaP#I
257
The Locative (7th) Case
saptamaI
264
The Vocative Case
sambaaeZanama`
268
paRyaaegaa:
270
The Active Voice
kta|irpaRyaaega:
270
The Passive Voice
kma|iNapaRyaaega:
272
The Bha@ve Voice
BaavaepaRyaaega:
275
AYaa|:
278
The Negative Mood
nakaraYa|:
278
The Interrogative Mood
paRonaaYa|:
280
The Imperative Mood
Laae@`
282
The Potential Mood
ivaiZaiLaG`
286
The Benedictive Mood
AaoaIiLa|G`
289
The Conditional Mood
La\G`
290
ivaoaePaNaaina dntaaina ca
292
ivaoaePaNaaina
293
tar-tama-BaavaaE
299
The Participles
dntaaina
302
Past Passive Participle, ppp\
302
Past Active Participle
Fvatau
304
Present Active Participle
oata\-oaanaca`
306
Potential Participle
AnaIyar`
312
Lesson 26 The Voices
Lesson 27 The Moods
Lesson 28 The Adjectives and Participles

The Adjectives
The Degree of Comparison
Future Passive Participle
314
Indeclinable Past Participle
Ktvaa, Lyapa`
317
The Infinitive
taumauna`
321
set> and anit> verbs
sae@` Aina@`
324
icva
326
saita-saptamaI
328
Creating Existance of Non-existent

Sati Saptami
Lesson 29 The Adverbs and Conjunctions
Adverbs
329
iyaaivaoaePaNaaina
Dictionary of Adverbs
329
333
Conjunctions
yaaEigakoabda:
346
Lesson 30 The Prepositions
AaEpasaiga|koabda:
349
Lesson 31 The Compound Words
samaasaa:
353
Lesson 32 Conversations
vaataa|Laapaa:
372
Lesson 33 Correcting Mistakes
oau&IkrNama`
381
Lesson 34 Prose Reading
ga^pa#nama`
386
LazaukYaa:
386
Mother and the Baby Parrot
oaukIoaavakaE
386
Unnecessary Advice
inarYa|k: qpadeoa:
388
The Inherant Nature
jaaitasvaBaava:
390
Short Essays
LazauinabanZaa:
392
The Horse
Aova:
392
The Sun
saUya|:
393
The Knowledge
ivaâ
395
sauBaaiPataaina
397
BOOK 3
SPEAK SANSKRIT
Short Stories
Poetic Sayings
The Words of Wisdom
sadupadeoaa:
398
Good Sayings
sauvacanaaina
400
saamaanyaXaanama`
402
The Days of the Week
vaasara:
402
The Names of the Months
maasaa:
403
The Measurements
pairmaaNaaina
404
The Names of the Directions
idoa:
405
Time
samaya:
406
Relationships
sambanZaa:
409
Lesson 36 Antonyms
ivaLaaemaoabda:
411
Lesson 37 Words with Suffixes
paRtyayaantaoabda:
412
Words with Primary Suffixes
ta`paRtyayaantaoabda:
413
Words with Secondary Suffixes
tai&ta-oabda:
418
naamaZaatau:
425
Auta-sa>sta-kavya-vaEBavama`
426
Lesson 35 General Knowledge
Using Nouns as Verb Roots

Amazing Sanskrit Creations
APPENDICES :
(i) Charts of conjugations of the Tenses
431
Ten Parasmaipad& tenses, Active voice
431
Ten tmanepad& tenses, Active voice
440
Ten Passive Voice tenses
448
(ii) Charts of declensions of the Cases

450
rama (A), vana (A), gaaepaa (Aa) 450; maaLaa (Aa), kiva (}) 451; vaair (}), maita (}), sauZaI (}|)
452; nadI (}|), gauw (q) 453; maZau (q), Zaenau (q), svaBaU (Q) 454; vaZaU (Q), ipata\ (/) 455;
kta\| (/), Zaata\ (/), maata\ (/) 456; rE (]e), gaae (Aae), gLaaE (AaE) 457; naaE (AaE), oak (k`)458;
iLaSa` (Sa`), vaaca` (ca`) 459; raja` (ja`), vaiNaja` (ja`), Qja|` (ja`) 460, ja` (ja`), paRaca` (ca`) 461;
Saja` (ja`), mawta` (ta`),Bagavata` (ta`) 462; Bavata` (ta`), kva|ta` (ta`), jagata` (ta`) 463; mahta` (ta`),
sairta` (ta`) 464; saud` (d`), d` (d`), xauZa` (Za`) 465; oaioana` (na`), Baaivana`` (}na`) 466; Aatmana` (na`),
kma|na` (na`), saImana` (na`) 467; gaupa` (pa`), LaBa` (Ba`) 468; car` (r`), vaar` (r`) igar` (r`), paur` (r`) 469;
idva` (va`), naoa` (oa`), ivaoa` (oa`) 470; idoa` (oa`), icakIPa|` (Pa`), ZanauPa` (Pa`) 471; AaioaPa` (Pa`),
candRmasa` (sa`) 472; OaReyasa` (sa`), payasa` (sa`) 473; garIyasa` (sa`), pau>sa` (sa`) 474, mauh` (h`), qpaanah`
(h`) 475.
Declensions of Irregular Words
476
saiSa, paita Aisa, I 476; OaRI, BaU, ivaVsa` 477; paiYana`, jara, inaoaa 478; naaisaka, paad, dya,
qdk, maasa 479.
(iii) Declensions of Pronouns
480
Asmad`, yauPmad`, tad` (asmad, yus<mad, tad) 480; yad`, (yad) 481; ]tad`, }dma` (etad,
idam) 482, Adsa`, sava| (adas, sarva)

485.
483; ikma` (kim) 484; kiocata` (kas{c{it)
(iv) Declensions of Numerical Adjectives

(v)
Dictionary of 2000 Verbs
(vi) Which verb to use?
486
Zaatauoabdkaeoa:
490
576
(vii) Charts of Verb Declensions

583
Ad`, Aca| , Asa`; Aasa` 583; } 584; }Pa` 585, /cC`, ]Za`; kYa` 586 kma`; 587,
ya`, ID`, ixa, xauBa` 588; gaNa`, gad`; gama` 589, gaRh`, 590, zaRa, caLa`; icanta` 591,
caur`, jana`, ija 592, Xaa, DI; tana` 593, tapa`, taud`, tauPa`, tyaja` 594; %aE, dd`, dh`
595, da 596, idva`, dIpa`, dU; oa` 597, Zaa 598, Za\; Zaava` 599, Zva>sa` 600; nand`,
naoa`, naI 601; paca` 602; pad`, paa 603; pauPa` 604; paUja`, bauZa`, paRcC` 605; baRU, Baxa`
606; Baja` 607; Baa, BaI, Bauja` 608; BaU, Ba\ 609; BaRma`; BaR>sa` 610, mana`, imaLa` 611;
mauca` 612; ma\, ma\oa`, mLaE 613; yaja`, yaa 614; yauja` 615; rxa`, rma` 616; wca`, wd`
617; wZa`, LaBa`, Laa 618, iLaSa`; pad`, ivaja` 619; ivad`; ivaoa` 621, va\ 622; va\ta`,
vaRja` 623; vah` 624; oauca`, oauBa` 625, oauPa`; u, sad` 626, sau; saU, sa\ja` 627, sYaa;
snaa 628, >sa`; hna` 629, hsa` 630; ha, ih>sa` 630, hu, ; Pa` 631;, I, e 632.
(viii) Chart of Participles
dntaaina
633
(ix) Breakdown, Transliteration and Meaning of the Verses
634
(x)
Answers to the Exercises
qTaraiNa
651
References
inade|oa:
657
LESSON 6
s<as<t>ah abhya@sah< PaP#: AByaasa:_
THE SANSKRIT CHARACTERS

sam~skr<ta-varn<a@h< sa>stavaNaa|:_
(see the coloured chart of Sanskrit Alphabet on the back cover)
A character (varn<ah< vaNa|:) that can be pronounced independently is called a VOWEL

(svarah< svar:). yasya vaNa|sya qccaarNa> svatan%atayaa Bavaita sa: svar: kYyatae_ **
eg\ A, }, q (a, i, u) ...etc.
A character that can NOT be pronounced independently (without the help of a vowel), is
called a CONSONANT (vyan~jana@nam vyajanama`). yayasya vaNa|sya qccaarNa> svatan%a> na Bavaita tata`
vyajanama` kYyatae_ eg\ k, Sa`, ga` (k, kh, g) ...etc. Therefore,
k + A = k; Sa`, + A = Sa
k + a = ka;
kh + a = kha ...etc.
** NOTE : You may understand these Sanskrit definations in your second reading of this
book, when you have learned the basics.
6.1
THE VOWELS
svara@h< svara:_
(shown with red background colour in the chart on the back cover)
Ahma` Aatmaa }dma` }|oa: qdkma` Qja|dayakma`_

/jaukayama` /NaanmauiF: KLa\ptama` sada Bavaeta` _
]Pa: ]ePama` Aae AaE ca svara: sa>stamaaga|ta:__ (by Prof\ BVK Sastry)
In Sanskrit, the vowels are of three types. sa>stasvara: i%aivaZaa: sainta_
(A) The SHORT vowels (hrasva@h< svara@h< svaa: svara:) are those which take one unit of
paRtyaahara:_
1. Ak - A } q / La\ (the vowels a, i, u, r<, lr<)
2. Aca` - svara: all the vowels (A - AaE)
3. A@` - svara: (A - AaE) + ya, r, va h_ all vowels + consonants y, r, v, h
4. ANa` - svara: + ya, r La va h_
all vowels + semi-vowels y, r, l, v + the aspirate h
5. ALa` - vaNaa|: all characters (A - h`)

6. Aoa` - all vowels and soft consonants (A-AaE, ga`-G`, ja`-a`, D`-Na`, d`-na`, ba`-ma`, ya`-va`, h`)
7. ]G` - vewels e and o (], Aae)
8. ]ca` - vewels e, ai, o, au (], ]e, Aae, AaE)
9. ]eca` - vewels ai and au (]e, AaE)
10. Sar`
- hard consonants (k` Sa` ca` C` @` #` ta` Ya` pa` f` oa` Pa` sa`)
11 jaoa` - the third consonant from each class : g, j, d<, d, b (ga`, ja`, D`, d`, ba`)
12. Jaja` - the consonants jh, and bh (Ja`, Ba`)
13. Jar` - sibilants + class consonants - nasals (k-za`, ca`-Ja`, @`-$`, ta`-Za` pa`-Ba` + oa`, Pa`, sa`)
14. JaLa` - consonants other than semi-vowels and nasals k`-za`, ca`-Ja`, @`-$`, ta`-Za`- pa`-Ba`, ya`-h`
15. Jaoa` - the third and fourth class consonants (ga`, za`, ja`, Ja`, D`, $`, d`, Za`, ba`, Ba`)
16. JaPa` - the fourth consonant from each calss gh, jh, d<h, dh, bh` (za, Ja, $, Za, Ba)
17. yaNa`
- AntasYavaNaa|: (ya` r` La` va` consonants y r l and v)
18. yaya`
- all consonants other than s{ s< s h (oa` Pa` sa` h` = qPmaaxaraiNa)
19. yar`
- all consonants other than h h` (k` - sa`)
20. oaLa` - the u@s<ma consonants s{, s<, s, and h (oa, Pa, sa, h = QPmana` QPma, QPmaaiNa)
21. hLa`
- vyajanaaina (all consonants k` - h`)
22. hoa`
- ma\dvu yajanaaina (soft consonants ga`-G`, ja`-a`, D`-Na`, d`-na`, ba`-ma`, ya`-va`, h`)
}tyaadya: paRtyaahara:_
6.4 Ma@hes{vara@n<I Su@tra@n<i

1
2
ANa` /k
3
]G`
4
]eca`
5
h@`
6
7
LaNa` ama`
8
Jaja`
9
zaPa`
10 11 12
jaoa` Sava` kya`
13
oar`
14
hLa`
3rd
Ak
]ca`
yaNa`
ama`
JaPa`
AntasYaa:
5th
4th
Aca`
jaoa`
Saya`
oaLa`
1st +
nasals
2nd
Sar`
vowels
Jaoa`
hard
A@`
yaa`
jaya`
hoa` soft consonants

Aoa`
Jaya` class 1+2+3+4
yaya`
yar`
Jar`
JaLa`
hLa` (all consonants)
ALa` ( vaNaa|: all characters)
LESSON 7
saptamah< abhya@sah< saptama: AByaasa:_
COMPOUND CONSONANTS
sam~yukta-vyan~jana@na@m abhya@sah< sa>yauFvyajanaanaama` AByaasa:_
With the use of half characters such as:
k k, Sa` kh, ga` g, za` gh, G` n[,
ca` c{, C` c{h, ja` j, Ja` jh, a` n~,
ta` t, Ya` th, Za` dh, na` n,
@` t>, #` t>h, D` d<, Na` n<,
pa` p, f ph, ba` b, Ba` bh, ma` m,
ya` y, r` r, La` l, va` v, oa` s{, Pa` s<, sa` s, h` h

(1) Character k (k K )
paKva, pakva (pakva ripened), KLaIbama`, kLaIbama`, (kl&bam weakness) KLaed:

k
kLaed: (kledah< wettness), vaaKyama`, vaakyama` (va@kyam speech), rKtama`, rktama`
(raktam blood), wiKmaNaI, wkimaNaI (Rukmin<&), Kvaicata`, kvaicata` (kvac{it sometimes)

(2) Character kh (Sa` S )
Syaaita: Sa`yaaita: (khya@tih< fame), AaSyaa AaSa`yaa (a@khya@ saying), saSyama`
kh
saSa`yama` (sakhyam friendship)
(3) Characters g and gh (ga` g ; za` z )
g;
gLaaina: ga`Laaina: (gla@nih< downfall), Aigna: Agaìna: (agnih< fire), Baagyama`

gh
Baaga`yama` (bha@gyam fortune), Bagna Baga`na (bhagna broken), ivaznama`

ivaza`nama` (vighnam obstacle)
(4) Characters n[ (G`)
G`
G
n[
n[gha
G
G
n[ka
n[ma
G
G
n[kta
n[la
G
G
n[kha
n[ks<a
G
G
n[ga
n[ks<va
(19) Character h (h` )
h
M hma
hr<
hra
hn<a
hla
hna
H hya
hva
dyama` dyama` (hr<dayam heart), baaH baah`ya (ba@hya external), baRM ba`rh`ma (brahma
Brahma), Aaad: Aah`Laad: (a@hla@dah< joy<), ga\aita ga\h`Naaita (gr<hn<a@ti he takes), sva h`rsa`va
(hrasvah< short) icama` icah`nama` (c{ihnam sign), vai: vahìna: (vahnih< fire), ijaa ijah`vaa
(jihva@ toung)
Character da (d`) has following common compounds
1. d + da = dda d` + d = (qeoa: uddes{ah< objective, taanama` tadda@nam that charity)
2. d + dha = ddha # d` + Za = & (yau&ma` yuddham war, baui&: buddhih< thinking)
3. d + ga = dga # d` + ga = (qma: udgamah< rise, BagavaItaa bhagavadg&ta@)
4. d + gha = dgha # d` + za = (qa@nama` udgha@t>aman inauguration)
5. d + bha = dbha # d` + Ba = (saava: sadbha@vah< goodness; qva: udbhavah< rise)
6. d + ya = dya written as : d` + ya = ^ (Aa^: a@dyah< first; Ûtama` dyu@tam, gambling)
7. d + ma = dma written as : d` + ma = (pama` padmam lotus, CI c{hadm& cunning)
8. d + va = dva written as : d` + va = V (VnV: dvandvah< dual, ivaVana` vidva@n learned)
dda
dbha
dgha
^ dya
&
ddha
dma
dga
Vdva
(A) When full-consonant r (ra) comes after any half-consonant, it is written as a

slanted line ( R) attached to that half-consonant.
1. k + ra (k + r = ) cama` c{akram wheel, ainta: kra@ntih< revolution, aeZa: krodhah<
anger, iyaa kriya@ deed, r: kru@rah< cruel, taa kreta@ buyer
4. s{ + ra (oa` + r = Oa` + r = ) &a s{raddha@ faith, ivaa>ita: vis{ra@ntih< rest, I s{r&
divine, eP#: s{res<t>hah< superior, aetaa s{rota@ listner, utama` s{rutam heard
5 t + ra (ta` + r = %a) yan%ama` yantram machine, rai%a: ra@trih< night, pa%ama` patram leaf, %aetaa
treta@ saviour, i%aZaa tridha@ in three ways, %aeZaa tredha@ in three ways.
kra
gaR
gra
%a
s{ra
tra
6. t> or d< + ra (@, D) : qP@: qPa`@`r: us<t>rah< camel, raP@: raPa`@`r: ra@s<t>rah< country, paaEND:
paaENa`D`r: paun<d<rah<
7. s + ra (sa` + r = ) sahma` sahsa`rma` sahasram thousand, ava: sa`rava: sra@vah < a flow
8. s + t + ra (sa` + ta` + r = ) I sa`ta`rI str& woman, Ama` Asa`ta`rma` astram weapon,
vama` vasa`ta`rma` vastram cloth
tra
sra
stra
(B) When half-consonant r` (r) comes before any consonant, it is written as ( | )

9. r` + pa = (pa|); Ak: Ar`k: arkah< sun, saga|: sar`ga: sargah< the creation, Aca|naa Ar`canaa
arc{ana@ worship, vaataa| vaar`taa va@rta@ news, sapa|: sar`pa: sarpah< snake, kma| kr`ma karma
deed, kaya|ma` kar`yama` ka@ryam duty
rka
pa|
rpa
Character ta (ta`) makes following common compounds

1. t + ta = tta (ta`+ta = Ta, tta) qTamama` uttamam best, saTaa satta@ jurisdiction, saTvama`
sattavam truth. 2. n + na = nna (na` + na = ) iSa khinn sad

3. h + ma = hma (h` + ma = M) baRMa brahma@ the Creator, baRMaNDma` brahman<d<am world
4. h + ya = hya (h` + ya = H) baaH: ba@hyah< external, gauHma` guhyam secret
Ta
tta
Tva
ttva
SANDHI
nna
EXAMPLES FROM THE CLASSICAL LITERATURE
1. ]Pa: saUya|sya rioma: ]Pa saUya|sya rioma:_ riomarePa saUya|sya_ saUya|syaEPa rioma:_ rioma: saUya|syaEPa:_
2. saUya|sya ]k: rioma: saaemama` dIpayaita saUya|syaEkae rioma: saaema> dIpayaita_ saUya|sya dIpayatyaekae rioma:
saaemama`_ saaema> saUya|syaEkae riomaid|payaita_
3. ga\ihiBa: yaXaa: Avaoyama` krNaIyaa: ga\ihiBaya|Xaa Avaoya> krNaIyaa:_ ga\ihiBarvaoya> krNaIyaa yaXaa:_
ga\ihiBarvaoyaGrNaIyaa yaXaa:_ yaXaa ga\ihiBarvaoya> krNaIyaa:_ yaXaa ga\ihiBarvaoyaGrNaIyaa:_
4. ksmaata` deoaata` AagataaE ivaVa>saaE pauwPaaE ksmaaeoaadagataaE ivaVa>saaE pauwPaaE_ pauwPaavaagataaE
ksmaaeoaaiVVa>saaE_ ivaVa>saaE ksmaadagataaE deoaatpauwPaaE_ ivaVa>saavaagataaE ksmaaeoaatpauwPaaE_
5. riva: paRata: samayae AagacCita AagacCita paRatassamayae riva:_ rivaragacCita paRatassamayae_
6. sa: tasya qdyakaLa: }ita qcyatae sa tasyaaedyakaLa }tyaucyatae_ qcyatae sa tasyaaedyakaLa }ita_
qdyakaLastasya sa }tyaucyatae_
7. sa: saayaGaLae Astama` gacCita sa saayaGaLae~stama` gacCita_ sa saayaGaLae~staGgacCita_
saae~staGcCita saayaGaLae_ saayaGaLae~sta> gacCita sa:_ gacCtyasta> sa saayaGaLae_
8. tvayaa qdiZa: P@: na vaa tvayaaediZa|P@ae na vaa_ tvayaa P@ qdiZana| vaa_ qdiZa|P@stvayaa na vaa_
P@stvayaaediZana| vaa_ qdiZastvayaa P@ae na vaa_ tvayaa na vaaediZa|P@:_
9. tata` jaLae paitatama` AasaIta` tajjaLae paitatamaasaIta`_ tatpaitatamaasaIjjaLae_ jaLae paitata> tadasaIta`_
AasaITatpaitata> jaLae_
10. }danaIma` qdiZa> snaanaaya gacC }danaImaudiZa> snaanaaya gacC_ gacCedanaImaudiZa> snaanaaya_
gacCediZaimadanaI>> snaanaaya_
11. BaUpaita: BaUimama` rxaita BaUpaitaBaU|ima> rxaita_ rxaita BaUpaitaBaU|imama`_ BaUima> rxaita BaUpaita:_
12. tama` /iPa> ta%a Apaoyamaana: sa: rajaa taama` oakntaLaama` qvaaca tama\iPa> ta%aapaoyamaana: sa rajaa taa>
oakntaLaamauvaaca_ ta%a tama\iPamapaoyamaanastaaoakntaLaa> sa rajaaevaaca_ /iPa> tamapaoyamaanasta%a taa>
oakntaLaamauvaaca sa rajaa_ sa rajaa taa> oakntaLaamauvaaca tama\iPa> ta%aapaoyamaana:_
13. tasya yaXasya Antae rajaa doarYa: /iPa-Aoa\Gma` AbaRvaIta` tasya yaXasyaantae rajaa doarYa
/Pyaoa\GmabaRvaIta`_ yaXasyatasyaantae doarYaae rajaa~baRvaIPyaoa\Gma`_
14. paoyana` oa\Nvana` spa\oana` ijazaRna` Aonana` gacCna` svapana` ovasana` paRLapana` ivasa\jana` ga\na` qinmaoana` inaimaoana` Aipa
(G&ta@ 5.8-9) paoyaoa\Nvanspa\oaijazaRonangacCnsvapaovasanpaRLapainvasa\janga\uinmaoaimaoaipa_
LESSON 12
dva@das{ah< abhya@sah< Vadoa: AByaasa:_
THE TENSES AND MOODS OF THE VERBS
laka@ra@h< Lakara:_
In Sanskrit there are over 2000 verb roots (|verb), from which all Sanskrit words
originate. Unlike English, in Sanskrit the Tenses are not grouped separately from the
Moods of the verbs.
They are organized under a single group of ten laka@ra/ (Lakara: Tense and Mood
Conjugations).
THE TEN TENSES AND MOODS OF THE VERBS
There are ten tenses and moods laka@ra/ in Sanskrit, namely
lat>, lit>, lut>, lr>t>, lot>, let>,

La@`, iLa@`, Lau@,` La\@,` Laae@,` Lae@,`
lan[g, lin[g, lun[g, lr<n[g

LaG`, iLaG`, LauG,` La\G_`
(1) lat>
La@`
Present Tense
(2) lan[g
LaG`
Past Imperfect Tense (First Praeterite)
(3) lit>
iLa@`
Past Perfect Tense (Second Praeterite)
(4) lun[g
LauG`
Past Indefinite Tense (Third Praeterite or Aorist)
(5) lut>
Lau@`
Future Definite Tense
(6) lr>t>
La\@`
Future Indefinite Tense
(7) lot>
Laae@`
Imperative Mood
(8) vidhi>
ivaiZa
Potential Mood
(9) lin[g
iLaG`
Benedictive Mood
(10) lr<ng[ La\G`
Conditional Mood
12.3
THE ELEVEN
CONJUGATIONAL CLASSES OF VERBS
Roots of the verbs (dha@tavah< Zaatava:), having aims of self service (a@tmanepad&
AatmanaepadI), service to others (parasmaipad& parsmaEpadI) or dual service (ubhayapad&
qBayapadI), are arranged under a group of Eleven classes of Conjugations of Verbs (gan<a@h<
gaNaa:), namely :
(1) Bvaaid
bhva@di,
the 1st Class, of the roots like
(|bhu@)
|BaU
to become
(2) Adaid
ada@di,
the 2nd Class, of the roots like
(|ad)
|Ad`
to eat
(3) huvaaid
huva@di,
the 3rd Class, of the roots like
(|hu)
|hu
to sacrifice
(4) idvaaid
diva@di,
the 4th Class, of the roots like
(|div)
|idva`
to shine
(5) svaaid
sva@di,
(|su)
|sau
to bathe
(6) taudaid
tuda@di,
(|tud)
|taud`
to hurt
(7) wZaaid
rudha@di,
(|rudh)
|wZa`
to oppose
(8) tanaaid
tana@di,
(|tan)
|tana`
to spread
(9) yaaid
krya@di,
(|kr&)
|I
to buy
(10) cauraid
c{ura@di,
the 10th Class, of the roots like (|c{ur)
|caur`
to steal
(11) kNDaid kan<dv

< a@di, the 11th Class, of the roots like (|kan<d<u@) |kNDU to itch
NOTES :
(i)Some people prefer using the numerical system (1st gan<a, 2nd gan<a etc.) for identifying the
gan<a/, while others prefer their nominclature (Bvaaid, Adaid etc.)
LESSON 14
c{aturdas{ah< abhya@sah< cataud|oa: AByaasa:_
Use of the VERB to be |as Asa` in Present Tense La@`
Person
Singular
Dual
Plural
(I) am
Aisma asmi
sva: svah<
sma: smah<
(You) are
Aisa asi
sYa: sthah>
sYa stha
(He-she-that) is
Aista asti
sta: stah<
sainta santi
1. I am
Ahma` Aisma
aham asmi
2. We two are
Aavaama` VaE (Ve) sva:
a@va@m[ dvau (dve) svah<
3. We are
vaya> sma:
vayam[ smah<
1. You are
(tvama` Aisa) Bavaana` Aista
(tvam asi) bhava@n asti
2. You two are
yauvaa> VaE (Ve) sYa:
yuva@m[ dvau (dve) sthah<
3. You (all) are
(yaUya> sYa) Bavatna: sainta
(yu@yam[ stha) bhavantah< santi
1. He-she-that is
sa:, saa, tata`` Aista
sah<, sa@, tat asti
2. They two are
taaE, tae, tae VaE (Ve) sta:
tau, te, te dvau (dve) stah<
3. They all are
tae, taa:, taaina sainta
te, ta@h<, ta@ni santi
EXAMPLES :
(A) Singular number :
(1) Ra@ma is here. Ra@mah< atra asti. rama: A%a Aista_
(2) The crow is black. ka@kah< kr<s<n<nah< asti. kak: PNa: Aista_ (crow = ka@ka kak; black =
kr<sn
< a< PNa)
(3) The cuckoo is black also. pikah< api kr<s<n<ah< asti. ipak: Aipa PNa: Aista_ (also = api
Aipa)
NOTES :
(1) In a sentence, if two or more subjects are connected by the conjunction and (ca
c{a), then the number of their verb is chosen according to the number of the
subjects (dual or plural).
eg\ Ra@ma and S&ta@ are here. rama: saItaa ca A%a sta: ra@mah< s&ta@@ c{a atra stah<. (There are
two. VaEVe sta:_ dvaudve stah<)
Ra@ma, S&ta@ and R&ta@ are here. rama: saItaa rItaa ca A%a sainta ra@mah< s&ta@@ r&ta@ c{a atra santi.
(atra A%a = here)
(2) In a sentence, when two or more subjects of a common attribute are connected by
the conjunction and ca c{a, the number of their verb is chosen singular only.
eg\ Righteousness and purity are attained with yoga. sata`-caair%ya> paaiva%ya> ca yaaegaena isaZyatae_
sat-c{aritryam[ pa@vitryam[ c{a yogena siddhyate.

(B) Dual Number :
(4) Ra@ma and S&ta@ are here. Ra@mah< S&ta@ c{a atra stah<. rama: saItaa ca A%a sta:_
(5) The crow and cuckoo are black. ka@kah< pikah< c{a kr<s<n<au stah<. kak: ipak: ca PNaaE
sta:_
A CLASSICAL EXAMPLE : (see Appendix 8 for meaning)
(6) kak: PNa: ipak: PNa: kae Baed: ipakkakyaae:_
vasantasamayae paRaptae kak: kak: ipak: ipak:_28__
ka@kah> kr<s<n<ah< pikah< kr<s<n<ah<, ko bhedah< pikaka@kayoh<?
THE FIRST CLASS
bhva@dih< gan<ah< Bvaaid: gaNa:_

The first and the biggest of the eleven classes of the verbs is the Bvaaid: (bhva@di) class. It
includes 1035 of the 2000 verbs of Sanskrit language. The most typical example of this
class is the verb |BaU (|bhu@ to become), therefore, this class is called bhva@dih< gan<ah< Bvaaid:
gaNa: (BaU + Aaid = Bvaaid bhu@ etc. class).
FORMATION OF THE VERBAL BASE for Bvaaid: gaNa:_
1. The Final vowel (eg\ Q in BaU) and the short Medial vowel (eg\ A in gama`) take gun<a to
form a Verbal Base.
eg\ BaU # BaU + A # Baae; and bauZa` bau + A + Za` # baaeZa`_ etc\
2. Vikaran<a A is added to this verbal base before adding any tense suffix.
eg\ Baae + A = Bava_ baaeZa` + A = baaeZa_ etc.
3. This vikaran<a A becomes Aa before the tense suffixes that begin with ma` or va`_
eg\ Baae + Aa + ima = Bavaaima; Baae + Aa + ma: = Bavaama:_ baaeZa` + Aa + ima = baaeZaaima, baaeZa` + Aa
+ ma: = baaeZaama:_ etc.
4. This vikaran<a A is dropped before tense suffixes that begin with A_
eg\ Baae + A - A + Ainta = Bavainta_ baaeZa` + A - A + Ainta = baaeZainta_ etc.
Scheme of Conjugations for the First Class : Root |BaU to become
(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Parasmaipad&
Singular
Dual
Plural
Meaning
Bavaava: (Aava:)
Bavaama: (Aama:)
I become
bhava@mi
bhava@vah<
bhava@mah<
2p\ Bavaisa (isa)
BavaYa: (Ya:)
BavaYa (Ya)
bhavathah<
bhavatha
3p\ Bavaita (ita)
Bavata: (ta:)
Bavainta (Ainta)
bhavati
bhavatah<
bhavanti
1p\ Bavaaima (Aaima)
bhavasi
You become
He becomes
(2) Past imperfect Tense : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&

Singular
1p\ ABavama`
abhavam
2p\ ABava:
abhavah<
3p\ ABavata`
abhavat
Dual
Plural
Meaning
ABavaava
ABavaama
I became
abhava@va
abhava@ma
ABavatama`
ABavata
abhavatam
abhavata
ABavataama`
ABavana`
abhavata@m
abhavan
You became
He became
(3) Perfect Past Tense : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&

Singular
1p\ baBaUva
babhu@va
2p\ baBaUivaYa
babhu@vitha
3p\ baBaUva
babhu@va
Dual
Plural
Meaning
baBaUivava
baBaUivama
I had become
babhu@viva
babhu@vima
baBaUvaYau:
baBaUva
babhu@vathuh<
babhu@va
baBaUvatau:
baBaUvau:
babhu@vatuh<
babhu@vuh<
You had become

He, she, it had become
(4) Indefinite Past Tense : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&

Singular
Dual
Plural
Meaning
1p\ ABaUvama`
ABaUva
ABaUma
I had become
abhu@va
abhu@ma
ABaUtama`
ABaUta
abhu@tam
abhu@ta
ABaUtaama`
ABaUvana`
abhu@ta@m
abhu@van
abhu@vam
2p\ ABaU:
abhu@h<
3p\ ABaUta`
abhu@t
You had become
He,she,it had become
(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad&

Singular
1p\ Baivataaisma
bhavita@smi
2p\ Baivataaisa
bhavita@si
3p\ Baivataa
bhavita@
Dual
Plural
Meaning
Baivataasva:
Baivataasma:
I will become
bhavita@svah<
bhavita@smah<
BaivataasYa:
BaivataasYa
bhavita@sthah<
bhavita@stha
BaivataaraE
Baivataar:
bhavita@rau
bhavita@rah<
You will become

Hewill become
(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad&

Singular
1p\ BaivaPyaaima
bhavis<ya@mi
2p\ BaivaPyaisa
bhavis<yasi
Dual
Plural
Meaning
BaivaPyaava:
BaivaPyaama:
I shall become
bhavis<ya@vah<
bhavis<ya@mah<
BaivaPyaYa:
BaivaPyaYa
bhavis<yathah< bhavis<yatha
You shall become
3p\ BaivaPyaita
bhavis<yati
BaivaPyata:
BaivaPyainta
bhavis<yatah<
bhavis<yanti
He shall become
(7) Conditional Mood : La\G` (BaivaPyaita iyaaitapaTaaE) Parasmaipad&

Singular
1p\ ABaivaPyama`
abhavis<yam
2p\ ABaivaPya:
abhavis<yah<
3p\ ABaivaPyata`
abhavis<yat
Dual
Plural
Meaning
ABaivaPyaava
ABaivaPyaama
If I become
abhavis<ya@va
abhavis<ya@ma
ABaivaPyatama`
ABaivaPyata
If you become
abhavis<yatam abhavis<yata
ABaivaPyataama`
ABaivaPyana`
If he becomes
abhavis<yata@m abhavis<yan
(8) Imperative Mood : Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) Parasmaipad&

Singular
1p\ Bavaaina
bhava@ni
2p\ Bava
bhava
3p\ Bavatau
bhavatu
Dual
Plural
Meaning
Bavaava
Bavaama
Should I become?
bhava@va
bhava@ma
Bavatama`
Bavata
bhavatam
bhavata
Bavataama`
Bavantau
bhavata@m
bhavantu
Please become!
He should become!
(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood : ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) Parasmaipad&

1p\ Bavaeyama`
bhaveyam
2p\ Bavae:
bhaveh<
3p\ Bavaeta`
bhavet
Bavaeva
Bavaema
bhaveva
bhavema
Bavaetama`
Bavaeta
bhavetam
bhaveta
Bavaetaama`
Bavaeyau:
bhaveta@m
bhaveyuh<
I may become
You may become
He may become
(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood : AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) Parasmaipad&

Singular
1p\ BaUyaasama`
bhu@ya@sam
Dual
Plural
Meaning
BaUyaasva
BaUyaasma
May I become!
bhu@ya@sva
bhu@ya@sma
2p\ BaUyaa:
bhu@ya@h<
3p\ BaUyaata`
bhu@ya@t
BaUyaastama`
BaUyaasta
bhu@ya@stam
bhu@ya@sta
BaUyaastaama`
BaUyaasau:
bhu@ya@sta@m
bhu@ya@suh<
May you become!

May he become!
EXAMPLES Cum EXERCISE : 1st Bvaaid: class

1. I become. aham[ bhava@mi. Ah> Bavaaima (BaU)_ (Present La@`)
2. He becomes a teacher. sah< a@c{ar@ yah< bhavati. sa: Aacaaya|: Bavaita_
3. He became a doctor. sah< vaidyah< abhavat. sa: vaE^: ABavata`_ (Past tense LaG`)
4. They will become surgeons. te s{alyac{ikitsaka@h< bhavis<yanti. tae oaLyaicaiktsaka: BaivaPyainta_
(Future La\@`)
5. She eats a mango. sa@ a@mraphalam[ kha@dati. saa AamaRfLa> Saadita (Saad`)_
6. You are drinking milk. bhava@n dugdham[ pibati. Bavaana` dugZa> ipabaita (paa)_
7. I drank tea. aham[ c{ay@ apeyam apibam. Ah> caayapaeyama` Aipabama`_
8. They will drink cold water. te s{&tam[ jalam[ pa@syanti. tae oaIta> jaLa> paasyainta_ (s{ita oaIta =
cold)
9. We hear melodious songs. vayam[ madhura@ni< ga@na@ni s{ru< n<umah<. vaya> maZauraiNa gaanaaina OaRNu auma:
(OaR)u _
10. They heard songs. te ga@na@ni as{ru< n<van. tae gaanaaina AOa\Nvana`_
11. I will go to school. aham[ pa@th
> as{al@ a@m[ gamis<ya@mi. Ah> paa#oaaLaa> gaimaPyaaima (gama`)_
12. Kam~sa stole Krishn<as cows. Kam~sah< Kr<sn
< a< sya ga@h< aharat. ksa: PNasya gaa: Ahrta`
()_ (gaama`, gaavaaE, gaa:)
13. Please hold my hand (Laae@`). kr<paya@ mama hastam[ dhara (dharatu). payaa mama hsta> ZarZartau (Za\)_
14. He takes away the books. sah< pustaka@ni nayati. sa: paustakaina nayaita (naI)_
15. They cooked in the evening. te sa@yam apac{an. tae saayama` Apacana` (paca`)_ saayama` = in the
evening.
THE IMPORTANT CONJUGATIONS of the Bvaaid: (1st) Class

ROOT Verb |gama` (to go)
In the Present (La@`), Imperfect past (LaG`), Imperative (Laae@`) and Potential (ivaiZa) tenses
and moods (Lakara:),
(i) the ma` of gama` becomes C (pan<ini 7.3.77 - gama` yama` }Pa` }tyaetaePaama` Aca` paRtyayae parta: Ckaradeoa:
Bavaita) gama` gaC`
(ii) letter ta` comes between the ga and C` of gaC` and it then becomes ca` ga + ta` + C` =
ga + ca` + C` = gacC`
(iii) then the tense suffixes are added, as explained above in the scheme of conjugations.
gacC` + Aa + ima = gacCaima ...(gacCava:, gacCama: ... gacCinta)
NOTE : The root |}Pa` (to desire) of Bvaaid: gaNa: becomes }cC`_ }Pa` } + C` } + ta` +
C` = } + ca` + C` = }cC` }cC` + A + ita = }cCita_
However, in the case of }Pa` of he 4th wZaaid gaNa: (4|}Pa`) becomes }Pyaita and in the case
of the 9th `yaaid gaNa: (9}Pa`) it becomes }PNaaita_ See the 4th and 9th classes below, for
explanations on these conjugations.
ROOT Verb sYaa (to stay)
as well as roots paa, zaRa, Zmaa, mnaa, da, oa`, /, sad`, oad`, Zaava_
(Lakara:), the sYaa is substituted with itaP#` (pan<ini 7.3.78) sYaa itaP#ita, AitaP#ta`,
itaP#tau, itaP#eta`_
Similarly, following substitutions take place in the cases of the roots paa ipaba (ipabaita),
zaRa ijazaR (ijazaRita), Zmaa Zama (Zamaita), mnaa mana (manaita), da yacC (yacCita), oa`
paoya (paoyaita), / /cC (/cCita), sad` saId (saIdita), oad` oaIya (oaIyatae), Zaava` ZaaE
(Zaavaita-Zaavatae)
ROOT |vad` (to speak)
The Past Perfect (iLa@`) and Past indefinite (LauG)` are irregular. (iLa@`) qvaad`, Qdtau:, Qdu:_
LauG` AvaadIta`, AvaaidP@ama`, AvaaidPau:_

ROOT |OaRu (to hear)
(Lakara:), the OaRu is changed to oa\ and a syllable Naae or Nau is attached between the this oa\
(Oa\) and the tense suffix. eg\ |OaRu # oa\ + Naae + ita = oa\Naaeita (he hears)
Thus the conjugations are : oa\Naaeima, oa\Nauva: (oa\Nva:), oa\Nauma: (oa\Nma:)_ oa\NaaeiPa, oa\NauYa:, oa\NauYa_
oa\Naaeita, oa\Nauta:, oa\Nvainta_
ROOT |ija (to win)
When prefix iva or para comes before root |ija, the parasmaipadi root |ija becomes
a@tmanepad&. (pa@nini 1.3.19) jayaaima jayaava: jayaama:_ jayaisa jayaYa: jayaYa_ jayaita jayata:
jayainta_ # ivajayae ivajayaavahe ivajayaamahe_ ivajayasae ivajayaaYae ivajayaZvae_ ivajayatae ivajayatae ivajayantae_
parajayae parajayaavahe parajayaamahe_ parajayasae parajayaaYae parajayaZvae_ parajayatae parajayatae parajayantae_
ROOT |BaRma` (to wander)
(Lakara:), the |BaRma` optionally takes ya vikaran<a between the root and the tense suffix
(Lakar:). Therefore, in these four tenses two forms of verbs are optionally produced.
1. La@` - BaRmaaima BaRmaava: BaRmaama:_ BaRmaisa BaRmaYa: BaRmaYa_ BaRmaita BaRmata: BaRmainta BaRmyaaima BaRmyaava:
BaRmyaama:_ BaRmyaisa BaRmyaYa: BaRmyaYa_ BaRmyaita BaRmyata: BaRmyainta_
2. LaG` - ABaRmama` ABaRmaava ABaRmaama_ ABaRma: ABaRmatama` ABaRmata_ ABaRmata` ABaRmataama` ABaRmana`_ ABaRmyama`
ABaRmyaava ABaRmyaama_ ABaRmya: ABaRmatyama` ABaRmyata_ ABaRmyata` ABaRmyataama` ABaRmyana`_
3 Laae@` - BaRmaaiNa BaRmaava BaRmaama_ BaRma BaRmatama` BaRmata_ BaRmatau BaRmataama` BaRmantau_ BaRmyaaiNa BaRmyaava BaRmyaama_
BaRmya BaRmyatama` BaRmyata_ BaRmyatau BaRmyataama` BaRmyantau_
4 ivaiZa - BaRmaeyama` BaRmaeva BaRmaema_ BaRmae: BaRmaetama` BaRmaeta_ BaRmaeta` BaRmaetaama` BaRmaeyau:_ BaRmyaeyama` BaRmyaeva BaRmyaema_
BaRmyae: BaRmyaetama` BaRmyaeta_ BaRmyaeta` BaRmyaetaama` BaRmyaeyau:_
Same holds good for the roots |ma` KLama` BaRaoa` BLaaoa` %asa` ta\@` LaPa`_ amaita-amyaita, KLaamaita-
KLaamyaita, BaRaPatae-BaRaPyatae, BLaaoatae-BLaaoyatae, %asaita-%asyaita, ta\@ita-ta\@ita_ LaPaita-LaPyaita LaPatae-LaPyatae

ROOT |dh` (to burn)
In the Indifinite future (La\@`), Indefinite past (LauG)` and Conditional (La\G`) suffixes (Lakara:),
when d` is followed by xa`, this d` changes to Za`_ eg\
1. La\@` - Zaxyaaima Zaxyaava: Zaxyaama:_ Zaxyaisa ZaxyaYa: ZaxyaYa_ Zaxyaita Zaxyata: Zaxyainta_
2. LauG` - AZaaxama` AZaaxva AZaaxma_ AZaaxaI: AdagZama` AdagZa_ AZaaxaIta` AdagZaama` AZaaxau:_
3. La\G` - AZaxama` AZaxaava AZaxaama_ AZaaxya: AZaxyatama` AZaxata_ AZaxyata` AZaxyataama` AZaxyana`_
ROOT |ta\ (to cross over)
In the Definite future (Lau@`), Indifinite future (La\@`) and Indefinite past (LauG)` tenses
(Lakara:), the } optionally changes to }|_ Therefore, two types of verbs are optionally
formed. eg\
1. Lau@` - tairtaa tairtaaraE tairtaar:_ tarItaa tarItaaraE tarItaar:_
2. La\@` - tairPyaita tairPyata: tairPyainta_ tarIPyaita tarIPyata: tarIPyainta_
3. La\G` - AtairPyata` AtairPyataama` AtairPyana` AtarIPyata` AtarIPyataama` AtarIPyana`_
THE SECOND CLASS
ada@dih< gan<ah< Adaid: gaNa:_

The second class of the verbs is Adaid (ada@di). The typical example of this class is root
|Ad` (|ad to eat), therefore, this class is called Adaid gaNa: (Ad` + Aaid = Adaid, ad Ad`
etc. class). There are 72 verbs in the Adaid (second) class.
The conjugations of the Adaid (2nd) class are simpler, because the A ivakrNama` added
(between the root and tense suffix) in the Bvaaid: (1st) class is not added in this class.
Scheme of Conjugations for the Second Class : Root |Ad` to eat
(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Parasmaipad&
Singular
1p\ Ai (ima)
Dual
Plural
Meaning
AV: (va:)
A: (ma:)
I eat
admi
2p\ Aitsa (isa)
advah<
admah<
AtYa: (Ya:)
AtYa (Ya)
SAMASA CLASSIFICATION
(A) ivaoaePa-samaasa: (tatpauwPa-bahuvaRIih-V>V-AvyayaIBaavaaidsa>XaayauF: ivaoaePa-samaasa:)
(i) tatpauwPa-samaasa (paRaya: qTarpadpaRZaana: tatpauwPa-samaasa:)
(a) saamaanya-samaasa (saamaanyaWpaeNa padyaae: maZyae ivaBaF: sambanZa:)
(1) paRYamaa-tatpauwPa-samaasa (savae| AarmBaa:, savaa|rmBaa: G&ta@ 12.16)
(2) iVtaIyaa-tatpauwPa-samaasa (maavama` Aagataa:, maavamaagataa: G&ta@ 4.10)
(3) ta\taIyaa-tatpauwPa-samaasa (yaaegaena yauF:, yaaegayauF: G&ta@ 5.6)
(4) catauYaI|-tatpauwPa-samaasa (maaexaaya parayaNa:, maaexaparayaNa: G&ta@ 5.28)
(5) pa>camaI-tatpauwPa-samaasa (yaaegaata` BaRP@:, yaaegaBaRP@: G&ta@ 6.41)
(6) PaP#Ita-tpauwPa-samaasa (Zama|yauF-kma|Naa> xae%ama`, Zama|xae%ama` G&ta@ 1.1)
(7) saptamaI-tatpauwPa-samaasa (yaaegae sYa:, yaaegasYa: G&ta@ 2.48)
(b) kma|Zaarya-samaasa (samaanaaiZakrNa: tatpauwPa: kma|Zaarya-samaasa:)
(1) ivaoaePaNa-paUva|pad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (mahana` }Pvaasaa:, mahePvaasaa: G&ta@ 1.4)
(2) ivaoaePaNaaeTarpad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (rYaePau qTamama`, rYaaeTamama` G&ta@ 1.24)
(3) ivaoaePaNaaeBayapad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (Aagamaa: Apaaiyana:, Aagamaapaaiyana: G&ta@ 2.14)
(4) qpamaana-paUva|pad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (isa>hsya }va naadma`, isa>hnaadma` G&ta@ 1.12)
(5) qpamaanaaeTarpad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (nar: pauGva: }va, narpauGva: G&ta@ 1.5)
(6) AvaZaarNaa-paUva|pad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (Xaanama` ]va Aisa, Xaanaaisanaa G&ta@ 4.42)
(7) samBaavanaa-paUva|pad-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (sa>saar }va saagar:, sa>saarsaagarata` G&ta@ 12.7)
(8) maZyamapad-Laaepa-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (saTvaena Aatmana: sa>oaui&:, saTvasa>oaui&: G&ta@ 16.1)
(9) mayaUrvya>sakaid-kma|Zaarya-samaasa (inava\Taae inaw&ae vaa vaataae yasmaata`, inavaata G&ta@ 6.19)
(c) iVgau-samaasa (saa>Syavaacakna saubantaena samasyamaana: iVgau-samaasa:)
(1) samaahar-iVgau-samaasa (%ayaaNaa> ivaZaanaa> samaahar:, i%aivaZa G&ta@ 16.21)
(2) tai&taYa|-iVgau-samaasa (i%agauNaePau qtpaanaa> ivaPayaa:, %aEgauNyaivaPayaa: G&ta@ 2.45)
(3) qTarpad-iVgau-samaasa (Laaekanaa> %ayama`, Laaek%ayama` G&ta@ 11.20)
(d) naa`-tatpauwPa-samaasa (na Zama|:, AZama|:
G&ta@ 1.40)
(ii) bahuvaRIih-samaasa (AnyapadpaRZaana: bahuvaRIih samaasa:)

(a) saamaanya-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (saamaanyaWpaeNa padyaae: maZyae ivaBaF: sambanZa:)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
iVtaIyaa-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (du:Sa> ca sauSa>ca sama> ya> sa:, samadu:SasauSama` G&ta@ 2.15)

ta\taIyaa-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (ijataaina }indRyaaiNa yaena sa:, ijataeindRya: G&ta@ 5.7)
catauYaI|-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (mayaa AaOaRya: dTa: yasmaE sa:, maVpaaOaRya: G&ta@ 18.56)
pacamaI-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (gata: rsa: yasmaata` tata`, gatarsama` G&ta@ 17.10)
PaP#I-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (mahana` Aatmaa yasya sa:, mahatmaa G&ta@ 7.19)
saptamaI-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (naaista OaR&a yaismana` tata`, OaR&aivarihtama` G&ta@ 17.13)
(b) ivaoaePa-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (ivaoaePaWpaeNa padyaae: maZyae sambanZa:)

(1) vyaiZakrNa-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (paaiNaPau oaaiNa yasyaama` tae, oapaaNaya: G&ta@ 1.46)
(2) sa>SyaaeTarpad-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (mana: PaP#> yaePaama` taaina, mana:PaP#aina G&ta@ 15.7)
(3) sa>SyaaeBayapad-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (Ve vaa i%aiNa vaa yasya, iV%aaiNa)
(4) sah-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (gadena sah, sagadma` G&ta@ 11.35)
(5) naa`-bahuvaRIih-samaasa (na Bavaita cyauta: ya:, Acyauta G&ta@ 1.21)
(iii) V>V-samaasa (qBayapadpaRZaana: V>V-samaasa:)
(a) }taretar-V>V-samaasa (padyaae: vaa padanaa> vaa samaahar:)
(1) iVpad-V>V-samaasa (sauzaaePa: ca maiNapauPpak: ca, sauzaaePamaiNapauPpakaE G&ta@ 1.16)
(2) bahupad-V>V-samaasa (paNavaa: Aanaka: gaaemauSaa: ca, paNavaanakgaaemauSaa: G&ta@ 1.13)
(b) samaahar-V>V-samaasa (sa>Xaanaa> vaa pairBaaPaaNaa> vaa samaahar:)
(1) samaahar-V>V-samaasa (gauNaanaa> ca kma|Naa> ca samaahar: taePau, gauNakma|sau G&ta@ 13.14)
(1) inatyasamaahar-V>V-samaasa (paaNaInaa> paadanaa> samaahar:, paaiNapaadma` G&ta@ 13.14)
(iv) AvyayaIBaava-tatpauwPa-samaasa (Avyayaena saubantaena samasyamaana: AvyayaIBaava-samaasa:)
(1) AvyayapaUva|pad-tatpauwPa-samaasa (Baagama` yaYaa, yaYaaBaagama`, G&ta@ 1.11)
(2) AvyayaaeTarpad-AvyayaIBaava-samaasa (sah> vaarma`, sahtva: G&ta@ 11.39)
(B) kvaLa-samaasa: (tatpauwPa-bahuvaRIih-V>V-AvyayaIBaavaaidsa>XaaivainamauF: kvaLa-samaasa:_)
(1) ALauk-samaasa (yauiZa isYar:, yauiZaiP#r:, G&ta@ 1.16)
(2) paRaid-samaasa (paRBaava: G&ta@ 11.43)
(7) qpapad-samaasa (qpapad> naama kacana sa>Xaa, mama yajaI, maâjaI G&ta@ 9.34)
WORDS OF WISDOM
sadupades{a@h<
sadupadeoaa:_
Aivacaaya| na vaFvya> vaFvya> sauivacaairtama`_
ikca ta%aEva vaFvya> ya%aaeF safLa> Bavaeta`__101__
qpakarae~ipa naIcaanaamapakarae ih jaayatae_
paya: paana> BaujaGanaa> kvaLa> ivaPavaZa|nama`__102__
xamaaoa> kre yasya duja|na: ik kirPyaita_
Ata\Nae paitataae vai: svayamaevaaepaoaamyaita__103__
yadoaKya> na tacCKya> tacCKya> oaKyamaeva tata`_
na jaLae oak@> yaaita na ca naaEga|cCita sYaLae__104__
Atvaa parsantaapamagatvaa SaLamaindrma`_
Anautsa\jya sataa> vatma| yatsvaLpamaipa tahu__105__
ksauma> vaNa|sampa> ganZahIna> na oaaeBatae_
na oaaeBatae iyaahIna> maZaur> vacana> taYaa__106__
q^maena ih isaZyainta kayaa|iNa na manaaerYaE:_
na ih sauptasya isa>hsya paRivaoainta mauSae ma\gaa:__107__
q^ma: saahsa> ZaEya|> baui&: oaiF: parama:_
PaDetae ya%a vata|ntae ta%a dEva> paRsaIdita__108__
gacCinpapaIiLaka yaaita yaaejanaanaa> oataanyaipa_
AgacCna` vaEnataeyaae~ipa padmaek na gacCita__109__
svaga\he paUjyatae maUSa|: svagaRamae paUjyatae paRBau:_
svadeoae paUjyatae rajaa ivaVansava|%a paUjyatae__110__
sapa|dju a|nayaaema|Zyae var> sapaae| na duja|na:_
sapaae| d>oaita kaLaena duja|nastau pade pade__111__
rivaocandRae zanaa va\xaa: nadI gaavaoca sajjanaa:_
]tae paraepakaraya Bauiva dEvaena inaima|taa:_112__
RIGHTEOUS SAYINGS
suvac{ana@ni
sauvacanaaina_
(1) satyamaeva jayatae naana\tama`_ satyameva jayate na@nr>tam. (satyama` ]va jayatae, na Ana\tama`) Only the
truth wins, not the false.
(2) paraepakaraYa|ma` }d> oarIrma`_ paropaka@ra@rtham idam[ s{ar&ram. The body is for service to
others.
(3) LaaeBa: paapasya karNama`_ lobhah< pa@pasya ka@ran<am. Greed is the root of sins.
(4) jananaI janmaBaUimaoca svagaa|dipa garIyasaI_ janan& janmabhu@mis{c{a svarga@dapi gar&yas&. (jananaI
janma-BaUima: ca svagaa|ta` Aipa garIyasaI) The Mother and the Mother-earth are superior to
heaven.
(5) oaILa> par> BaUPaNama`_ s{&lam[ param[ bhu@sa< n<am. Character is the best adornment.
(6) Aita sava|%a vaja|yaeta`_ ati sarvatra varjayet. Too much should always be avoided.
(7) na ga\h> ga\ihNaIhIna> ga\ihNaI ga\hma` qcyatae_ na gr<ham[ gr<hin<&-h&nam[, gr<hin<& gr<ham[ uc{yate. It is
not a home without a lady, with a lady a house is called a home.
(8) dIza|saU%aI ivanaoyaita_ d&rghasu@tr& vinas{yati. The procastinator perishes.
(9) AaeZaena jayaeta` aeZama`_ akrodhena jayet krodham. Violence should be defeated with
peace.
(10) Aih>saa parmaae Zama|:_ ahim~sa@ paramo dharmah<. Non-violence is the greatest
righteousness.
(11) AkrNaanmandkrNa> eya: akaran<a@nmandakaran<am[ s{reyah<. (AkrNaata` mandkrNa> eya:)_
Better late than never.
(12) AnaYa|: sa>zacaairNa:_ anarthah< san[gha-c{ar@ in<ah<. Calamities occur in groups.
(13) maUSa|sya naastyaaEPaZama`_ mu@rkhasya na@si-aus<adham. (maUSa|sya naaista AaEPaZama`) You can not
cure fools. Brains are not injected.
(14) varma^ kpaaetaae na ovaae mayaUr:_ varamadya kapoto na s{vo mayu@rah<. (varma` A^ kpaaeta: na
ova: mayaUr:) A pigeon today is better than a peacock tomorrow.
(15)
kae~itaBaar: samaYaa|naa> ik dUr> vyavasaaiyanaama`_

kae ivadeoa: saivaânaa> k: par: ipaRyavaaidnaama`__120__
(k: Aita-Baar: samaYaa|naama`? ik dUr> vyavasaaiyanaama`? k: ivadeoa: sa-ivaânaama`? k: par: ipaRya-vaaidnaama`?)
For able people what is too difficult? (Nothing). For industrious people what is
inaccessible? (None). For the learned people where is there foreign land? (Nowhere).
For agreeable people who is a foreigner? (Nobody).
(16)
taavayasya Baetavya> yaavayamanaagatama`_

Aagata> tau Baya> vaIxya nar: kyaa|^Yaaeicatama`__121__
(taavata` Bayasya Baetavya> yaavata` Bayama` Anaagatama`_ Aagata> tau Baya> vaIxya nar: kyaa|ta` yaYaa qicatama`__)
One should fear, as long as there is no calamity. But, seeing the calamity a person
should act appropriately)
(17)
tyajaedek kLasyaaYae| gaRamasyaaYae| kLa> tyajaeta`_

gaRama> janapadsyaaYae| AatmaaYae| pa\iYavaI> tyajaeta`__122__
(tyajaeta` ]k kLasya AYae|, gaRamasya AYae| kLa> tyajaeta`_ gaRama> janapadsya AYae|, AatmaaYae| pa\iYavaI> tyajaeta`__)
One person may be sacrificed for the sake of the family, a family may be sacrificed for
the sake of the town, a town may be sacrificed for the sake of the country and for the
sake of soul, the earth may be left.
(18)
AaeZaena jayaet&masaaZau> saaZaunaa jayaeta`_

jayaetkdya|> danaena jayaetsatyaena caana\tama`__123__
(AaeZaena jayaeta` &ma`, AsaaZau> saaZanaa jayaeta`_ jayaeta` kdya|> danaena, jayaeta` satyaena ca Ana\tama`__)
Violence should be won with non-violence; the unrighteous should be won being
righteous, a miser should be won over with charity; the false should be won with
truth)
RELATIONSHIPS
35.6
Bride
navavaZaU:, vaZaU:, paaiNaga\hItaa, navaae$a
Brother
banZau: BaRataa, saaedr:, sahaedr:, saaedya|:, sahja:, sagaBa|:
Brother elder
AgaRja:
Brother younger
Anauja:
Brother's daughter (niece)

Brother's son (nephew)
BaRata\knyaa, BaRata\sautaa, BaRa%aIyaa

BaRata\vya:, BaRa%aIya:, BaRata\pau%a:
Brother's wife (sister-in-law)

Brotherhood
BaRata\jaayaa, BaRata\patnaI, paRjaavataI
BaRata\Baava:, saaEBaRa%ama`, saahcaya|ma`, samaaja:, sa>saga|:
Child
Apatyama`; baaLa:, baaLak:, ABa|k:, dark:, vatsa:, vatsaa, jaata:, jaataa, ioaoau:, santaana:,
santaita:
Daughter
dairka
knyaa, sautaa, duihtaa, pau%aka, pau%aI, tanayaa, Aatmajaa, saunau:, saunaU:, svajaa, AGjaa, jaataa,
Daughter-in-law
snauPaa, pau%avaZaU:, sautaI
Daughter's daughter (grand-daughter)

Daughter's son (grandson)
daEih%aI, paui%akasautaa
daEih%a:, paui%akasauta:, paui%akapau%a:
Family pairvaar:, kLama`, va>oa:

Father
ipataa, janak:, janmad:, taata:
Father-in-law
ovasaur:
Father's brother (uncle) ipata\vya:, ipata\BaRataa, taatagau:

Father's brother's daughter (cousin sister)
ipata\vyapau%aI
Father's brother's son (cousin) ipata\vyapau%a:

Father's brother's wife (aunt)
ipata\vyaa
Father's father (grandfather)
ipataamah:, ipata\ipataa
Father's mother (grandmother) ipataamahI, ipata\maataa, ipata\paRsaU:

Father's sister (aunt)
ipata\svasaa
Father's sister's daughter (cousin sister) ipata\PvasaeyaI

Father's sister's son (cousin)
ipata\Pvasaeya:
Friend ima%ama`, banZau:, baanZava:, saud`, saSaa, saSaI, snaehI, ihta:, ivaBaava:; sahaya:, sahkarI,
sahBaaegaI, sahBaagaI, sahvataI|, samadu:SasauSa:, paRitayaaegaI, saGI, AnauragaI, paYak:
Husband paita:, svaamaI, var:, vaLLaBa:, Bataa|, vaae$a:, kanta:, diyata:, naaya:, Zava:
Husband's brother (brother-in-law)
Husband's sister (sister-in-law)
Lover (boy-friend)
Mother
devar:
nanaanda, nananda, nanda, paitasvasaa
ipaRya:, paRNayaI, kanta:, rmaNa:, rmak:, rma:, vaLLaBa:, AnauragaI
maataa, jananaI, Ambaa, janaI, paRsaU:
Mother and father (parents)
ipataraE, maataaipataraE, maataripataraE
Mother-in-law ovaU:
Mother's brother (uncle) maatauLa:, maata\BaRataa, maatagau:
Mother's brother's daughter (niece)
maatauLapau%aI
Mother's brother's son (nephew) maatauLapau%a:

Mother's brother's wife (aunt)
maatauLaI, maatauLaanaI
Mother's father (grandfather)
maataamah:, mata\ipataa
Mother's mother (grandmother)
maataamahI, maata\maataa
Mother's sister (aunt) maata\svasaa

Mother's sister's daughter (niece) maata\PvasaeyaI
Mother's sister's son (nephew) maata\Pvasaeya:
Neighbor (fellow) paRitavaasaI, paRitavaaisanaI, samaIpavataI|, inak@sYa:, samaIpasYa:, samaIpasYaayaI,
samaIpavaasaI, samanta:, AdUrsYa:
Parents (mother and father) ipataraE, maataaipataraE, maataripataraE
Relative
Sister
sambanZaI, sagaae%a:, sakLya:, banZau:, baanZava:, Xaaita:
svasaa, BaiganaI
Sister, elder
AgaRjaa
Sister, younger
Anaujaa
Sister's daughter svaIyaa, Baiganaeyaa

Sister's son (nephew) Baiganaeya:, svaIya:, svasa\sauta:
Sister's husband
deva\ (devaa)
Some one, some body kaeipa, Amauk:, ya:kocana, kiocata`

Son pau%a:, pau%ak:, sauta:, saunau:, tanaya:, nandna:, Aatmaja:, svaja:, AGja:, tanauja:, dark:, qVh:
Son-in-law jaamaataa, duihtau: paita, duihtauBataa|
Son's daughter (grand-daughter)
paaE%aI, pau%asautaa, pau%aatmajaa, daEih%aI
Son's son (gradnson) paaE%a:, pau%asauta:, pau%aatmaja:, sautaatmaja:, pau%aatmaja:, pau%aksauta:, naptaa, pau%apau%a:
Stranger Aagantauk:, AByaagata:, vaEdeioak:, Apairicata:, par:, parpauwPa:, paarKya:, AnaByasta:,
AXaata:, AnaiBaXa:_
Step brother vaEmaa%a:, vaEmaa%aeya:, ivamaata\ja:, Anyaaedya|:
Step daughter
Step father
sapatnaIsautaa
maatau:paita:
Step mother ivamaata\, sapatnaImaataa

Step Sister vaEmaa%aI, vaEmaa%aEyaI, ivamaata\jaa, Anyaaedyaa|
Step son
sapatnaIsauta:
Wife patnaI, Baayaa|, I, jaayaa, vaZaU:, ga\ihNaI, daiyataa, kantaa, vaLLaBaa, vainataa; dara (m\)
Wife's brother (brother-in-law) oyaaLa:
Wife's sister (sister-in-law) oyaaLaI, oyaaiLaka, syaaLakI, patnaIsvasaa, jaayaaBaiganaI
THE DICTIONARY
OF ALL 2200 SANSKRIT VERBS
(A) (a)
Ak 1|ak (to walk in circular motion like a snake) Akita AikPyaita Aakta` Aktau Akta` *Aikta AknaIya
Axa` 5|aks< (to occupy, pervade; to collect) AxaNaaeita AixaPyaita AxNaaetau AaxaNaaeta` AxNauyaata` *AP@ Aixa AxaNaa
Aga` 1|ag (to walk in zigzag way like a snake, to curl, wind) Agaita AigaPyaita Aagata` Agatau Agaeta` *Aigata
Aza` 10|agh (to sin, err, act improperly) Azayaita-tae AzaiyaPyaita-tae Aazayata`-ta Azayatau-taama` Azayaeta`-ta *Aizata
AG`k 1|an[k (to aim, mark, stamp; to walk crooked) AGtae AiGPyatae AaGta AGtaama` AGeta *AiGta AGnaIya
AG`k 10|an[k (to count, mark, aim) AGyaita-tae AGiyaPyaita-tae AaGyata`-ta AGyatau-taama` AGyaeta`-ta *AiGta AG
AG`Sa` 10|an[kh (to crawl, walk on knees) AGyaita-tae AGiyaPyaita-tae AaGyata`-ta AGyatau-taama` AGyaeta`-ta *AiGta
AG`ga` 1|an[g (to wander, stamp, count) AGita AiGPyaita AaGta` AGtau AGeta` *AiGta AGnaIya AiDtvaa AiGtauma`
AG`ga` 10|an[g (to circle, to mark, count) AGyaita-tae AGiyaPyaita-tae AaGyata`-ta AGyatau-taama` AGyaeta`-ta *AiGta
AG`za` 1|an[gh (to walk, start, rush, scold, blame) AGtae AiGPyatae AaGta AGtaama` AGeta *AiGta AiGtvaa
Aca` 1|ac{ (to request, honor, move) Acatae AicaPyaita-tae Aacata`-ta Acatau-taama` Acaeta`-ta *AF Aicatvaa Aicatauma`
Aja` 1|aj (to drive, go, lead, throw, cast) Ajaita AijaPyaita Aajata` Ajatau Ajaeta` *Aijata AjanaIya Aijatavya
Aca` 1|an~c{ (to worship, beg, bend) Acaita-tae AicaPyaita-tae Aacata`-ta Acatau-taama` Acaeta`-ta *Aicata, AF
Aca` 10|an~c{ (to respect, worship) Acayaita-tae AcaiyaPyaita-tae Aacayata`-ta Aacayatau-taama` Aacayaeta` *Aicata
Aja` 7|an~j (to anoint, make, show, represent) AnaiF AG`xyaita-AijaPyaita Aanak AnaF Ajyaata` *AF-AG
Aja` 10|an~j{ (to say, speak) Ajayaita-tae AjaiyaPyaita-tae Aajayata`-ta Ajayaatau-taama` Ajayaeta` *Aijata Aijatauma`
A@` 1|at> (to roam about, wander) A@ita Ai@Pyaita Aa@ A@tau A@eta` A@tae *Ai@ta A@naIya Ai@tvaa Ai@tauma`
A@`@` 1|at> (to go beyond, transgress, diminish, lessen, kill) Atae AiPyatae Aata Ataama` Aeta *Aita
A@`@` 10|at> (to despise, dishonor, reduce) Ayaita-tae AiyaPyaita-tae Aayata`-ta Ayatau-taama` Ayaeta`-ta *Aita
A#` 1|at>h (to go) A#ita-tae Ai#Pyatae Aa#ta A#taama` A#eta *Ai#ta A#ta` A#naIya Ai#tavya Ai#tvaa Ai#tauma`
AD` 1|ad> (to work, trade, try, attempt, exert) ADita AiDPyaita ADta` ADtau ADeta` *AiDta ADnaIya AiDtavya AD`
5|ad> (to spread, pervade, attain) AD`Naaeita AiDPyaita AaD`naaeta` AD`naaetau AD`nauyaata` *AiDta ADta` AiDtauma`
AD`D` 1|ad> (to attack, to meditate, argue, infer, discern) Aita AiPyaita AaDta` Atau Aeta` *Aita

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Sanskrit

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LEARN SANSKRIT

Through English Medium

KALIDAS SANSKRIT UNIVERSITY, NAGPUR, INDIA

s{a@rada@ sada@ smaran<&ya@

svarda varda stavanaIyaa_

svarada@ varada@ stavan<&ya@

anukampa@ hr<di dharan<&ya@

bha@rata janan& naman&ya@

sam~skr<t va@n& s{ravan<&ya@

svarda varda stavanaIyaa_

svarada@ varada@ stavan<&ya@

anukampa@ hr<di dharan<&ya@

svarda varda stavanaIyaa_

svarada@ varada@ stavan<&ya@

naih sauSaoayyaa oayanaIyaa_ nahi sukhas{aiyya@ s{ayan&ya@

anukampa@ hr<di dharan<&ya@

svarda varda stavanaIyaa_

svarada@ varada@ stavan<&ya@

anukampa@ hr<di dharan<&ya@

svarda varda stavanaIyaa_

svarada@ varada@ stavan<&ya@

anukampa@ hr<di dharan<&ya@

svarda varda stavanaIyaa_

svarada@ varada@ stavan<&ya@

seva@ manasa@ karan<&ya@

seva@ manasa@ karan<&ya@

seva@ manasa@ karan<&ya@

seva@ manasa@ karan<&ya@

seva@ manasa@ karan<&ya@

The anus>tu> bh metre

Lesson 2 Reading Sanskrit (Pronunciation)

Lesson 3 The Sanskrit Characters

Lesson 4 Writing the Sanskrit Consonants

Lesson 5 Writing the Sanskrit Vowels

Lesson 6 Writing the Vowel-Signs

Sound Formulas from S}iva

Rules for Sanskrit to English Transliteration with diacritical marks

The Sanskrit Language

The Ga@yatr& Chant

Lesson 11 Introduction to Numerals

Lesson 12 Sanskrit Verbs

Lesson 17 The Present Tense

Use of the Particle sma

Lesson 18 The (Past) Imperfect Tense

Use of the phrase ma@ sma

Lesson 20 The (Past Indefinite) Aorist Tense

Lesson 21 The Indefinite Future Tense

Lesson 22 The Definite Future Tense

Lesson 23 Parasmaipad& and tmanepad& Verbs

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

The Causative Verbs

The Desiderative Verbs

Lesson 24 The 11 Classes of Verbs

1. The First Class

2. The Second Class

3. The Third Class

4. The Fourth Class

5. The Fifth Class

6. The Sixth Class

7. The Seventh Class

8. The Eighth Class

9. The Nineth Class

10. The Tenth Class