Generator Protection

Bapuji S Palki, INCRC/PowerTechnologies, 15-11-2009
Protection Application An Overview

Part 2A
ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 1
Layouts
Typical Parts of a Power Plant

Substation
Busbar in Substation HV - Breaker Power plant Main Transformer Auxiliary Transformer
Generator Breaker Excitation Transformer Excitation System G Field Circuit Breaker
Turbine valve Turbine - Generator
Earthing System
Generator Protection
Possible Faults
Stator Earth Faults Rotor Earth Faults Stator Short Circuits Stator/Rotor Interturn faults External faults
Generator Protection
Abnormal Operating Condition

overcurrent/overload unbalanced load overtemperature over- and undervoltage over- and underexcitation over- and underfrequency over-fluxing asynchronous running out of step generator motoring failures in the machine control system (i.e. AVR or governor failure) failures in the machine cooling system failures in the primary equipment (i.e. breaker head flashover) open phase
Following are the various protections recommended for the generator and generator transformer protection:
Type of fault GENERATOR STATOR Short Circuits
ANSI Device Protection Functions No.
87G 87GT 21G 51 / 27 G 46G 51G 64G1 64G2
Generator differential Overall differential Minimum impedance (or alternatively Over current / under voltage) Negative sequence Overload 95% stator earth fault 100% stator earth fault
Asymmetry Stator overload Earth fault stator
Loss of excitation Out of step Monitoring Blade fatigue Inter turn fault Mag. Circuits Higher voltage Accidental energisation Monitoring
40G 98G 32G / 37G 81G 95G 99G 59G 27 / 50 G 60 G
Loss of excitation Pole slip Low forward power / reverse power (double protection for large generators) Minimum frequency Over voltage or over current Overfluxing volt / Hz Over voltage Dead machine PT fuse failure
GENERATOR ROTOR Rotor ground GENERATOR TRANSFORMER Short Circuits
64F
Rotor earth fault
Ground fault Overhang UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER Short circuit Ground fault
87GT 51GT 87T 51NGT 87NT 87HV
Overall differential Overcurrent Transformer differential Earth fault over-current Restricted earth fault HV winding cum overhang differential
87 UAT 51 UAT 51 UAT 64 UAT
Transformer differential Over-current Restricted over-current Restricted earth fault
50/51
Unit aux. transformer
64F
Field winding ground-fault RAGRA (RXNB4) 1) Instruments
Protection and Monitoring
REG 670 Different applications

REG 670 provides extensive protection and monitoring functionality
1ph U
The REG 670 provides protection functions and concepts for: Turbine (frequency, reverse power) Generator (Main1/Main2, Main/Back-up)
3ph U
3ph I
Generator transformer/Step-up transformer

1ph U
1ph I
Auxiliary/Station service transformer Excitation transformer
3ph I
1ph U
REG 670 focus on the optimized integration and function to protect your generator
IEC 61850
A Breakthrough for Substation Automation

One world One technology One standard
IEC 61850
Combining the best properties in a new way...
Power transformers in a power system

400 kV AC Transmission
130 kV Subtransmission
Generation
MV
Distribution
LV M
315MVA Transformer
Cooling
Outer Ci rcui t H eat D i ssi pati on I nner Ci rcui t H eat Producti on (Core and Wi ndi ngs)
In principle the larger the losses in the Inner Circuit the larger the size of the Outer Circuit (coolers or radiators) There is nevertheless a limit either due to the size of the coolers or to the impossibility of cooling a certain spot (hot-spot) in the Inner Circuit A pump to move the oil is often unnecessary. The generated heat will act as a siphon
Pump opti onal
F an opti onal
Oi l i mmersed Tank
Types of Internal Faults
Earth faults Short-circuits Inter turn Faults Core Faults Tank Faults Reduced cooling
Abnormal Conditions
Overload
Over voltage
Reduced system voltage
Over excitation
Overload Capability
It is possible to overload power transformers
Older transformers may withstand 140% continuously
Overloading and loss of cooling causes overheating
Protective Relays Used ( Transformers > 5 MVA)

Gas detector relay ( Buchholz) Over load protection
Thermal relays Temperature monitoring relays
Over current protection Ground fault protection Differential protection Interturn faults Pressure relay for tap changer Oil level monitor
Protective Relays Used ( Transformers < 5 MVA)

Gas detector relay Overload protection Overcurrent protection Ground fault protection
Monitors
Monitors are very important devices which detect faults and abnormal service conditions which may develop into fault.
Transformer Monitors
Mechanical fault detectors
Sudden gas pressure protection Buchholz protection Oil level monitoring
Temperature Monitoring
The oil thermometer The winding thermometer
Transformer protection with 670/650 series
Introduction Transformer Protection 670/650 series Openness and flexibility Reliable Operation Complementary functionality Control Capabilities Communication Offering and application examples Technology Summary Relion Summary
670 series optimized for generation and transmission applications provide versatile functionality, maximum flexibility and performance to meet the highest requirements of any application in generation and transmission protection systems. 650 series your best choice for subtransmission applications provide off-the-shelf, ready to use solutions for transformer protection applications primarily in subtransmission networks.
ABB Group November 2009 | Slide 23
Fully compliant to the IEC 61850 standard

Introduction Line Distance Protection 670/650 series Reliable Operation Complementary functionality Control Capabilities Communication Offering and application examples Technology Summary Relion Summary
Unrivalled compatibility for new and retrofit installations Designed for IEC 61850, implementing the core values of this standard Ensures open, future-proof and flexible system architectures, with state-of-the-art performance Interoperates with other IEC 61850 compliant IEDs
The reactor absorbs the capacitive power generated in long lines
Shunt Reactor
AB C
A B C
L
Lp Lp Lp
Ln
General
Shunt reactors are used in EHV systems to limit the over voltages due to capacitive VAR generation in Long Transmission Lines The shunt reactors are normally connected
Through isolators to a line Through circuit breakers to a busbar Through circuit breakers to the tertiary of a Interconnecting transformer
Different locations of reactor
Internal Faults
Faults occur in shunt reactors due to insulation breakdown, ageing of insulation, overheating due to over excitation, oil contamination and leakage
Dry air-core reactors

Phase-to-phase faults , resulting in high magnitude phase current Phase-to-earth faults ,, resulting in a low-magnitude earth-fault current, dependent upon the size of the system earthing. Turn-to-turn faults within the reactor bank, resulting in a very small change in phase current
Oil-immersed reactors
High current phase-to-phase and phase-to-earth faults. Turn-to-turn faults within the reactor winding. Miscellaneous failures such as loss of cooling or low oil
Abnormal Conditions
Inrush currents
Inrush currents flow in connection with energisation Inrush currents usually lower than 200% of rated current
Transient overvoltages Temporary overvoltages
Shunt Reactor Protections
Differential protection Distance protection Phase over current protection Restricted earth fault protection Mechanical fault detectors Oil temperature and winding temperature protection
Monitors
Monitors are very important devices which detect faults and abnormal service conditions which may develop into fault.
Reactor Monitors
Mechanical fault detectors
Sudden gas pressure protection Buchholz protection Oil level monitoring
Temperature Monitoring
The oil thermometer The winding thermometer
Shunt reactor protection and control
Introduction Transformer Protection 670/650 series Openness and flexibility Reliable Operation Complementary functionality Control Capabilities Communication Offering and application examples Technology Summary Relion Summary
Protection
Phase segregated biased differential protection Low impedance restricted earth-fault High impedance differential protection
Switching control for lines and buses
Capacitor Construction
Power Factor Correction Power Factor Correction

Working Power (kW) Reactive Power (kVAR)
KW is the Working Power component kVAR is the Non- Working Power or Reactive Power component to serve inductive loads, which require magnetizing current: Motors, Transformers, Lighting ballast KVA is the Total Power required to serve a load Capacitors supply the reactive power component Power Factor is a measurement of how efficiently power is being used.
Increased System Capacity Increased System Capacity

Extra capacity for more KVA
released system capacity
Total Power (KVA) = Working Power (KW) Power Factor

Power Factor Real Power kW Reactive Power kVAR Total Power kVA 60% 600 800 1000 70% 600 612 857 80% 600 450 750 90% 600 291 667 100% 600 Zero 600
By supplying reactive current (kVAR) close to the load, capacitors release system capacity on the entire system and reduce costs.
Voltage Stability Voltage Stability
A feeder circuit will have a voltage drop related to the impedance of the line and the power factor Adding capacitance will actually cause a voltage rise by supplying reactive current to the bus
(less current = less voltage drop)
Products Capacitors HV Products / Filter Capacitor Banks
Improving the performance, quality and efficiency of electrical systems
Capacitor banks- General

Normally used in MV networks to generate reactive power Series reactors are used to limit inrush current
Harmonic filters for thyristor controlled reactors are also variation of capacitor banks having reactance tuned to capacitance
Shunt Capacitors-General
Shunt Capacitor Faults

Terminal shunt faults Capacitor unit failures Capacitor unit over voltages Capacitor rack arc-over
Abnormal Conditions
Inrush currents Transient over voltages Temporary over voltages Out rush currents
Capacitor Bank Protections

Short -circuit protection Ground-fault protection Under current protection Unbalance protection (3I >>) (I ) (I/U <) (IN-N)
Overload protection(3I/U >)
Fusing Capacitor Fusing

Internally Fused Externally Fused Internal Strings Conventional
Fuse
Discharge Resistor
Fuseless
SPAJ 160 C : Unbalance , Overload and Under current functions
Bapuji S Palki, INCRC/PowerTechnologies, 15-11-2009
Protection Application An Overview

Part 2B
The Electric Utility
Power Evacuation Substation Transmission Substation Switching Substation Distribution Substation
Transmission Line
Electrical faults in the power system
Transmission lines Busbar Transformer/ Generator
85% 12% 3%
100%
Fault types
Transient faults
are common on transmission lines, approximately 80-85% lightnings are the most common reason can also be caused by birds, falling trees, swinging lines etc. will disappear after a short dead interval
Persistent faults
can be caused by a broken conductor fallen down can be a tree falling on a line must be located and repaired before normal service
Measuring principles
Overcurrent protection Differential protection Phase comparison Distance protection Directional- wave protection
Overcurrent protection
Are normally used in radial networks with system voltage below 70 kV where relatively long operating time is acceptable. On transmission lines directional or nondirectional over current relays are used as back-up protections.
I>
block
I>
I>
I>
Pilot wire differential protection

Pilot wires can be in soil or on towers. The resistance in the wires will limit the use on longer lines. The use is mostly restricted to distances up to 10 km.
Digital differential communication

L1 L2 L3
DL1 DL2 DL3
Digital communication with optical fibres or by multiplexed channels
DL1 DL2 DL3
Phase comparison
load I1
> >
I2
Phase comparison relays compare the angle difference between the two currents at both ends of the line. The measured time for zero crossing is transmitted to the other end. Normally a start criteria is added to the phase angle requirement.
I1 I2
e
1
e
2
function
I2 I1 I2
e1 e
2
The principle of distance protection
ZK=Uk/Ik
Uk
A
Uk=0
metallic fault
Zk Z<
Ik
Fault resistance
multi-phase faults consist only of arc resistance
L3 L1 L2
L1 L2 L3
earth faults consist of arc and tower footing resistance Warringtons formula
Rarc =
28707 x L I
1.4
L= length of arc in meters I= the actual fault current in A Footing resistance
Distance protection on short lines

jX
Quadrilateral characteristic improves sensitivity for higher RF/XF ratio It still has some limitations:
the value of set RF/XF ratio is limited to 5
RF XF
jX
Distance protection on long lines

Load impedance limits the reach in resistive direction High value of RF/XF ratio is generally not necessary Circular (mho) characteristic
Has no strictly defined reach in resistive direction Needs limitations in resistive direction (blinder)
t
t3 t2 t1
l
B
f 1 f 2 f 3
Z<
Z<
Z<
Z<
t
t3 t2 t1
l

Reach setting of zones R/ X Relation GFC (General Fault Criterion) GFC
ZL
ZL
Zb
PLCC equipment
Power Swing Blocking function

X Power swing locus
R
t
t = 40 ms
Series compensated system

jX B A XC =70% Xl =100% B
100%
gape flashed
F1
B A R
Consideration for line distance protections

Correct direction discrim-ination at voltage reversal (negative fault reactance) variation in resulted line impedance
70%
gape not flashed
Line distance protection with Relion 670/650 series For maximum reliability of your power system
Full scheme distance protection with independent phase selection Power swing detection Wide range of scheme communication logics Five zone distance protection
Phase to phase Phase to earth faults
ABB Group November 2009 Slide 70
Fully compliant to the IEC 61850 standard

Unrivalled compatibility for new and retrofit installations Designed for IEC 61850, implementing the core values of this standard Ensures open, future-proof and flexible system architectures, with state-of-the-art performance Interoperates with other IEC 61850 compliant IEDs
ABB Group November 2009 Slide 71
Auto reclosing Cycle Auto reclosing Cycle

OH-lines High fault-rate (80-90%)
Fast simultaneous Fault clearing
AUTORECLOSING CYCLE AUTORECLOSING CYCLE
OH-lines Intermittent faults (80-90%)
Successful AR-rate : High (80-90%)
Auto reclosing principles

95% of faults are transient type 3 Ph autoreclosing synchrocheck is used
Helps verify phase angles are not out of phase e.g: due to heavy power swing
1 Ph autoreclosing needs identification of faulty phase

Phase identification is difficult for high resistance faults
Single-pole Reclosing
Single-Pole Reclosing
A B C A B C
Artificial extinction of secondary arc by Fixed Four-reactor Scheme

ABC ABC
L
Lp Lp Lp
Ln
Synchronism and Energizing check

UBus
ULine
UBus
FreqDiff < 50-300 mHz o PhaseDiff < 5-75 UDiff < 5-50% Ur UHigh > 50-120% Ur ULow < 10-100% Ur
U Bus
1-ph ULine
U Line
3-ph (or 1-ph) Fuse fail
SYNC-BLOCK
Need for Busbar protection

In its absence fault clearance takes place in Zone-II of distance relay by remote end tripping This means slow and unselective tripping and wide spread black out
Effect of delayed clearance

Greater damage at fault point Indirect shock to connected equipments like shafts of Generator and windings of transformer.
Types of BB Protections
High impedance Medium impedance Low impedance Blockable O/C relay ( For radial systems in distribution systems)
High impedance bus differential relay

Basic features SETTING VR > IF ( RCT + 2 RL) RL A VR RCT B VK > 2 VR FOR VR TO BE ZERO FOR EXTERNAL FAULT nA = nB 1 + RA / ZA 1 + RB / ZB n = TURNS RATIO R = RCT + 2 RL Z = MAGNETIZING IMPEDANCE
Limitations of High impedance differential relay

Puts stringent requirements on CTs
Need for dedicated CTs Identical CT ratios , magnetising impedances Aux CTs not acceptable
Inability to cope with increasing fault levels
RADSS medium impedance relay
T MD n MD
IR1
Ud3
dR D2 D1
US
REB500 - Numerical Busbar and Breaker Failure Protection
ABB Network Partner AG
REB 500
C E
Distributed installation
ABB Network Partner AG REB 500 ABB Network Partner AG REB 500 ABB Network Partner AG REB 500
Central Unit
REB 500
C E
Bay Unit Bay Unit
C E
Bay Unit
C E
Bay Unit
C E
Advantages of medium/ Low impedance relays

Free from any need for Identical CT ratios or matched CTs Other relays can be included in the same CT core Increasing fault levels have no impact
700 A 1000/5 200/5
200 A 500/5
500 A
3.5 A
5A
5A
5/1
5/0.2 0.7 A
5/0.5 0.2 A 0.5 A
Diff. relay RADSS IN SINGLE BUS

REQUIREMENTS ON THE ISOLATOR AUXILIARY CONTACTS

Isolator Aux. Contact a should close before the primary contact
a b
closes and Aux contact b closes after the primary contact opens.
C Throw-over relay
0% Main contact Aux. Contact a Aux. Contact b

100%
DOUBLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH TRANSFER BUS

BUS - A BUS - B
AUX. BUS
1- BREAKER SYSTEM
RADSS - A
L1 BUS - A L3 L5
BUS - B
L2
L4
L6
RADSS - B
Busbar Protection REB670
ABB Group April 2009 Slide 91
History - Circuit breaker development
Example: 420 kV
Air Blast
Oil Minimum
SF6 Gas
around 1960
around 1980
todays technology
Interrupters Interrupter design
Relay back-up
RELAY SYSTEM 52 52 52a 52a
CHANNEL
50
RELAY SYSTEM +
CHANNEL
Breaker back-up
5 1 2 6
Z<
7 3 4
For uncleared fault shown CBs to be tripped are 1, 3, 4 & 6
Classical CBFP
Breaker Failure Protection
I> I> I> I>
+ if trip from relay
t trip
Introduction
Majority faults are earth faults Earth fault protection depends on type of earthing
Effectively earthed Reactance earthed High resistance earthed Resonance earthed
Measurement of earth fault current
Measurement of zero sequence voltage

L1 L2 L3
U 0>
Earth fault protection in solidly earthed systems

IDMT earth fault relays are used to detect earth faults in effectively earthed system
Directional Earth Fault Relay

Directional earth fault relays are used Can use communication link Inrush current stabilization may be required for sensitive settings
Directional earth fault relay for High resistance earthed system
Directional earth fault relay used when in feed of capacitive current from an object is higher than 60% of required sensitivity Measures active component of fault current
Earth fault in resonance earthed network

A B C I01
C0
R0
I02 L RL
U0 Ief
Earth fault in isolated network

A B C I01
C0
R0
U0 I02
Ief
Directional earth fault relay
Restricted earth fault relay
What is Substation Automation ?

A combination of:
Protection Monitoring Control Communication
What is Substation Automation ?

Substitution for conventional control panels Substitution for other sub systems A more efficient way of controlling your substation
The conventional way

Control Board
Telecontrol RTU
Alarming
Synchronization
Busbar Protection
MARSHALING RACK
Local TELEControl
Interlocking ALARMING
Measuring NISATION
Bay BUSBAR Protection PROTECTION
System Engineering Tool
The New Way

Communication only during engineering IED Tool
Station HMI Gateway Station Clock
Station Monitoring System
Station bus Bay Control IEDs Object Protection Control & Protection Multi Bay Control
Multi Object Protection
Web Client
Process bus
Merging Unit
Merging Unit
Conventional Control & Protection

Fault Recording
ABB 225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1 =D04+R01
Bay Protection
ABB 225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1 =D04+R01 125VDC Distribut uion Batt ery A
A B w N o e P r t a k n
Busbar Protection
ABB 225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1 =D04+R01 125VDC Distribut uion Batt ery A 125VDC Distributuion Bat tery B
SCADA RTU
ABB 225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1 =D04+R01 125VDC Distribut uion Batt ery A 125VDC Distributuion Bat tery B RTU 200 1 IN 2 IN 3 IN 4 IN 5 IN 6 IN 7 IN 8 OUT IN ON/OFF
Event Recording
ABB 225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1 =D04+R01 125VDC Distribut uion Batt ery A 125VDC Distributuion Bat tery B
n d a c i I 6 t 5 0 n d a c i I 6 t 5 0
Station Level
125VDC Distribut uion Batt ery A
125VDC Distributuion Bat tery B
125VDC Distributuion Bat tery B

R E L 3 1 4 6 *
ABB
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
056 c tcadn I i
056c i tcadn I
0 56c tc adn I i
BAY CONTROL RELAY RE C316*4
= W 1
RTU 200 1 IN 2 IN 3 IN 4 IN 5 IN 6 IN 7 IN 8 OUT IN

= W 2
2 3
Q 1
1 0 1
4 5
1 2 1 3
6 7
1 4 1 5
1 6
ON/OFF
V o e i n s r 4 . 2 b
E F R M
c c
LOCAL CO NTROL
R E L 3 1 4 6 * A B w N o e P r t a k n
METERI NG
n d a c i I 6 t 5 0 n d a c i I 6 t 5 0
ABB
1 9 2 3 3 4 1 0 1 1 2
RTU 200 1 IN 2 IN 3 IN 4 IN 5 IN 6 IN 7 IN 8 OUT IN
5 6 7
1 3 1 4 1 5
1 6
ON/OFF
LI NE PROTECTION RELAY REL316*4

R E B 5 0 A B w N o e P r t a k n
ABB
BUSBAR PROTECTION REB500
ABB
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1
=D04+R01
ABB
ABB
ABB
Bay Level
For each function a dedicated device and separate Panel
Control Panel
=W1
=W2
-Q1 SEL
-Q2 SEL
-Q0 SEL TESTE LAMPE
Extensive station wide cabling
OUVRI R FERMER ABB
ESC
EXE
Local Control
DISTANCE LOC
Marshalling
Process Level
Extensive bay cabling
-Q2 -Q0 -Q1 -Q9 -Q8
GIS or AIS Switchgear
Substitution of Conventional Technology

Bay Control/Protection Cubicles
Fllanden Steuerung / Schutz =AD17-KB2 Fllanden Steuerung / Schutz =AD17-KB2
MicroSCADA
Feldsteuergert REC216 mit Messung und Synchrocheck
Feldsteuergert REC216 mit Messung und Synchrocheck
Interbay bus Ethernet Switches

d gi ta l di gi t al
LEITUNGSHA UPTSCHUTZ REL316* 4 PRFSTECKER I 0 0 I Reset AUS I 0 SCHUTZ EIN/A US
STUFENVERL. WE-BLOCK
LEITUNGSHA UPTSCHUTZ REL316* 4 PRFSTECKER I 0 0 I Reset AUS I 0 SCHUTZ EIN/A US
STUFENVERL. WE-BLOCK
-Q1
-Q2
COM 581
Power ABB Automation AG COM581
Communication Converter
NCC / RCC
C
-Q0
Marshalling
-Q9
Control Cubicle Relays for control / logic Transducers, Meters Switches, Lamps Annunciators, Terminals Protection Cubicle
-Q8
SER / Fault Recorder
SCADA RTU NCC / RCC
Modern SA Architecture
Station Level
Network Control Center NCC
COM581
C E
ABB
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1
=D04+R01
125VDC Distributuion Battery A

ABB
ABBNet or kPar ner w t
125VDC Distributuion Battery B

REL316*4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
BAY CONTROL RELAY REC316*4

=D 04 A B OB O 1
=W1 =W2 -Q1 SEL -Q2 SEL
ABB
P OWE R MON I T OR I N G U N I T
-Q0 SEL
LAM PE TESTE
O R UVRI
FERM ER
ABB
ESC
EXE
DIS T A NCE LO C
LOCAL CONTROL
ABB
METERING
REL316*4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
LINE PROTECTION RELAY REL316*4

ABB
REB500
Process Level
-Q2 -Q0 -Q1 -Q9 -Q8
Features and Benefits
Basic Functionality
Interbay Bus
Bay Level
Implementation of Intelligent Technology

Intelligent Primary Equipment
ABB
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1 =D04+R01 125VDC Distributuion Battery A
ABB
ABBN w Part er et ork n
MicroSCADA
REL316*4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

=D 04 A B OB O 1
=W1 =W2 -Q1 SEL
ABB
Interbay bus Ethernet Switches

d gi tal t di gi t al i it l
M M
-Q2 SEL
-Q0 SEL
LAM PE TESTE
M
O VR U I R FER ER M DIS T A NCE LO C
ABB
ESC
EXE
LOCAL SET REMOTE OPERATION
-Q1
-Q2
LOCAL CONTROL
ABB
METERING
REL316*4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
PISA
-Q1
-Q51
-Q2
Drive control & monitoring circuitry
ABB
REB500
COM 581
Power ABB Automation AG COM581
Communication Converter
NCC / RCC
C
-Q0
PISA A
Feeder Marshalling
-Q0
Process Bus
-T1 -Q9
PISA A PISA B
-Q8
-Q9 -Q8
Sampling AD-Conversion Signal Processing Signal Filtering
Intelligent SA Architecture
Station Level
COM581
C E
ABB
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1
=D04+R01

REL316*4
ABB
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

=D 04 A B OB O 1
=W1 =W2 -Q1 SEL
ABB
M M
-Q2 SEL
-Q0 SEL
LAM PE TESTE
M
?
ABB
ABB
ESC
EXE
LOCAL CONTROL
METERING
REL316*4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

ABB
REB500
Process B u
Process Level
PISA
PISA A
-Q2
PISA A
PISA B
-Q0 -Q1 -Q51
-T1
-Q9
-Q8
Basic Functionality
Interbay Bus
FEATURES AND BENEFITS
Bay Level
Functional Structure of Modern SA

Functions Allocation
COM581
C E
Scalable System Extensions SCADA Remote Communication Fault evaluation Monitoring Events and alarms Supervision & Control Data Exchange
Station Level
Interbay Bus
ABB
ABB

REL316*4
Bay Level
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

=D 04 A B OB O 1
=W1 =W2 -Q1 SEL -Q2 SEL
ABB
-Q0 SEL
LAM PE TESTE
O VR U I R
FER ER M DIS T A NCE LO C
Monitoring
ABB
ESC
EXE
LOCAL CONTROL
ABB
METERING
REL316*4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

ABB
REB500
Process Level
-Q2 -Q0 -Q1 -Q9 -Q8
GIS or AIS Switchgear Instrument Transformers Power Transformers Surge Arresters
Intelligent Substation Automation Functional Structure

Station Level
Functions Allocation
Scalable System Extensions SCADA Remote Communication Fault evaluation Monitoring Events and alarms Supervision & Control Data Exchange
COM581
C E
Interbay Bus
ABB
ABB

REL316*4
Bay Level
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

=D 04 A B OB O 1
=W1 =W2 -Q1 SEL
ABBR P OWE
MON I T OR I N G U N I T
M M
-Q2 SEL
-Q0 SEL
LAM PE TESTE
M
?
ABB
ABB
ESC
EXE
LOCAL CONTROL
METERING
REL316*4
Monitoring
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

ABB
REB500
Process B u
Process Level
-Q2
-Q0 -Q1 -Q51
-T1
-Q9
-Q8
Intelligent or smart AIS / GIS Switchgear Data acquisition Sensors & Actuators Power Transformers Surge Arrestors
PISA
PISA A
PISA A
PISA B
Intelligent SA: Control, Protection and Sensors

ABB
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1 =D04+R01
ABB
PISA
PISA PISA
PISA
Actuator for isolator & earthing switch control Switches

ABB
ABB Network Partner

REL316*4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Line Protection 1 Abgangsschutz I

=D04 ABOBO 1
=W1

ABB
POWER MONITORING UNIT
=W2 -Q1 SEL
-Q2 SEL
-Q0 SEL
LAMPE TESTE
OUVRIR
FERMER
Feldleitgert Bay Controller

DISTANCE LOC
? ABB
ESC
EXE
LOCAL
SET
REMOTE
OPERATION
LOCAL CONTROL
ABB
ABB Network Partner
METERING
REL316*4
Actuator for circuit breaker control
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
PISA A
Line Protection 2 Abgangsschutz II

ABB
ABB Network Partner
PISA A PISA B
REB500
Busbar Protection
Sensors for current & voltage measurement
Process Bus
Interbay bus 1 Interbay bus 2
Monitoring via IEDs for Protection
Advanced analysis tools
Automatic printing Summary report
GPS
Alarm Classes
CONCISE / FAST Distance to Fault

Mo 12. 11. 96 GMT 17:02.43.305 Ayer Rajah & Labrador Feeder One
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Sequence of Events
# Of trips
C E
ABB Network Partner AG REL 316*4 ABB Network Partner AG REL 316*4 ABB Network Partner AG REL 316*4
IED Parameter
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Station level supervision
Single Line Diagram:
Diagnostic: Fault Recording and Evaluation
Automatic fault location printout
Remote Control via Network Control Centre (NCC)
The goal of the IEC 61850 standard

Interoperability The ability for IEDs from one or several manufacturer to exchange information and use the information for the their own functions.
Free Configuration The standard shall support different philosophies and allow a free allocation of functions e.g. it will work equally well for centralized (RTU like) or decentralized (SCS like) systems. Long Term Stability The standard shall be future proof, i.e. it must be able to follow the progress in communication technology as well as evolving system requirements.

Generator Protection

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Generator Protection

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Bapuji S Palki, INCRC/PowerTechnologies, 15-11-2009

Protection Application An Overview

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 2

Typical Parts of a Power Plant

Busbar in Substation HV - Breaker Power plant Main Transformer Auxiliary Transformer

Generator Breaker Excitation Transformer Excitation System G Field Circuit Breaker

Turbine valve Turbine - Generator

Abnormal Operating Condition

Type of fault GENERATOR STATOR Short Circuits

ANSI Device Protection Functions No.

87G 87GT 21G 51 / 27 G 46G 51G 64G1 64G2

Asymmetry Stator overload Earth fault stator

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 6

40G 98G 32G / 37G 81G 95G 99G 59G 27 / 50 G 60 G

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 7

GENERATOR ROTOR Rotor ground GENERATOR TRANSFORMER Short Circuits

Rotor earth fault

87GT 51GT 87T 51NGT 87NT 87HV

87 UAT 51 UAT 51 UAT 64 UAT

Transformer differential Over-current Restricted over-current Restricted earth fault

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 8

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 9

Protection and Monitoring

REG 670 Different applications

Generator transformer/Step-up transformer

Auxiliary/Station service transformer Excitation transformer

A Breakthrough for Substation Automation

Combining the best properties in a new way...

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 12

Power transformers in a power system

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 13

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 14

Pump opti onal

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 15

Types of Internal Faults

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 16

Reduced system voltage

Older transformers may withstand 140% continuously

Overloading and loss of cooling causes overheating

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 18

Protective Relays Used ( Transformers > 5 MVA)

Protective Relays Used ( Transformers < 5 MVA)

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 20

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 21

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 22

Transformer protection with 670/650 series

ABB Group November 2009 | Slide 23

Fully compliant to the IEC 61850 standard

ABB Group November 2009 | Slide 24

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 25

The reactor absorbs the capacitive power generated in long lines

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 26

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 27

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 28

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 29

Different locations of reactor

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 30

Dry air-core reactors

Transient overvoltages Temporary overvoltages

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 32

Shunt Reactor Protections

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 33

ABB Group October 10, 2011 | Slide 34