Dynamics Split 1

2.
4 Update
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Copyright Notice
The copyright in this manual and its associated computer program are the property of Hyprotech Ltd. All rights reserved. Both this manual and the computer program have been provided pursuant to a License Agreement containing restrictions on use. Hyprotech reserves the right to make changes to this manual or its associated computer program without obligation to notify any person or organization. Companies, names and data used in examples herein are fictitious unless otherwise stated. No part of this manual may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any other language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical manual or otherwise, or disclosed to third parties without the prior written consent of Hyprotech Ltd., Suite 800, 707 - 8th Avenue SW, Calgary AB, T2P 1H5, Canada. 2001 Hyprotech Ltd. All rights reserved. HYSYS, HYSYS.Plant, HYSYS.Process, HYSYS.Refinery, HYSYS.Concept, HYSYS.OTS, HYSYS.RTO, DISTIL, HX-NET, HYPROP III and HYSIM are registered trademarks of Hyprotech Ltd. Microsoft Windows, Windows 95/98, Windows NT and Windows 2000 are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation. This product uses WinWrap Basic, Copyright 1993-1998, Polar Engineering and Consulting.
Documentation Credits
Authors of the current release, listed in order of historical start on project: Sarah-Jane Brenner, BASc; Conrad, Gierer, BASc; Chris Strashok, BSc; Lisa Hugo, BSc, BA; Muhammad Sachedina, BASc; Allan Chau, BSc; Adeel Jamil, BSc; Nana Nguyen, BSc; Yannick Sternon, BIng; Kevin Hanson, PEng; Chris Lowe, PEng. Since software is always a work in progress, any version, while representing a milestone, is nevertheless but a point in a continuum. Those individuals whose contributions created the foundation upon which this work is built have not been forgotten. The current authors would like to thank the previous contributors. A special thanks is also extended by the authors to everyone who contributed through countless hours of proof-reading and testing.
Contacting Hyprotech
Hyprotech can be conveniently accessed via the following: Website: Technical Support: Information and Sales: www.hyprotech.com support@hyprotech.com info@hyprotech.com
Detailed information on accessing Hyprotech Technical Support can be found in the Technical Support section in the preface to this manual.
Table of Contents
Welcome to HYSYS ........................................... vii
Hyprotech Software Solutions .............................................vii Use of the Manuals ..............................................................xi
Dynamic Theory................................................ 1-1

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 General Concepts ............................................................. 1-5 Holdup Model .................................................................. 1-11 Pressure Flow Solver ...................................................... 1-25 Dynamic Operations: General Guidelines ....................... 1-37 Plant+ .............................................................................. 1-43
Dynamic Tools .................................................. 2-1

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Dynamics Assistant ........................................................... 2-4 Equation Summary View ................................................. 2-27 Integrator ......................................................................... 2-35 Event Scheduler .............................................................. 2-40 Control Manager.............................................................. 2-61
Streams ............................................................ 3-1

3.1 3.2 Material Stream View ........................................................ 3-3 Energy Stream View.......................................................... 3-6
Heat Transfer Equipment ................................. 4-1

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Air Cooler .......................................................................... 4-3 Cooler/Heater .................................................................. 4-14 Heat Exchanger............................................................... 4-23 LNG ................................................................................. 4-55 Fired Heater (Furnace).................................................... 4-76 References .................................................................... 4-100
Piping Equipment ............................................. 5-1

5.1 5.2 Mixer.................................................................................. 5-3 Valve ................................................................................. 5-6
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5.3 5.4
Tee .................................................................................. 5-16 Relief Valve ..................................................................... 5-19
Rotating Equipment.......................................... 6-1

6.1 6.2 6.3 Compressor/Expander ...................................................... 6-3 Reciprocating Compressor.............................................. 6-23 Pump ............................................................................... 6-32
Separation Operations ..................................... 7-1

7.1 7.2 Vessels.............................................................................. 7-3 Component Splitter.......................................................... 7-21
Column Operation............................................. 8-1

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Theory ............................................................................... 8-3 Pressure Flow ................................................................... 8-5 Column Runner ................................................................. 8-9 Tray Section .................................................................... 8-14 Column - Pressure Profile Example ................................ 8-20 A Column Tutorial............................................................ 8-24
Reactors ........................................................... 9-1

9.1 9.2 CSTR and General Reactors ............................................ 9-3 Plug Flow Reactor Dynamics .......................................... 9-18
10 Logical Operations ......................................... 10-1

10.1 PID Controller.................................................................. 10-3 10.2 Digital Point ................................................................... 10-33 10.3 MPC .............................................................................. 10-38 10.4 Selector Block ............................................................... 10-57 10.5 Set ................................................................................. 10-61 10.6 Transfer Function .......................................................... 10-64 10.7 Controller Face Plate..................................................... 10-84 10.8 ATV Tuning Technique................................................. 10-87
11 Control Theory................................................ 11-1

11.1 Process Dynamics........................................................... 11-3 11.2 Basic Control ................................................................... 11-9 11.3 Advanced Control.......................................................... 11-27
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11.4 General Guidelines........................................................ 11-33 11.5 References .................................................................... 11-49
Index ..................................................................I-1
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Welcome to HYSYS
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Welcome to HYSYS
We are pleased to present you with the latest version of HYSYS the product that continually extends the bounds of process engineering software. With HYSYS you can create rigorous steady-state and dynamic models for plant design and trouble shooting. Through the completely interactive HYSYS interface, you have the ability to easily manipulate process variables and unit operation topology, as well as the ability to fully customize your simulation using its OLE extensibility capability.
Hyprotech Software Solutions

HYSYS has been developed with Hyprotechs overall vision of the ultimate process simulation solution in mind. The vision has led us to create a product that is:
Integrated Intuitive and interactive Open and extensible
Integrated Simulation Environment

In order to meet the ever-increasing demand of the process industries for rigorous, streamlined software solutions, Hyprotech developed the HYSYS Integrated Simulation Environment. The philosophy underlying our truly integrated simulation environment is conceptualized in the diagram below:
Figure 1
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The central wedge represents the common parameters at the core of the various modelling tools:
model topology interface thermodynamics

The outer ring represents the modelling application needs over the entire plant lifecycle. The arrows depict each Hyprotech product using the common core, allowing for universal data sharing amongst the tools, while providing a complete simulation solution. As an engineer you undoubtedly have process modelling requirements that are not all handled within a single package. The typical solution is to generate results in one package, then transfer the necessary information into a second package where you can determine the additional information. At best, there is a mechanism for exchanging information through file transfer. At worst, you must enter the information manually, consuming valuable time and risking the introduction of data transfer errors. Often the knowledge you gain in the second application has an impact on the first model, so you must repeat the whole process a number of times in an iterative way. In a truly integrated simulation environment all of the necessary applications work is performed within a common framework, eliminating the tedious trial-and-error process described previously. Such a system has a number of advantages:
Information is shared, rather than transferred, among applications. All applications use common thermodynamic models. All applications use common flowsheet topology. You only need to learn one interface. You can switch between modelling applications at any time, gaining the most complete understanding of the process.
The plant lifecycle might begin with building a conceptual model to determine the basic equipment requirements for your process. Based on the conceptual design, you could build a steady-state model and perform an optimization to determine the most desirable operating conditions. Next, you could carry out some sizing and costing calculations for the required equipment, then do some dynamic modelling to determine appropriate control strategies. Once the design has become a reality, you might perform some online modelling using actual plant data for "what-if" studies, troubleshooting or even online optimization. If a change at any stage in the design process affects the common data, the new information is available immediately to all the other applications no manual data transfer is ever required.
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While this concept is easy to appreciate, delivering it in a useable manner is difficult. Developing this multi-application, informationsharing software environment is realistically only possible using Object Oriented Design methodologies, implemented with an Object Oriented Programming Language. Throughout the design and development process, we have adhered to these requirements in order to deliver a truly integrated simulation environment as the HYSYS family of products:
HYSYS Product For information on any of these products, contact your local Hyprotech representative. Description Process Design - HYSYS.Process provides the accuracy, speed and efficiency required for process design activities. The level of detail and the integrated utilities available in HYSYS.Process allows for skillful evaluation of design alternatives. Plant Design - HYSYS.Plant provides an integrated steady-state and dynamic simulation capability, offers rigorous and high-fidelity results with a very fine level of equipment geometry and performance detail. HYSYS.Plant+ provides additional detailed equipment configurations, such as actuator dynamics. Refinery Modeling - HYSYS.Refinery provides truly scalable refinery-wide modeling. Detailed models of reaction processes can be combined with detailed representations of separation and heat integration systems. Each hydrocarbon stream is capable of predicting a full range of refinery properties based on a Refinery Assay matrix. Operations Training System - HYSYS.OTS provides real-time simulated training exercises that train operations personnel and help further develop their skills performing critical process operations. Increased process understanding and procedural familiarity for operations personnel can lead to an increase in plant safety and improvements in process performance. Real-Time Optimization - HYSYS.RTO is a realtime optimization package that enables the optimization of plant efficiency and the management of production rate changes and upsets in order to handle process constraints and maximize operating profits. Conceptual Design Application - HYSYS.Concept includes DISTIL which integrates the distillation synthesis and residue curve map technology of Mayflower with data regression and thermodynamic database access. HYSYS.Concept also includes HX-Net, which provides the ability to use pinch technology in the design of heat exchanger networks. Conceptual design helps enhance process understanding and can assist in the development of new and economical process schemes.
HYSYS.Process
HYSYS.Plant
HYSYS.Refinery
HYSYS.OTS
HYSYS.RTO
HYSYS.Concept
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Intuitive and Interactive Process Modelling

We believe that the role of process simulation is to improve your process understanding so that you can make the best process decisions. Our solution has been, and continues to be, interactive simulation. This solution has not only proven to make the most efficient use of your simulation time, but by building the model interactively with immediate access to results you gain the most complete understanding of your simulation. HYSYS uses the power of Object Oriented Design, together with an Event-Driven Graphical Environment, to deliver a completely interactive simulation environment where:
calculations begin automatically whenever you supply new information, and access to the information you need is in no way restricted.
At any time, even as calculations are proceeding, you can access information from any location in HYSYS. As new information becomes available, each location is always instantly updated with the most current information, whether specified by you or calculated by HYSYS.
Open and Extensible HYSYS Architecture

HYSYS is the only commercially available simulation platform designed for complete User Customization.
The Integrated Simulation Environment and our fully Object Oriented software design has paved the way for HYSYS to be fully OLE compliant, allowing for complete user customization. Through a completely transparent interface, OLE Extensibility lets you:
develop custom steady-state and dynamic unit operations specify proprietary reaction kinetic expressions create specialized property packages.
With seamless integration, new modules appear and perform like standard operations, reaction expressions or property packages within HYSYS. The Automation features within HYSYS expose many of the internal Objects to other OLE compliant software like Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Visual Basic and Visio Corporations Visio. This functionality enables you to use HYSYS applications as calculation engines for your own custom applications. By using industry standard OLE Automation and Extension the custom simulation functionality is portable across Hyprotech software updates. The open architecture allows you to extend your simulation functionality in response to your changing needs.
Welcome to HYSYS
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Use of the Manuals

HYSYS Electronic Documentation
The HYSYS Documentation Suite includes all available documentation for the HYSYS family of products.
All HYSYS documentation is available in electronic format as part of the HYSYS Documentation Suite. The HYSYS Documentation CD ROM is included with your package and may be found in the Get Started box. The content of each manual is described in the following table:
Manual Description Contains the information needed to install HYSYS, plus a Quick Start example to get you up and running, ensure that HYSYS was installed correctly and is operating properly. Provides in depth information on the HYSYS interface and architecture. HYSYS Utilities are also covered in this manual. Contains all information relating to the available HYSYS fluid packages and components. This includes information on the Oil Manager, Hypotheticals, Reactions as well as a thermodynamics reference section. Steady state operation of HYSYS unit operations is covered in depth in this manual. This manual contains information on building and running HYSYS simulations in Dynamic mode. Dynamic theory, tools, dynamic functioning of the unit operations as well as controls theory are covered. This manual is only included with the HYSYS.Plant document set. Details the many customization tools available in HYSYS. Information on enhancing the functionality of HYSYS by either using third-party tools to programmatically run HYSYS (Automation), or by the addition of user-defined Extensions is covered. Other topics include the current internally extensible tools available in HYSYS: the User Unit Operation and User Variables as well as comprehensive instruction on using the HYSYS View Editor. Provides step-by-step instructions for building some industry-specific simulation examples. Contains a more advanced set of example problems. Note that before you use this manual, you should have a good working knowledge of HYSYS. The Applications examples do not provide many of the basic instructions at the level of detail given in the Tutorials manual. Provides quick access to basic information regarding all common HYSYS features and commands.
Get Started
Users Guide
Simulation Basis
Steady State Modeling
Dynamic Modeling
Customization Guide
Tutorials
Applications
Quick Reference
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Use of the Manuals
Contact Hyprotech for information on HYSYS training courses.
If you are new to HYSYS, you may want to begin by completing one or more of the HYSYS tutorials, which give the step-by-step instructions needed to build a simulation case. If you have some HYSYS experience, but would still like to work through some more advanced sample problems, refer to the HYSYS Applications. Since HYSYS is totally interactive, it provides virtually unlimited flexibility in solving any simulation problem. Keep in mind that the approach used in solving each example problem presented in the HYSYS documentation may only be one of the many possible methods. You should feel free to explore other alternatives.
Viewing the Online Documentation

HYSYS electronic documentation is viewed using Adobe Acrobat Reader, which is included on the Documentation CD-ROM. Install Acrobat Reader 4.0 on your computer following the instructions on the CD-ROM insert card. Once installed, you can view the electronic documentation either directly from the CD-ROM, or you can copy the Doc folder (containing all the electronic documentation files) and the file named menu.pdf to your hard drive before viewing the files. Manoeuvre through the online documentation using the bookmarks on the left of the screen, the navigation buttons in the button bar or using the scroll bars on the side of the view. Blue text indicates an active link to the referenced section or view. Click on that text and Acrobat Reader will jump to that particular section.
Selecting the Search Index

Ensure that your version of Acrobat Reader has the Search plug-in present. This plug-in allows you to add a search index to the search list. For more information on the search tools available in Acrobat Reader, consult the help files provided with the program.
One of the advantages in using the HYSYS Documentation CD is the ability to do power searching using the Acrobat search tools. The Acrobat Search command allows you to perform full text searches of PDF documents that have been indexed using Acrobat Catolog. To attach the index file to Acrobat Reader 4.0, use the following procedure: 1. 2. 3. Open the Index Selection view by selecting Edit-Search-Select Indexes from the menu. Click the Add button. This will open the Add Index view. Ensure that the Look in field is currently set to your CD-ROM drive label. There should be two directories visible from the root directory: Acrobat and Doc.
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Figure 2
4.
Open the Doc directory. Inside it you should find the Index.pdx file. Select it and click the Open button.
Figure 3
5.
The Index Selection view should display the available indexes that can be attached. Select the index name and then click the OK button. You may now begin making use of the Acrobat Search command.
Using the Search Command

The Acrobat Search command allows you to perform a search on PDF documents. You can search for a simple word or phrase, or you can expand your search by using wild-card characters and operators. To search an index, first select the indexes to search and define a search query. A search query is an expression made up of text and other items to define the information you want to define. Next, select the documents to review from those returned by the search, and then view the occurrences of the search term within the document you selected
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Use of the Manuals
To perform a full-text search do the following: 1. 2. 3. Choose Edit-Search-Query from the menu. Type the text you want to search for in the Find Results Containing Text box. Click Search. The Search dialog box is hidden, and documents that match your search query are listed in the Search Results window in order of relevancy. Double-click a document that seems likely to contain the relevant information, probably the first document in the list. The document opens on the first match for the text you typed. Click the Search Next button or Search Previous button to go to other matches in the document. Or choose another document to view.
4.
5.
Other Acrobat Reader features include a zoom-in tool in the button bar, which allows you to magnify the text you are reading. If you wish, you may print pages or chapters of the online documentation using the File-Print command under the menu.
Conventions used in the Manuals

The following section lists a number of conventions used throughout the documentation.
Keywords for Mouse Actions

As you work through various procedures in the manuals, you will be given instructions on performing specific functions or commands. Instead of repeating certain phrases for mouse instructions, keywords are used to imply a longer instructional phrase:
Keywords Point Action Move the mouse pointer to position it over an item. For example, point to an item to see its Tool Tip. Position the mouse pointer over the item, and rapidly press and release the left mouse button. For example, click Close button to close the current window. As for click, but use the right mouse button. For example, right-click an object to display the Object Inspection menu.
These are the normal (default) settings for the mouse, but you can change the positions of the left- and right-buttons.
Click
Right-Click
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Welcome to HYSYS
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Keywords
Action Position the mouse pointer over the item, then rapidly press and release the left mouse button twice. For example, double-click the HYSYS icon to launch the program. Position the mouse pointer over the item, press and hold the left mouse button, move the mouse while the mouse button is down, and then release the mouse button. For example, you drag items in the current window, to move them. Whenever you pass the mouse pointer over certain objects, such as tool bar icons and flowsheet objects, a Tool Tip will be displayed. It will contain a brief description of the action that will occur if you click on that button or details relating to the object.
Double-Click
Drag
Tool Tip
A number of text formatting conventions are also used throughout the manuals:
Format When you are asked to access a HYSYS menu command, the command is identified by bold lettering. When you are asked to select a HYSYS button, the button is identified by bold, italicized lettering. When you are asked to select a key or key combination to perform a certain function, keyboard commands are identified by words in bolded small capitals (small caps). The name of a HYSYS view (also know as a property view or window) is indicated by bold lettering. The names of pages and tabs on various views are identified in bold lettering. Example Select File-Save from the menu to save your case. Click the Close button to close the current view. Press the F1 key on the keyboard to open the context sensitive help. Selecting this command opens the Session Preferences view. Click Composition page on the Worksheet tab to see all the stream composition information. Click the Ignored check box to ignore this operation. Column Feed, Condenser Duty Inlet Separator, Atmospheric Tower Type 100 in the cell to define the stream temperature.
The name of radio buttons, check boxes and cells are identified by bold lettering. Note that blank spaces are acceptable in the names of streams and unit operations. Material and energy stream names are identified by bold lettering. Unit operation names are identified by bold lettering. When you are asked to provide keyboard input, it will be indicated by bold lettering.
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Use of the Manuals
Bullets and Numbering

Bulleted and numbered lists will be used extensively throughout the manuals. Numbered lists are used to break down a procedure into steps, for example: 1. 2. 3. Select the Name cell. Type a name for the operation. Press ENTER to accept the name.
Bulleted lists are used to identify alternative steps within a procedure, or for simply listing like objects. A sample procedure that utilizes bullets is: 1. Move to the Name cell by doing one of the following:
Select the Name cell Press ALT N

2. Type a name for the operation.
Press ENTER to accept the name.

Notice the two alternatives for completing Step 1 are indented to indicate their sequence in the overall procedure. A bulleted list of like objects might describe the various groups on a particular view. For example, the Options page of the Simulation tab on the Session Preferences view has three groups, namely:
General Options Errors Column Options
Callouts
A callout is a label and arrow that describes or identifies an object. An example callout describing a graphic is shown below.
Figure 4
HYSYS Icon
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Annotations
Annotation text appears in the outside page margin.
Text appearing in the outside margin of the page supplies you with additional or summary information about the adjacent graphic or paragraph. An example is shown to the left.
Shaded Text Boxes

A shaded text box provides you with important information regarding HYSYS behaviour, or general messages applying to the manual. Examples include:
The resultant temperature of the mixed streams may be quite different than those of the feed streams, due to mixing effects.
Before proceeding, you should have read the introductory section which precedes the example problems in this manual.
The use of many of these conventions will become more apparent as you progress through the manuals.
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Use of the Manuals
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HYSYS Hot Keys

File
Create New Case Open Case Save Current Case Save As... Close Current Case Exit HYSYS CTRL+N CTRL+O CTRL+S CTRL+SHIFT+S CTRL+Z ALT+F4 CTRL+B CTRL+L CTRL+M F5 F7 F8 CTRL+I F9 CTRL+BREAK F11 F12 F3 F4 CTRL+K
Simulation
Go to Basis Manager Leave Current Environment (Return to Previous) Main Properties Access Optimizer Toggle Steady-State/Dynamic Modes Toggle Hold/Go Calculations Access Integrator Start/Stop Integrator Stop Calculations
Flowsheet
Add Material Stream Add Operation Access Object Navigator Show/Hide Object Palette Composition View (from Workbook)
Tools
Access Workbooks Access PFDs Toggle Move/Attach (PFD) Access Utilities Access Reports Access DataBook Access Controller FacePlates Access Help CTRL+W CTRL+P CTRL CTRL+U CTRL+R CTRL+D CTRL+F F1 CTRL+T CTRL+BREAK CTRL+F4 SHIFT+F4 CTRL+F6 or CTRL+TAB CTRL+SHIFT+F6 or CTRL+SHIFT+TAB F2 F10 or ALT CTRL+SHIFT+N CTRL+SHIFT+P CTRL+X CTRL+C CTRL+V
Column
Go to Column Runner (SubFlowsheet) Stop Column Solver
Window
Close Active Window Tile Windows Go to Next Window Go to Previous Window
Editing/General
Access Edit Bar Access Pull-Down Menus Go to Next Page Tab Go to Previous Page Tab Cut Copy Paste
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Dynamic Theory
1-1
1 Dynamic Theory
1.1 General Concepts......................................................................................... 5 1.2 Holdup Model.............................................................................................. 11 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 Assumptions of Holdup Model ............................................................... 12 Accumulation ......................................................................................... 13 Non-Equilibrium Flash............................................................................ 14 Heat Loss Model .................................................................................... 17 Chemical Reactions ............................................................................... 21 Related Calculations .............................................................................. 21 Advanced Holdup Properties ................................................................. 22
1.3 Pressure Flow Solver................................................................................. 25 1.3.1 Simultaneous Solution in Pressure Flow Balances................................ 26 1.3.2 Basic Pressure Flow Equations ............................................................. 27 1.3.3 Pressure Flow Specifications ................................................................. 30 1.4 Dynamic Operations: General Guidelines ............................................... 37 1.4.1 Specification Differences between Dynamic and Steady State ............. 37 1.4.2 Moving from Steady State to Dynamics ................................................. 38 1.5 Plant+ .......................................................................................................... 43 1.5.1 Compressible Gas Pipe ......................................................................... 44 1.5.9 Detailed Heat Model .............................................................................. 54 1.5.10 Nozzles ................................................................................................ 56 1.5.11 Control Valve Actuator.......................................................................... 58 1.5.12 Inertia ................................................................................................... 62 1.5.13 Static Head .......................................................................................... 64 1.5.14 Startup ................................................................................................. 65
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1-2
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Dynamic Theory
1-3
Dynamic simulation can help you to better design, optimize, and operate your chemical process or refining plant. Chemical plants are never truly at steady state. Feed and environmental disturbances, heat exchanger fouling, and catalytic degradation continuously upset the conditions of a smooth running process. The transient behaviour of the process system is best studied using a dynamic simulation tool like HYSYS. The design and optimization of a chemical process involves the study of both steady state and dynamic behaviour. Steady state models can perform steady state energy and material balances and evaluate different plant scenarios. The design engineer can use steady state simulation to optimize the process by reducing capital and equipment costs while maximizing production. With dynamic simulation, you can confirm that the plant can produce the desired product in a manner that is safe and easy to operate. By defining detailed equipment specifications in the dynamic simulation, you can verify that the equipment will function as expected in an actual plant situation. Off-line dynamic simulation can optimize controller design without adversely affecting the profitability or safety of the plant. You can design and test a variety of control strategies before choosing one that may be suitable for implementation. You can examine the dynamic response to system disturbances and optimize the tuning of controllers. Dynamic analysis provides feedback and improves the steady state model by identifying specific areas in a plant that may have difficulty achieving the steady state objectives. In HYSYS, the dynamic analysis of a process system can provide insight into understanding it that is not possible with steady state modelling. With dynamic simulation you can investigate:
Process optimization Controller optimization Safety evaluation Transitions between operating conditions Startup/Shutdown conditions
The HYSYS dynamic model shares the same physical property packages as the steady state model. The dynamic model simulates the thermal, equilibrium and reactive behaviour of the chemical system in a similar way to the steady state model. On the other hand, the dynamic model uses a different set of conservation equations which account for changes occurring over
1-3
1-4
time. The equations for material, energy, and composition balances include an additional accumulation term which is differentiated with respect to time. Non-linear differential equations can be formulated to approximate the conservation principles; however, an analytical solution method does not exist. Therefore, numerical integration is used to determine the process behaviour at distinct time steps. The smaller the time step, the more closely the calculated solution will match the analytic solution. However, this gain in rigour is offset by the additional calculation time required to simulate the same amount of elapsed real time. A reasonable compromise may be achieved by using the largest possible step size, while maintaining an acceptable degree of accuracy without becoming unstable. The HYSYS dynamic simulation package has the capacity to reach a wider audience by offering the following features demanded by industry:
Accuracy. The HYSYS dynamic model provides accurate results based on rigorous equilibrium, reaction, unit operations and controller models. You must be able to trust the results if the dynamic tool is to be useful at all. Ease of Use. The HYSYS dynamic package uses the same intuitive and interactive graphical environment as the HYSYS steady state model. Streams and unit operations in the flowsheet can be added to the dynamic simulation environment as easily as in steady state. All flowsheet information from a steady state simulation case transfers easily to the dynamic simulation environment. Speed. The dynamic modelling options in HYSYS have been developed to provide a balance between accuracy and speed. HYSYS uses a fixed step size implicit Euler method. Volume, energy, and composition balances are solved at different frequencies. Volume (Pressure-Flow) balances are defaulted to solve at every time step, whereas energy and composition balances are defaulted to solve at every 2nd and 10th time step, respectively. This solution method allows HYSYS to perform quick, accurate and stable calculations in your simulation case. Detailed Design. You can provide specific rating details for each piece of equipment in the plant and confirm that the specified equipment can achieve desired product specs and quality. Rating information includes the equipment size, geometry, nozzle placement, and position relative to the ground. A comprehensive holdup model calculates levels, heat loss, static head contributions and product compositions based on the rating information of each piece of equipment.
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Dynamic Theory
1-5
Realism. A new level of realism with regards to material flow within the simulation is achieved with the Pressure Flow solver. With the Pressure Flow option, the flow rate through any unit operation depends on the pressures of the surrounding pieces of equipment. Material flow through an actual plant can be more accurately modelled using the Pressure Flow solver. Customizable. The HYSYS dynamic model is customizable. Many organizations have proprietary information that they wish to integrate into their commercial simulator platform. HYSYS allows you to add your own OLE modules to the HYSYS dynamic simulation environment.
1.1
General Concepts
Mathematical Model Classification

Distributed and Lumped Models
Most chemical engineering systems have thermal or component concentration gradients in three dimensions (x,y,z) as well as in time. This is known as a distributed system. If you were to characterize such a system mathematically, you would obtain a set of partial differential equations (PDEs). If the x, y and z gradients are ignored, the system is "lumped", and all physical properties are considered to be equal in space. Only the time gradients are considered in such an analysis. This consideration allows for the process to be described using ordinary differential equations (ODEs) which is much less rigorous than PDEs, thereby saving calculation time. For most instances, the lumped method will give a solution which is a reasonable approximation of the distributed model solution. HYSYS uses lumped models for all of the unit operations. For instance, in the development of the equations describing the separator operation, it is assumed that there are no thermal or concentration gradients present in a single phase. In other words, the temperature and composition of each phase are the same throughout the entire separator. Note that by definition, the PFR has thermal and concentration gradients with respect to the length of the vessel. In the solution algorithm, the PFR reactor is subdivided into several subvolumes which are considered to be lumped; that is, the reaction rate, temperature and
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General Concepts
compositions are constant through each subvolume, varying only with time. In essence, therefore, the PFR model, though inherently distributed (with respect to the length of the vessel), still uses a lumped analysis to obtain the solution.
Linear and Non-Linear Systems

A linear first-order Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) can be described as follows: dY ----- + Y = Kf ( u ) dt
(1.1)
In a non-linear equation, the process variable Y may appear as a power, exponential, or is not independent of other process variables. Here are two examples:
dY ----- + Y 3 = Kf ( u ) dt
(1.2)
dY ----- + YY 2 = Kf ( u ) dt
(1.3)
The great majority of chemical engineering processes occurring in nature are nonlinear. Nonlinearity may arise from equations describing equilibrium behaviour, fluid flow behaviour, or reaction rates of chemical systems. While a linear system of equations may be solved analytically using matrix algebra, the solution to a non-linear set of equations usually requires the aid of a computer.
Conservation Relationships
Material Balance
The conservation relationships are the basis of mathematical modelling in HYSYS. The dynamic mass, component, and energy balances that are derived in the following section are similar to the steady-state balances with the exception of the accumulation term in the dynamic balance. It is the accumulation term which allows the output variables from the system to vary with time.
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Dynamic Theory
1-7
The conservation of mass is maintained in the following general relation: Rate of accumulation of mass = mass flow into system - mass flow out of system (1.4)
For the simple case of a perfectly mixed tank with a single component feed, the mass balance would be as follows:
Figure 1.1
d( o V ) ---------------- = F i i F o o dt where: Fi = the flowrate of the feed entering the tank i = the density of the feed entering the tank Fo = the flowrate of the product exiting the tank o = the density of the product exiting the tank V = the volume of the fluid in the tank
(1.5)
1-7
1-8
General Concepts
Component Balance
Component balances can be written as follows: Rate of accumulation of component j = Flow of component j into system (1.6) - Flow of component j out of system + Rate of formation of component j by reaction Flow into or out of the system can be convective (bulk flow) and/or molecular (diffusion). While convective flow contributes to the majority of the flow into and out of a system, diffusive flow may become significant if there is a high interfacial area to volume ratio for a particular phase. For a multi-component feed for a perfectly mixed tank, the balance for component j would be as follows: d( C jo V ) ------------------- = F i C j i F o C j o + R j V dt where: Cji = the concentration of j in the inlet stream Cjo = the concentration of j in the outlet stream Rj = the reaction of rate of the generation of component j For a system with NC components, there are NC component balances. The total mass balance and component balances are not independent; in general, you would write the mass balance and NC-1 component balances.
(1.7)
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Dynamic Theory
1-9
Energy Balance
The Energy balance is as follows: Rate of accumulation of total energy = Flow of total energy into system - Flow of total energy out of system (1.8) + Heat added to system across its boundary + Heat generated by reaction - Work done by system on surroundings The flow of energy into or out of the system is by convection or conduction. Heat added to the system across its boundary is by conduction or radiation. For a CSTR with heat removal, the following general equation applies:
d [ ( u + k + )V ] = F i i ( u i + k i + i ) F o o ( u o + k o + o ) + Q + Q r ( w + F o P o F i P i ) dt where: u = Internal energy (energy per unit mass) k = Kinetic energy (energy per unit mass) = Potential energy (energy per unit mass) V = the volume of the fluid w = Shaft work done by system (energy per time) Po = Vessel pressure Pi = Pressure of feed stream Q = Heat added across boundary Qr = Heat generated by reaction: DHrxnrA Several simplifying assumptions can usually be made:
(1.9)
The potential energy can almost always be ignored; the inlet and outlet elevations are roughly equal. The inlet and outlet velocities are not high, therefore kinetic energy terms are negligible. If there is no shaft work (no pump), w=0.
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1-10
General Concepts
The general energy balance for a 2-phase system is as follows: d [ V H + l Vl h ] = Fi i hi Fl l h Fv v H + Q + Qr dt v v
(1.10)
Solution Method
Implicit Euler Method
Yn+1 may be calculated analytically calculated to equal:
tn + 1
Yn + 1 = Yn +
tn
f ( Y ) dt
(1.11)
dY where: ----- = f ( Y ) dt Ordinary differential equations may be solved using the implicit Euler method. The implicit Euler method is simply an approximation of Yn+1 using rectangular integration. Graphically, a line of slope zero and length h (the step size) is extended from tn to tn+1 on a f(Y) versus time plot. The area under the curve is approximated by a rectangle of length h and height fn+1(Yn+1): Y n + 1 = Y n + hf n + 1 ( Y n + 1 )
(1.12)
Figure 1.2 shows the integration of f(Y) over time step, h, using exact integration and the implicit Euler approximation:
Figure 1.2
Exact Integration Rectangular Integration (Implicit Euler)
f(Y)
f(Y) Area fn + 1 tn tn+1 tn tn+1
= ( fn + 1 ) h
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Dynamic Theory
1-11
The implicit Euler method handles stiff systems well. This is an implicit method because information is required at time tn+1. Integration parameters such as the integration time step can be specified in the Integrator view from the Simulation menu in HYSYS. The integration time step can be adjusted to increase the speed or stability of the system.
Integration Strategy
In HYSYS.Plant, dynamic calculations are performed at three different frequencies:
Volume (Pressure-flow) Energy Composition

These relations are not solved simultaneously at every time step. This would be computationally expensive. The compromise is to solve the balances at different time step frequencies. The default solution frequencies, which are multiples of the integration time step, are 1,2, and 10 for the pressure flow equations, energy, and composition balances, respectively. That is, pressure flow equations are solved at every time step while composition balances are solved at every 10th time step. Since composition tends to change much more gradually than the pressure, flow, or energy in a system, the equations associated with composition can be solved less frequently. An approximate flash is used for each pressure flow integration time step. A rigorous flash is performed at every composition integration time step.
1.2
Holdup Model
Dynamic behaviour arises from the fact that many pieces of plant equipment have some sort of material inventory or holdup. A holdup model is necessary because changes in the composition, temperature, pressure or flow in an inlet stream to a vessel with volume (holdup) are not immediately seen in the exit stream. The model predicts how the holdup and exit streams of a piece of equipment respond to input changes to the holdup over time. In some cases, the holdup model corresponds directly with a single piece of equipment in HYSYS.Plant. For example, a separator is considered a single holdup. In other cases, there are numerous holdups within a single piece of equipment. In the case of a distillation column, each tray can be considered a single holdup. Heat exchangers can also be discretized into zones with each zone being a set of holdups.
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1-12
Holdup Model
Calculations included in the holdup model are:
Material and Energy Accumulation Thermodynamic Equilibrium Heat Transfer Chemical Reaction
The new holdup model offers certain advantages over the previous HYSYS dynamic model: 1. An adiabatic PH flash calculation replaces the bubble point algorithm used in the previous holdup model. Adiabatic flashes also allow for more accurate calculations of vapour composition and pressure effects in the vapour holdup. Flash efficiencies can be specified which allows for the modelling of non-equilibrium behaviour between the feed phases of the holdup. The placement of feed and product nozzles on the equipment has physical meaning in relation to the holdup. For instance, if the vapour product nozzle is placed below the liquid level in a separator, only liquid will exit from the nozzle.
2.
3.
1.2.1
Assumptions of Holdup Model
There are several underlying assumptions that are considered in the calculations in the holdup model: 1. 2. 3. Each phase is assumed to be well mixed. Mass and heat transfer occur between feeds to the holdup and material already in the holdup. Mass and heat transfer occurs between phases in the holdup.
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Dynamic Theory
1-13
1.2.2
Accumulation
The lagged response that is observed in any unit operation is the result of the accumulation of material, energy, or composition in the holdup. In order to predict how the holdup conditions change over time, a recycle stream is added alongside the feed streams. For instance, the material accumulation in a holdup can be calculated from: Material accumulationnew = material flow into system + material accumulationold (recycle stream) - material flow out of system The recycle stream is not a physical stream in the unit operation. Rather, it is used to introduce a lagged response in the output. Essentially, the recycle stream represents the material already existing in the piece of equipment. It becomes apparent that a greater amount material in the holdup means a larger recycle stream and thus, a greater lagged response in the output.
Figure 1.3
(1.13)
The holdup model is used to calculate material, energy, and composition accumulation. Material accumulation is defaulted to calculate at every integration time step. The energy of the holdup is defaulted to calculate at every 2nd time step. The composition of the holdup is defaulted to calculate at every 10th time step.
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Holdup Model
1.2.3
Non-Equilibrium Flash
As material enters a holdup, the liquid and vapour feeds may associate in different proportions with the existing material already in the holdup. For instance, a separators vapour and liquid feeds may enter the column differently. It is very likely that the liquid feed will mix well with the liquid already in the holdup. The vapour feed may not mix as well with the existing material in the vessel since the residence time of the vapour holdup is much smaller than the liquid. If the feed nozzle is situated close to the vapour product nozzle, it is possible that even less mixing will occur. In the physical world, the extent of mixing of feeds with a holdup depends on the placement of the feed nozzles, the amount of holdup, and the geometry of the piece of equipment.
Efficiencies
In HYSYS, you can indirectly specify the amount of mixing that occurs between the feed phases and the existing holdup using feed, recycle, and product efficiencies. These feed efficiency parameters may be specified in the unit operations Holdup page under the Dynamics tab in HYSYS.Plant.
Figure 1.4
Essentially, the efficiency represents how close the feed comes to equilibrium with the other feeds. If all feed phases enter the holdup at 100% efficiencies, the holdup composition, temperature, and phase fraction will eventually match the flashed feeds stream conditions.
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Dynamic Theory
1-15
A flash efficiency can be specified for each phase of any stream entering the holdup. A conceptual diagram of the non-equilibrium flash is shown for a two phase system in Figure 1.5:
Figure 1.5
As shown, the flash efficiency, , is the fraction of feed stream that participates in the rigorous flash. If the efficiency is specified as 1, the entire stream participates in the flash; if the efficiency is 0, the entire stream bypasses the flash and is mixed with the product stream. The recycle stream and any streams entering the holdup participates in the flash. You can specify the flash efficiency for each phase of the recycle stream and any feed entering the holdup. The flash efficiency may also be specified for each phase of any product streams leaving the holdup.
Note: Product flash efficiencies are only used by the holdup model when reverse flow occurs in the product flow nozzles. In such cases, the product nozzle effectively becomes a feed nozzle and uses the product flash efficiencies provided by you, the user.
The default efficiencies for the feed, product, and recycle streams is 1. The flash efficiencies should be changed if it is observed that most of the vapour feed to the holdup condenses in the holdup. This could adversely affect the pressure of the holdup and consequently the entering and exiting stream flow rates.
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1-16
Holdup Model
For instance, a water system which is heated by pure steam (no inerts) may encounter problems if the steam feed efficiency is specified as 1. If the holdup material is significantly larger than the steam flow, all the steam will condense and the holdup temperature will increase, accordingly. Because no vapour effectively enters the holdup, the pressure will collapse if the vapour space in the holdup is significant. In the physical world, a small amount of steam flow will condense in the water system. The great majority of steam will bubble through the steam and maintain the pressure in the vessel. This should be modelled in HYSYS.Plant by specifying the steam feed efficiency to be less than 1.
Nozzles
In HYSYS.Plant, you may specify the feed and product nozzle locations and diameters. These nozzle placement parameters may be specified in the unit operations Nozzles page under the Rating tab in the operations view. The placement of feed and product nozzles on the equipment has physical meaning in relation to the holdup. The exit streams composition depends partially on the exit stream nozzles location in relation to the physical holdup level in the vessel. If the product nozzle is located below the liquid level in the vessel, the exit stream will draw material from the liquid holdup. If the product nozzle is located above the liquid level, the exit stream will draw material from the vapour holdup. If the liquid level sits across a nozzle, the mole fraction of liquid in the product stream varies linearly with how far up the nozzle the liquid is.
Figure 1.6
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Dynamic Theory
1-17
Static Head Contributions

When the Static Head Contributions check box is activated on the Options tab of the Integrator view, HYSYS calculates static head using the following contributions:
Including static head contributions in the modelling of pressure-flow dynamics is an option in HYSYS.
Levels inside separators, tray sections, etc. Elevation differences between connected equipment
For unit operations that have negligible holdup, such as the valve operation, HYSYS incorporates only the concept of nozzles. There is no static head contributions for levels, unless the feed and product nozzles are specified at different elevations. You can specify the elevation of both the feed and product nozzles. If there is a difference in elevation between the feed and product nozzles, HYSYS uses this value to calculate the static head contributions. It is recommended that static head contributions not be modelled in these unit operations in this way since this is not a realistic situation. Static head can be better modelled in these unit operations by relocating the entire piece of equipment. Static head is important in vessels with levels. For instance, consider a vertical separator unit operation that has a current liquid level of 50%. The static head contribution of the liquid holdup will make the pressure at the liquid outlet nozzle higher than that at the vapour outlet nozzle. Nozzle location will also become a factor. The pressure-flow relationship for the separator will be different for a feed nozzle which is below the current liquid holdup level as opposed to a feed which is entering in the vapour region of the unit. It is important to note that exit stream pressures from a unit operation are calculated at the exit nozzle locations on the piece of equipment and not the inlet nozzle locations of the next piece of equipment.
1.2.4
Heat Loss Model
The heat loss experienced by any pieces of plant equipment is considered by the holdup model in HYSYS. The heat loss model influences the holdup by contributing an extra term to the energy balance equation.
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1-18
Holdup Model
Energy Balances
Heat is lost (or gained) from the holdup fluid through the wall and insulation to the surroundings.
Figure 1.7
There are several underlying assumptions that are considered during a heat loss calculation:
There is heat capacity associated with the wall and insulation housing the fluid. The temperature across the wall and insulation is assumed to be constant. (lumped parameter analysis) The heat transfer coefficient between the holdup and the wall is assumed to be same for the vapour and liquid.
A balance can be performed across the wall:
k ins d [ Ax wall Cp wall T wall ] = h ( fluid, wall ) A ( T fluid T wall ) -------- A ( T wall T ins ) x ins dt The balance across the insulation is:
(1.14)
T wall + T ins d Ax ins Cp ins ---------------------------- 2 dt
k ins = -------- A ( T wall T ins ) + h ( ins, surr ) A ( T ins T surr ) (1.15) x ins
where: A = Heat transfer area x = thickness
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Dynamic Theory
1-19
Cp = Heat capacity T = temperature k = thermal conductivity h = heat transfer coefficient As shown, both the insulation and wall can store heat. The heat loss term that is accounted for in the energy balance around the holdup is h ( fluid, wall ) A ( T fluid T wall ) . If T fluid is greater than Twall, the heat will be lost to the surroundings. If Tfluid is less than Twall, the heat will be gained from the surroundings.
Change in Vessel Level

If the vessel level changes, a part of the wall and insulation that was associated with one phase will become part of another. The temperature of the incremental piece of the wall and the bulk of the wall will be equilibrated by the simple averaging: T 1 A + T 2 A T new = ---------------------------A + A where: A = Heat transfer area of encroaching phase T1 = temperature of encroaching phase T2 = temperature of displaced phase
(1.16)
Heat Loss Parameters

The heat loss parameters can be specified for most unit operations in the Heat Loss page under the Rating tab. You may choose to neglect the heat loss calculation in the energy balance by selecting the None radio button. Two heat loss models are available to you: Simple and Detailed.
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Holdup Model
Simple Model
The Simple model allows you to either specify the heat loss directly or have the heat loss calculated from specified values:
Overall U value Ambient Temperature

The heat transfer area, A, and the fluid temperature, Tf, are calculated by HYSYS.Plant. The heat loss is calculated using: Q = UA(Tf - Tamb) (1.17)
Detailed Model
The Detailed model allows you to specify more detailed heat transfer parameters. There are three radio buttons in the Heat Loss Parameters group as described in the table below.
Radio Button Description Displays the temperatures of the: Temperature Profile fluid wall insulation surroundings
Displays the conductive properties of the wall and insulation. The following properties can be specified by you: Conduction Conductivity of material Thickness of material Heat capacity of material Density of material Equation (1.14) and (1.15) demonstrate how the parameters are used by the heat loss model. Displays the convective heat transfer coefficients for heat transfer within the holdup and heat transfer occurring from the outside the holdup to the surroundings.
Convection
1-20
Dynamic Theory
1-21
1.2.5
Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions that occur in plant equipment are considered by the holdup model in HYSYS.Plant. Reaction sets may be specified in the Results page of the Reactions tab. The holdup model is able to calculate the chemical equilibria and reactions that occur in the holdup. In a holdup, chemical reactions may be modelled by one of four mechanisms:
For more information on how reaction sets can be created and used within the simulation, see Chapter 4 Reactions in the Simulation Basis manual.
Reactions handled inside thermophysical property packages Extent of reaction model Kinetic model Equilibrium model
1.2.6
Related Calculations
There are calculations which are not handled by the holdup model itself but may impact the holdup calculations. The following calculations require information and are solved in conjunction with the holdup model:
Vessel Level Calculations

The vessel level can be calculated from the vessel geometry, the molar holdup and the density for each liquid phase.
Vessel Pressure
The vessel pressure is a function of the vessel volume and the stream conditions of the feed, product, and the holdup. The pressure in the holdup is calculated using a volume balance equation. Holdup pressures are calculated simultaneously across the flowsheet.
Tray Hydraulics
Tray Hydraulics determines the rate from which liquid leaves the tray, and hence, the holdup and the pressure drop across the tray. The Francis Weir equation is used to determine the liquid flow based on the liquid level in the tray and the tray geometry.
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Holdup Model
1.2.7
Click the right mouse button anywhere in the view to bring up the Open Page button. Clicking this button displays the information on the general tab in a separate window
Advanced Holdup Properties
Located on each Holdup pages found on the Dynamics tab of the unit operation property view there is an Advanced button. This button accesses a view that provides more detailed information about the holdup of that unit operation.
General Tab
This tab provides the same information as shown in the Holdup page of the Dynamics tab. The accumulation, moles, and volume of the holdup are displayed. The holdup pressure is also displayed in this tab.
Figure 1.8
Nozzles Tab
This tab displays the same information as shown in the Nozzles page of the Ratings tab. The nozzle diameters and elevations for each stream attached to the holdup are displayed. This section also displays the holdup elevation which is essentially equal to the base elevation of the piece of equipment relative to the ground. Changes to nozzle parameters can either be made in this tab or in the Nozzles page of the Ratings tab.
Both the Nozzles tab and Efficiencies tab requires HYSYS.Plant +. Refer to for more information.
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Dynamic Theory
1-23
Figure 1.9
Efficiencies Tab
The nozzle efficiencies may be specified in this tab. In HYSYS, you can indirectly specify the amount of mixing that occurs between the feed phases and existing holdup using feed, recycle and product efficiencies.
Figure 1.10
A flash efficiency, , is the fraction of feed stream that participates in the rigorous flash. If the efficiency is specified as 100, the entire stream participates in the flash; if the efficiency is 0, the entire stream bypasses the flash and is mixed with the product stream.
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1-24
Holdup Model
Nozzle Efficiency Feed Nozzle Efficiency
Description The efficiencies of each phase for each feed stream into the holdup can be specified in these cells. These efficiencies are not used by the holdup model if there is flow reversal in the feed streams. Product nozzle efficiencies are used only when there is flow reversal in the product streams. In this situation, the product nozzles act as effective feed nozzles. Essentially, the recycle stream represents the material already existing in the holdup. Recycle efficiencies represent how much of the material in the holdup participates in the flash.
Product Nozzle Efficiency
Recycle Efficiency
For more information regarding feed, product, and recycle efficiencies, see Section 1.2.3 - Non-Equilibrium Flash in this manual.
Properties Tab
The following fluid properties for each phase in the holdup are displayed in the Properties tab:
Temperature Pressure Flow Molar Fraction of the specific phase in the holdup Enthalpy Density Molecular Weight
Figure 1.11
1-24
Dynamic Theory
1-25
Compositions Tab
The compositional molar fractions of each phase in the holdup is displayed in the Compositions tab.
Figure 1.12
1.3
Pressure Flow Solver
HYSYS.Plant offers an advanced method of calculating the pressure and flow profile of a simulation case in Dynamic mode. Almost every unit operation in the flowsheet can be considered a holdup or carrier of material (pressure) and energy. A network of pressure holdups can therefore be conceived across the entire simulation case. The P-F solver considers the integration of pressure flow balances in the flowsheet. There are two basic equations which define most of the pressure flow network. These equations only contain pressure and flow as variables:
Resistance equations - which define flow between pressure holdups Volume balance equations - which define the material balance at pressure holdups
The pressure flow balances both require information from and provide information to the holdup model. While the holdup model calculates the accumulation of material, energy, and composition in the holdup, the pressure flow solver equations predict the accumulated pressure of the holdup and flow rates exiting the holdup. The holdup model brings the actual feed and product stream properties to holdup conditions for
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the volume balance equations using a rigorous or approximate flash. The pressure flow solver returns information essential to the holdup model calculations: the pressure of the holdup or the flow rates of the stream exiting the holdup.
1.3.1
Simultaneous Solution in Pressure Flow Balances
All material streams within HYSYS.Plant can be solved for pressure and flow. All unit operations can be solved for pressure. As an example, consider the following flowsheet. There are 26 variables to solve for in the PF matrix. Twelve material streams contribute 24 variables to the flowsheet. The 2 vessels, V-100 and V-101, contribute 1 variable each. The valve and tee operations are not considered nodes. These unit operations define a pressure flow relation between the inlet and exit streams but rarely are they modelled with any inventory.
Figure 1.13
A pressure-flow matrix is setup which solves the variables required. The matrix consists of: Volume balance equations, Resistance equations and Pressure-Flow specifications input by you. The number of pressure flow specifications that need to be provided by you will be discussed in Degrees of Freedom Analysis in Section 1.3.3 - Pressure Flow Specifications.
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Dynamic Theory
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1.3.2
Basic Pressure Flow Equations
The equations that are discussed in this section define the basis of the pressure flow network.
Volume Balance
For equipment with holdup, an underlying principle is that the physical volume of the vessel, and thus, the volume of material in the vessel at any time remains constant. Therefore, during calculations in dynamics, the change in volume of the material inside the vessel is zero: V = Constant = f ( flow, h, P, T ) (1.18)
dV ------ = 0 dt
(1.19)
where: V= volume of the vessel t = time flow = mass flowrate h = holdup P = vessel pressure T = vessel temperature As such, a vessel pressure node equation is essentially a volumetric flow balance and can be expressed as follows: Volume change due to pressure + Volume change due to flows + (1.20) Volume change due to temperature + Volume change due to other factors = 0 In the volume balance equation, pressure and flow are the only two variables to be solved in the matrix. All other values in the equation are updated after the matrix solves. Each vessel holdup contributes at least one volume balance equation to the pressure-flow matrix. When sufficient pressure-flow specifications are provided by you, any unknown(s) can be solved whether it be a vessel pressure or one of its flowrates.
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1-28
The volume balance equation allows you to observe pressure effects in the vapour holdup due to disturbances in the feed. Consider a separator whose feed flow suddenly increases. Assume that the exit streams from the separator are specified by you and are thus, constant. The vessel pressure would increase for 2 reasons: 1. Because the material of the exit streams remain constant, an increase in the vapour feed flow would increase the vapour holdup. An increase in the vapour holdup means that a larger amount of material is compressed into the same vapour volume resulting in a vessel pressure increase. The increase in the liquid level causes the vapour holdup to occupy a smaller volume within the vessel, causing the vessel pressure to rise.
2.
Resistance Equations
Flows exiting from a holdup may be calculated from a volume balance equation, specified by you, or calculated from a resistance equation. In general, the resistance equation calculates flowrates from the pressure differences of the surrounding nodes. HYSYS contains unit operations such as VALVES and HEAT EXCHANGERS which calculate flowrates using resistance equations. The resistance equations are modelled after turbulent flow equations and have the form: Flow = k P where: Flow = mass flowrate k = conductance, which is a constant representing the reciprocal of resistance to flow P = frictional pressure loss which is the pressure drop across the unit operation without static head contributions. Equation (1.21) is a simplified form of the basic VALVE operation equation which uses the valve flow coefficient Cv. The mass flowrate through the valve is a function of the valve flow coefficient and the frictional pressure drop across the valve: Flow = f ( Cv, P 1, P 2 )
(1.21)
(1.22)
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Dynamic Theory
1-29
where: Flow = mass flowrate Cv = conductance, which is a constant representing the reciprocal of resistance to flow P1 = upstream pressure P2 = downstream pressure As shown, a resistance equation relates the pressures of two nodes and the flow that exists between the nodes. The following unit operations have a resistance equation associated with them.
Unit Operation Valve Resistance Term With a pressure flow specification, you can specify conductance, Cv, on the Specs page of the Dynamics tab. The heat flow and pump work define the pressure flow relation of the pump. These parameters can be specified and/or calculated on the Specs page of the Dynamics tab. The heat flow and compressor work define the pressure flow relation of the compressor. These parameters can be specified and/or calculated on the Specs page of the Dynamics tab. With a pressure flow specification, you can specify the k-value on the Specs page of the Dynamics tab. The Weir equation determines liquid flow rate from the tray as a function of liquid level in the tray. Tray geometry can be specified on the Sizing page of the Ratings tab. The K-value is used to determine vapour flow exiting from the tray as a function of the pressure difference between trays. Kvalues can either be calculated or specified on the Specs page of the Dynamics tab.
Pump
Compressor/Expander
Heater/Cooler/Heat Exchanger/ Air Cooler/LNG
Tray Sections, Weir Equation
Tray Sections, K-Value
For a more detailed discussion on the individual unit operations and the resistance equations associated with them, see the appropriate unit operation section in the Dynamic Modelling guide.
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1.3.3
Pressure Flow Specifications
For more information on specifying Pressure-Flow specifications for a material stream, see Chapter 3 Streams.
In Dynamic mode, you can specify the pressure and/or flow of a material stream in a flowsheet. The pressure flow specifications are made in the Dynamics tab of the Material Stream property view. In order to satisfy the degrees of freedom of the pressure-flow matrix, you must input a certain number of pressure-flow specifications. The volume balance equations, resistance equations, and pressure-flow relation equations make up a large number of equations in the pressure-flow matrix. However, you should be aware of the specifications that are needed before the matrix will solve.
Degrees of Freedom Analysis

In almost all cases, a flowsheet being modelled dynamically using pressure-flow will require one pressure-flow specification per flowsheet boundary stream. A flowsheet boundary is one that crosses the model boundary and is attached to only one unit operation. Examples of such streams are the models feed and product streams. All other specifications for the flowsheet will be handled when each unit operation is sized using the conductance or valve flow coefficient. The following example confirms the one P-F specification per flowsheet boundary stream rule. In Figure 1.14, since there are 4 flowsheet boundary streams, you are required to make 4 pressure-flow specifications in order for the pressure flow matrix to solve. Note that the pressure flow specifications do not necessarily have to be set for each flowsheet boundary stream. Specifications can be made for internal flowsheet streams as long as there is one P-F specification per flowsheet boundary stream.
Figure 1.14
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Dynamic Theory
1-31
In the flowsheet shown above, there are 8 streams and 1 vessel holdup. In order to fully define the pressure flow matrix, the pressure and flow for each material stream and the pressure of each holdup must be solved for. In short, two variables are required for each material stream and 1 variable is required for each holdup: 8 material streams x 2 + 1 vessel holdup x1 (1.23)
17 pressure-flow variables The accumulation or amount of holdup is solved using material balances in the holdup model. Although the holdup is not solved by the pressure-flow matrix, it is used by the volume balance equation to calculate the vessel pressure of the holdup which is a variable in the matrix. The pressure and flow of material streams are named Pstream name and Fstream name, respectively. The pressure of the holdup is named PH. There are a number of equations which describe the relationship between the pressures and flows in this network. They are as follows:
Pressure-Flow Equation Separator Volume Balance equations Description # of Eqns
dP H --------- = f ( P, T, holdup, flows ) dt

The volume balance relates PH with F2, F3 and F5.
General Pressure relations Valves
PH = P2 = P3 = P5
If the static head contribution in the integrator is not checked, this general pressure relation will be observed.
F 2 = K VLV100 P 1 P 2 F 4 = K VLV101 P 3 P 4
Resistance equations
F 8 = K VLV102 P 7 P 8
This is the general form of the valve resistance equation. The actual equations vary according to inlet stream conditions.
General Flow relations
F1 = F2 F3 = F4 F7 = F8
Since the valves are usually not specified with holdup, this relation will be observed.
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Pressure-Flow Equation Mixer
Description
# of Eqns
P5 = P6 = P7
General Pressure relations The equalize option is recommended for the operation of the mixer in dynamic mode. If this option is checked, this general pressure relation will be observed.
F7 = F5 + F6
General Flow relation Since the mixer is usually not specified with holdup, this relation will be observed.
Total Number of Pressure Flow Equations
13
With 17 variables to solve for in the network and 13 available equations, the degrees of freedom for this network is 4. Therefore, 4 variables need to be specified to define this system. This is the same number of flowsheet boundary streams.
Pressure-Flow Specification Guidelines

The previous section outlined the number of pressure-flow specifications that are required by the flowsheet in order for the degrees of freedom to be satisfied. This section presents possible PF specifications that can be made for the inlet and exit streams of stand alone operations. The purpose of this section is to demonstrate the range of specifications that can be made for different unit operations in HYSYS. It is hoped that this section will provide insight as to what should and should not be specified for each unit operation.
Valve
Rating information for the valve operation including the valve type and Cv values can be input on the Sizing page in the Ratings tab. The dynamic valve can either be specified as having a set pressure drop or a pressure flow relation. This option is set on the Specs page of the Dynamics tab in the VALVE property view.
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Dynamic Theory
1-33
Note that the P-F spec option for conductance-type unit operations should be used as much as possible since it is much more realistic in determining pressure flow relations in an actual plant. The pressure drop option is provided to ease the transition between Steady State and Dynamic mode. The pressure drop option may help more difficult simulations run since the initial exit stream conditions of the valve can be easily calculated using the pressure drop option.
1. 2. For a pressure drop specification on the valve: one pressure spec and one flow spec is required for the inlet and exit streams. For a pressure-flow specification on the valve: two pressures may be specified or one pressure and one flow
Pressure and level control can be achieved in a separator using valves on the vapour and liquid streams, respectively. It is best to use a pressure specification downstream of each valve. The percent openings on each valve can then be used to control the flow through each valve with a PID controller.
Heat Exchanger/Cooler/Heater
The heat exchange operations, like the valve, should use the P-F spec option as much as possible to simulate actual pressure flow relations in the plant.
The dynamic HEAT EXCHANGER can be specified as having a set pressure drop or a Overall K-Value (pressure-flow) relation. This option is set on the Specs page of the Dynamics tab in the HEAT EXCHANGER property view: 1. 2. For a pressure drop specification on either the tube side or shell side: one pressure spec and one flow spec is recommended. For a K-value spec on either the tube or shell side: two pressures may be specified or one pressure and one flow
K-values can be calculated using the Calculate K button on the Specs page of the Dynamics tab in the operations property view. HEATER and COOLER operations are much like HEAT EXCHANGERS. However, they only have a single K-value on their process side.
Separators
Rating information including the volume of the vessel, boot capacity, and nozzle location can be input on the Sizing and Nozzles pages in the Ratings tab.
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A separator with no valves attached to the inlet and exit streams requires only one pressure specification. The other two streams are specified with flows. A more stable way to run the separator is to attach valves to the inlet and exit streams of the vessel. The boundary streams of the separator with valves should be specified with pressure.
Condenser/Reboiler
Rating information for the condenser and reboiler including the vessel volume, boot capacity, and nozzle location can be input on the Sizing and Nozzles pages of the vessels Ratings tab. It is highly recommended that the proper equipment be added to the reflux stream (e.g. pumps, valve, etc.). In all cases, level control for the condenser should be used to ensure a proper liquid level. The Partial Condenser has three exit streams: the overhead vapour stream, the reflux stream, and the distillate stream. All three exit streams must be specified when attached to the main tray section. One pressure specification is recommended for the vapour stream. The other two exit streams must be specified with flow rates. Another option is to specify a Reflux Flow/Total Liq Flow value on the Specs page in the Dynamics tab. In this case, only one flow spec is required on either the reflux or distillate stream. The Fully-Refluxed Condenser has two exit streams: the overhead vapour stream and the reflux stream. One pressure and flow specification is required for the two exit streams. A Fully-Condensed Condenser has two exit streams: the reflux stream and the distillate stream. There are several possible configurations of pressure flow specifications for this type of condenser. A flow specification can be used for the reflux stream and a pressure flow spec can be used for the distillate stream. Two flow specifications can be used, however it is suggested that a vessel pressure controller be setup with the condenser duty as the operating variable. The Reboiler has two exit streams: the boilup vapour stream and the bottoms liquid stream. Only one exit stream can be specified. If a pressure constraint is specified elsewhere in the column, this exit stream must be specified with a flow rate.
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Separation Columns
For all separation columns, the tray section parameters including the tray diameter, weir length, weir height, and tray spacing can be specified on the Sizing page in the Ratings tab of the Main TS property view. The basic ABSORBER column has two inlet and two exit streams. When used alone, the ABSORBER has four boundary streams and therefore requires four pressure-flow specifications. A pressure specification will always be required for the liquid product stream leaving the bottom of the column. A second pressure specification should be added to the vapour product of the column, with the two feed streams having flow specifications. The basic REFLUXED ABSORBER column has a single inlet and two or three exit streams, depending on the condenser configuration. When used alone, the REFLUXED ABSORBER has three or four boundary streams (depending on the condenser) and requires four or five pressure-flow specifications; generally two pressure and three flow specifications. A pressure specification will always be required for the liquid product stream leaving the bottom of the column. The REBOILED ABSORBER column has a single inlet and two exit streams. When used alone, the REBOILED ABSORBER has three boundary streams and therefore requires three pressure-flow specifications; one pressure and two flow specifications. A pressure specification will always be required for the vapour product leaving the column. The basic DISTILLATION column has one inlet and two or three exit streams, depending on the condenser configuration. When used alone, the DISTILLATION column has three or four boundary streams but requires four or five pressure-flow specifications; generally one pressure and three or four flow specifications. The extra pressure flow specification is required due to the reflux stream, and is discussed in Section 8.2.2 - Condensers and Reboiler.
Compressor/Expander/Pump
Rating information for the dynamic compressor, expander, and pump operations can be input on the Curves and Inertia pages in the Ratings tab.
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In general, two specifications should be selected in the Dynamics Specifications group in the Specs page of the Dynamics tab in order for these unit operations to fully solve. You should be aware of specifications which may cause complications or singularity in the pressure flow matrix. Some examples of such cases are:
The Pressure Increase box should not be selected if the inlet and exit stream pressures are specified. The Speed box should not be selected if the Use Characteristic Curves check box is not selected.
The COMPRESSOR, EXPANDER, and PUMP operations have one inlet stream and one exit stream. Two pressures may be specified for the inlet and exit streams or one pressure and one flow may be specified.
Mixer / Tee
The dynamic MIXER and TEE operations are very similar. It is recommended that the MIXER be specified with the Equalize All option in Dynamic mode. It is also recommended that the dynamic TEE not use the dynamic splits as specifications. These options are set on the Specs page of the Dynamics tab in their respective operation views. By specifying the dynamic MIXER and TEE as recommended, the pressure of the surrounding streams of the unit operation are equal if static head contributions are not considered. This is a realistic situation since the pressures of the streams entering and exiting a mixer or tee must be the same. With the recommended specifications, flow to and from the unit operations is by the pressure flow network and not by you, the user. A number of streams can enter or exit a mixer or tee. For stand alone operations, one stream must be specified with pressure. The other inlet/exit streams are specified with flow.
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1.4
Dynamic Operations: General Guidelines
This section outlines some guidelines or steps that you may follow in order to create and run a simulation case in Dynamic mode. It is possible to create a case directly in Dynamic mode. Unit operations can be added just as easily in Dynamic mode as in Steady State. The integrator should be run after each addition of a unit operation in order to initialize exit stream conditions for the added unit operations. It is also possible for you to build a dynamics case by first creating the case in Steady State mode. You can make the transition to Dynamic mode with some modifications to the flowsheet topology and stream specifications. Section 1.4.2 - Moving from Steady State to Dynamics outlines some general steps you can take in order to create a dynamics case from steady state mode. The Dynamic Assistant (Section 2.1 Dynamics Assistant) can be used to quickly modify the steady state flowsheet so that it has a correct set of pressure flow specifications. It is important to note, however, that not all the modifications suggested by the Assistant will result in a stable pressure flow matrix for the PF solver. It is suggested that you -when first learning dynamics- build simple cases in Steady State mode so that the transition to Dynamic mode is relatively easy. Once the transition from Steady State to Dynamic mode is made, other unit operations can easily be added to better model the process system. If you are more experienced, you may adopt different and more efficient ways to create a dynamics case.
1.4.1
Specification Differences between Dynamic and Steady State
It is apparent that the specifications required by the unit operations in Dynamic mode are not the same as the Steady State mode. This section outlines the main differences between the two modes in regards to specifying unit operations.
Steady State
The Steady State mode uses modular operations which are combined with a non-sequential algorithm. Information is processed as soon as it is supplied by you. The results of any calculation are automatically propagated throughout the flowsheet, both forwards and backwards.
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Material, energy, and composition balances are considered at the same time. Pressure, flow, temperature, and composition specifications are considered equally. For instance, a columns overhead flow rate specification may be replaced by a composition specification in the condenser. The column may solve with either specification.
Dynamics
Material, energy, and composition balances in Dynamic mode are not considered at the same time. Material or pressure-flow balances are solved for at every time step. Energy and composition balances are defaulted to solve less frequently. Pressure and flow are calculated simultaneously in a pressure-flow matrix. Energy and composition balances are solved in a modular sequential fashion. Because the pressure flow solver exclusively considers pressure-flow balances in the network, P-F specifications are separate from temperature and composition specifications. P-F specifications are input using the one P-F specification per flowsheet boundary stream rule. Temperature and composition specifications should be input on every boundary feed stream entering the flowsheet. Temperature and composition are then calculated sequentially for each downstream unit operation and material stream using the holdup model. Unlike in Steady State mode, information is not processed immediately after being input by you. The integrator should be run after the addition of any unit operation to the flowsheet. Once the integrator is run, stream conditions for the exit streams of the added unit operation will be calculated.
1.4.2
Moving from Steady State to Dynamics
You should be aware that flow in the plant occurs as a result of the pressure-flow relations between nodes. Before a transition from Steady State to Dynamic mode occurs, the simulation flowsheet should be set up so that a definite pressure drop exists across the plant. The following outline indicates some basic steps you can take to set up a case in Steady State mode and then switch to Dynamic mode.
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1. Adding Unit Operations

Identify material streams which are connected to two unit operations with no pressure flow relation and whose flow must be specified in Dynamic mode. These unit operations include the SEPARATOR operation and tray sections in a COLUMN operation. Add unit operations, such as VALVES, HEAT EXCHANGERS, or PUMPS, which define a pressure flow relation to these streams. It is also possible to specify a flow specification on this stream instead of using an operation to define the flow rate.
2. Equipment Sizing
Size all the unit operations in the simulation using actual plant equipment or predefined sizing techniques. Sizing of trays in columns can be accomplished using the Tray Sizing utility available from the Utilities page. Vessels should be sized to accommodate actual plant flowrates and pressures while maintaining acceptable residence times.
General Equipment Sizing Rules

Vessels (SEPARATORS, CONDENSERS, REBOILERS) should be sized for 5 - 15 minutes of liquid holdup time. Sizing and Costing calculations may also be performed using the Vessel Sizing utility in the Sizing page of the Rating tab. Valves should be sized using typical flowrates. The valve should be sized with a 50% valve opening and a pressure drop between 15 and 30 kPa.
Column Tray Sizing Rules

Tray Sizing can be accomplished for separation columns using the Tray Sizing utility in the Utilities page. Any use of utilities should be restricted to Steady State mode. The trays are sized according to the existing flow rates and the desired residence times in the tray. Important variables include:
Tray diameter Weir length Weir height Tray spacing
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3. Adjusting Column Pressure

In steady state, the pressure profile of the column is user specified. In dynamics, it is calculated using dynamic hydraulic calculations. If the steady state pressure profile is very different from the calculated pressure drop, there may be large upsets in flow in the column when the integrator is run. A reasonable estimate of the columns pressure profile can be calculated using the Tray Sizing utility. This utility provides a Max P/Tray value in the Results tab. The column pressure profile may be calculated using this value, the Max P/Tray value, and a desired pressure specification anywhere on the column. You may wish to change the Max P/Tray value in order to achieve a desired pressure profile across the column. This can easily be done by modifying the Weir height in the Ratings tab in the Tray Sizing utility. Reducing the weir height lowers the static head contributions and lowers the Max P/Tray value. In Dynamic mode, the Nozzle Pressure Flow K-factors (found on the Dynamics tab of the Main TS property view) may also be adjusted to better model the pressure drop across the column.
4. Logical Operations
Some logical operations from the steady state will be ignored. The ADJUST operation may be replaced by PID Controllers. The RECYCLE operation is redundant in Dynamic mode.
5. Adding Control Operations

Identify key control loops that exist within the plant. Implementing control schemes increases the realism and stability of the model. Disturbances in the plant can be modelled using the Transfer Function operation. The Events Scheduler can be used to model automated shutdowns and startups.
6. Enter the HYSYS Dynamic Environment

Click on the Dynamic Mode button to switch from Steady State mode to Dynamic mode.
Dynamic Mode Button
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7. Adding Pressure-Flow Specifications

Specify one pressure-flow specification for each flowsheet boundary stream. For more information regarding pressure-flow specifications for individual unit operations, refer to Section 1.3.3 - Pressure Flow Specifications. Controllers play a large part in stabilizing the PF Solver. For more information regarding the implementation of controllers in HYSYS, see Section 11.4.4 - Basic Steps in setting up a Control Strategy in HYSYS.
Precautions
1. You should pay special attention to equipment with fixed pressure drops. Any fixed pressure drop specifications in equipment may yield unrealistic results, such as flow occurring in the direction of increasing pressure. Remember to check for fixed pressure drops in the reboiler and condenser of columns. Be cautious of Heaters/Coolers with fixed duties. This may cause problems if the flow in the heater/cooler happens to fall to zero. It is recommended to use a controller, or a Spreadsheet function, or a temperature specification to control the temperature of a stream. Feed and product streams entering and exiting tray sections should be at the same pressure as the tray section itself. Any large pressure differences between a feed or product stream and its corresponding tray section may result in large amounts of material moving into or out of the column.
2.
3.
It may be necessary to isolate and converge single pieces of equipment in the plant using the Ignored feature for each unit operation if there is an especially large number of unit operations in the flowsheet. Run the Integrator after any unit operation has been added in Dynamic mode. Unlike the steady state environment, the exit streams of unit operations in Dynamic mode are not calculated until the Integrator is run. The Integrator should be run long enough to obtain reasonable values for the exit streams of the new operations.
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8. Troubleshooting
Error messages may be displayed once the integrator is run:
Too many specifications/ Not enough specifications

The Too many specifications message indicates that HYSYS.Plant has detected too many specifications. The Equation Summary View window that appears with the message can provide help indicating the specification that is most likely not required. Press the Full Analysis button (or Partitioned Analysis button, if it is made available). At this point, HYSYS examines possible problem areas with the simulation case. Pressing the Extra Specs tab reveals the variable(s) most likely not required by HYSYS. The Not enough specifications message indicates that the simulator has detected too few specifications. The Extra Specs tab in the Equation Summary View indicates possible variables that may be missing from the simulation case. The Dynamics Assistant can aid in identifying which P-F specifications should be added or deleted from a dynamic simulation case.
Singular Problem
This message indicates that not all of the equations in the PF solver matrix are independent of one another. This occurs when one or more equations are redundant. For instance, if a VALVE operation is using a pressure drop specification, the inlet and exit streams cannot both be specified with pressure. The pressure drop equation becomes redundant. It may be useful to overspecify a singular problem. HYSYS might be able to identify the redundant pressure flow specification and allow the case to solve.
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The Pressure Flow Solver failed to converge

This message indicates that one or more pressure-flow specifications may be unreasonable. This message may also appear if there are sudden large upsets to the simulation case. It is helpful to enter the Equation Summary View to identify problem areas in the flowsheet. Press the Full Analysis button (or Partitioned Analysis button, if it is made available). By pressing the Update Sorted List button in the Unconverged tab, HYSYS reveals the type of equation, location, and scaled error associated with the unconverged nodes in the flowsheet. Pay special attention to the unit operations with the largest errors in the Uncoverged tab. Check the vessel volumes of the uncoverged unit operations and ensure that they have been sized with reasonable residence times. Check the size of the valves attached to the unconverged unit operations. For more information regarding the Equations Summary View, see Chapter 2 - Dynamic Tools.
1.5
Plant+
Plant+ is an extension of HYSYS that provides advanced dynamic features to your simulation. Plant+ allows you to put together very detailed models for operator training work or detailed dynamic studies. The capabilities exclusive to Plant + are as follows:
Static head included in the pressure relationships. Users also have the ability to modify equipment elevations. Nozzle locations can be modified. For example an overhead vapour nozzle may be somewhere below the top of the vessel. Detailed valve actuator dynamics. The dynamics of the valve opening and closing are included in the model. A detailed heat loss model to take into account heat loss from vessels with holdup to the environment. For example, users may supply details about the equipment and insulation to take into account heat transfer from the vessel to the environment. Details on rotating equipment. Inertia terms will account for the starting up and shutdown of rotating equipment.
In order to use the Plant+ features you are required to purchase the Plant+ license. If you do not have a Plant+ license or it has not been activated you will not be able to see or access these features.
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Plant+
To activate your Plant+ features go to the simulation environment, open the Simulation menu and select Main Properties. Select the Licenses tab, located on the very right.
Figure 1.15
Click the check box that corresponds with HYSYS.Plant+ to activate the license. Note that once you have activated this license it can NOT be deactivated.
1.5.1
Compressible Gas Pipe
The Compressible Gas Pipe Model uses an algorithm that solves a vector system using the Two-Step Lax-Wendroff method with Boris & Book anti-diffusion. The Compressible Gas Pipe unit operation is primarily designed for transient calculations with streams. Steady state calculations have been implemented primarily for initialization of the Pipe State prior to transient calculations. The following calculation modes are supported in steady sate mode:
Specify Inlet Pressure, Temperature and Mass Flow Specify Inlet Temperature, Mass Flow and Outlet Pressure Specify Inlet Pressure and Temperature and Outlet Pressure. Alternatively the pressure drop may be used with a either boundary pressure.
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To install the Compressible Gas Pipe operation, press F12 and choose Piping Equipment from the UnitOps view or click the Compressible Gas Pipe button in the Object Palette.
Compressible Gas Pipe Button
1.5.2
Design Tab
The Design tab provides access to four pages: Connections, Parameters, User Variables and Notes page.
Connections Page
Figure 1.16
On the Connections page, you must specify the Inlet and Outlet material streams. This can be done by selecting existing streams from the drop down lists associated with the Inlet and Outlet fields. You can also create new streams by selecting the particular field and entering the new stream name in the Edit Bar. You may also edit the operations name on this page. Note that the Compressible Gas Pipe does not support an energy stream.
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Parameters Page
Figure 1.17
The Parameters page simply allows you to specify the Pressure Drop across the pipe as well as the operations name. There are also three calculated values that are displayed on the page.
Max. Mach Number - For steady state calculations this will always be at the outflow from the pipe. During dynamic calculations this can be at any location within the pipe Max. Pressure - For steady state calculations this will always be at the outflow from the pipe. During dynamic calculations this can be at any location within the pipe Max. Velocity - For steady state calculations this will always be at the outflow from the pipe. During dynamic calculations this can be at any location within the pipe
User Variables Page

The User Variables page allows the user to create and implement variables in the HYSYS simulation case. For more information on implementing the User Variables option, see the User Variables chapter in the Customization Guide.
Notes Page
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any comments or information regarding the Compressible Gas Pipe or pertaining to your simulation, in general.
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1.5.3
Rating Tab
The Ratings tab provides access to two pages: Sizing and Heat Transfer. On the Sizing page you provide information regarding the dimensions of sections in the pipe segment. In the Heat Transfer page, the heat loss of the pipe segment can either be specified or calculated from various heat transfer parameters.
Sizing Page
On the Sizing page, the length-elevation profile for the Compressible Gas Pipe is constructed. You can provide details for each fitting or pipe section that is contained in the Compressible Gas Pipe that you are modeling. An unlimited number of pipe sections or fittings can be added on this page.
Figure 1.18
For a given length of pipe which is modelled in HYSYS, the parameters of each section is entered separately. To fully define the pipe section, you must also specify pipe schedule, diameters (nominal or inner and outer), a material and a number of cells. There are two ways that you can add sections to the length-elevation profile.
Add Section button - Adds the new selection after the currently selected section. Insert Section button - Adds the new selection before the
currently selected section
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For each segment that you add, you must supply the following:
Field Length Elevation Change Cells Description The physical length of the pipe. Note that it is not appropriate to enter an equivalent length and attempt to model fittings. The elevation change of the pipe. Number of cells within the pipe (10 - 1000).
When modeling multiple sections, faster and more stable convergence will be obtained if all cell sizes are similar. For a stable solution, the number of cells should be selected such that the following constraint is met:
Cell Length --------------------------- < 0.5 Sonic Velocity Time Step
(1.24)
To delete a section, click on the section you wish to delete and click the Delete button. The Clear Profile button deletes all sections except for the first section, however, all data for the first section is cleared. The Overall Dimensions group manages the pipe diameter and material data. This works in the same fashion as the standard Pipe Segment unit operation (refer to Section 4.2 - Pipe Segment in the Steady State Modelling book). Note that the External Diameter is not currently used by the calculations. It has been added so that the heat transfer models may be more easily enhanced in future versions.
Heat Transfer Page

A simplified heat transfer model is used that allows you to specify the ambient temperature and an overall heat transfer coefficient.
Figure 1.19
Where Ambient Temperature is the bulk ambient temperature and Overall HTC is the overall heat transfer coefficient based upon the inside diameter of the pipe.
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1.5.4
Worksheet Tab
The Worksheet tab contains a summary of the information contained in the stream property view for all the streams attached to the unit operation. The Conditions, Properties, and Composition pages contain selected information from the corresponding pages of the Worksheet tab for the stream property view.
1.5.5
Figure 1.20
Performance Tab
This tab is functionally similar to the Performance tab on the standard Pipe segment unit operation (refer to Section 4.2 - Pipe Segment). It differs only on the properties displayed on the profile view. The following properties are visible:
Axial Length Pressure Temperature Mass Flow Velocity Mach Number Mass Density Internal Energy Enthalpy Speed Of Sound
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1.5.6
Properties Tab
Due to the number physical property calculations, an acceptable calculation speed is not possible by directly calling the current property package for the flowsheet. Three alternative methods are available from the drop down list:
Perfect Gas
H = C p T
(1.25)
PMW = ------------RT
(1.26)
Compressible Gas
As for perfect gas, but
PMW = ------------ZRT
(1.27)
The compressibility factor, Z is calculated from the current property package for the flow sheet at the average conditions within the pipe.
Table Interpolation
A neural network calculates physical properties. This neural network uses a Radial Basis Function to train the network from physical properties, predicted from the current property package of the flowsheet.
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Prior to calculations, the user must train the neural network.

Figure 1.21
The Table Generation group manages the extent of the training. Care must be taken to train over the full extent of the expected range of operating conditions since extrapolation will always yield unpredictable results
1.5.7
Dynamics Tab
Specs Page
Figure 1.22
For transient compressible flow calculations, the solution of pressure/ flow equations is inappropriate since the boundary pressure is not directly related to flow. It is however critical that the compressible gas
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solve simultaneously with the other flow sheet equations. This is achieved by making perfurations at each end of the pipe for each time step and re-evaluating the change in state over the time step. These changes are the fit to an equation of the following form which is passed to the Pressure Flow solver:
A.Pres + BFlow + CFlow + D = 0
(1.28)
The Pressure Flow Equations group displays the values for the coefficients in the above equation, which will be continuously updated at each time step.
StripChart Page
The Stripchart page allows the user to setup stripchart for various variables sets. You can select from the given choices in the Variable Set drop down box and then press the Create Stripchart button to display the stripchart.
1.5.8
A Model For Single Phase Compressible Flows
The following equations are used in HYSYS to model a single phase compressible flow.
Governing Equations
Mass:
( A ) ( Au ) -------------- + ----------------- = 0 x t Momentum:
(1.29)
2 1 dA 1 S ( u ) ( u + p ) - ------------- + ------------------------- = gsin -- fu u -- u -- ----A dx 2 A t x
(1.30)
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Energy:
S 1 S 1 dA 2 ( E ) ( Hu ) - -------------- + ------------------ = k ( T wall T ) -- gsin -- fu u -- Hu -- ----A 2 A A dx t x where: A= 1 2 -- D 4
(1.31)
1 2 E = e + -- u 2 1 2 H = h + -- u 2 S= D
and A - pipe cross-sectional area D - pipe diameter e - internal energy E - total internal energy f - friction factor g - acceleration due to gravity h - enthalpy H - total enthalpy k - heat transfer coefficient p - pressure S - pipe perimeter t - time T - temperature Twall - wall temperature u - velocity x - distance - pipe inclination - density
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Algorithm
U D ------ + ------ = G t x
(1.32)
The algorithm solves the vector system by the Two-Step Lax-Wendroff method with Boris & Book anti-diffusion.
1.5.9
Detailed Heat Model
The Detailed Heat model is located on the Heat Loss page of the Rating tab.
Figure 1.23
There are two values that are common to each of the three radio buttons found in the Detailed Heat Loss Model; the Overall Heat Loss value and the Overall Heat Transfer Area.
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The other parameters that are displayed by selecting one of the three radio buttons are described in the table below.
Radio Button Description Displays the temperatures of the various fluids, walls, insulation and surroundings. Note the parameters that appear on this page will vary between different unit operations. Displays the conductive properties of the wall and insulation. The following properties can be specified by you: Conductivity of material Thickness of material Heat capacity of material Density of material Equation (1.14) and (1.15) demonstrate how the parameters are used by the heat loss model. The heat transfer area is calculated from the vessel geometry. The rest of the heat transfer parameters may be modified. The insulation thickness can be specified as zero to model vessels without insulation. The metal wall must be specified with a finite thickness. Displays the convective heat transfer coefficients for heat transfer within the holdup and heat transfer occurring from the outside the holdup to the surroundings. Both the inside and outside heat transfer coefficients may be modified from their default values.
Temperature Profile
Conduction
Convection
The governing equations relating heat loss from the vessel and the Detailed heat loss parameters shown here are discussed in Section 1.2.4 - Heat Loss Model.
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1.5.10
Nozzles
The Nozzles page, located on the Rating tab, contains information regarding the elevation and diameter of the nozzles.
Figure 1.24
The elevations of each nozzle attached to the piece of equipment are displayed relative to several reference points:
The Ground is a common reference point from which all equipment elevations can be measured. The Base is defined as the bottom of the piece of equipment.
The following is a summary of the Nozzle Parameters section:
Nozzle Parameter Description The nozzle diameter is displayed and can be modified in this cell. The nozzle diameter has physical meaning in relation to the liquid level in the holdup. If the liquid level sits across the nozzle, the phase fraction depends on how far the level is in relation to nozzle diameter. This is the elevation of the nozzle above the base (the bottom of the piece of equipment) This is the elevation of the nozzle above the ground. This is the elevation of the nozzle as a percentage of the height of the vessel.
Diameter
Elevation (Base) Elevation (Ground) Elevation (% of Height)
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Nozzle Parameter Base Elevation relative to Ground Diameter Height
Description This is how far the piece of equipment is above the ground. Allows you to specify the Diameter of the vessel. Allows you to specify the Height of the vessel.
Main Tray Section

The Nozzle page for the Main Tray Section in the column environment is setup different from all the other unit operations.
Figure 1.25
The information is broken down into three groups: tray by tray for internal nozzles, Feed nozzles and Product nozzles. The following information is available within these groups.
Object Traysection Elevation Relative to Ground Description In this cell, you can specify the height of the tray section above the ground. The height is measured as the distance between the ground to the bottom tray. This column gives the height of each tray relative to the ground. The values are dependent on the tray spacing and the value entered in the Traysection Elevation Relative to Ground cell.
Holdup RG
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Object VToAbove LToBelow Elevation RH
Description This column gives the elevation for vapour leaving the tray relative to the tray. By default this value is the tray spacing. This column gives the elevation for liquid leaving the tray relative to the tray. By default this value is zero. This value can be specified for both the feed and product nozzles. This gives the elevation of the nozzles relative to the height of the column. Specifies the diameter of the nozzle for the Feed nozzles, Product nozzles, VToAbove and LtoBelow sections.
Diameter
1.5.11
Control Valve Actuator
The Actuator page, located on the Dynamics tab of the Valve unit operation, allows you to model valve dynamics in the valve operation. This page also contains information regarding the dynamic parameters of the valve and the % open positions of the actuator and the valve.
Figure 1.26
A control valve in HYSYS consists of a valve and an actuator. They are defined as follows:
Valve component Actuator Description An actuator is a device which applies the force required to cause movement in the valve. The valve opening has a direct impact on the flow through the valve. This relationship is a function of the valve type and the pressure of the surrounding pieces of equipment.
Valve
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In reality, changes that occur in the actuator are not observed instantaneously in the valve. Moreover, changes in the output signal of a controller, OP do not instantaneously translate to changes in the , actuator. Because the actuator and valve are physical items, they take time to move to their respective desired positions. This causes dynamic behaviour in actual control valves.
Valve Mode
The valve mode defines the relationship between the desired actuator position and current actuator position. The desired actuator position can be set by a PID Controller or SPREADSHEET operation. A controllers output, OP, for instance, is exported to the desired actuator position. Depending on the valve mode, the current actuator position can behave in one of three ways:
Instantaneous Mode
In this mode, the actuator moves instantaneously to the desired actuator position defined by the controller. The equation defining the relationship is: Act % = ActDesired % (1.33)
First Order Mode

A first order lag can be modelled in the response of the actuator position to changes in the desired actuator position. The movement of the actuator is defined by the solution of the following differential equation:
d ( Act% ) --------------------- + Act% = Act Desired % dt
(1.34)
The actuator time constant, , in Equation (1.34) can be specified in the Actuator Time Constant cell.
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Linear Mode
The actuator can be modelled to move to the desired actuator position at a constant rate. The actuator moves according to the following equation (if the desired actuator position is above the current actuator position):
Act% = ( Actuator Linear Rate )t + Act o % until Act% = Act Desired %
(1.35)
The linear rate can be specified in the Actuator Linear Rate cell. Typical stroke times (closure rates) are as follows: 1. 2. Electric-Hydraulic Actuators: approximately 12 inches/minute Piston Actuators (Motor Driven): under 70 inches/minute
Valve Stickiness
In reality, the valve does not respond instantaneously to changes in the actuator. A first order lag can be modelled in the response of the actual valve position to changes in the actuator position. The behaviour of the valve percent opening as a function of the actuator position is shown as follows: d ( Valve% ) sticky --------------------------- + Valve% = Act%+ Offset dt
(1.36)
The valve stickiness time constant is specified in the Valve Stickiness Time Constant cell. The offset can be specified in the Valve Position section. If the valve stickiness time constant is left empty, the time constant value is assumed to be zero. If the Valve has Worn Trim check box has been selected, a 0.1% offset is added to the right hand side of Equation (1.36). This offset disallows the valve percent opening to fully close.
Fail Modes
Actuators usually have a fail-safe function. If there is a disruption to the power source driving the valve, the actuator will place the valve in a safe position, either fail open or fail close. Fail modes can be specified by pressing the corresponding radio button in the Valve Position section. The valve can be modelled to fail by activating the Actuator has failed check box.
1-60
Dynamic Theory
1-61
Fail Open
In the event that the signal from the controller is cut off from the valve, the valve will become wide open. In HYSYS, if the Fail Open radio button in selected, the signal received by the valve is modified by the valve as follows: ActDesired % = 100% - ActDesired % (from controller) (1.37)
Note that if ActDesired% (from controller) becomes zero in the event of a signal failure, the actuator becomes fully open. The fact that the signal from the controller is modified by the valve operation using Equation (1.37) has implications on the direction of the controller. If the Fail Open mode is chosen for the valve, reverse-acting controllers need to be toggled as direct-acting and direct-acting controllers need to be toggled as reverse-acting.
Fail Shut
In the event that the signal from the controller is cut off from the valve, the valve becomes fully closed. HYSYS does not modify the signal from the controller as with the Fail Open mode. If the signal from the controller becomes zero, so will the ActDesired% value. Since the signal from the controller is not modified by the valve, the controllers direction does not have to be changed.
Fail Hold
In the event that the signal from the controller is cut off from the valve, the valve fails in the position it is currently in.
Valve Position
Various valve position parameters for the actuator and the valve are displayed in the Valve Position section:
Valve Position Parameter Definition The minimum position the actuator or valve can physically achieve. Leaky valves can be modelled by specifying a non-zero value for the minimum valve position. The maximum position the actuator or valve can physically achieve.
Minimum
Maximum
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Plant+
Valve Position Parameter Current Desired Offset
Definition The actual position of the actuator or valve in time. The desired actuator position set by a PID Controller operation or imported from a Spreadsheet operation. The Offset defined in Equation (1.36) can be specified in this cell.
1.5.12
Inertia
The inertia modelling parameters and the frictional loss associated with the impeller in the Pump, Compressor and Expander can be specified on the Inertia page of the Rating tab for these unit operations.
Figure 1.27
Not all of the energy supplied to a dynamic pump or compressor is transferred to the fluid. Likewise, not all the energy provided by an expander translates to kinetic energy. There are frictional losses associated with the moving parts of these unit operations. In a pump or compressor, power is also required to accelerate the rotating impeller and shaft. In general, the total power or duty supplied to or provided from a pump, compressor or expander has three parts:
Rate of energy imparted to or provided by the fluid. Rate of energy required to accelerate the rotational speed of the shaft. Rate of energy lost due to mechanical friction loss.
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Dynamic Theory
1-63
The rate of energy supplied to the fluid can be observed in the enthalpy change between the inlet and exit streams. For a pump or compressor, this is: Rate of energy imparted to the fluid = F1(MW)(h2 - h1) where: h2 = the enthalpy of the exit stream h1 = the enthalpy of the inlet stream MW = the molecular weight
(1.38)
Inertial Modelling Parameters

The rate of energy required to accelerate the speed of a pump or compressor is a function of the rotational inertia of the impeller and the rotational speed. The rotational inertia, I, is calculated as follows:
I = MR 2 where: M = the mass of the impeller and rotating shaft R = the radius of gyration
(1.39)
The mass and radius of gyration can be specified in the Inertial Modelling Parameters section. The power required to accelerate the impeller, EI, can be calculated using: d E I = I -----dt where: = the rotation speed
(1.40)
Friction Loss
The rate of energy lost from mechanical inefficiencies depends on the frictional power loss factor, ffric, which can be specified in the Friction Loss section. The frictional work, Ef, can be calculated as follows: E f = f fric I A typical value for ffric is 0.0001.
(1.41)
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Plant+
1.5.13
Note for the column operation the contribution of the internal levels is always calculated by HYSYS.
Static Head
For any unit operations with holdup, HYSYS calculates the static head considering the equipment holdup, the geometry and the elevation of any attached nozzles. The Static Head page, found on the Dynamics tab of the Main Tray Section in the column environment, allows you to choose the calculation method used to calculate the static head for this operation. There are four options given on this page:
Use global option in integrator (full on or off) No contributions for this operation Internal levels contribution only (partial) Levels and feed nozzle elevation differences (full)
In order for HYSYS to calculate the static head for any unit operation you need to enable the calculations. This is done on the Static Head page of the Integrator.
Figure 1.28
There are two check boxes available on this page:

Object Enable static head contributions Description Activating this option tells HYSYS to include the effects of static head in the calculations.
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Dynamic Theory
1-65
1.5.14
Startup
The Startup page, on the Rating tab of the Pump unit operation, allows you to specify the Typical operating capacity in the Design Flow group. This parameter is used to aid in starting pumps up, which may have vapour in the line (e.g. due to a reverse flow). The existence of vapour can cause difficulty when the pump starts up. Hence, if the flow is less than a certain fraction of this typical operating capacity, then the density is compensated to help start the pump up. The Typical operating capacity value enables HYSYS to decides when it is reasonable to compensate the density.
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Plant+
1-66
Dynamic Tools
2-1
2 Dynamic Tools
2.1 Dynamics Assistant ..................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.6 2.1.7 General Tab ............................................................................................. 6 Streams Tab ............................................................................................. 7 Pressure Flow Specs Tab ...................................................................... 12 Unknown Sizing Tab .............................................................................. 14 Other Tab ............................................................................................... 20 User Items Tab ....................................................................................... 22
2.2 Equation Summary View ........................................................................... 27 2.2.1 Summary Tab ......................................................................................... 27 2.2.2 General Equations Tab .......................................................................... 28 2.2.3 Unconverged Tab ................................................................................... 28 2.2.4 Extra Variables Tab ................................................................................ 29 2.2.5 Extra Specifications Tab......................................................................... 30 2.2.6 Specified Equations Tab ........................................................................ 30 2.2.7 General Variables Tab............................................................................ 31 2.2.8 Specification Variables Tab .................................................................... 32 2.2.9 Internal Specification Equations Tab ...................................................... 32 2.2.10 Internal Specifications Variables Tab ................................................... 33 2.2.11 Simultaneous Equations Tab................................................................ 34 2.3 Integrator..................................................................................................... 35 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 General Tab ........................................................................................... 35 Options Tab ............................................................................................ 37 Heat Loss Tab ........................................................................................ 39 Static Head Tab...................................................................................... 40
2.4 Event Scheduler ......................................................................................... 40 2.4.1 Event Scheduler Manager ..................................................................... 42 2.4.2 Schedule View ....................................................................................... 43
2-1
2-2
2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.4.7
Sequence View ...................................................................................... 44 Event View ............................................................................................. 45 Analyzing a Schedule ............................................................................ 53 Running a Schedule............................................................................... 54 Event Scheduler Example...................................................................... 55
2.5 Control Manager......................................................................................... 61
2-2
Dynamic Tools
2-3
Modelling a process in dynamics is a complex endeavour. From the perspective of defining the model, you must consider parameters such as vessel holdups, valve sizing, and use of pressure flow specifications. To help simplify this process, HYSYS has several dynamic tools. The first of these tools is the Dynamics Assistant. The Assistant provides a tool for easily converting old HYSYS dynamic cases to pressure flow dynamics. It provides general assistance to users who are learning how to create dynamic cases. It prepares steady state cases for dynamic simulation by ensuring that all the correct information is specified, thus avoiding over or under specified or singular problems. The View Equations tool provides another means of analyzing cases for dynamic simulation. This tool provides a summary of the equations and variables used by the simulation when running in dynamics. By analyzing the case, it is possible to determine if there are required or redundant pressure flow specifications. In some instances, cases which are running in dynamics will fail to converge, in this case, the View Equations tool can be used to help determine what part of the simulation is causing problems. The Integrator allows you to control some of the integration parameters which are used by HYSYS. Simple parameters such as the time step or the integration stop time or advanced parameters such as the execution rates of the different balances can be set from this tool. Once a case is running in dynamics, the current simulation time and the real time factor may be viewed. For more advanced modelling, HYSYS has the Event Scheduler. Using this tool, HYSYS can perform predetermined actions at given times in the simulation; warn you by playing a sound when the temperature of a stream reaches a certain point, stop the integration once a condenser level stabilizes, or increase a feed rate after the simulation has run for a given time period.
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2-4
Dynamics Assistant
2.1
Dynamics Assistant
The Dynamics Assistant provides a quick method for ensuring that a correct set of pressure flow specifications is used. The Assistant can be used when initially preparing your case for dynamics, or when reading in an old HYSYS 1.x dynamic case.
The Assistant makes recommendations for specifying your model in Dynamic mode. You do not have to follow all the suggestions. It is recommended that you are aware of the effects of each change you make.
The Assistant recommends a set of specifications which is reasonable and guarantees that the case is not over or underspecified, or singular. It has an option of doing a quick examination for potential problems that can occur while moving from steady state to dynamics s as well as before running the case in dynamics. In the case of a simple separator, HYSYS will add pressure flow specifications as shown in the figure below.
Figure 2.1
Original Configuration
Configuration and Pressure Flow Specifications after using Dynamics Assistant
However, in more complicated models such as the one shown in Figure 2.2, the Dynamics Assistant may recommend the insertion of valves in some terminal streams.
Figure 2.2
Original Configuration
Configuration and Pressure Flow Specifications after using Dynamics Assistant
2-4
Dynamic Tools
2-5
A Flow Specification warning from the Dynamics Assistant usually indicates that your model is missing some equipment.
Although the Pressure Flow specifications added by the Assistant are adequate for starting a case in Dynamics, detailed dynamic modelling may require more advanced modifications. In cases where unit operations such as separators are directly connected via multiple streams, the flow cannot always be determined. As a temporary fix the Assistant may add a flow specification. However, the user should add the missing unit operations (e.g. pumps, valves, etc.) to define the pressure-flow relation between the vessel unit operations.
Figure 2.3
Configuration of two units without Pressure Flow relationships when using the Dynamics Assistant.
Configuration of two units without Pressure Flow relationships when preparing for detailed Dynamic modelling.
In addition to ensuring that the correct Pressure Flow specifications are used for your dynamic case, the Assistant will size all necessary equipment that has not yet been sized. The parameters sized are: vessel volumes, valve Cvs and k values for equipment such as heaters, coolers, and heat exchangers. The assistant sizes required unit operations based on the flow conditions and specified residence times. The assistant also checks the Tray Section pressure profile for both steady state and dynamics model to ensure a smooth dynamics start. It also ensures that the tray section and attached stream have the same pressure. As a final note, although the assistant ensures that your case will run in Dynamics, it is not intended that the changes made will be sufficient for your case to line out. It is still your responsibility, as the user, to ensure that an adequate control scheme is added to the case and that your model has been properly rated (i.e. existing vessels have been adequately sized).
The Dynamics Assistant button is only available on the Equation Summary view after the Full Analysis button has been pressed and if there are problems with the case.
The Dynamics Assistant can be opened via three different methods.
Using the hot key combination of CTRL Y Selecting Dyn Assistant from the Tools Menu Bar Pressing the Dynamics Assistant button from the Equation Summary View.
2-5
2-6
Dynamics Assistant
2.1.1
Figure 2.4
General Tab
The General tab contains a summary of the changes which HYSYS recommends for dynamic simulation. Each item in the list has either a green check mark or a red x located to the right of the item indicating whether the change will be made. The check mark indicates that the change will be made while the x indicates that the change will not be made. You can toggle between the two states by clicking on the check or x with the primary mouse button. Double clicking on any entry in the list will open the page associated with the change. The Preferences button opens the Assistant Preferences view (see Figure 2.5; which allows you to change the way Dynamics Assistant will run. The Set stream pressure and flow specifications in the background check-box allows the Assistant to check and uncheck stream pressure and flow specifications as it sees fit. If the Perform checks before running dynamics check box is enable the Dynamics Assistant checks for any missing specification which can cause potential problems in dynamic simulation before you switch to Dynamic mode or run the Integrator.
Figure 2.5
2-6
Dynamic Tools
2-7
The Analyze Again button causes HYSYS to re-evaluate the simulation case. This is particularly useful if, while the Dynamics Assistant is open, you make changes to the case, which affect the setup of the simulation for dynamics. The Make Changes button causes HYSYS to start making all the enabled changes within the Assistant.
2.1.2
Streams Tab
Pressure Specs Page

Figure 2.6
The Pressure Specs page, lists all the streams which will have pressure specifications either added or removed. The list of streams in the Remove pressure specifications in these streams group corresponds to the streams which currently have pressure specifications that the Assistant suggests you remove. Streams contained in the Set pressure specifications in these streams group are those where a pressure specification is recommended. As a rule, pressure specs should be added to boundary streams and not internal streams whose pressure should be determined by the surrounding equipment. If the Assistant plans to insert a valve, the stream in question will be shown as not needing a pressure specification because the new stream at the other end of the valve will receive the pressure specification.
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Dynamics Assistant
If you do not understand the reasoning behind the Dynamics Assistants recommendations select the Tell me why button for a brief explanation.
If you do not want HYSYS to change the pressure specification for a stream listed in either group, uncheck the OK box for the given stream. This will prevent HYSYS from making the pressure specification change for the stream. To view a stream in either list, double click on the stream to open its property view.
Flow Specs Page

Figure 2.7
The Flow Specs page, lists all the streams which will have flow specifications either added or removed. The list of streams in the Remove flow specifications in these streams group corresponds to the streams which currently have flow specifications which are not recommended, and will be removed. Streams contained in the Set flow specifications in these streams group are those which require a flow specification as a temporary measure. Flowrates should be determined by pressure differences or equipment such as pumps and compressors. For simplicity, the Dynamics Assistant may add flow specifications to feed streams instead of adding additional equipment. If you do not want HYSYS to change the flow specification for a stream listed in either group, uncheck the OK box for the given stream. This will prevent HYSYS from making the flow specification change for the stream. To view a stream in either list, double click on the stream to open its property view.
2-8
Dynamic Tools
2-9
Uninitialized Page
Figure 2.8
The Uninitialized page contains the list of streams which are not completely defined. For HYSYS to initialize any streams listed on this page, you must be in Dynamic mode; uninitialized streams will not be initialized when in Steady State mode. Cases saved in HYSYS 1.2 dynamics lack stream phase information. This information can be replaced by flashing the streams in question. Switching back to steady state, solving, then returning to Dynamic mode will also fix these streams. Streams with no values will receive initial estimates for temperature and pressure of 25C and 101.33 kPa respectively.
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Dynamics Assistant
Insert Valves Page

Figure 2.9
The Insert Valves page lists the valves which HYSYS will insert to ensure the pressure flow specifications are not singular (i.e. the pressure-flow matrix is unsolvable). HYSYS will attempt to attach valves to boundary streams that are connected to unit operations without pressure flow (flow proportional to pressure difference) capability. The outlet stream for the valve will automatically be assigned a pressure specification. Both the outlet stream and the valve added by HYSYS are named according to the original boundary stream; a valve attached to boundary stream 4 will be named VLV-4 and the outlet stream 4-1.
A situation may arise where the Dynamics Assistant will recommend the addition of a valve on a stream where you do not wish to add one. In this case, you should ensure that those streams receive either a flow or pressure specification.
2-10
Dynamic Tools
2-11
Internal Flow Specs Page

Figure 2.10
The Internal Flow Specs page lists the internal streams which require a flow specification. This is used primarily where separators are directly connected to each other by two or more streams. The flow specification which is added is sufficient to start a case in dynamics, however, it is highly recommended that a unit operation with pressure flow relationships (as such an operation is probably missing) be placed between such separators. Examples of unit operations with pressure flow relationships include: valve, compressor, pump, and heater. Once such a unit operation has been placed between the separators, the flow specification can be removed.
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Dynamics Assistant
2.1.3
Pressure Flow Specs Tab
PF versus DP Page
Figure 2.11
The PF versus DP page lists the unit operations which currently have a specified pressure drop as the dynamic specification. The pressure drop option should not be used because this is physically unrealistic. Material flow is driven by pressure differences as well as resistances and stops when the pressures have been equalized. A fixed pressure drop specification does not allow for this process. The k values are calculated based on the initial specified pressure drop. If you do not want HYSYS to change the pressure drop specification to a pressure flow specification, simply uncheck the OK box for the unit operation. Double clicking on the name of the unit operation will open its property view.
2-12
Dynamic Tools
2-13
LNG Page
Figure 2.12
The LNG page indicates which LNG exchangers are currently specified with a pressure drop specification or which LNGs are missing k values (depending on the dynamic rating method chosen). Pressure drop specifications should be changed to either pressure flow equation specifications (k values) or suitable pressure drop correlations.
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Dynamics Assistant
2.1.4
Unknown Sizing Tab
Valves Page
Figure 2.13
The Valves page lists the valves which are not sized. The current conditions for the valve are listed and the calculated valve Cv based on the pressure drop and percent opening of the valve, both of which may be changed directly on the page. By default, any valve Cv values which are calculated to be less than 50 are defaulted to 50. It is possible to change any of the sizing data for the valve. The Cv value will be updated based on any changes that are made. If you change Cv, the new value will be added to the valve when the Make Changes button is pressed. If you do not want HYSYS to size a valve, uncheck the OK box for the valve.
2-14

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Dynamic Theory................................................ 1-1

Dynamic Tools .................................................. 2-1

Streams ............................................................ 3-1

Heat Transfer Equipment ................................. 4-1

Piping Equipment ............................................. 5-1

Tee .................................................................................. 5-16 Relief Valve ..................................................................... 5-19

Rotating Equipment.......................................... 6-1

Separation Operations ..................................... 7-1

Column Operation............................................. 8-1

Reactors ........................................................... 9-1

10 Logical Operations ......................................... 10-1

11 Control Theory................................................ 11-1

11.4 General Guidelines........................................................ 11-33 11.5 References .................................................................... 11-49

Hyprotech Software Solutions

Integrated Intuitive and interactive Open and extensible

Integrated Simulation Environment

Hyprotech Software Solutions

model topology interface thermodynamics

Hyprotech Software Solutions

Intuitive and Interactive Process Modelling

Open and Extensible HYSYS Architecture

Use of the Manuals

Steady State Modeling

Use of the Manuals

Contact Hyprotech for information on HYSYS training courses.

Viewing the Online Documentation

Selecting the Search Index

Using the Search Command

Use of the Manuals

Conventions used in the Manuals

Keywords for Mouse Actions

Use of the Manuals

Bullets and Numbering

Select the Name cell Press ALT N

Press ENTER to accept the name.

General Options Errors Column Options

Shaded Text Boxes

Use of the Manuals

HYSYS Hot Keys

Mathematical Model Classification

Linear and Non-Linear Systems

The general energy balance for a 2-phase system is as follows: d [ V H + l Vl h ] = Fi i hi Fl l h Fv v H + Q + Qr dt v v

f(Y) Area fn + 1 tn tn+1 tn tn+1

Volume (Pressure-flow) Energy Composition

Calculations included in the holdup model are:

Assumptions of Holdup Model

Static Head Contributions

Heat Loss Model

T wall + T ins d Ax ins Cp ins ---------------------------- 2 dt

where: A = Heat transfer area x = thickness

Change in Vessel Level

Heat Loss Parameters

Overall U value Ambient Temperature

Vessel Level Calculations

Advanced Holdup Properties

Nozzle Efficiency Feed Nozzle Efficiency

Product Nozzle Efficiency

Pressure Flow Solver

Pressure Flow Solver

Simultaneous Solution in Pressure Flow Balances

Basic Pressure Flow Equations