Computer Exercise 4

Electric Power System 2008

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Computer Exercise 4
The files you need for this www.iea.lth.se/eks/download/matlab/ . exercise can be downloaded from

4.1 Matlab: Coordination of overcurrent protection in radial system Download and unzip the archive Protection.zip. Execute visualisering in Matlab and you will see a window with a distribution system with the voltage levels 50 kV, 20 kV and 0.4 kV. You can push the following buttons: Choose lets you select the position of a three-phase short-circuit fault by pointing and clicking. The fault will be placed to the right of the upstream breaker. If you get an error message, try aiming better. Push a circuit breaker button to disable the breaker and the associated protection thus leading to misoperation. Push start to start the simulation in a new window where the fault occurs at time t=0.5 s. Close closes the window.

In the output window each protection has a time-current plot showing the timer value and the detected current. The timers stop when the fault current has been removed. The voltages at the two customers are shown in voltage-time plots. At reasonable voltage there is light in the house, while it is black if blacked out. Breakers change colour depending on their status: A disabled breaker/protection is shown with a red breaker symbol while closed and opened breakers are green and black respectively. a) Select any fault location and start simulation. Verify that the expected breaker opens. b) Select the same fault location but disable the breaker that operated before. Verify that the next upstream breaker opens after an additional delay. c) Verify that a fault closer to a house is cleared after a shorter delay and affects the voltage at the other house less. d) Verify that opening the breakers at the 50/20 kV transformer blacks out both houses.

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Computer Exercise 4

Electric Power System 2008

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4.2 Characterization of fault currents Different fault types result in different fault current patterns. The currents can be written by either phase components, or sequence components. Your task is to learn to identify the typical characteristics of each fault type. Here, you write your own Matlab macro which helps you to recognize different fault types, and also learn you how to use sequence components (synonymously called symmetrical components). Start to create the new M-file:
a=exp(j*2*pi/3); % definition of a A=[1 1 1; 1 a*a a; 1 a a*a]; % inv_A=(1/3)*[1 1 1;1 a a*a; 1 a*a a]; flt_type='phase a to ground'; Za=1; Zb=1e6; Zc=1e6; Zn=1; % and so on % matrix at fault Z_flt=[Za+Zn Zn Zn; Zn Zb+Zn Zn; Zn Zn Zc+Zn]; % assume that voltage sources are infinitely strong % that is, source impedances for Z0, Z1 ,Z2 % are much smaller than Za , Zb, Zc, Zn V_abc=[1; a*a; a]; I_abc=inv(Z_flt)*V_abc I_012=inv_A*I_abc + j*eps

The code above is made for phase a to ground (SLG). For the other cases, you need to modify the values of Za, Zb, Zc and Zn, accordingly. SLG - Single-line-to-ground fault: LL - Line-to-line fault: DLG - Double-line-to-ground fault: Run the macro above. a) Can you characterize the current for each fault type by symmetrical components? b) Can you characterize the current for each fault type by phase components? c) Learn how to identify a certain fault type with knowledge of symmetrical and phase components. Let one student create different fault types by changing the fault resistances. Let the other student analyze the currents and determine the resulting fault type. Which phases are faulted? Ground connection, or not? Challenge and compete against each other. Who is the best fault identifier? d) The calculation above assumes that the load current is zero. How would load current influence the symmetrical component characterization in a)? Assume equal load in all three phases. e) The calculation above assumes that the load current is zero. How would load current influence the phase component characterization in b)? Assume equal load in all three phases.
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Za=0.05, Zb=1e6, Zc=1e6, Zn=0.1 Za=1e6, Zb=0.05, Zc=0.05, Zn=1e6 Za=1e6, Zb=0.05, Zc=0.05, Zn=0.1

3PH - Three-phase short circuit (3PH): Za=0.05, Zb=0.05, Zc=0.05, Zn=1e6

Computer Exercise 4

Electric Power System 2008

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4.3 Voltages during unsymmetrical faults, phase domain Consider three different unsymmetrical faults with notations a), b) and c). The faults results in sequence bus voltages at the faulted buses 1 and one neighbouring bus 2. Use matrix multiplication in Matlab to transform the given sequence bus voltages into phase domain. All faults are bolted, which means that the fault resistance is zero. a) Single-line-to-ground fault in phase A: Bus 1: V0=0.5131 p.u., V1=0.7818 p.u., V2=0.2682 p.u. Bus 2: V0=0.0528 p.u., V1=0.9296 p.u., V2=0.1204 p.u. b) Line-to-line fault between phases B and C: Bus 1: V0=0, V1=0.5255 p.u., V2=0.5245 p.u. Bus 2: V0=0, V1=0.8145 p.u., V2=0.2355 p.u. c) Double-line-to-ground fault on phases B and C: Bus 1: V0=0.4161 p.u., V1=0.4167 p.u., V2=0.4157 p.u. Bus 2: V0=0.0428 p.u., V1=0.7657 p.u., V2=0.1867 p.u.

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