Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

UNIT I: INTRODUCTION PART-A 1. What is magnetic circuit? The magnetic circuit is the path of magnetic flux. The mmf of the circuit creates flux in the path by overcoming the reluctance of the path. The equation which relates flux, mmf and reluctance is given by, Flux = MMF / Reluctance 2. What are the constituents of magnetic circuit in rotating machines? The magnetic circuit of rotating machine consists of air-gap, stator and rotor cores, stator and rotor teeth. 3. What is loss curve? The loss curve is a graph showing the relation between iron loss and magnetic field intensity, H. it is used to estimate the iron loss of the magnetic materials and it is supplied by the manufacturers of stampings or laminations. 4. What is leakage flux? The leakage flux is the flux passing through unwanted path. The leakage flux will not help either for transfer or conversion of energy. 5. What is fringing flux? The bulging of magnetic path at the air-gap is called fringing. The fluxes in the bulged portion are called fringing flux. 6. What are the factors which modify the reluctance of air-gap? The reluctance of air-gap is modified by slots, radial ventilating ducts and nonuniform air-gaps. 7. Define total gap contraction factor, Kg The total gap contraction factor, Kg is defined as the ratio of reluctance of slotted armature with ducts and the reluctance of smooth armature without ducts. 8. Define field form factor. The field form factor, Kf is defined as the ratio of average gap density over the pole pitch to maximum flux density in the air-gap. 9. How is total mmf calculated? Total mmf required is calculated using the knowledge of dimensions and configuration of the magnetic circuit. The magnetic circuit is split up into convenient parts which may be connected in series or parallel. The flux density is calculated at every part and mmf per unit length is found from B-at curves. The summation of mmfs in series gives the total mmf. 10. What is the effect of salient poles on the air-gap mmf? In salient pole machines the length of air-gap is not constant over the whole pole pitch. Hence the effective air-gap length is given by Kglg where Kg is the gap contraction factor. Also for calculating mmf, the maximum gap density Bg at the centre of the pole is considered instead of average gap density. MMF for air-gap in salient pole machine = 800,000 BgKglg

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Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

11. What are the problems that arise in estimating the mmf for air gap. The iron surfaces around the air gap are not smooth and hence the calculation of mmf for the air gap by ordinary methods gives wrong results. The problem is complicated by the fact that a) One or both of the iron surfaces around the air gap may be slotted so that the flux tends to concentrate on the teeth rather than distributing itself uniformly over the air gap. b) There are radial ventilating ducts in the machine for cooling purposes which effect in a similar manner as above. c) In salient pole machine, the gap dimensions are not constant over whole of the pole pitch. 12. What are the problems encountered in estimating the mmf for teeth? The problems encountered in estimating the mmf for teeth are 1. The flux density in different section of a tooth is not uniform. 2. The slot provides another parallel path for the flux, shunting the tooth. 13. List the methods used for estimating the mmf for teeth. The following are the three methods used for estimating the mmf for teeth. 1. Graphical method 2. Three ordinate method (Simpsons rule) 3. Bt1/3 method 14. What is real and apparent flux density? The real flux density is due to the actual flux through a tooth. The apparent flux density is due to total flux has to be pass through the tooth. Since some of the flux passes through slot the real flux density is always less than the apparent or total flux density. 15. Mention the different types of specific loadings. 1. Specific magnetic loading 2. Specific electric loading Specific magnetic loading: The average flux density over the air gap of a machine is known as magnetic loading. i.e Bav= (p / DL) or ( / L) Where p --- number of poles --- flux in Wb D ---armature diameter in m L --- Stator core length in m Specific electric loading: The number of armature conductors per metre of armature the air gap is known as specific electric loading. i.e. ac.= ( Iz Z / D ) Define leakage coefficient. It s defined as the ratio of total flux to the useful flux Cl = (useful flux + leakage ) / useful flux. What is leakage reactance voltage? When the leakage flux alternates, it will induce voltage in any winding with which it links. This is known as leakage reactance voltage.

specific

periphery at

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Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

Define specific permeance. Specific permeance is defined as the permeance per unit length (or) depth of field Give the expression for magnetizing current for concentrated windings. The R.M.S value of magnetizing current is found from the following relationship Im=Im(max) / kpk Where kpk peak factor . 16. Name the parts of an electromagnetic rotating electrical machine. Magnetic circuit, electric circuit, dielectric circuit, thermal circuit and mechanical parts. 17. What are the main dimensions of a rotating machine? The main dimensions of a rotating machine are the armature diameter (or) stator bore, D and armature (or) stator core length, L. 18. What is output equation? The equation describing the relationship between output and main dimensions (D and L), specific loadings (Bav and ac) and speed (n) of a machine is known as output equation. 19. Why are digital computers employed in the design of electrical machines? The evolution of design to meet the specified optimum criteria involves long and tedious iterations. This led to the application of fast digital computers to the design of electrical machines. 20. Classify electrical machines. 1. Small size machines (upto 750 W) 2. Medium sixe machines (Few kW to 250 kW) 3. Large size machines (250 kW 5MW) 4. Larger size machines (> 5 MW) 21. Mention any two features involved in the manufacture of electrical machine. a) The use of magnetic materials has a high permeability, low iron loss and high mechanical strength. IT also permit use of high value flux density and therefore results in reduction in size of the machine and promotes extension of power output. b) The other important feature is the trend to build machine which are smaller in size and therefore involve the use of lesser material and at the same time have the same efficiency and overload capacity. 22. Why copper is most widely used? It has high electrical conductivity with excellent mechanical properties and relative immunity from oxidation and corrosion under service conditions. It is highly malleable and ductile. 23. Specify few insulating materials used in modern electrical machines. Mica, Asbestos, Wood, Synthetic Resin, Fibrous Glass, cotton Fibre, Silicones, Slot lining materials, Petroleum based mineral oils 24. Define space factor. It is the ratio of copper area to total winding area. 25. Classify the magnetic materials. Based on the relative permeability, they are classified as Ferromagnetic materials Paramagnetic materials Diamagnetic materials

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Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

PART-B 1. A 350 KW, 500V, 450rpm, 6-pole, dc generator is built with an armature diameter of 0.87m and core length of 0.32m. The lap wound armature has 660 conductors. Calculate the specific electric and magnetic loadings. (6) 2. Calculate the specific electric and magnetic loading of 100 HP, 300V, 3 phase, 50 Hz, 8 pole star connected, flame proof induction motor having stator core length = 0.5 and stator bore = 0.66m. Turns/phase = 286. Assume full load efficiency as 0.938 and pf as 0.86. (6) 3. Calculate the mmf required for one air gap of a dc machine with an axial length of 20 cm (no ducts) and a pole are 18 cm. The slot pitch is 27 mm, slot opening 12 mm, air gap 6 mm and the useful flux per pole 25 mWb. Take carter's coefficient for slot as 0.3. (6) width ws 4. The stator of a machine has a smooth surface but its rotor has open type of slots, slot gap if the carters coefficient = 1/ (1+5lg/ws). There are no radial ducts. (6) 5. Explain the method of determining mmf for airgap of a salient pole machine. 6. Explain about (a). Analysis method (b). Synthesis method. 7. What are standard specifications? Write down the specification of a transformer. 8. (a) Explain the CAD of a induction motor (b) Explain the advantages of the digital computer in design. 9. Explain the CAD of a transformer. 10. Explain finite element method with an example. recent trends in the design. 12. Write short notes on the principle electrical machine design. UNIT II: DC MACHINES PART-A 1. Mention the different modes of operation of a DC machine. a) Generator mode The machine driven by a prime mover with the mechanical power converted into electrical power b) Motor mode The machine drives a mechanical load with the electrical power supplied converted to mechanical power c) Brake mode The machine works as a generator and the electric power developed is either pumped back to the supply as in regenerative braking or is dissipated in the machine as in dynamic braking (11) (11) (11) (7) (7) (11) (5) (6) (5)

= tooth width wt = 12 mm and the length of air gap lg =2 mm. Find the effective length of air

11. Write down the limitations in the design of electrical machine design and also explain the

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Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

2.

List the constructional elements of a dc machine. The major constructional elements of a dc machine are stator, rotor, brushes and brush holders. The various parts of stator and rotor are listed below, Stator- Yoke (or) Frame Rotor Armature core Field pole Armature winding Pole shoe Commutator Field winding Interpole What factor decides the number of turns in a winding? The number of turns in a winding is decided by the emf per turn and flux density. The emf per turn depends on the type of insulation employed. What is the range of specific magnetic loading in dc machine? The usual range of specific magnetic loading in dc machine is 0.4 to 0.8 Wb/m2. What is the range of specific electric loading in dc machine? The usual range of specific electric loading in de machine is 15000 to 50,000 amp.cond./m. What are the factors to be considered for the selection of number of poles in dc machine? The factors to be considered for the selection of number of poles in dc machine are frequency of flux reversals, current / brush arm and armature mmf per pole. What are the parameters that are affected by the number of poles? Weight of iron and copper, length of commutator and dimension of brushes are the parameters affected by number of poles. Why square pole is preferred? If the cross-section of the pole body is square then the length of the mean turn of field winding is minimum. Hence to reduce the copper requirement a square crosssection is preferred for the poles of dc machine. What is square pole and square pole face? In square pole, the width of the pole body is made equal to the length of the armature. In square pole face, the pole arc is made equal to the length of the armature.

3.

4. 5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. What factor decides the minimum number of armature coils? The maximum voltage between adjacent commutator segments decides the minimum number of coils. 11. Define winding pitch. The winding pitch is defined as the distance between the starts of two consecutive coils measured in terms of coil sides. 12. What is back pitch? The distance between top and bottom coil sides of a coil measured around the back of the armature is called the back pitch. The back pitch is measured in terms of coil sides.

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Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

13. What is front pitch? The front pitch is the distance between two coil sides connected to the same commutator segment. It is measured in terms of coil sides. 14. Define commutator pitch. The commutator segment is defined as the distance between the two commutator segments to which the two ends (start and finish) of a coil are connected. It is measured in terms of commutator segment. 15. What is equalizer connection? The equalizer connections are low resistance copper conductors employed in lap winding to equalize the induced emfs in parallel paths. The difference in induced emf in parallel paths is due to slight asymmetry in flux per pole in dc machines. 16. What are the effects of armature reaction? The various effects of armature reaction are reduction in induced emf, increase in iron losses, delayed communication, sparking and ring firing. 17. What is the gap contraction factor for slots (Kgs)? The ratio of reluctance of air gap of slotted armature to reluctance of air gap of smooth armature is called gap contraction factor for slots,Kgs. Kgs =ys / (ys - Kcs ws) Where ys ---Slot pitch in metres Kcs --- Carter`s coefficient for slots ws -- Width of slot in metres 18. Define stacking factor. It is defined as the ratio of actual length of iron in a stack of assembled core plates to total axial length of stack. 19. What is the gap contraction factor for ducts (Kgd)? The ratio of reluctance of air gap with ducts to reluctance of air gap without ducts is known as gap contraction factor for ducts, Kgd. Kgd =L / (L - Kcd wd nd) Where L - length of core in metres Kgd - Carter`s coefficient for ducts wd width of the each ducts in metres nd - number of radial ducts 20. What is Carters gap coefficient? It is the ratio of slot width to gap length. Kcs = 1/(1 + 5lg / ws) where lg is gap length in m and ws is width of slot in m 21. What is total magnetic loading? The total flux around the armature (or stator) periphery at the air gap is called total magnetic loading. Total magnetic loading = p Where p --- Number of poles --- Flux

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Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

22. What is total electric loading? The total number ampere conductor around the armature (or stator) periphery is called total electric loading. Total electric loading = Iz Z Where Iz--- current in each conductor in Ampere Z --- total number of armature or stator conductors 23. Write the expression for mmf of air gap with smooth and slotted armatures. Mmf for air gap with smooth armature is ATg = 800,00 Bg lg Mmf for air gap with slotted armature is ATg = 800,000 Kg Bg lg Where Bg is gap flux density in Tesla lg is gap length is metres 24. The stator of a machine has a smooth surface but its rotor has open type of slots with slot width, w s = tooth width, wt = 12 mm and the length of air gap lg = 2 mm. Find the effective length of air gap if the Carters coefficient = Kcs = 1/(1 + 5lg / ws). There are no radial ducts. Carters coefficient for slots Kcs = Kcs = 1/(1 + 5x2 / 12) = 0.545 Slot pitch ys = ws + wt = 24 mm Gap contraction factor for slots Kgs = ys / (ys - Kcs ws) = 24 / (24 0.545 x 12) = 1.37 Since there are no ducts, gap contraction factor for ducts Kgd = 1. Total gap contraction factor Kg = Kgs Kgd = 1.37 x 1 = 1.37 Hence, Effective gap length = lgs = Kg lg = 1.37 x 2 = 2.74 mm 25. What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific magnetic Flux density in teeth, Frequency of flux reversals, Size of machine loading?

26. What are the factors that influence the choice of specific electric loading? 1. Temperature rise 2. Length of commutator 3. Weight of iron parts 4. Labour charge 5. Weight of copper 6. Flash over and distortion of field form 27. What are the advantages of large length of air gap in DC machine? Larger value of air gap results in lesser noise, better cooling, reduced pole face losses, reduced circulating currents, less distortion of field form and lesser armature reaction. 28. Mention the factors that governing the choice of number of armature slots in DC machine. Slot pitch, slot loading, commutation, suitability for winding, flux pulsations. 29. What are the factors to be considered in the design of commutator? Peripheral speed Voltage between adjacent commutator segments Number of brushes Commutator losses 30. What are the materials used for brushes in DC machines?

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Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

1. Natural graphite 3. Hard carbon

2. Electro graphite 4. Metal graphite

31. Calculate the mmf required for the air gap of machine having core length = 0.l32 m including ducts of 10 mm each, pole arc = 0.19 m, slot pitch = 65.4 mm, slot opening = 5 mm, air gap length = 5 mm, flux per pole = 52 mWb. Given Carters coefficient is 0.18 for opening / gap = 1 and is 0.28 for opening / gap = 2. Ratio = slot opening / gap length = 0.5 / 0.5 = 1 Therefore Carters coefficient Kcs = 0.18 This is a salient pole machine with semi enclosed slots. Gap contraction factor for slots, Kgs = ys / (ys - Kcs ws) = 65.4 / (65.4 0.18 x 5) = 1.104 Duct width / gap length = 1 / 0.5 = 2 Therefore Carters coefficient for ducts, Kcd = 0.28 Gap contraction factor for ducts, Kgd = L / (L - Kcd wd nd) = 0.32 / (0.32 0.28 x 4 x 1 x 10 -3) = 1.036 Total gap contraction factor , Kg= Kgs Kgd = 1.014 x 1.036 = 1.05 Flux density at centre of pole Bg = flux per pole /(pole arc x core length) = (52 x 10-3) / (0.19 x 0.32) = 0.854 Tesla Therefore, Mmf required for air gap ATg = 800,000 Kg lg Lg = 800,000 x 1.05 x 0.854 x 5 x 10-3 = 3587 A 32. Define stacking factor. It is defined as the ratio of actual length of iron in a stack of assembled core plates to total axial length of stack. 33. Mention the factor affecting the size of the rotating machine. The factors that affect the size of the rotating machine are speed and output coefficient. 34. What happens when the value of specific magnetic loading is large? A large value of specific magnetic loading indicates an increased core loss and consequently a decreased efficiency and an increased temperature rise. 35. Compare lap winding and wave winding. Sl. No. Lap winding Wave winding 1. In simplex lab winding, the number In simplex wave winding, the number of of parallel paths is equal to the no. of parallel paths is equal to 2. parallel path. 2. Equalizer connections have to be used for Equalizer connections are not used for simplex lap winding simplex wave winding 36. How is the length of the commutator designed? It is designed based upon the space required by the brushes and upon the space required to dissipate the heat generated by the commutator losses. Length of commutator ,Lc= nb(wb+cb)+c1+c2

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Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

where nb - number of brushes per spindle wb width of the each brush cb - clearance between the brushes and depends up on the construction of the brush holder c1- the clearance allowed for staggering the brushes c2 the clearance for allowing the end play 37. What the losses at the commutator surface? The losses at the commutator surface are the brush contact losses and brush friction losses. 38. Specify the factors that influence the choice of specific electric loading. The factors that influence the choice of specific electric loading are i. Permissible temperature rise and cooling coefficient ii. Size of machine iii. Current density PART-B 1. Define the terms specific electric loading and specific magnetic loading as applied to electrical machines. What are the considerations in the choice of these for D.C machines? 2. Derive an output equation for a D.C machine. 3. Discuss the factors that go into the selection of number of poles for a DC machine. 4. Discuss the total design steps of D.C.machines. Briefly describe each step. 5. Find the main dimensions of a 200KW, 250V, 6 pole, 1000 rpm generator. The maximum value of flux density in the gap is 0.87 Wb/m2 and the ampere conductors per metre of armature periphery are 31000. The ratio of pole arc to pole pitch is 0.67 and the efficiency is 91 percent. Assume the ratio of length of core to pole pitch = 0.75 6. Find the main dimensions and the number of poles of a 37 KW, 230V, 1400 rpm shunt motor so that a square pole face is obtained. The average gap density is 0.5 Wb/m2 and the ampere conductors per metre are 22000. The ratio of pole arc to pole pitch is 0.7 and the full load efficiency is 90 percent. 7. Calculate the main dimensions of a 20Hp, 1000 rpm, 400V, dc motor. Given that bav = 0.37 Wb/m2 and ac = 16000 amp.cond./m. Assume an efficiency of 90%. 8. Determine the diameter and length of armature core for a 55 KW, 110V, 1000 rpm, 4 pole shunt generator, assuming specific electric and magnetic loadings of 26000 amp.cond./m and 05 Wb/m2 respectively. The pole arc should be about 70% of pole pitch and length of core about 1.1 times the pole arc. Allow 10 ampere for the field current and assume a voltage drop of 4 volts for the armature circuit. Specify the winding used and also determine suitable values of the number of armature conductors and number of slots.

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Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

9. A 4 pole, 25 Hp, 500V, 600 rpm series motor has an efficiency of 82%. The pole faces are square and the ratio of pole arc to pole pitch is 0.67. Tak Bav= 0.55 Wb/m2 and ac = 17000 amp.cond./m. Obtain the main dimensions of the core and particulars of a suitable armature winding. 10. A 4-pole, 400 V, 960 rpm, shunt motor has an armature of 0.3 m in diameter and 0.2 m in length. The Commutator diameter is 0.22 m. Give full details of a suitable winding including the number of slots, number of commutator segments and number of conductors in each slot for an average flux density of approximately 0.55 Wb/m2 in the air-gap. 11. Draw the winding diagram in the developed form for a 4-pole, 12 slots simplex lap connected dc generator with commutator having 12 segments. Indicate the position of brushes. 12. Draw the winding diagram in developed form for a simplex lap wound 24 slots, 4 pole dc armature with 24 commutator segments. Show the position of brushes. 13. Draw the winding diagram for a 4-pole, 13 slots, simplex wave connected dc generator with a commutator having 13 segments. The number of coil sides per slot is 2. Indicate the position of brushes. 14. 24. A 4 pole simplex wave wound armature has 25 slots and 25 coils. The commutator has 25 segments. Work out its winding details. 15. Design the shunt field winding of a 6 pole, 440 V, dc generator allowing a drop of 15% in the regulator. The following diesign data are available. MMF per pole = 7200; mean length of turn = 1.2 m; winding depth = 3.5 cm; Watts per sq.m. of cooling surface = 650 16. Design a suitable commutator for a 350 KW, 600 rpm, 440 V, 6 pole dc generator having an armature diameter of 0.75 m. wherever necessary. 17. Determine the total commutator losses for a 1000 KW, 500V, 800 rpm, 10 pole generator. Given that commutator diameter = 1.0 m, current density at brush contact = 75 x 10-3 A.mm2, brush pressure = 14.7 KN/m2, coefficient of friction = 0.28, brush contact drop = 2.2 V. UNIT III: TRANSFORMERS PART-A 1. What is a transformer? Transformer is a static electromagnetic device consisting of two or more windings which link with a common magnetic field. This is used to transform electric power from one circuit to other without changing the frequency. The number of coils is 288. Assume suitable values

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Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

2. What are the constructional elements of a transformer? The constructional elements of a transformer are core, high and low voltage windings, cooling tubes or radiators and tank. 3. How the heat dissipates in a transformer? The heat dissipation in a transformer occurs by Conduction, Convection and Radiation. 4. Give the expression for primary induced voltage in a transformer. Ep = 4.44 f m Tp, [Volts] Where, f is the frequency in Hertz m is the mutual flux in Weber Tp is the number of turns in the primary winding 5. What is the criterion behind designing a winding? The winding design is chosen in such a way that the desired electrical characteristics and adequate mechanical strength is obtained. 6. What are the different types of high voltage windings? The different types of high voltage, windings are: Cylindrical winding with circular conductors Cross-over winding with either circular or small rectangular conductors Continuous disc type winding with rectangular conductors 7. Mention different types of low voltage windings. The different types of low voltage windings are cylindrical winding and helical winding (usually double helical). 8. Define window space factor. Window space factor is defined as the ratio of copper area in the window to the total window area. 9. How is the value of window space factor estimated? Window space factor depends upon the relative amount of insulation and copper provided, which in turn depends upon the voltage rating and output of transformers. The following empirical formula is used for estimating the value of window space factor kw = 10 / (30 + kV) Where kV is the voltage of HV winding in kilo Volt 10. How is the area of window calculated? The area of window is calculated as Area of window, Aw = height of window x width of window = Hw x Ww 11. Give the expression for the window width that gives the maximum output. The width of window which gives the maximum output is, W = D - d = 0.7d in metres Where, D is the distance between adjacent limbs and d is the width occupied by iron

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Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

12. Calculate the kVA output of a single phase transformer from the following data: core height / distance between core centres = 2.8 diameter of circumscribing circle / distance between core centres = 0.56 net iron area / area of circumscribing circle = 0.7 Current density = 2.3 A/mm2, window space factor = 0.27, frequency = 50 Hz, flux density of core = 1.2 wb/m2, distance between core centers = 0.4 m. Solution: Distance between core centre, D = 0.4 m :. Core height (window height), Hw = 2.8 x 0.4 = 1.12 m Diameter of circumscribing circle, d = 0.56 x 0.4 = 0.224 m Width of window, Ww = D - d = 0.4-0.224 = 0.116 m Therefore, Area of window, Aw = Hw x Ww =1.12 x 0.176 = 0.197 m2 Area of circumscribing circle is = d2 / 4 = 0.0394 m2 :. Net iron area, Ai = 0.7 x 0.0394 = 0.276 m2 For a single phase transformer, Q = 2.22 f Bm kw Aw Ai x 10-3, [kVA] = 2.22 x 50 x 1.2 x 0.27 x 2.3 x 106 x 0.197 x 0.276 x 10-3 = 450 kVA 13. The ratio of flux to full load mmf in a 400 kVA, 50 Hz, single phase core type power transformer is 2.4 x 10-6. Calculate the net iron area and the window area of the transformer. Maximum flux density in the core is 1.3 Wb/m2, current density 2.7 A/mm2 and window space factor is 0.26. Also calculate the full load mmf. Solution: K = 4.44 f ( m/AT)103 = 4.44 x 50 x 2.4 x 10-6 x 103 = 0.732 Voltage per turn, Et = kQ = 0.732400 = 14.64 V :. Flux. m = Et / 4.44 f = 14.64 / 4.44 x 50 = 0.066 Wb Net iron area = Ai = m / Bm = 0.066 / 1.3 = 0.0507 m2 Window area of 1 transformer, Aw = Q / (2.22 f Bm kw Ai x 10-2) = 400 / (2.22 x 50 x 1.3 x 0.26 x 2.7 x 106 x 0.0507 x 10-3) = 0.0777 m2 Full load mmf, AT = m / 2.4 x 10-6 = 0.066 / 2.4 x 10-6 = 27,500 A

14.

Calculate the core and window areas of 400 kVA, 1 , 50 Hz, core type power transformer. The following data may be assumed: Ratio of weight of iron to weight of copper = 4, Ratio of length of mean turn of copper to length of mean flux path = 0.5, maximum flux density = 1.5 Wb/m2, current density = 2.2 A/mm2 density of copper = 8.9 x 103 kg/m3, density of iron = 7.8 x 103 kg/m3, copper space factor = 0.12. Solution: C = {(Lmt gc x 103) / (2.22 li gi)}1/2 = { (0.5 x 8.9 x 103) / (2.22 x 7.65 x 103) }1/2 = 16 Net iron area Ai = C x { (Q x Gi) / (f Bm Gc)}1/2 = 0.0478 m2 Window area, Aw = Q / (2.22 f Bm kw Ai x 10-3) = 400 / 2.22 x 50 x 1.5x 0.12 x 2.2 x 106 x 0.0498 x 10-3 = 0.183 m2 15. Derive an expression for the resistance of the winding. .

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Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

1 windings

Let

length of primary and secondary respectively, in m rp, rs = resistance of primary and secondary windings respectively, in Therefore rp = e TpLmtp / ap and rs = e. TsLmts / as Total I2R loss in Windings, Pc = I p2 rp + Is 2rs :. Total resistance (per phase) of transformer referred to primary side Rp = Pc / Ip 2 = rp + (Is / Ip)2 rs = rp + (Tp / Ts)2 rs Hence, per unit resistance, r = IpRp / Vp 16.

Lmtp,

Lmts

How is the leakage reactance of the winding estimated? It is estimated primarily by estimating the distribution of leakage flux and the resulting flux leakages of the primary and secondary windings. The distribution of the leakage flux depends upon the geometrical configuration of the coils and the neighbouring iron masses and also on the permeability later. 17. What are the components of no load current of transformer? The no load current, Io consists of two components: i. Magnetizing current, Im ii. Loss component Il and its value is given by Io = Im2 + Il2 18. Give the expression for magnetizing current. The magnetizing current is given by, Im = (magnetizing VA/kg x weight of core)/(number of phases x voltage phase) Solution Net iron area Ai = 0.9 x 2.5 x l0-3 = 2.25 x l0-3 m2 We have, Ep = 4.44 f mTp = 4.44 f Bm Ai Tp Bm = 400 / (4.44 x 50 x 2.25 x 10-3 x 800) = 1.0 Wb /m2 :. Flux in the core = BmAi = 1 x 2.25 x 10-3 = 2:25 x 10-3 Wb Magnetizing mmf ATo = reluctance x flux = li m / ( A) = li Bm / ( r o) = 2.5 x 1 / (1000 x 4 x x 10-7) = 1980 A Magnetizing current, Im = ATo / 2Tp = 1980 / 2 x 800 = 1.75 A Volume of core = 2.25 x 10-3 x 2.5 = 5.625 x 10-3 m3 Weight of core = 5.625 x 10-3 x 7.8 X 103 = 43.8 kg Iron loss = 2.6 x 43.8 = 144 W Loss component of no load current, Il = Pi / V = 114 / 400 = 0.285 A :. No load current, Io = (1. 75)2 + (0.285)2 = 1. 77 A 19. What is the path of heat flow in transformers? The path of heat flow in transformers are: i. From the internal most heated spots of a given part (of core or winding) to their outer surfaces in contact with the coil. ii. From the outer surface of a given transformer part to the oil that cools it. iii.From the oil to the walls of a cooler, for instance, of the tank. Iv.From the walls of the cooler to the cooling medium, air or water. In (i), the heat is transferred by conduction. In (ii) and (iii) the heat is transferred by convection of the oil. In (iv), the heat is dissipated by both convection and radiation..

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Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

20.

Why cooling tubes are provided? Cooling tubes are provided to increase heat dissipating area of the tank.

21. How the heat dissipation is improved by the provision of cooling tubes? The cooling tubes will improve the circulation of oil. The circulation of oil is due to more effective pressure heads produced by columns of oil in tubes. The improvement in cooling is accounted by taking the specific heat dissipation due to convection as 30% more than that without tubes. 22. What are the factors to be considered for selecting the cooling method of a transformer? The choice of cooling method depends on kVA rating of transformer, size, application and the site condition where it has to be installed.

23. Write the expression for temperature rise in plain walled tanks. The temperature rise, = total loss / (specific heat dissipation x heat dissipating surface of the tank) = Pi +Pc / 12.5st where, Pi = iron loss and Pc = copper loss st = heat dissipating surface of the tank 24. Why plain walled tanks are not used for large output transformers? The plain walled tanks are not used for large output transformers as they are not sufficient to dissipate losses. This is because volume and hence losses increase as cube of linear dimensions while the dissipating surface increases, as the square of linear dimensions. Thus an increase in rating results in an increase in loss to be dissipated per unit area giving a higher temperature rise. 25. List the different methods of cooling of transformers. The different methods of cooling of transformers are: a) Air natural b) Air blast c) Oil natural d) Oil natural - air forced e) Oil natural - water forced 26. Why is transformer oil used as a cooling medium? When transformer oil is used as a coolant, the heat dissipation by convection is 10 times more than the convection due to air. Hence the transformer oil is used as a coolant. Specific heat dissipation by convection due to air = 8 W/m2- oC Specific heat dissipation by convection due to oil = 80 to 100 W/m2- oC 27. Give the expression for specific heat dissipation due to convection of oil. The specific heat dissipation due to convection of oil is given by, conv = 40.3 ( / H )1/4 W/m2- oC where, = Temperature difference of the surface relative to oil, C H = Height of dissipating surface, m 28. Mention the important characteristics desirable in transformer oil. The important characteristics of transformer oil are : d) Electric strength e) Resistance to emulsion

Dept. of EEE, SMVEC,Madagadipet Prepared by D.Raja

Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

f) g) h) i) PART-B 1. 2. 3. 4.

Viscosity Purity Flash point Sludge formation

Derive the output equation of single phase and three phase transformers. Explain the procedure for calculating the temperature rise of a transformer with (i) Plain walled tanks and (ii) tank with tubes. How do you estimate the no load current of a 3 phase transformer. Discuss the procedure for designing the core and yoke of a transformer.

5. A single phase, 400 V, 50 Hz transformer is built from stampings having a relative permeability of 1000.The length of the flux path is 2.5 m, the area of cross section of the core is 2.5 x l0 -3 m2 and the primary winding has 800 turns. Estimate the maximum flux and no load current of the transformer. The iron loss at the working, flux density is 2.6 W/kg. Iron weights 7.8 x 10 3 kg/m3. Stacking factor is 0.9. 6. Calculate the core and window areas required for a 1000 KVA, 6600/400 V, 50 Hz, single phase core type transformer. Assume a maximum flux density of 1.25 Wb/m2 and a current density of 2.5 A/mm2. Voltage/turn = 30 V. Window space factor = 0.32 7. Estimate the main dimensions including winding conductor area of a 3=phase, -y core type transformer rated at 300 KVA, 6600/440 V, 50 Hz. A suitable core with 3-steps having a circumscribing circle of 0.25 m diameter and a leg spacing of 0.4 m is available. Emf/turn = 8.5V, =2.5 A/mm2 Kw=0.28, Sf=0.9 (stacking factor). 8. A-3phase, 50 Hz oil cooled core type transformer has the following dimensions : Distance between core centers = 0.2 m. Height of window = 0.24 m Diameter of circumscribing circle = 0.14 m. The flux density in the core = 1.25 Wb/ m2. The current density in the conductor = 2.5 A/mm2. Assume a window space factor of 0.2 and the core area factor = 0.56. The core is 2-stepped. Estimate KVA rating of the transformer. 9. Determine the dimensions of core and window for a 5 KVA, 50 Hz, 1-phase, core type transformer. A rectangular core is used with long side twice as long as short side. The window height is 3 times the width. Voltage per turn = 1.8 V. Space factor = 0.2, = 1.8 A/mm2, Bm = 1 Wb/m2 10. Determine the dimension of the core, the number of turns, the cross- section area of conductors in primary and secondary windings of a 100 KVA, 2200/480 V, 1-phase, core type transformer, to operate at a frequency of 50Hz, by assuming the following data. Approximate Volt/turn= 7.5 Volt. Maximum flux density = 1.2 Wb/m2. Ratio of effective cross-sectional

Dept. of EEE, SMVEC,Madagadipet Prepared by D.Raja

Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

area of core to square of diameter of circumscribing circle is 0.6. Ratio of height to width of window is 2. Window space factor = 0.28. Current density = 2.5 A/mm2. 11. Calculate the dimension of the core, the number of turns and cross-sectional area of conductors in the primary and secondary windings of a 100 KVA, 2300/400V, 50hz, 1-phase shell type transformer. Ratio of magnetic and electric loadings equal to 480x10 -8 (i.e. flux and secondary mmf at full load). Bm = 1.1 Wb/m2, = 2.2 A/mm2, kw= 0.3, Stacking factor = 0.9 Depth of stacked core = 2.6 Width of central limb 12. Height of window = 2.5 Width of window

The tank of 1250 KVA, natural oil cooled transformer has the dimensions length, width and

height as 1.55 x 0.65 x 1.85 m respectively. The full load loss = 13.1 KW, loss dissipation due to radiations = 6 W/m2-0C, loss dissipation due to convection = 6.5 W/m2-0C, Improvement in convection due to provision to tubes = 40 %, Temperature rise = 400C, Length of each tube = 1 m, Diameter of tube = 50 mm. Find the number of tubes for this transformer. Neglect the top and bottom surface of the tank as regards the cooling. 13. A 250 KVA, 6600/400 v, 3-phase core type transformer has a total loss of 4800 watts on full load. The transformer tank is 1.25 m in height and 1m x 0.5 m in plan. Design a suitable scheme for cooling tubes if the average temperature rise is to be limited to 350 C. The diameter of the tube is 50 mm and are spaced 75 mm from each other. The average height of the tube is 1.05 m. UNIT IV: INDUCTION MOTORS PART-A 1. List the constructional elements of squirrel cage induction motor. The constructional elements of squirrel cage induction motor are, Stator Frame Rotor Rotor core Stator core Rotor bars Stator winding End ring 2. List the constructional elements of slip-ring induction motor. The constructional elements of squirrel cage induction motor are, Stator Frame Rotor Rotor core Stator core - Rotor bars Stator winding - Slip rings 3. What are the main dimensions of induction motor? The main dimensions of induction motor are stator core internal diameter and stator core length.

Dept. of EEE, SMVEC,Madagadipet Prepared by D.Raja

Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

4.

Why wound rotor construction is adopted? The wound rotor has the facility of increasing the rotor resistance through slip-rings. Higher values of rotor resistance are needed during starting to get a high value of starting torque. What is rotating transformer? The principle of operation of induction motor is similar to that a transformer. The stator winding is equivalent to primary of a transformer and the rotor winding is equivalent to short circuited secondary of a transformer. In transformer the secondary is fixed but in induction motor it is allowed to rotate. What type of starter cannot be used for squirrel-cage motors? The starter which cannot be used for squirrel cage motor is rotor resistance starter. What are the materials used for slip-rings and brushes in induction motor? The slip-rings are made of brass on phosphor bronze. The brushes are made of metal graphite which is an alloy of copper and carbon. What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific magnetic loading? The choice of specific magnetic loading depends on power factor, iron loss and over load capacity. What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific electric loading? The choice of specific electric loading depends on copper loss, temperature rise, voltage rating and over load capacity. How the induction motor can be designed for best power factor? For best power factor the pole pitch, is chosen such that, = 0.18L. What are the different types of stator windings in induction motor? The different types of stator windings are mush winding, lap winding and wave winding. What is full pitch and short pitch or chording? When the coil span is equal to pole pitch (180e). The winding is called full pitched winding. When the coil span is less than the pole pitch (180e). The winding is called short pitched or chorded. Why short chorded windings are employed in induction motor? For short chorded windings the length of mean tum will be lesser than the full pitch coils. Hence it results in reduction of copper. Also the short chorded windings eliminates certain harmonic magnetic fields. What types of slots are preferred in induction motor? Semi enclosed slots are preferred for induction motor. It results in less air gap contraction factor giving a small value of magnetizing currents,

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Dept. of EEE, SMVEC,Madagadipet Prepared by D.Raja

Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

low tooth pulsation loss and much quieter operation (less noise). 15. What is slot space factor? The slot space factor is the ratio of conductor (or copper) area per slot and slot area. It gives an indication of the space occupied by the conductors and the space available for insulation. The slot space factor for induction motor varies for 0.25 to 0.4. Write the expression for length of mean turn of stator winding. Length of mean turn of stator, Lmts = 2L + 2.3 + 0.24

16.

17. Which part of induction motor has maximum flux density? What is the maximum value of flux density in that part? The teeth of the stator and rotor core will have maximum flux density. The maximum value of flux density in the teeth is 1.7 Wb/m2. 18. What are the factors to be considered for estimating the length of air-gap in induction motor? The following factors are to be considered for estimating the length of air-gap. 1. Power factor 2. Overload capacity 3. Pulsation loss 4. Unbalanced magnetic pull 5. Cooling 6. Noise 19. What are the advantage and disadvantage of larger air gap length in induction motor? Advantages: A larger air gap length results in higher over load capacity, better cooling, reduction in noise and reduction in unbalanced magnetic pull. Disadvantages: Large air gap length is that it results in high value of magnetizing current. List the undesirable effects produced by certain combination of rotor and stator slots. The following problems may develop in induction motor with certain combination of rotor and stator slots. The motor may refuse to start, (cogging) The motor may run at sub synchronous speed (crawling) Severe vibration may develop and the noise will be excessive. What is harmonic induction torque? Harmonic induction torques are the torques produced by harmonic fields due to stator winding and slots. What are the methods adopted to reduce harmonic torques? The methods used for reduction or elimination of harmonic torques are chording, integral slot winding, skewing and increasing the length of air-gap. What are the different types of windings used for rotor of induction motor? The different types of windings employed in induction motor rotor are

20. 1. 2. 3. 21.

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Dept. of EEE, SMVEC,Madagadipet Prepared by D.Raja

Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

mesh winding the double layer bar type winding. 24. List the method to improve the power factor of an induction motor. By reducing the magnetizing current and leakage reactance. The magnetizing current can be reduced by reducing the length of air gap. The leakage reactance can be reduced by reducing the depth of stator & rotor slots, by providing short chorded winding and reducing the overhang in stator winding. Give the expression for rotor bar current. Rotor bar current, Ib = (6 Is Ts Kws cos) / Sr Where Is -stator current / phase Ts stator turns /phase Sr number of rotor slots.

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What is the maximum value of end ring current? The maximum value of end ring current Ie (max) = bars / pole current / bar 2 = Sr Ib(max) 2P Write the expression for rotor current. The rotor current is given as Ir = 0.85 Is Ts / Tr Where Ts stator turns / phase Is -stator current / phase Tr- Rotor turns / phase How the induction motor designed for best power factor? For the best power factor the pole pitch , is chosen such that , = 0.18L PART-B 1. Derive an expression for the output equation of induction motor. 2. Explain why the air gap of an induction motor is made as small as possible. 3. State and discuss the factors, which influence the ratio of length to diameter of the armature core of a 3phase induction motor

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Estimate the no load current of a three phase induction motor Explain the factors on which specific loadings are selected. What are the considerations in choosing the number of rotor slots for a cage induction Motor? Discuss. Explain the constructional details of a three phase induction motor. Design a starting winding of a single phase induction motor. Design a running winding of a single phase induction motor.

Dept. of EEE, SMVEC,Madagadipet Prepared by D.Raja

Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

10.

Determine the approximate diameter and length of stator core, the number of stator slots

and the number of conductors for a 11 KW, 400V, 3 , 4-pole, 1425 rpm, delta connected induction motor. Bav = 0.45 Wb/m2, ac=23000 amp. Cond/m, full load efficiency = 0.85, pf = 0.88, L/ = 1. The stator employs a double layer winding. 11. Estimate the stator core dimensions, number of stator slots and number of stator conductors per slot for a 100 KW, 300 V, 50 Hz, 12 pole, star connected slip ring induction motor. Bav= 0.4 Wb/m2, ac = 25000 amp.cond/m, = 0.9, pf = 0.9. Choose main dimensions to give best power factor. The slot loading should not exceed 500 amp. Conductors. 12. Determine the D and L of a 70 Hp, 415V, 3-phase, 5-Hz, star connected, 6 pole induction motor for which ac = 30000 amp.cond/m and Bav = 0.51 wb/m2. Take = 90 % and pf = 0.91. Assume = L. Estimate the number of stator conductors required for a winding in which the conduxtors are connected in 2-parallel paths. Choose a suitable number of conductors/ slots, so that the slot loading does not exceed 750 amp. cond. 13. Estimate the main dimensions, air-gap length, stator slots, stator turns per phase and cross 15 HP, 400 V, 6 pole, 50 Hz, 975 sectional area of stator and rotor conductors for a 3-phase, amp.cond/m, L\ = 0.85, = 0.9, pf = 0.85 14. Design a cage rotor for a 40 HP, 3-phase, 400V,50 Hz, 6 pole, delta connected induction motor having a full load of 87% and a full load pf of 0.85. Take D = 33 cm and L = 17 cm. Stator slots 54, conductors/slot = 14. Assume suitable the missing data if any.

rpm, induction motor. The motor is suitable for star delta starting. Bav = 0.45 Wb/m2, ac = 20000

UNIT V: ALTERNATORS PART-A 1. Name the two types of synchronous machines. Based on construction the synchronous machines may be classified as, 1. Salient pole machines. 2. Cylindrical rotor machines. 2. What is runaway speed? The runaway speed is defined as the speed which the prime mover would have, if it is suddenly unloaded, when working at its rated load. What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific magnetic loading? The factors to be considered for the choice of specific magnetic loading are 1. Iron loss 2. Temperature rise 3. Voltage rating 4. Synchronous reactance 5. Stray load losses

3.

Dept. of EEE, SMVEC,Madagadipet Prepared by D.Raja

Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

4.

What are the two types of poles used in salient pole machines? The two types of poles used in salient pole machines are Round poles and Rectangular poles. List the factors to be considered for the choice of number of slots are 1. Balanced winding 2. Cost 3. Host spot temperature in winging 4. Leakage reactance 5. Tooth losses6. Tooth flux density. What is the limiting factor for the diameter of synchronous machine? The limiting factor for the diameter of synchronous machine is the peripheral speed. The limiting value of peripheral speed is 175 m/sec for cylindrical rotor machines and 80m/sec for salient pole machines. Write the expression for air-gap length in cylindrical rotor machine. Length of air-gap, lg = 0.5 (SCR)(ac) Kf x 10-6 KgBav What is Short Circuit Ratio (SCR)? The Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) is defined as the ratio of field current required to produce rated voltage on open circuit to field current required to circulate rated current at short circuit. It is also given by the reciprocal of synchronous reactance, Xd in p.u (per unit). For turbo alternators SCR is normally between 0.5 to 0.7. for salient pole alternator SCR varies from 1.0 to 1.5. What is magnetization curve? The magnetization curve is a graph showing the relation between the magnetic field intensity, H and the flux density, B of a magnetic material. It is used to estimate the mmf required for flux path in the magnetic material and it is supplied by the manufacturers of stampings or laminations. What is leakage flux? The leakage flux is the flux passing through unwanted path. The leakage flux will not help either for transfer or conversion of energy. What is leakage coefficient? The leakage coefficient is defined as the ratio of total flux to useful flux. Leakage coefficient, Cl = Total flux Useful flux What are the differences between leakage flux and fringing flux? The leakage flux is not useful for energy transfer or conversion. But the fringing flux is useful flux. The leakage flux flows in the unwanted path. But the fringing flux flows in the magnetic path. The effect of leakage flux on machine performance is accounted by leakage reactance. The fringing flux increases the slot reactance. PART-B

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Dept. of EEE, SMVEC,Madagadipet Prepared by D.Raja

Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

1. Determine for a 250 KVA, 1100 V, 12 pole, 500 rpm, 3-phase alternator(1) air gap diameter, (2) core length, (3) Number of stator conductors, (4) Number of stator slots and (5) cross-section of stator conductors. Assuming average gap density as 0.6 Wb/m2 and specific electric loading of 30,000 amp cond/m. L/ = 1.5. 2. Determine the output coefficient for a 1500 KVA, 2200 volt, 3-phase, 10-pole, 50 Hz, star connected alternator with sinusoidal flux density distribution. The winding has 600 phase spread and full pitch coils. ac = 30000 amp.cond/m, Bav = 0.6 Wb/m2. If the peripheral speed of the rotor must not exceed 100 m/sec and the ratio pole pitch to core length is to be between 0.6 and 1, find D and L. Assume an air gap length of 6 mm. Find also the approximate number of stator conductors. 3. Deduce an expression for the output equation of a synchronous machine (alternator). 4. (a) What is a short circuit ratio as connected with synchronous machines? Mention the usual values and also explain how this ratio affect the cost and performance of an alternator. (b) In the case of alternators how to decide the length of air gap? 5. Explain the choice of specific magnetic and electric loadings of synchronous machines. 6. Explain the design aspects of damper winding for alternator. 7. Discuss the factors leading to the choice of length of air gap in alternator design. 8. The following is the design data available for a 1250KVA. 3 pahse, 50Hz, 3300V star connected, 330 rpm alternator of salient pole type: Stator bore D=19m; Stator core length L=0.335m; single layer concentric winding with 5 conductors per slot, short circuit ratio =1.2. Assume that the distribution of gap flux is rectangular under the pole arc with zero values in the interpolar region. Calculate (1) specific magnetic loading (2) armature mmf per pole (3) gap density over pole (4) air gap length. mmf required for air gap is 0.88 of no load field mmf and the gap concentration factor is 1.15. 9. Determine for a 250KVA, 12 pole, 1100V, 500 rpm, 3-phase alternator i) air gap diameter ii) core length iii) no. of stator conductors iv) no. of stator slots v) cross section of stator conductors. Assume average gap density as 0.6wb/m2 and the specific electric loading 30,000 a.c/m. Assume L/ = 1.5

Dept. of EEE, SMVEC,Madagadipet Prepared by D.Raja

Lecture notes Electrical Machine Design

10. Determine suitable stator dimensions for a 500KVA, 50Hz, 3, alternator to run at 375 rpm. Take mean gap density over the pole pitch as 0.55T, the electric loading as 250 amp. conductors per cm and assume a peripheral speed not exceeding 35m/s. 11. A 500KVA, 3.3kV, 50Hz, 600 rpm, 3 Phase salient pole alternator ahs 200 turns per phase. Estimate the length of the air gap if the average flux density is 0.55T, the ratio of pole arc to pole pitch is 0.65, short circuit ratio is 1.5, gap expansion factor is 1.15, mmf required for the gap is 80% of no0 load field mmf and the winding factor is 0.955.

Dept. of EEE, SMVEC,Madagadipet Prepared by D.Raja