MC LC

Cc t vit tt ................................................................................................................. 3
Danh mc hnh v, bng s liu, th ........................................................................ 4
CHNG I:GII THIU H THNG GHP KNH QUANG THEO BC
SNG WDM .................................................................................................................. 5
1.1Gii thiu chung v h thng WDM: ...................................................................... 5
1.1.1 Khi nim: .............................................................................................................. 5
1.1.2. c im ca h thng WDM ............................................................................... 6
1.2.Nguyn l c bn ca h thng WDM .................................................................... 6
1.3. Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng WDM ............................................................. 7
1.4. Phn loi h thng truyn dn trong h thng WDM......................................... 7
1.4.1 H thng ghp bc sng mt hng .................................................................... 7
1.4.2 H thng ghp bc sng hai hng ...................................................................... 7
1.5 Cc yu cu ca h thng WDM ............................................................................ 9
1.5.1.Phn pht ................................................................................................................ 9
1.5.2. Mi trng truyn.................................................................................................. 9
1.5.3. Phn thu. ................................................................................................................ 9
1.6. Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng ca h thng WDM ............................... 9
1.6.1. Cc yu t nh hng chnh. ................................................................................. 9
1.6.2. Tn x do kch thch Brillouin .............................................................................. 10
1.6.3. Tn x do kch thch Raman ................................................................................. 10
1.6.4 Hiu ng t iu pha SPM .................................................................................... 10
1.6.5 Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha ................................................................................ 11
1.6.6 Hiu ng trn bn bc sng ................................................................................ 11
1.7. Cng ngh v thnh phn trong h thng WDM ............................................... 11

1.7.1.Cc thit b WDM vi quang .................................................................................. 11

1.7.2. B lc mng. ........................................................................................................ 12
1.7.3.Cc thit b tch bc sng dng b lc mng ..................................................... 13
1.7.3.1.B tch 2 bc sng ........................................................................................... 13
1.7.3.2. Thit b kt hp ghp v tch bc sng (MUX-DEMUX) ............................... 13
1.7.4. Cc thit b tch bc sng dng phn t phn tn gc ....................................... 14
CHNG 2: NH HNG CA TN SC TRONG H THNG GHP KNH
QUANG THEO BC SNG WDM ........................................................................ 15
2.1Cc thit b lm vic theo nguyn l tn sc gc................................................... 15
2.1.1 Dng lng knh lm phn t tn sc gc ............................................................... 15
2.1.2 Dng cch t lm phn t tn sc gc ................................................................... 15
2.1.2.1 Cch t nhiu x phng ...................................................................................... 16
2.1.2.2 ng dng ca cch t nhiu x phng ............................................................... 19
2.1.3 Cch t hnh lng cho ....................................................................................... 20
2.1.4 Cch t Bragg ...................................................................................................... 20
CHNG III: KHO ST H THNG BNG PHN MM OPTISYSTEM .. 23
3.1 Mi quan h gia t l li bit BER, h s phm cht Q v cng sut pht ........ 23
3.2. kt lun ................................................................................................................... 24

DANH MC CC T VIT TT
WDM

Wavelength-Division Multiplexing

H thng ghp knh theo bc sng

EDFA

Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

Khuch i quang kch thch Erbium

ATM

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Phng thc truyn khng ng b

OTN

Optical Transmission Network

Mng truyn dn quang

MUX

Multiplexer

Ghp knh

DEMUX

Demutiplexer

Tch knh

SBS

Supplementary and Bearer Service Kiu dch v mang v b sung

SPM

Subscriber Private Meter

My o ca ring thu bao

CMP

Continuous Presence Multipoint

a im lin tc

DCF

Dispersion Compensation Fibers

Si b tn sc

DANH MC HNH V, BNG S LIU, TH

Bng 1.1: s phn chia cc bng sng
Hnh1.1: s c bn ca h thng WDM
Hnh 1.2: S nguyn l hot ng ca h thng WDM
Hnh 1.3: H thng ghp bc sng mt hng
Hnh 1.4:H thng ghp bc sng hai hng
Hnh 1.5: b ghp/tch hn hp
Hnh 1.6:Thit b vi quang s dng b lc
Hnh 1.7: thit b phn tn
Hnh 1.8: B lc mng
Hnh 1.9: B tch 2 bc sng
Hnh 1.10: Thit b ghp tch bc sng
Hnh 2.1: phn t tn sc gc
Hnh 2.2: cch t lm phn t tn sc gc
Hnh2.3: Cch t nhiu x phng
Hnh 2.4: ng cong phn b ph ca nng lng nhiu
Hnh 2.5: B ghp knh Finke
Hnh 2.6: B tch Littrow
Hnh 2.7: Cch t hnh lng cho
Hnh 2.8: Cch t Bragg
Bng 2.1: Bng so snh s suy hao
Hnh 3.1: Biu th hin s thay i ca Q theo cng sut pht v cc biu mt
ti my thu tng ng vi 3 tc bit khc nhau.
Hnh 3.2: Biu th hin s thay i ca BER theo cng sut pht v cc biu
mt ti my thu tng ng vi 3 tc bit khc nhau.
Bng 3.1: Mi quan h gia cng sut pht, h s phm cht Q v t l li bit BER
3 tc bit khc nhau

CHNG 1: GII THIU H THNG GHP KNH QUANG THEO

BC SNG WDM
1.1Gii thiu chung v h thng WDM:
1.1.1 Khi nim:
Truyn dn ghp phn bc sng WDM (Wavelength Devision Multiplexing): ghp
thm nhiu bc sng c th truyn trn mt si quang, khng cn tng tc truyn
dn trn mt bc sng. Cng ngh WDM c th mang n gii php hon thin nht
trong iu kin cng ngh hin ti. Th nht n vn gi tc x l ca cc linh kin
in t mc 10 Gbps, bo m thch hp vi si quang hin ti. Thay vo , cng
ngh WDM tng bng thng bng cch tn dng ca s lm vic ca si quang trong
khong bc sng 1260 nm n 1675 nm. Khong bc sng ny c chia lm nhiu
bng sng hot ng nh minh ho trn bng. Ban u, h thng WDM hot ng bng
C (do EDFA hot ng trong khong bng sng ny). V sau, EDFA c kh nng hot
ng c bng C v bng L nn h thng WDM hin ti dng EDFA c th hot ng
c bng C v bng L. Nu theo chun ITU-T, xt khong cch gia cc knh bc sng l
100 Ghz (m bo kh nng chng xuyn nhiu knh trong iu kin cng ngh hin ti),
s c 32 knh bc sng hot ng trn mi bng. Nh vy, nu vn gi nguyn tc
bit trn mi knh truyn, dng cng ngh WDM cng lm tng bng thng truyn trn
mt si quang ln 64 ln !

Bng 1.1: s phn chia cc bng

Bng sng

sng
M
t

Phm vi bc sng (nm)

Bng O

Original

1260 n 1360

Bng E

Extended

1360 n 1460

Bng S

Short

1460 n 1530

Bng C

Conventional

1530 n 1565

Bng L

Long

1565 n 1625

Bng U

Ultra-long

1625 n 1675

1.1.2. c im ca h thng WDM

u im ca cng ngh WDM:
-

Tng bng thng truyn trn si quang s ln tng ng s bc sng c ghp

vo truyn trn mt si quang.

Tnh trong sut: Do cng ngh WDM thuc kin trc lp mng vt l nn n c
th h tr cc nh dng s liu v thoi nh: ATM, Gigabit Ethernet, ESCON,
chuyn mch knh, IP ...

Kh nng m rng: Nhng tin b trong cng ngh WDM ha hn tng bng
thng truyn trn si quang ln n hng Tbps, p ng nhu cu m rng mng
nhiu cp khc nhau.

Nhc im ca cng ngh WDM:

-

Vn cha khai thc ht bng tn hot ng c th ca si quang (ch mi tn dng

c bng C v bng L).

Qu trnh khai thc, bo dng phc tp hn gp nhiu ln.

Nu h thng si quang ang s dng l si DSF theo chun G.653 th rt kh

trin khai WDM v xut hin hin tng trn bn bc sng kh gay gt.

1.2.Nguyn l c bn ca h thng WDM

Tn
hiu
vo
knh
1
Tnh
hiu
vo
knh
N

Si quang
Mch iu
Khin 1

Mch iu
Khin N

W
D
M

Khuych
i Pht
Tn
hiu
ra
knh
1

EDFA
Tin
khuych i

Si quang

Phn thu

W
D
M

Tch Sng
Quang 1

Mch iu
khin 1

Tch Sng
Quang N

Mch iu
khin N
Tn
hiu ra
knh N

Hnh 1.1:S ca h thng

WDM
6
BPF 0,81m

1.3. Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng WDM

1
2

1 2

D
E
M
U
X
Hnh1.2: S nguyn l hot ng ca WDM

M
U
X

1.4. Phn loi h thng truyn dn trong h thng WDM

1.4.1 H thng ghp bc sng mt hng
H thng WDM truyn dn hai chiu trn hai si l: tt c knh quang cng trn mt
si quang truyn dn theo cng mt chiu (nh hnh 1.3), u pht cc tn hiu c bc
sng quang khc nhau v c iu ch 1 , 2 ,...., n thng qua b ghp knh t hp
li vi nhau, v truyn dn mt chiu trn mt si quang. V cc tn hiu c mang
thng qua cc bc sng khc nhau, do s khng ln ln. u thu, b tch knh
quang tch cc tn hiu c bc sng khc nhau, hon thnh truyn dn tn hiu quang
nhiu knh. chiu ngc li truyn dn qua mt si quang khc, nguyn l ging nh
trn.
1

My pht
quang

My pht
quang
n

My thu
quang

My thu
quang

B ghp
knh

B
khuch
i si
quang

B tch
knh

1, 2 ....... n
B tch
knh
O

B
khuch
i si
quang

1
B ghp
knh

My thu
quang

My thu
quang

My pht
quang

My pht
quang

1, 2 ....... n

Hnh 1.3: H thng ghp bc sng mt hng

1.4.2 H thng ghp bc sng hai hng
H thng WDM truyn dn hai chiu trn mt si l: hng i, cc knh quang tng
ng vi cc bc sng 1, 2, ..., n qua b ghp/tch knh c t hp li vi nhau
truyn dn trn
7

mt si. Cng si quang , hng v cc bc sng n+1, n+2,..., 2n c truyn dn

theo chiu ngc li (xem hnh 1.4). Ni cch khc ta dng cc bc sng tch ri
thng tin hai chiu (song cong).
1

My pht
quang
My pht
quang

My thu
quang

My thu
quang

My thu
quang

My thu
quang

n+1

My pht
quang

2n

My pht
quang

1
1, 2 ....... n
n
B ghp/
tch knh

B
khuch
i si
quang

B tch/
ghp knh

n+1, n+2 ....... 2n

Hnh 1.4:H thng ghp bc sng hai hng

H thng WDM hai chiu trn hai si c ng dng v pht trin tng i rng ri. H
thng WDM hai chiu trn mt si th yu cu pht trin v ng dng cao hn, i hi
yu cu k thut cc k nghim ngt. pha pht, cc thit b ghp knh phi c suy hao
nh t mi ngun quang ti u ra ca b ghp knh. pha thu, cc b tch sng quang
phi nhy vi di rng ca cc bc sng quang. Khi thc hin tch knh cn phi cch ly
knh quang tht tt vicc bc sng khc bng cch thit k cc b tch knh tht chnh
xc, cc b lc quang nu c s dng phi c bc sng ct chnh xc, di lm vic n
nh. mt mc no , n gin ta c th xem xt b tch bc sng nh b ghp
bc sng ch bng cch i chiu tn hiu nh sng. Ngi ta chia loi thit b OWDM
lm ba loi: Cc b ghp (MUX), cc b tch (DEMUX) v cc b ghp/tch hn hp
(MUX-DEMUX). Cc b MUX v DEMUX c s dng trong cc phng n truyn
dn theo mt hng, cn loi th ba MUX-DEMUX c s dng cho cc phng n
truyn dn theo hai hng.
Cc tn hiu c ghp
Ik(k)

Ii(i)

O(k)

Si dn quang

I(i)

Cc tn hiu c tch

Hnh 1.5: b ghp/tch hn hp

8

1.5 Cc yu cu ca h thng WDM

1.5.1.Phn pht
Trong h thng WDM, ngun pht ng mt vai tr quan trng. Khc vi h thng thng
thng, h thng WDM s dng cc ngun pht t cc laser khc nhau hoc t mt laser
ch. Bn cnh cc yu cu nh laser thng thng th mt trong nhng tham s quan
trng i vi laser l di bc sng c th iu chnh c. p ng nhu cu thng tin
hin nay ngi ta s dng loi ngun pht c kh nng iu chnh bc song trong mt
di rng n hng chc nm
1.5.2. Mi trng truyn
Trong h thng WDM, m bo nhu cu truyn khong cch ln, ta phi s dng cc
b khuch i quang trn ng truyn, khong cch cng ln th cc EDFA cng nhiu.
Chnh iu ny lm hn ch bng thng ca h thng do hin tng lm hp ph khuch
i ca cc EDFA mc ni tip v bn thn ph khuch i ca tng EDFA c tnh chn
lc i vi cc bc song. Do , m bo bng thng truyn cho h thng a knh th
cn phi khc phc nhc im trn bng cch s dng cc k thut lm phng ph
khuch i ca h thng.
1.5.3. Phn thu.
Cng nh phn pht , phn thu c b gii ghp knh quang. Mt trong nhng loi ang
c s dng rng ri l b ghp knh quang th ng ghp si do tnh n gin v hiu
qu ca n. Khi s knh nhiu, mt knh ln th cc b lc ny i hi phi hot ng
chnh xc v n nh, trnh hin tng xuyn knh t cc knh ln cn. ngoi cc yu cu
trn, khi s knh trong h thng WDM tng ln , cng sut trong si quang ln th cc
hin tng phi tuyn ca si xut hin lm suy gim cht lng h thng.
1.6. Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng ca h thng WDM
1.6.1. Cc yu t nh hng chnh.
- Suy hao
- Tn sc
- Hin tng phi tuyn xy ra trong si quang.
9

1.6.2. Tn x do kch thch Brillouin

Trong trng hp SBS, cc phonon lin quan n s tc ng tn x l cc phonon m
hc v s tng tc ny xy ra trn di tn hp f = 20 MHz bc sng 1550 nm. Sng
bm v sng Stokes truyn theo hai hng ngc nhau. Do , SBS khng gy ra bt k
tc ng qua li no gia cc bc sng khc nhau khi m khong cch bc sng ln
hn 20 MHz (l trng hp c trng cho WDM). Tuy nhin, SBS cng c th to nn s
mo kh quan trng trong mt knh n l. SBS to ra li theo hng ngc li vi
hng lan truyn tn hiu, ni cch khc l hng v pha ngun. V vy, n lm suy
gim tn hiu c truyn cng nh to ra mt tn hiu c cng mnh v hng pht,
nn phi dng mt b cch ly bo v. H s li SBS gB xp x 4x10-11 m/W,
khng ph thuc vo bc sng.
1.6.3. Tn x do kch thch Raman
Nu a vo trong si quang hai hay nhiu tn hiu c bc sng khc nhau th SRS gy
ra s chuyn nng lng t cc knh c bc sng thp sang cc knh c bc sng cao
hn S chuyn nng lng t knh tn hiu c bc sng thp sang knh tn hiu c bc
sng cao l mt hiu ng c bn lm c s cho khuch i quang v laser. Nng lng
ca photon bc sng l hc/ vi h l hng s Planck (6.63x10-34 Js). Do ,
photon ca bc sng thp c nng lng cao hn. S chuyn nng lng t tn hiu
bc sng thp sang tn hiu bc sng cao tng ng vi s sinh ra cc photon nng
lng thp t cc photon nng lng cao hn.
1.6.4 Hiu ng t iu pha SPM
Trong tn sc mu, cc bc sng khc nhau (cc tn s) lan truyn theo cc vn tc khc
nhau. Nh vy xung mang cc tn s khc nhau khi lan truyn s gin ra. R rng SPM
gy ra gin xung thng qua tn sc mu. Cn lu mt u im ca SPM l: khi cng
sut lan truyn cao, khong u si quang, SPM c th nn xung. Tuy nhin khi xung
lan truyn xa hn, xung s b gin nhiu hn. Hin tng nn xung ny c th s dng
b tn sc. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn thng c nh gi qua cc gii hn cng sut cho
h thng thng tin. nh hng ca SPM l ti thiu, dch pha phi tuyn phi rt nh
tc l <<1. Theo cng thc (1.2) Leff 1/ cho nn Pin << / NL. V d =
10

0,2dB/km tc = 0,046 1/km v NL=2,35x10-3 1/m.W th cng sut u vo phi

nh hn 19,6 mW.
1.6.5 Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha
SPM l gii hn phi tuyn ch yu trong h thng n knh. Trong h thng a knh
dch pha ca mt knh, v d nh knh th nht 1, ph thuc khng nhng vo cng
(cng sut) ca chnh knh m cn ph thuc vo cng ca nhng knh cn
li. Hin tng ny gi l iu ch xuyn pha CPM. V d xem xt h thng ba knh. Khi
1 s l: 1= NLLeff(P1+2P2+2P3)
1.6.6 Hiu ng trn bn bc sng
Trong h thngWDM s dng cc tn s gc 1. n, s ph thuc ca chit sut vo
cng (cng sut) khng ch gy ra s dch pha trong mi knh m cn sinh ra tn s
mi nh l 2 i- j v i+ j- k. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng trn bn bc
sng (FWM_Four-wave Mixing). Tri vi SPM v CPM ch c nh hng i vi cc h
thng tc bit cao, hiu ng trn bn bc sng khng ph thuc vo tc bit m ph
thuc cht ch vo khong cch knh v tn sc mu ca si. Gim khong cch knh lm
tng nh hng ca hiu ng trn bn bc sng v vic gim tn sc mu cng vy. Do
, cc nh hng ca FWM phi c xem xt ngay c cc h thng tc va phi
khi khong cch knh gn nhau v/hoc khi s dng si dch chuyn tn sc.
1.7. Cng ngh v thnh phn trong h thng WDM
1.7.1.Cc thit b WDM vi quang
1, 2, ...., n
1

2, ...., n

B lc

Hnh 1.6:Thit b vi quang s dng b lc

B lc ch hot ng m cho mt bc sng i qua ti mt thi im tch n ra t mt

thi im tch ra thnh nhiu bc sng.
11

Trong thit b phn tn, ngi ta s dng cc phn t phn tn gc tch mt lung
bc sng vo cng mt hng thnh nhiu bc sng khc nhau tng ng.

Hnh 1.7: thit b phn tn

1.7.2. B lc mng.
B lc c cu trc a lp gm cc lp in mi rt mng, c chit sut cao v thp
t xen k nhau. B lc lm vic da trn nguyn l bung cng hng Fabry-Perot, gm
hai gng phn x mt phn t song song cch nhau ch bi mt lp in mi trong sut
Chit sut thp

Chit sut cao

Lp phn cch trong sut

Hnh 1.8: B lc mng

B dy cc lp bng 1/4 bc sng truyn i vi b lc bc 0 v bng 3/40 i vi b

lc bc 1 v c ch to t vt liu c h s chit sut thp nh MgF2 c n = 1,35 hoc
SiO2 c n = 1,46 v vt liu c ch s chit sut cao nh TiO2 c n = 2,2.
Khi chm tia sng i vo thit b, th hin tng giao thoa nh sng xy ra do phn x
nhiu ln trong khoang cng hng. Nu b dy ca lp m l s nguyn ln ca na
bc sng nh sng ti th giao thoa xp chng xy ra v cng sut quang ca bc sng
t gi tr cc i v bc sng s c truyn dn thng sut nht. Cc chm nh
sng nhng bc sng khc trong bung cng hng hu nh b phn x hon ton.

12

1.7.3.Cc thit b tch bc sng dng b lc mng

. 1.7.3.1.B tch 2 bc sng

Lng knh Grin (1/4 P)

1, 2

1
2

B lc

Hnh 1.9: B tch 2 bc sng

Cc thit b tch bc sng ny c sn trn th trng thng mi v c s dng rng

ri cc h thng thng tin quang s dng cc ngun pht LED bc sng 850 nm v
1300 nm, hoc s dng cc ngun pht ph hp ca cc t hp bc sng nh: 800 nm v
830 nm; 800 nm v 890 nm; 1200 nm v 1300 nm; hoc 1300nm v 1550 nm vv..., vi
suy hao xen nh hn 3dB (cho mi cp) v suy hao xuyn knh cao hn 25dB
1.7.3.2 Thit b kt hp ghp v tch bc sng (MUX-DEMUX):
0,81m

0,89m

Connecto
r

BPF 0,89m

Thu knh GRIN

LWPF
0,81 m v 0,89
m

1,2 m v 1,3 m
SWPF

BPF 1,2 m
1,2 m
1,3 m

BPF 1,3 m

Khi thu tinh

Hnh 1.10: Thit b ghp tch bc sng

13

Trong :
BPF

- B lc thng gii

LWPF - B lc thng thp

SWPF - B lc thng cao.
rng ca knh l 25 nm v 32 nm trong ca s th nht; 47 nm v 50 nm trong
ca s th hai ca si quang. Suy hao xen l 1,4 dB cho bc sng 0,89 m; 2,6 dB cho
bc sng 1,2 m; 2,2 dB cho bc sng 1,3 m khi dng Laser diode v 5,2 dB cho
bc sng 0,81 m khi dng LED. Suy hao xuyn m bng -18 dB cho bc sng ngn
dng LED, cn nu dng Laser diode th suy hao xuyn m bng -3,9 dB.
1.7.4. Cc thit b tch bc sng dng phn t phn tn gc
Cch t c cu to gm nhiu rnh (nh rng ca), c khc bng dng c kim
cng, trn b mt ca cc rnh ny c h mt lp phn x, s lng rnh trn cch
t c th ln ti vi nghn rnh trn 1 mm. Cch t c kh nng truyn hoc tn x nh
sng theo nhng hng nht nh tu thuc vo bc sng ca nh sng . Gc tn x
ph thuc vo khong cch rnh (gi l bc cch t) v gc ti.
Khi tch knh (tch bc sng) bng cch t, ngun sng ti gm nhiu bc sng t si
quang s c tch ra thnh cc tia n sc tng ng vi cc bc sng c truyn trn
si theo cc gc khc nhau. Ngc li khi ghp knh, mt s knh bc sng 1, 2,.....,
n n t cc hng khc nhau c th c kt hp thnh mt hng v c a ti
truyn dn trn cng mt si quang.

14

CHNG 2: NH HNG CA TN SC TRONG H THNG

GHP KNH QUANG THEO BC SNG WDM

2.1Cc thit b lm vic theo nguyn l tn sc gc

2.1.1 Dng lng knh lm phn t tn sc gc
Trong giai on u ca k thut WDM ngi ta thng dng lng knh lm phn
t tn sc gc. Do hin tng chit sut ph thuc vo bc sng nh sng tc l n = n()
nn chm tia sng c cc bc sng khc nhau u vo s b lng knh phn thnh cc
tia sng n sc khc nhau theo cc hng khc nhau u ra theo nh lut Sneel (s
di dn
sin A

d
cos r / cosi

ph thuc ca chit sut vt liu lm lng knh theo bc sng).

Vi:

i l gc ti
A

i l gc l
A l gc nh ca lng knh
n l chit sut vt liu lm lng knh.

i
r

Hnh 2.1: phn t tn sc gc

Nhc im: tn sc dng lng knh c mc tn sc thp, nn kh tch c cc bc

sng gn nhau. V vy ngi ta ch c th dng lng knh trong trng hp tch cc bc
sng hai ca s truyn dn khc nhau (v d bc sng 1 ca s 1300 nm; bc sng
2 ca s 1550 nm). Do nhc im khng tch c cc tia sng c bc sng gn
nhau nn lng knh ngy nay khng c s dng trong cng ngh WDM na, thay vo
ngi ta s dng cch t nhiu x lm phn t tn sc gc.
2 .1.2Dng cch t lm phn t tn sc gc
Cch t dng m t cc thit b m hot ng ca n da trn hin tng giao thoa
gia cc tn hiu quang xut pht t cng mt ngun quang nhng c lch pha tng
i vi nhau. Phn bit vi cch t l vt chun (etalon) l thit b nhiu tn hiu
quang c to ra nh mt hc cng hng (single cavity) lp li cc tia i ngang qua n.

15

Trong WDM cch t c dng nh l mt b tch knh tch cc bc sng hoc nh

l mt b ghp knh kt hp cc bc sng.
Cch t

1, 2,....., n

Hnh 2.2: cch t lm phn t tn sc gc

Cng ging nh lng knh, nh sng khng n sc u vo, sau khi qua cch t s
c tch thnh cc tia sng n sc u ra theo cc gc khc nhau. Khc vi lng knh,
cch t nhiu x cho cc gc tn x ln hn.
Khi tch knh (tch bc sng) bng cch t, ngun sng ti gm nhiu bc sng t
si quang s c tch ra thnh cc tia n sc tng ng vi cc bc sng c truyn
trn si theo cc gc khc nhau. Ngc li khi ghp knh, mt s knh bc sng 1,
2,....., n n t cc hng khc nhau c th c kt hp thnh mt hng v c a
ti truyn dn trn cng mt si quang.
2.1.2.1 Cch t nhiu x phng
N

i
i

Trong :

Hnh2.3: Cch t nhiu x phng

N - ng vung gc vi mt y ca cch t
M - ng vung gc vi cnh ca rnh
- gc ti ca tia sng vi N
- gc nhiu x vi N
16

i - gc ti ca tia sng vi M
i - gc nhiu x vi M
d - chu k cch t
- gc nghing ca rnh.
Theo kt qu chng minh th khi chiu 2 tia sang vo rnh cch t s to ra cc tia nhiu
x cng pha nu ng i ca 2 tia sng tha mn iu kin
0 = d(sin + sin) = k
Vi: k - s nguyn
- bc sng
d - chu k cch t
k = 0 ng vi truyn trc tip
k = 1 ng vi bc 1 nhiu x.
Nu h s khc x ca mi trng bn ngoi cch t l n th c dng:
nd(sin + sin) = k
Cng t hnh trn ta c:
i = - , i = -
Theo quy tc phn x th gc ti bng gc phn x, ngha l i = i, rt ra:
= ( + )/2
Cng thc c th vit di dng:

2d sin

'
2

2d sin cos
Hay

cos

'

'
2

i vi cch t phn x th c tnh theo iu kin ca Liittrow (khi =).

Theo iu kin ny tm c ng vi tn x bc 1 l:
1 = 2dsin

17

Khi

1 = 2dsincos

'
2

Theo iu kin Littrow v ng vi bc 2 ca tn x c:

2 = 2dsin
n =

2d
sin
n

Bin trng nhiu x mt bn ca rnh cch t c xc nh theo biu thc:

sin d / sin i sin i '

A = An
sin d / sin i sin i '

Khi = n th cng nhiu x cc i v bng:

I n An

Phn b ph ca nhiu x c xc nh theo biu thc:

I sin k n n /

I n k n n /

T biu thc trn, xy dng ng cong phn b ph ca nng lng nhiu x bc

mt nh hnh a. Trong trng hp d nh hn bc sng th phn b ph ca nng lng
nhiu x ph thuc vo v c dng nh hnh b.
I/I1

I/I1

1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2

1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,2

1,8

a) Khi d >

1/

= 200

0,2

1,5

1/

b) Khi d<

Hnh 2.4: ng cong phn b ph ca nng lng nhiu

18

2.1.2.2 ng dng ca cch t nhiu x phng

Cu hnh n gin ca mt b ghp knh ca Finke. Trong , mng u si quang
c t ti tiu c ca mt thu knh trn, phn t tn sc gc grating c t ti tiu
c bn kia ca thu knh . B tch knh thc t loi ny thc hin tch t 4 n 6
knh vi suy hao khong 1,2 n 1,7 dB (trin vng c th tch c 10 knh).
Thu knh
trn
1
2
3
4

Cch t
u mng
si

1, 2, 3, 4

Hnh 2.5: B ghp knh Finke

Trn hnh a v b l b tch Littrow vi a l cu trc c bn cn b l cu trc thc t s

dng lng knh GRIN-rod ca b tch 2 knh.
Lng knh chun trc

Cch t

1
1,2
2

a)
Lng knh Grin

Cch t

1,2
2

b)
Hnh 2.6: B tch Littrow

B tch s dng cch t nhiu x Planar v gng lng cho, u mng cc si quang
c t trc mt khe c quang khc trn mt cch t phn x phng t vung
gc vi cc rnh cch t. Gng cu lm c tch dng lm thay i hng ca bt k mt
tia a bc sng phn k no thnh mt tia song song quay tr li cch t, tia ny khi n
cch t, s b tn sc v phn x tr li gng, phn x mt ln na, to nh trn vng
19

mng si quang tu thuc vo gi tr tng bc sng. Cu trc ny c h s hi t v

truyn t bng 1; v vy, hiu sut ghp kh cao, c bit nu s dng gng parabol th
quang sai rt nh, gn bng 0.
S lng cc knh c th ghp trong thit b ph thuc nhiu vo ph ca ngun
quang: t nm 1993, c th ghp c 6 knh (i vi ngun LED), 22 knh (i vi
ngun Laser); nu s dng k thut ct ph ca ngun pht LED nng cao s knh
ghp th c th ghp ti 49 knh. i vi ngun n sc, suy hao xen ca thit b ghp rt
nh (< 2 dB), v c th t n 0,5 dB cho thit b n mode vng bc sng 1540 nm
n 1560 nm.
2.1.3 Cch t hnh lng cho
N

Cc si u ra

Cch t lng cho

Si vo
B

Hnh 2.7: Cch t hnh lng cho

Cch t hnh lng cho c s dng phn x nh sng, v vy gc nghing ca rnh

cch t c tnh ton ging nh cch t phn x phng. Theo thuyt v hng th gc
nghing ca rnh phi thay i lin tc duy tr ng phn gic ca gc hp bi tia ti
v tia phn x ABC lun vung gc vi b mt ca rng ca. Mt ng dng ca cch t
hnh lng cho nh ch ra trn hnh v bn di, thit b loi ny c v nh n gin hn
v khng s dng phn t hi t quang (thu knh hoc lng knh). Thit b loi ny
thc hin ghp 4 knh, suy hao 2,6 dB; n c nhc dim l quang sai khng n nh
trong gii ph rng.
2.1.4 Cch t Bragg
Cch t Bragg c s dng rng ri trong h thng thng tin quang. Mi s bin i
tun hon trong mi trng truyn sng (thng l bin i tun hon chit sut mi
trng) u c th hnh thnh cch t Bragg.
20

Cch t Bragg l cch t c ch to ngay bn trong si quang. Ch t si Bragg

thng thng trc y kh sn xut c vi di si qu 15 cm do hn ch v chiu
di si cch t i vi bn knh chm tia laser hoc do chiu di ca mt n phase. Hin
nay cng ngh ch to hin i cho php thay i cc thng s nh di cch t,
chit sut c th c iu bin theo yu cu, to nn cch t si dng nhiu bc nh
bc ren; nh mt s ln cc b lc c to ra voi cc thng s kh hon thin.
ng dng cch t si Bragg trong b tn sc: ph ca xung quang cha nhiu thnh
phn bc sng khc nhau, khi truyn xung dc si quang, thnh phn bc sng ngn s
i nhanh hn thnh phn bc sng di, y chnh l hiu ng tn sc, lm dn ph xung
quang v c th gy xuyn nhiu ln cc xung quang ln cn. Trc y c nhiu
gii php b tn sc, nh s dng si b tn sc DCF, nhng cch ny thc ra cn nhiu
nhc im nh: gy suy hao ln, gy ra cc hiu ng phi tuyn khc... Gn y, cch t
b tn sc c xem l gii php c nhiu ha hn. Bc cch t trong cch t b tn
sc c dch i phn x cc bc sng chm (bc sng di) trc khi cc thnh
phn bc sng nhanh (bc sng ngn) i n cui cch t v b phn x tr li (xem
hnh), module b tn sc kiu ny cng s lm co xung b dn rng ra trc khi c
truyn i tip hoc c x l. Nu si cch t cng di, mc b tn sc cng ln v ph
thit b c th lm vic cng c m rng. Nu qu trnh ch to si khng tt, s gy
hin tng nhp nh (ripple) i vi tr nhm tn hiu quang, do c th lm sai khc i
vic b tn sc ca thit b.

xung vo
Si truyn dn
Si cch t Bragg

Ciculator

Bc sng di

Bc sng Bc sng
di
ngn

Bc sng ngn

xung ra

Hnh 2.8: Cch t Bragg

21

Suy hao ca module b tn sc kiu ny gy ra bi: suy hao c nh ca circulator v cc

ch ghp ni (tng suy hao ny nh hn 2 dB), suy hao ca cch t si Bragg ph thuc
vo di si, khong 0,3 dB/m (theo cng ngh ch to cm ng tia cc tm). Ngoi ra,
suy hao ny cng ph thuc di bc sng lm vic khong 0,3 dB/nm. Thc nghim cho
thy u th ca module b tn sc dng ch t si Bragg so vi b tn sc dng si DCF
c ch ra nh trong bng di y:
Bng 2.1: Bng so snh s suy hao

suy hao cc

suy hao thng

suy hao cc

tiu

thng

Si DCF 40 km

4,4 dB

4,8 dB

6,2 dB

Si DCF 40 km

6,0 dB

6,5 dB

6,7 dB

Si DCF 40 km

7,7 dB

8,3 dB

8,9 dB

Si cch t Bragg b tn sc

2,0 dB

2,5 dB

3,0 dB

cch b tn sc

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CHNG III: KHO ST H THNG BNG PHN MM OPTISYSTEM

3.1: Mi quan h gia t l li bit BER, h s phm cht Q v cng sut pht

H s phm cht Q

25
20
15
10
5
0
-4

-3

-2

-1

Cng Sut pht

Hnh 3.1: Biu th hin s thay i ca Q theo cng sut pht v cc

biu mt ti my thu tng ng vi 3 tc bit khc nhau.

Cng sut pht

Log BER

0
-20

-4

-3

-2

-1

-40
-60
-80
-100
-120

Hnh 3.2: : Biu th hin s thay i ca BER theo cng sut pht v

cc biu mt ti my thu tng ng vi 3 tc bit khc nhau.

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Bng 3.1: Mi quan h gia cng sut pht, h s phm cht Q v t l li bit BER
3 tc bit khc nhau
STT

Pt
dBm

Log (BER)

5Gb/s

6Gb/s

7Gb/s

5Gb/s

6Gb/s

7Gb/s

21.06

18.45

14.06

-98.03

-75.57

-44.48

19.06

16.67

13.04

-80.59

-61.96

-38.44

16.42

14.66

11.70

-60.14

-48.50

-31.22

13.66

12.98

10.64

-42.07

-38.08

-26.02

11.99

10.92

9.08

-32.67

-27.34

-19.28

9.97

9.24

7.67

-23.00

-19.01

-14.08

-2

8.21

7.42

6.42

-15.96

-13.26

-10.18

-3

6.73

6.07

5.23

-11.06

-9.22

-7.09

-4

5.45

4.58

4.26

-7.61

-6.21

-4.99

3.2: Kt lun:
T nhng kt qu kho st v t l li bt (BER) v h s phm cht (Q) trn ta thy
mun tng h s phm cht ca h thng ( gim t l li bt BER) ta c th tng cng sut
pht hoc tng h s khuch i ln. Vic tng h s khuch i ln mt n v cng
lm cho t l li bt gim ng k. ng thi vi cng mt cng sut pht th h thng c
tc bt cng cao s c h s phm cht cng nh ( t l li bt BER cng tng ).

24

Ti liu tham kho

[1] TS.NGUYN VN TUN, Thng tin si quang, Nh xut bn GD Vit Nam, 2010.
[2] www.vntelecom.org
[3] www.tailieu.vn
[4] www.dientuvietnam.net

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