Rolling shutter

Rolling shutter
Rolling shutter (also known as line scan) is a method of image acquisition in which each frame is recorded not from a snapshot of a single point in time, but rather by scanning across the frame either vertically or horizontally. In other words, not all parts of the image are recorded at exactly the same time, even though the whole frame is displayed at the same time during playback. This produces predictable distortions of fast moving objects or when the sensor captures rapid flashes of light. This method is implemented by rolling (moving) the shutter across the exposable image area instead of exposing the image area all at the same time (the shutter could be either mechanical or electronic). The advantage of this method is that the image sensor can continue to gather photons during the acquisition process, thus increasing sensitivity. It is found on some film cameras (such as the Graflex Speed Graphic), as well as digital still and video cameras using CMOS sensors, and is most noticeable when imaging extreme conditions of motion or the fast flashing of light. While some CMOS sensors use a global shutter,[1] the majority found in the consumer market utilize a rolling shutter. Rolling shutters can cause such effects as: Skew. The image bends diagonally in one direction or another as the camera or subject moves from one side to another, exposing different parts of the image at different times. Wobble. This phenomenon is most common in hand-held shots at telephoto settings, and most extreme in cases when the camera is vibrating due to being attached to a moving vehicle. The rolling shutter causes the image to wobble unnaturally and bizarrely. This is often called the jello effect. Partial Exposure. If a camera flash goes off in the shot, the quick nature of the flash may only be present for some of the rows of pixels in a given frame. So as an example, the top 1/3 of the picture may be brightly lit by a flash, while the bottom 2/3 of the picture is A photo exhibiting Partial Exposure. Lighting conditions changed between the exposure of the dark and unlit as the time it took for the flash to occur was only top and bottom parts of the photo. sequenced in a short amount of time as the CMOS imager sequences a frame. The difference between the two distinct parts of the frame can look odd. Similar problems can arise with emergency vehicle lights, some fluorescent lighting, or any extreme situation where very fast motion or very fast bursts of light are seen in the time between when the CMOS chip sequentially records a frame. Spatial and temporal aliasing. CCDs (Charge-Coupled Devices) are alternatives to CMOS sensors. CCDs use what is referred to as global shutters which take a single snapshot representing a point of time and do not suffer from these motion artifacts.[2]
Moving car taken with CMOS camera phone exhibits Skew. Distorted rotor blades due to the rolling shutter effect

Rolling shutter

Notes
[1] "Image Sensors - MT9M413C36STC - Aptina Imaging" (http:/ / www. aptina. com/ products/ image_sensors/ mt9m413c36stc/ #overview). Aptina.com. 2008-03-03. . Retrieved 2010-08-21. [2] "To CCD or to CMOS, That is the Question | B&H Photo Video Pro Audio" (http:/ / www. bhphotovideo. com/ find/ newsLetter/ Comparing-Image-Sensors. jsp). Bhphotovideo.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-21.

External links
An example of rolling shutter effects (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVwmtwZLG88)

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

Rolling shutter Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=383317066 Contributors: Algocu, Aqwis, Armadillo7777, Athiril, Ctrlfreak13, EastTN, Fabrictramp, Friday13, Gidovski, Jakerno, Janke, Japerry007, McGeddon, Mikus, Quantumor, RainerBlome, Walterny, Xingbo, 21 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Focalplane shutter distortions.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Focalplane_shutter_distortions.jpg License: Apache Contributors: http://chdk.wikia.com/wiki/User:Keoeeit File:CMOS rolling shutter distortion.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CMOS_rolling_shutter_distortion.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: User:Axel1963 File:Lightning_rolling_shutter.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lightning_rolling_shutter.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Kalleboo

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Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/