WIRELESS FIDELITY

By Abhishek Gupta, Manik Malhotra, Priyanka Kumar Group-4 Digital Communications (2012)
Image:http://www.inquinte.com

Uses Images and information from various sources, text sources mentioned in the end, image sources mentioned in the bottom of the slide.

Standard certication to communicate over 802.11 IEEE protocol. Inventor:Vic Hayes(Father of Wi-Fi) and NCR Corp. and AT&T (Netherlands,1991). Reserves the low levels of the OSI model uses E.M waves, transmitted on unlicensed spectrum at 2.4 or 5GHz frequency. This presentation focusses on the communication between Wi-Fi router and system.
OSI-Open Systems Interconnection model, Denes communication layers Low Level-Media, signal and binary transmission

INTRODUCTION

PROCESS
Discovery: Active or Passive.
Authorization: Encryption, Address Filter

Reception (Demodulation):

Transmission (Modulation): OFDM, DSSS

Image:www.s2cinc.com

Active scanning A client sends a probe request - with the SSID null, broadcasts to each of APs in its range on all wireless channels. A client sends a probe request (with a specied SSID): The probe request it sends carries the specied SSID.

DISCOVERY/SCANNING

In both cases client sends Probe request

Passive scanning Used by clients to discover surrounding wireless networks through listening to the beacon frames on all channels , periodically sent by an AP

Client does not send Probe request.

AUTHENTICATION
MAC Hardware system address. Used for channel access control. WEP - Wired Equivalent Privacy Encryption :Keys of length 40 bits and 24 additional bits of system-generated data (64 bits total). WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access:Dynamically generates new 128- bit(including 48 additional bits compared to WEPs 24) key per packet based on either TKIP or AES. AES is More Secure ; TKIP is widely supported.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Receiver/Transmitter combined

Transmitter to receiver
Image:www.s2cinc.com

Data might be at lower frequency (Symbol Rate), to make it transmittable, frequency must be increased i.e Baseband to Passband. Most common techniques: 1.Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM): Reduces error 2.Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS): reduces transmission size FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum):Dropped due to inefciency in tracking frequency since it is always changing.

MODULATION

OFDM
Signal rst split into independent channels approximate spread 20MHz. Orthogonal carrier waves reduce interference and hence error.

DSSS
Bits coded into pseudo normal chips, smaller in size but spread over 22MHz. Uses entire frequency at once, low throughput but small in size.

An OFDM modulated signal

A DSSS modulates signal

Image:www.magnadesignnet.com & www.globalspec.com

OFDM: Adequate inter-channel distance, use harmonic sinusoidal waves: f (t) = sin (mt) * sin (nt)=(cos(m-n))/2 -cos(m+n)/2 (cos(m-n))/2 -cos(m+n)/2=0 Which means zero overlapping, less interference. DSSS: Use CCK , shorter pseudo-code, 8 bits v/s 11 bits. Also has more chipping sequences to encode more bits, makes even faster. Since less to transmit, more susceptible to noise on long range but suitable for Wi-Fi (10-15 meters).
2
0

IMPROVE CONNECTION

CCK-Complementary code keying, spread spectrum code.

WIRED OR WI-FI
Advantages Its wireless; portability. Less setup, multiple clients one connection no hubs. Dynamic network topology. Disadvantages Sometimes theres no substitute to cables-Joanne Rogers More power, eats batteries. Vulnerable both in security and interference. Connection drops, not very stable. Other shortcomings of RF also inherited.

Image:www.s2cinc.com

END OF SHOW
References: 1.Modulation and key sequencing, www.see.ed.ac.uk. 2.Wi-Fi white papers. 3.Intuitive Guide to Principles of Communications www.complextoreal.com. 4.OpenWRT-wiki. 5.Improvement in the Spread Spectrum System in DSSS, FHSS, AND CDMA,Gowrilakshmi Ponuratinam, Bhumika Patel, Syed S. Rizvi Khaled M. Elleithy.

Thank You!