Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West Chapter 14 1. English coffeehouses were A.

important places to discuss politics and society. B. patronized only by aristocrats because coffee was so expensive. C. strictly regulated by the government. D. slow to catch on in London but were highly popular in smaller towns. 2. Colonial farmers shipped to Europe large quantities of all of the following products except A. coffee. B. wool. C. sugar. D. tobacco. 3. Which of the following statements about the Atlantic slave trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is not true? A. Before 1675, most African slaves were sent to Brazil, but within a quarter of a century, half were being shipped to the Caribbean. B. The plantation economy in North America absorbed a vast number of slaves, reaching its height in the second half of the eighteenth century. C. By the time the slave trade began to wind down, in the mid-nineteenth century, some five million Africans had been sold as slaves in the Americas. D. Most slaves from Africa's west coast were sold to European traders by other Africans who had captured them through warfare or kidnapping. 4. The slave trade had a lasting impact on Europe because it A. encouraged many more Europeans to go to the colonies to find work. B. put many European farmers out of business by undercutting their prices. C. permanently altered consumption patterns for ordinary people. D. introduced African products and goods into Europe for the first time. 5. By the eighteenth century, many Europeans began to try to provide a rationale for the institution of slavery based predominantly on A. religious grounds, as many asserted that African heathens deserved to be enslaved. B. Africans' purported mental inferiority. C. historical precedent, pointing to slavery as a natural practice that dated as far back as ancient Greece and the Roman empire. D. the claim that contact with European religion and culture, coupled with hard work, had an edifying, or civilizing, effect on so-called primitive peoples. 6. Children of Spanish men and Indian women were called A. mestizos. B. caballeros. C. quilombos.

D. oroonokos. 7. After some 200 years of tolerance and even support, the English and Dutch governments suddenly tried to stamp out piracy around 1700 because A. it became increasingly hard to retain maritime personnel for the unpleasant work on slave ships when sailors had the option of a more lucrative life as pirates. B. Protestant governments in particular began to look upon their association with such criminal elements as antithetical to cherished Christian values. C. the presence of an increasing number of women travelers gave rise to a concomitant public clamor demanding that they be protected from possible contact with pirates. D. English, Dutch, and French bands of sailors began to form their own associations of pirates, especially in the Caribbean, where they preyed on everyone's shipping regardless of national origin. 8. European contact with China was limited because A. European traders realized that the goods produced by China were not worth enough to make the long voyage economically feasible. B. the Chinese distrusted the European barbarians and allowed them to trade only in the city of Guangzhou but nowhere else. C. European traders discovered that they could purchase cheaper and better-quality silks and spices in India. D. the Chinese banned all European traders once they learned that Westerners were also trading with China's mortal enemy, Japan. 9. Demographic historians speak of a population explosion beginning in the seventeenth century, which they attribute to all of the following factors except A. a rise in the birthrate. B. the disappearance of plague after 1720. C. improved agricultural techniques. D. better weather conditions. 10. The birth and growth of a European consumer society succeeded despite A. attacks by writers and intellectuals who claimed that humans were becoming gluttonous animals. B. efforts by monarchs to stop the flood of imports in order to protect local producers. C. wildly fluctuating prices for new consumer products and exotic foods. D. the reluctance of producers in colonial lands to sell commodities at enforced low prices. 11. Historians emphasize that what came to be called Britain's agricultural revolution in the 1700s cannot be attributed to A. the selective breeding of animals. B. the planting of fodder crops, such as clover and turnips, instead of field rotation. C. the invention of new machinery. D. an increase in the amount of land under cultivation.

12. Historians describe the English peasantry as virtually disappearing in the eighteenth century as a result of A. immigration to the New World. B. a massive shift in the English economy to industrial production and manufacturing, which lured young men away from the countryside. C. cheap agricultural imports from the English colonies, with which individual English peasants could not compete. D. the enclosure movement. 13. The eighteenth century witnessed an impressive upsurge in the production of books, pamphlets, and newspapers, along with a concomitant rise in literacy rates that was most evident in A. Spain and Portugal. B. Scandinavia, Scotland, and parts of Switzerland. C. the German states of the Holy Roman Empire. D. France. 14. Why was it so significant that the British government decided to allow the licensing system to lapse in 1695? A. Catholics no longer had to register with the government, so this was a significant step toward religious toleration. B. Ending prepublication censorship of printed books and other materials encouraged expansion of literate society. C. Restrictions on coffeehouses and taverns that had kept them from renting out their premises for any kind of political meetings were lifted, thus promoting political debate. D. Merchants and traders no longer had to register their corporations with the government, creating a dramatic expansion in the stock market. 15. George Frederick Handel's (16851759. oratorio Messiah explored a religious theme with operatic drama by using a large chorus and new musical combinations A. that upset the bishop of London, who felt that the music's theatricality was inappropriate for a biblical subject. B. that he introduced for the first time into Italy. C. that he wrote as an accompaniment to church litwurgy. D. through which he consciously strove to touch the emotions of the new concert-going public. 16. In England, Eliza Haywood was one of a number of eighteenth-century women who showed that they could succeed as A. proprietors of coffeehouses. B. merchants selling tea and coffee. C. newspaper reporters. D. authors of novels.

17. The seventeenth-century Protestant revival known as Pietism, which became popular in the German Lutheran states, the Dutch Republic, and Scandinavia, A. promoted a fatalist belief in the imminent end of the corrupt and evil world by fire. B. rejected all congregational or group functions, churches, or clerics, advocating a deeply private, individualist form of prayer and devotion. C. encouraged an intense emotionalism, even ecstasy, in religious worship as well as participation in daily catechism instruction and frequent prayer meetings. D. advocated intense Bible study and the use of reason to suppress unruly emotions and impulses. 18. In the Peace of Utrecht (17131714), Philip, duke of Anjou, was finally recognized as the new king of Spain by Europe's great powers but was forced to A. repress revolts in Andalusia and Aragon, which had all opposed him as the French interloper. B. cancel his plans to marry the Habsburg archduchess Maria Theresa, so as to allay French fears of a Habsburg revival in the western Mediterranean. C. provide massive reparations payments, paid in New World silver, to the French and Habsburg monarchies. D. renounce any future claim to the French throne and cede Spain's territories in Italy and the Netherlands. 19. Louis XIV's successor, the duke of Orlans (16741723), and regent to the future Louis XV, took immediate steps to shore up France's crumbling finances by A. doubling the land tax, leading to widespread protests in rural areas throughout the kingdom. B. canceling plans for further colonial expeditions in the New World. C. founding a state bank to help the government service its debt, only to see it crash within a few months in the wake of a speculative bubble. D. imposing high tariffs on British agricultural imports, particularly wool and cotton textiles. 20. Following the deaths of William and Mary and their successor, Anne (Mary's sister), the English turned to which dynastic house for their next ruler, King George I (r. 17141727)? A. The Austrian Habsburgs B. The German House of Hanover C. The French Bourbons D. The Dutch House of Orange 21. In the Act of Union of 1707, Scottish Protestant leaders abolished the Scottish Parliament and instead agreed to obey the Parliament of Great Britain A. because they feared Jacobitism. B. following Queen Anne's successful suppression of a Scottish-Catholic revolt. C. thus making official the shift in power that had occurred long before. D. when Queen Anne promised them sinecures and seats as peers in the House of Lords.

22. The legacy of Sir Robert Walpole (16761745. can be described as the establishment of A. a professional British diplomatic service with the creation of the office of foreign secretary and an extensive network of embassies around the world. B. the first public elementary school system in Europe. C. an enduring pattern of parliamentary government in which leading ministers from the majority party guide legislation through the House of Commons. D. the first, albeit rudimentary, social security system in the Western world. 23. Irish Catholics became a persecuted majority in their own country when William III defeated the deposed Catholic king James's Irish supporters in 1689 and A. abolished the Irish Parliament, forcing Ireland under the rule of the English Parliament from which Irish Catholics were excluded. B. set up a permanent military presence in the north, effectively reducing Ireland to the status of a protectorate. C. began to forcibly repatriate Irish Catholic leaders to English colonies in the New World and India. D. the Protestant-controlled Irish Parliament passed a series of anti-Catholic laws. 24. The Dutch were unable to do much about the decline in their share of Baltic trade because A. they did not have adequate technology to keep their Baltic ports from silting shut. B. their domestic supplies of raw materials, which they depended on to keep their prices low, were nearly exhausted by 1720. C. Peter the Great threatened to invade any of his neighbors who traded with any country but Russia. D. all of the major Baltic countries began to restrict imports of manufactured goods in order to protect their own industries. 25. Russian tsar Peter the Great's imposition of a Table of Ranks in 1722 A. divided the Russian nobility up into compulsory military, administrative, and judicial service categories. B. created a complex hierarchy of the Russian courtiers in his court as a means of regulating their frequently bloody competition for high office. C. upset the fledgling entrepreneurial class in Russia, encouraging a damaging drain of talent to the West. D. upset the leaders of the Russian Orthodox church, as it placed the tsar above the patriarch in both secular and religious matters. 26. In Peter the Great's quest to make Russia great, all of the following measures were taken except A. the founding of laboratories, technical schools, and a Russian Academy of Sciences. B. the emancipation of the Russian peasantry from a state of virtual slavery with the prohibition of the serf system. C. the translation into Russian of many western European classics and the introduction of Arabic numerals.

D. the publication of the first public newspaper. 27. Peter the Great was determined to Westernize his country, and one of the most significant steps in that direction was A. appointing a chief minister who managed court affairs, made political appointments, and oversaw mercantile policy. B. making up for the lack of a Russian middle class by encouraging noblewomen to become involved in science, education, and trade. C. undertaking extensive colonization efforts in Africa to obtain the raw materials that provided so much of western Europe's wealth. D. founding the new technical and scientific schools that were run by Western officials. 28. By 1740, the European state with the highest proportion of men at arms1 of every 28 peoplewas A. Great Britain. B. Russia. C. France. D. Prussia. 29. In his campaign for greater toleration, French Huguenot refugee Pierre Bayle (1647 1706. published his Historical and Critical Dictionary, which A. strove to highlight Protestantism's superiority vis--vis Catholicism and the injustice of its suppression in France. B. included an analysis of the non-Christian philosophies of Plato and Aristotle, so as to reveal superior aspects of their theories. C. listed the errors and delusions of an entire host of writers on religion in an effort to show that religions must be held accountable to reason. D. was an attempt to offer clear definitions of commonly used religious terminology that Bayle felt was too often misunderstood, a contributing factor to religious intolerance. 30. After Voltaire's Letters Concerning the English Nation was published in the early 1730s, the French government ordered his arrest because the book A. suggested that Voltaire had acted as a spy for England during the War of Polish Succession. B. argued that the Anglican churchand Protestantism in generalwas more clearly based on scientific principles than was Catholicism. C. praised the British government's toleration and flexibility as a way of condemning the French government. D. ridiculed Louis XV, his mistresses, and the entire French court. 31. Montesquieu's Persian Letters, anonymously published in the Dutch Republic in 1721, is an example of A. books that responded to the new European interest in exotic plants and flowers. B. travel accounts that took an intolerant view of non-Christian countries.

C. political critiques of European politics and society that were disguised as travel accounts. D. the way letters written on a foreign journey could be turned into a best-seller. 32. Mary Astell (16661731. was one of the best known of the women authors in the late seventeenth century, whose work challenged the subservient roles traditionally ascribed to women. In 1694, she published A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, which A. advocated the founding of private women's colleges. B. called for sweeping reforms of English divorce and inheritance laws. C. argued for the establishment of writers' colonies where women could work in peace, free from the constraints of men and family. D. called for the widespread adoption of contraception and other family planning measures as a way of empowering women. 33. Among eighteenth-century concepts that called into question long-held scientific theories, ovism A. advanced the concept that actual physical size of the brain played no role in intelligence. B. argued that the uterus did not move around in the female body and therefore was not responsible for women's emotional disturbances. C. stated that women had no less control over their sexual impulses than men. D. was the theory that the female egg was essential to human reproduction.