LESSON 1 -SHORT CUT METHODS/TRICKS IN PERCENTAGES Percentage Change: A change can be of two types an increase or a decrease.

. When a value is changed from initial value to a final value, % change = (Difference between initial and final value/initial value) X 100 Eg: If 20 changes to 40, what is the % increase? Soln: % increase = (40-20)/20 X 100 = 100%. Note: 1. If a value is doubled the percentage increase is 100. 2. If a value is tripled, the percentage change is 200 and so on. Percentage Difference: % Difference = (Difference between values/value compared with) X 100. Eg: By what percent is 40 more than 30? Soln: % difference = (40-30)/30 X 100 = 33.33% (Here 40 is compared with 30. So 30 is taken as denominator) Eg: By what % is 60 more than 30? Soln: % difference = (60-30)/30 X 100 = 100%. (Here is 60 is compared with 30.) Hint: To calculate percentage difference the value that occurs after the word than in the question can directly be used as the denominator in the formula.

CONCEPT: Important Points to Note: 1. When any value increases by 1. 10%, it becomes 1.1 times of itself. (since 100+10 = 110% = 1.1)

2. 20%, it becomes 1.2 times of itself. 3. 36%, it becomes 1.36 times of itself. 4. 4%, it becomes 1.04 times of itself. Thus we can see the effects on the values due to various percentage increases. 2. When any value decreases by 1. 10%, it becomes 0.9 times of itself. (Since 100-10 = 90% = 0.9) 2. 20%, it becomes 0.8 times of itself 3. 36%, it becomes 0.64 times of itself 4. 4%, it becomes 0.96 times of itself. Thus we can see the effects on a value due to various percentage decreases. Note: 1. When a value is multiplied by a decimal more than 1 it will be increased and when multiplied by less than 1 it will be decreased. 2. The percentage increase or decrease depends on the decimal multiplied. Eg: 0.7 => 30% decrease, 0.67 => 33% decrease, 0. 956 => 4.4% decrease and so on. Eg: When the actual value is x, find the value when it is 30% decreased. Soln: 30% decrease => 0.7 x. Eg: A value after an increase of 20% became 600. What is the value? Soln: 1.2x = 600 (since 20% increase) x = 500.

Eg: If 600 is decrease by 20%, what is the new value? Soln: new value = 0.8 X 600 = 480. (Since 20% decrease) Thus depending on the decimal we can decide the % change and vice versa. Eg: When a value is increased by 20%, by what percent should it be reduced to get the actual value? Soln: (It is equivalent to 1.2 reduced to 1 and we can use % decrease formula) % decrease = (1.2 1)/1.2 X 100 = 16.66%.

3. When a value is subjected multiple changes, the overall effect of all the changes can be obtained by multiplying all the individual factors of the changes. Eg: The population of a town increased by 10%, 20% and then decreased by 30%. The new population is what % of the original? Soln: The overall effect = 1.1 X 1.2 X 0.7 (Since 10%, 20% increase and 30% decrease) = 0.924 = 92.4%. Eg: Two successive discounts of 10% and 20% are equal to a single discount of ___ Soln: Discount is same as decrease of price. So, decrease = 0.9 X 0.8 = 0.72 => 28% decrease (Since only 72% is remaining).

practice problems: 1. If 20% of 40% of a = 25% of a% of b, then what is b? a. 8/5 b. 16/25 c. 8/25 d. None

2. By what % is 200 more than 50? a. 100 b. 200 c. 300 d. None

3. A value changes from 30 to 80. What is the percentage change? a. 125 b. 166.66 c. 156 d. None

4. The population of a city is increased by 30% and thus became 78000. What is the original population? a. 76000 b. 64200 c. 60000 d. None

5. In a theatre, the number of seats is increased by 20% and the price per ticket is increased by 10% but the public response decreased by 30%. What is the net effect on the economy of the theatre? a.10% rise b. 7% fall c. 7% rise d. None

6. A saves 20% of his income. His income is increased by 20% and so he increased his expenditure by 30%. What is the percentage change in his savings?

a. 20% fall

b. 4% fall

c. 20% rise

d. 4% rise

7. The price of petrol is increased by 25%. By what percent the consumption be reduced to make the expenditure remain the same? a. 25% b. 33.33% c. 20% d. None

8. The side of a square is increased by 20%. The percentage change in its area is ___ a. 20% b. 44% c. 36% d. None

9. If the length of a rectangle is increased by 33.33%, by what percentage should the breadth be reduced to make the area same? a. 20% b. 33.33% c. 25% d. None

10. In an election between two candidates, A and B, A secured 56% of the votes and won by 48000 votes. Find the total number of votes polled if 20% of the votes were declared invalid. a. 500000 b. 400000 c. 600000 d. None

clear explanation for above problems: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1/5 X 2/5 X a = X a X b => b = 8/25 % difference = (200-50)/50 X 100 = 300 % % increase = (80-30)/30 X 100 = 166.66 % 1.3 x = 78000 => x = 60000. Net effect = 1.2 X 1.1 X 0.7

= 0.924 => 7.6% decrease. 6. Let I be the income. Expenditure = 0.8I Savings = 0.2I => 20%

New income = 1.2I (since 20% rise) New expenditure = (0.8I) X 1.3 (Since 30% rise) = 1.04I So, new savings = 1.2I 1.04I = 0.16I => 16% (So income decreased form 20% to 16%) % decrease = (20-16)/20 X 100 = 20%.

7. It is equivalent to 1.25 decreased to 1. % decrease = (1.25-1)/1.25 X 100 = 20% 8. % change in area = 1.2 X 1.2 (since area = side X side) = 1.44 => 44%. 9. It is equivalent to 1.25 decreased to 1. So 20% decrease. 10. Valid Votes: A got 56% => B got 44% Difference = 12% = 48000 So, 100% = 400000. These are valid votes. But valid votes are only 80% of total votes. So, 80% of total votes = 400000 => total votes = 500000 Percentages Understanding Percentages:

The word percent can be understood as follows: Per cent => for every 100. So, when percentage is calculated for any value, it means that that you calculate the value for every 100 of the reference value. Why Percentage? Percentage is a concept evolved so that there can be a uniform platform for comparison of various things. (Since each value is taken to a common platform of 100.) Eg: To compare three different students depending on the marks they scored we cannot directly compare their marks until we know the maximum marks for which they took the test. But by calculating percentages they can directly be compared with one another. Before going deeper into the concept of percentage, let u have a look at some basics and tips for faster calculations:

Calculation of Percentage: Percentage = (Value / Total value) X 100 Eg: 50 is what % of 200? Soln: Percentage = (50/200) X 100 = 25%. Calculation of Value: Value = (Percentage/100) X total value Eg: What is 20% of 200? Soln: Value = (20/100) X 200 Note: Percentage is denoted by %, which means /100. Eg: What is the decimal notation for 35%? Soln: 35% = 35/100 = 0.35. For faster calculations we can convert the percentages or decimal equivalents into their respective fraction notations. Percentages Fractions Conversions: The following is a table showing the conversions of percentages and decimals into fractions: Percentage Decimal Fraction 10% 12.5% 16.66% 20% 25% 30% 33.33% 40% 0.1 0.125 0.1666 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.3333 0.4 1/10 1/8 1/6 1/5 1/4 3/10 1/3 2/5

50% 60% 62.5% 66.66% 70% 75% 80% 83.33% 90% 100%

0.5 0.6 0.625 0.6666 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.8333 0.9 1.0

1/2 3/5 5/8 2/3 7/10 3/4 4/5 5/6 9/10 1

Similarly we can go for converting decimals more than 1 from the knowledge of the above cited conversions as follows: We know that 12.5% = 0.125 = 1/8 Then, 1.125 = [8(1)+1]/8 = 9/8 (i.e., the denominator will add to numerator once, denominator remaining the same. Also, 2.125 = [8(2)+1]/8 = 17/8 (here the denominator is added to numerator twice) 3.125 = [8(3)+1]/8 = 25/8 and so on. Thus we can derive the fractions for decimals more than 1 by using those les than 1. We will see how use of fractions will reduce the time for calculations: Eg: What is 62.5% of 320? Soln: Value = (5/8) X 320 (since 62.5% = 5/8) = 200. Understanding Profit and Loss: So, by now we came to know that if CP is increased and sold it would result in profit and vice versa.

Also whatever increase is applied to CP, that increase itself is the profit. For Rs. 10 profit, CP is to be increased by RS. 10 and the increased price becomes SP. For 10% profit, CP is to be increased by 10% and it is the SP. (From previous chapter we know that any value increased by 10% becomes 1.1 times.) So, for 10% profit, CP increased by 10% => 1.1CP = SP. o o o SP = 1.1CP => SP/CP = 1.1 => 10% profit SP = 1.07CP => SP/CP = 1.07 => 7% profit SP = 1.545CP => SP/CP = 1.545 => 54.5% profit and so on.

Similarly, o o SP = 0.9CP => SP/CP = 0.9 => 10% loss (Since 10% decrease) SP = 0.76CP => SP/CP = 0.76 => 24% loss and so on.

So, to calculate profit % or loss %, it is enough for us to find the ratio of SP to CP. Note: 1. 2. If SP/CP > 1, it indicates profit. If SP/CP < 1, it indicates loss.

Multiple Profits or losses: A trader may sometimes have multiple profits or losses simultaneously. This is equivalent to having multiple changes and so all individual changes are to be multiplied to get the overall effect. Relationship Among CP, SP and MP: A trader adds his profit to the investment and sells it at that increased price. Also he allows a discount on Marked Price and sells at the discounted price. So, we can say that, o SP = CP + Profit. (CP applied with profit is SP)

o 1. %.

SP = MP Discount. (MP applied with discount is SP) A trader uses 1 kg weight for 800 gm and increases the price by 20%. Find his profit/loss

Soln: 1 kg weight for 800 gm => loss (decrease) => 800/1000 = 0.8 20% increase in price => profit (increase) => 1.2 So, net effect = (0.8) X (1.2) = 0.96 => 4% loss. 2. A milk vendor mixes water to milk such that he gains 25%. Find the percentage of water in the mixture. Soln: To gain 25%, the volume has to be increased by 25%. So, for 1 lt of milk, 0.25 lt of water is added => total volume = 1.25 lt % of water = 0.25 / 1.25 X 100 = 20%. What is Profit? When a person does a business transaction and gets more than what he had invested, then he is said to have profit. The profit he gets will be equal to the additional money he gets other than his investment. So profit can be understood as the extra money one gets other than what he had invested. Eg: A person bought an article for Rs. 100 and sold it for Rs. 120. Then he got Rs. 20 extra and so his profit is Rs. 20. What is Loss? When a person gets an amount less than what he had invested, then he is said to have a loss. The loss will be equal to the deficit he got than the investment. Eg: A person bought an article at Rs. 100 and sold it for Rs. 90. Then he got a deficit of Rs. 10 and so his loss is Rs. 10. Cost Price (CP): The money that the trader puts in his business is called Cost Price. The price at which the articles are bought is called Cost Price. In other words, Cost Price is nothing but the investment in the business.

Selling Price (SP): The price at which the articles are sold is called the Selling Price. The money that the trader gets from the business is called Selling Price. In other words, Selling Price is nothing but the returns from a business. Marked/Market/List Price (MP): The price that a trader marks or lists his articles to is called the Marked Price. This is the only price known to the customer. Discount: The waiver of cost from the Marked Price that the trader allows a customer is called Discount. Note: 1. 2. Profit or loss percentage is to be applied always to the Cost Price only. Discount percentage is to be applied always to the Marked Price only.

In this tutorial I will explain a few simple and shortcut methods of tackling the Time and Work problems.

Basic concepts and formulae:

1. If a person can do some work in 15 days, he does 1/15th of the work in one day.

2. If a man works three times as fast as a boy does, the man takes one-third of the time the boy takes to complete the work. E.g. If a boy takes 12 days to complete the work, then the man takes 4 days to complete the work. The method you all very well know is known as UNITARY METHOD. 3. Work and men are directly proportional to each other, i.e., if the work increases, the no. of men required increases to complete the work in the same no. of days and vice-versa. 4. Men and Days are inversely proportional to each other, i.e. if the number of men increases the no. of days required to complete the same work decreases and vice-versa. 5. Work and days are again directly proportional, i.e. if work increases the no. of days required to complete it will also increase and vice-versa.

6. If two persons A and B can individually do some work in p and q days respectively, we can derive a shortcut result to find out the total no. of days in which A and B together complete the work by: (pq)/(p+q) days 7. MANDAYS Concept (easiest way to solve time and work problems) The concept of MANDAYS is very important. The no. of men multiplied by the no. of days will give the no. of MANDAYS. The important property to keep in mind is that the no. of MANDAYS always remains constant to complete a specific task. So if we change one of them then the other will change accordingly so as to keep their product constant. The two variables in the MANDAYS (Man + Days) are inversely proportional to each other. Let us apply these principles in the following problems: 1. If 20 men take 30 days to complete a job, in how many days can 25 men complete the job? Ans- By applying the MANDAYS fundamental we can get 20*30=600 mandays We know that the mandays value will remain constant so If this work has to be completed by 25 men then the no. of days can be calculated as:600/25=24 days 2. 15 men take 10 days to complete the job working 12 hours a day. How many hours a day should 10 men work to complete the job in 20 days? Ans- Again applying the MANDAYS fundamental we get15*10*12=1800 mandayhours Now here we have 10 men and 20 days to complete the same work. We can get this by the following equation. As the mandayhours always remain constant for a particular problem so: 10*20*h=1800 h=1800/10*20=9 hours 3. A can do a piece of work in 9 days, B can do the same work in 12 days, In how many days can the work be completed if A and B work together? Ans- Just simply apply the above fundamental and get the result-

(9*12)/(9+12)=108/21 days 4. A and B can do a piece of work in 12 days and A alone can complete that work in 18 days. How long B alone can complete that work? Ans- As A alone can do the 1/18th of the work in one day, and together they can do 1/12th of the work in one day then B alone can do in: 1/12-1/18=1/36 i.e. B alone can complete that in 36 days. In the next part two new concepts of Time and Work- Alternate Days Concept and Mid-Left Fundamental will be introduced. In the last lesson TIME AND WORK Part I we took up a few methods for dealing with Time and Work problem for use in day-to-day life. In this tutorial we will take a few more examples. Also two new concepts-Alternate Days Concept and Mid-Left Fundamental will be explained with examples: 1. X is 3 times as fast as Y and is able to complete the work in 40 days less than Y. Find the time in which they can complete the work together. Ans- If Y does the work in 3 days, X does it in 1day i.e. the difference is 2 days. But the actual difference is 40 days (as given in question) Applying simply the UNITARY FUNDAMENTAL we get that: If difference is 2 days, X takes 1 day and Y takes 3 days. If difference is 40 days (i.e. 20 times), then accordingly X will take 20 days (i.e. 1*20) and Y will take 60 days (i.e. 3*20) So time taken by them together= (20*60)/ (20+60) =15 days 2. A certain no. of men can do a work in 20 days. If there were 4 more men, the work can be done in 5 days less. How many men were there initially? Ans- Let the initial no. of men be P. And No. of days is 20, so number of mandays is 20P. If 4 more men join them then total person will be (P+4) , and it is completed in 15 days. Again applying the mandays constant formula we get that20P=(P+4)15

P=12 men

A.D concept (Alternate Days Concept-Very Important)

Let us explain this concept by an example:3. A and B working separately can do a piece of work in 6 and 12 days respectively. They work on alternate days starting with A on the first day. In how many days will the work be completed? Ans- In these type of questions consider a time period of two days in which A does one days work and B does next days work. In a period of two days work done by A and B together isSince they complete 1/4th (25% work) of work in a period of 2 days. So simply 4 such time periods of 2 days each is required. i.e 4. A and B working separately can do a piece of work in 6 and 9 days respectively. They work on alternate days starting with A on the first day. In how many days will the work be completed? Ans- Again applying A.D concept i.e. consider a time period of two days. So in a time period of two days work completed by both of them is Now always take that time periods such that numerator remains lower than the denominator.. i.e if we take 4 time periods than the equation will become which is more than the original work. But if we select 3 time periods than the equation will become . And now the remaining work is Now its As turn since 3 whole number of periods are over. Time taken by A to finish 1/6th of work in one day. So,total time taken= 3*2+1=7days. 5. A and B working separately can do a piece of work in 20 and 24 days respectively. They work on alternate days starting with B on the first day. In how many days will the work be completed? Ans- Again applying A.D concept i.e consider a time period of two days. So in a two days time period work completed by both of them is: Now always take that time periods such that numerator remains lower than the denominator i.e if we take 11 time periods than the equation will become which is more than the original work. But if we select 10 time periods than the equation will become. And now the remaining work is

Now its Bs turn again after 10 time periods of two days each are over. So we know that B can complete 1/24th of work in one day but total work left is 1/12th. So after 1/24th work is done is by B, then again its As turn for 1/24th of another work left So to complete 1/24th of work A will take 20/24 days=5/6th of a day So total time taken is = (10*2)+1+5/6=131/6 days. 6. A and B undertake to do a piece of work for Rs. 600. A alone can do it in 6 days while B alone can do it in 8 days. With the help of C, they finish it in 3 days. Find the share of each.? Ans- Cs 1 days work = Therefore A:B:C=Ratio of their one days work = As share= Rs. (= Rs. 300, Bs share = Rs. (600*3/8) = Rs.225 Cs share = Rs. [600-(300+225)]= Rs. 75

Mid-Left Fundamental
In these type of problems first work is calculated for the time it is done perfectly and then is calculated for the time the other person alone does it. The remaining work done is calculated by subtracting the work from 1. Let us explain this fundamental with the help of an example, to make it more clear. 7. A can do a piece of work in 80 days. He works at it for 10 days and then B alone finishes the remaining work in 42 days. In how much time will A and B, working together, finish the work? Ans- Work done by A in 10 days = (1/80 *10)= 1/8 NOTE:- Whenever there is such a type of problem then first of all find out the work of the person for the total no. of days for which he had worked and then left over. Then find out the remaining work which can be found by subtracting the completed work from 1. Remaining work is = Now 7/8 work is done by B in 42 days So whole work is done by B in 42*8/7 = 48 days ( by simply applying the unitary method) So, As 1 days work is = 1/80 and Bs 1 days work is = 1/48 Hence combined (A+B)s 1 days work =(1/80 + 1/48) = 8/240 = 1/30

So, A and B both will finish the work in 30 days. I think now you can solve these types of problems easily. Lets do some exercise>. If you have any doubt please leave a comment below.