Assignment on: NANOTECHNOLOGY

Submitted to: DR. BASHIR AHMAD Submitted by: WARIS KHAN (6TH MICRO)

ROll No:

38

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CONTENTS PAGE
WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY Origins 3 4

Fundamental concepts

What Size Is Nanotechnology What Is a Nanometer? Types of Nanotechnology

1.What is Top Down Nanotechnology? 2.What is Bottom Up Nanotechnology?

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Applications of Nanotechnology in Microbiology References

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Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres. Quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale.

WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY Sometimes shortened to "nanotech" it is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres. Nanotechnology entails the application of fields of science as diverse as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, microfabrication, etc. Microbiology relates to nanoscience at a number of levels. Many bacterial entities are nano-machines in nature, including molecular motors like flagella and pili. Bacteria also form biofilms by the process of self-assembly (for example the formation of Curli-film by E. coli). The formation of aerial hyphae by bacteria and fungi is also directed by the controlled and ordered assembly of building blocks. Also, the formation of virus capsids is a classical process of molecular recognition and self-assembly at the nano-scale. Nanotechnology involves creating and manipulating organic and inorganic matter at the nanoscale. It promises to provide the means for designing nanomaterials; materials with tailor-made physical, chemical and biological properties controlled by defined molecular structures and dynamics. The present molecular biology techniques of genetic modification of crops are already forms of what has been termed nanotechnology. In todays competitive market technology is essential to keep leadership in the food and food processing industry. Consumers demand fresh authentic, convenient and flavourful food products. The future belongs to new products and new processes, with the goal of enhancing the performance of the product, prolonging the product shelf life and freshness, and improving the safety and quality of food. Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that has the potential to revolutionise the food industry. Nanotechnology can be applied to develop nanoscale materials, controlled delivery systems, contaminant

detection and to create nanodevices for molecular and cellular biology. Nanotechnology can provide for the future development of far more precise and effective methods of, and other forms of, manipulation of food polymers and polymeric assemblages to provide tailor-made improvements to food quality and food safety. Nanotechnology promises not only the creation of novel and precisely defined material properties, it also promises that these materials will have self-assembling, self-healing and maintaining properties. Nanoscience does have an impact on several other areas of microbiology. It allows for the study and visualization at the molecular-assembly levels of a process. It facilitates identification of molecular recognition and self-assembly motifs as well as the assessment of these processes. Specifically, there are three areas where microbiologists use nanotechnologists' techniques: Imaging single molecules Poking and pulling nanoscale objects (laser traps, optical tweezer) Determining spatial organization in living microbes (AFM, near/far field microscope) Origins

Buckminsterfullerene C60, also known as the buckyball, is a representative member of the carbon structures known as fullerenes. Members of the fullerene family are a major subject of research falling under the nanotechnology umbrella. Although nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research, the development of its central concepts happened over a longer period of time. The emergence of nanotechnology in the 1980s was caused by the convergence of experimental advances such as the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985, with the elucidation and popularization of a conceptual framework for the goals of nanotechnology beginning with the 1986 publication of the book Engines of Creation. The scanning tunneling microscope, an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level, was developed in 1981 by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 by Harry Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl, who together won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
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Fundamental concepts
Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products. One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 109, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon-carbon bond lengths, or the spacing between these atoms in a molecule, are in the range 0.120.15 nm, and a DNA double-helix has a diameter around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular life-forms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length. By convention, nanotechnology is taken as the scale range 1 to 100 nm following the definition used by the National Nanotechnology Initiative in the US. The lower limit is set by the size of atoms (hydrogen has the smallest atoms, which are approximately a quarter of a nm diameter) since nanotechnology must build its devices from atoms and molecules. The upper limit is more or less arbitrary but is around the size that phenomena not observed in larger structures start to become apparent and can be made use of in the nano device. These new phenomena make nanotechnology distinct from devices which are merely miniaturised versions of an equivalent macroscopic device; such devices are on a larger scale and come under the description of microtechnology.

What Size Is Nanotechnology

Its fairly common knowledge that nanotechnology is small. Very small to be precise. That's why it can help us in so many ways - it can be performing tasks without us even knowing it's there, such as fog free films on glasses. They can be seen to the naked eyed, but allow the eye to see through. Nanotechnology deals with materials at the level of molecules and atoms that are 1/1000th the width of a human hair - thats too small to be seen with microscopes found in most laboratorys!

What Is a Nanometer?
Nanotechnology is measured in nanometers(nm). A nanometer is: - 1 billionth of a meter - which is 1 millionth of a centimetre - 1 hundred thousandth of a millimetre That means to see a nanometre at a scale of 1cm you would have to zoom in a million times now that's small!

For all of you still using imperial, a nanometer is 250 millionths of an inch. It's hard to put into perspective but a sheet of paper is 100,000 nanometers thick A nanometer was previously known as a millimicron. A nanometer is also smaller than the size of a cell in your body. It is for that reason that a lot of research goes into uses in medicine as nanodevices someday may be small enough to interact with human genes and proteins.

Current research

Graphical representation of a rotaxane, useful as a molecular switch.

This DNA tetrahedron is an artificially designed nanostructure of the type made in the field of DNA nanotechnology. Each edge of the tetrahedron is a 20 base pair DNA double helix, and each vertex is a three-arm junction.

This device transfers energy from nano-thin layers of quantum wells to nanocrystals above them, causing the nanocrystals to emit visible light.[22]

Nanomaterials The nanomaterials field includes subfields which develop or study materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions.

Interface and colloid science has given rise to many materials which may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes, and various nanoparticles and nanorods. Nanomaterials with fast ion transport are related also to nanoionics and nanoelectronics. Nanoscale materials can also be used for bulk applications; most present commercial applications of nanotechnology are of this flavor. Progress has been made in using these materials for medical applications; see Nanomedicine. Nanoscale materials are sometimes used in solar cells which combats the cost of traditional Silicon solar cells Development of applications incorporating semiconductor nanoparticles to be used in the next generation of products, such as display technology, lighting, solar cells and biological imaging; see quantum dots.

Types of Nanotechnology
What is Top Down Nanotechnology?
Top down nanotechnology is the concept of increasingly more precise tools, using the most precise tools available, until you reach the nanotechnological scale. This is most common in the computer industry, where devices are being used to make increasingly smaller (and more powerful) processing and memory chips. This sort of nanotechnology is already being used in the field of computer design, and portable memory based applications such as music players.

What is Bottom Up Nanotechnology?

Bottom-up nanotechnology is where you create a nanotechnological device that assembles other, more complex nanotechnological devices using the small nanotechnological device. Research into this field of nanotechnology is currently underway. While initially more difficult than top-down nanotechnology, the benefit is that bottom-up nanotechnology is the field that self replicating nanotechnology belongs to (a small device building a bigger device, or more of themselves - self replication)

Applications of Nanotechnology in Microbiology

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD MICROBIOLOGY Detection of very small amounts of a chemical contaminant, virus or bacteria in food systems is another potential application of nanotechnology. The exciting possibility of combining biology and nanoscale technology into sensors holds the potential of increased sensitivity and therefore a significantly reduced response-time to sense potential problems. Nanosensors that are being developed by researchers at both Purdue and Clemson universities use nanoparticles, which can either be tailor-made to fluoresce different colors or, alternatively, be manufactured out of magnetic materials. These nanoparticles can then selectively attach themselves to any number of food pathogens. Employees, using handheld sensors employing either infrared light or magnetic materials, could then note the presence of even minuscule traces of harmful pathogens. The advantage of such a system is that literally hundreds and potentially thousands of nanoparticles can be placed on a single nanosensor to rapidly, accurately and affordably detect the presence of any number of different bacteria and pathogens. A second advantage of nanosensors is that, given their small size, they can gain access into the tiny crevices where the pathogens often hide. The application of nanotechnologies on the detection of pathogenic organisms in food and the development of nanosensors for food safety is also studied at the Bioanalytical Microsystems and Biosensors Laboratory at Cornell University. The focus of the research performed at Cornell University is on the development of rapid and portable biosensors for the detection of pathogens in the environment, food and for clinical diagnostics. The bioanalytical microsystems use the same biological principles as were used in the simple biosensors, i.e. RNA recognition via DNA/RNA hybridization and liposome amplification. The bioanalytical microsystems that are studied focus on the very rapid detection of pathogens in routine drinking water testing, food analysis, environmental water testing and in clinical diagnostics NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY The rapid and sensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria at the point of care is extremely important. Limitations of most of the conventional diagnostic methods are the lack of ultrasensitivity and delay in getting results. A bioconjugated nanoparticle-based bioassay for in situ pathogen quantification can detect a single bacterium within 20 minutes. Detection of single-molecule hybridization has been achieved by a hybridizationdetection method using multicolor oligonucleotide-functionalized QDs as nanoprobes. In the presence of various target sequences, combinatorial self-assembly of the nanoprobes via independent hybridization reactions leads to the generation of discernible sequence specific detection of multiple relevant sequences ("Multiplexed Hybridization detection with multicolor colocalization of quantum dot nanoprobes").

A spectroscopic assay based on SERS using silver nanorods, which significantly amplify the signal, has been developed for rapid detection of trace levels of viruses with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. The technique measures the change in frequency of a near- infrared laser as it scatters viral DNA or RNA. That change in frequency is as distinct as a fingerprint. This novel SERS assay can detect spectral differences between viruses, viral strains, and viruses with gene deletions in biological media. The method provides rapid diagnostics (60 s) for detection and characterization of viruses generating reproducible spectra without viral manipulation. This method is also inexpensive and easily reproducible (see for instance: "Nanotechnology: A new frontier in virus detection in clinical practice"). The use of nanoparticles as tags or labels allows for the detection of infectious agents in small sample volumes directly in a very sensitive, specific and rapid format at lower costs than current in-use technologies. This advance in early detection enables accurate and prompt treatment. Quantum dot technology is currently the most widely employed nanotechnology in this area. The recently emerging cantilever technology is the most promising. The technology strengthens and expands the DNA and protein microarray methods and has applications in genomic analysis, proteomics, and molecular diagnostics. Waveguide technology is an emergent area with many diagnostic applications. Nanosensors are the new contrivance for detection of bioterrorism agents. All these new technologies would have to be evaluated in clinical settings before their full import is appreciated and accepted. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN WATER MICROBIOLOGY An adequate supply of safe drinking water is one of the major prerequisites for a healthy life, but waterborne diseases is still a major cause of death in many parts of the world, particularly in young children, the elderly, or those with compromised immune systems. As the epidemiology of waterborne diseases is changing, there is a growing global public health concern about new and reemerging infectious diseases that are occurring through a complex interaction of social, economic, evolutionary, and ecological factors. An important challenge is therefore the rapid, specific and sensitive detection of waterborne pathogens. Presently, microbial tests are based essentially on timeconsuming culture methods. However, newer enzymatic, immunological and genetic methods are being developed to replace and/or support classical approaches to microbial detection. Moreover, innovations in nanotechnologies and nanosciences are having a significant impact in biodiagnostics, where a number of nanoparticle-based assays and nanodevices have been introduced for biomolecular detection

Nano Diagnostics: early and accurate diagnosis Biosensors and miniaturized devices targeted imaging agents to highlight of disease Targeted Drug Delivery: on the spot bring the drug to the target site and monitor its impact Regenerative Medicine: stimulated repair help the body to (re)build organs or systems Meeting ELSA challenges Ethical, Legal & Social Aspects For the main diseases in the world: Cancer, cardiovascular disease, musculo-skeletal, mental and infectious disease, and diabetes Nano Technology in Cancer To develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (e.g. cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology To provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by means of targeted drug delivery systems ELSA Compliance Nanomedicine touches familiar Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects (ELSA) known from biomedical ethics such as gap between diagnostics and therapy sensitivity of genetic information Key Goals for Nanomedicine To develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (e.g. cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology To provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by means of targeted drug delivery systems
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Nanotechnology is Potential science Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics, biomaterials and energy production. Makes the detection of Infectious Agents Easier A microscopic biological sensor that can detect Salmonella bacteria--shown here in a petri dish--in lab tests has been developed by an Agricultural Research Service scientist and university colleagues. Nanoparticles overcome Drug Resistance ". The treatment of multi drug-resistant bacterial infections is a great challenge for medicine. IBN's peptide nanoparticles provide doctors with a novel means of treating infections that do not respond to conventional antibiotic MICROBOTICS , the basic idea of vaccination gave rise to bactofection - the technique of using bacteria as non-viral gene carriers into target cells. The DNA cargo is transported inside the bacteria and, once it arrives at the target location, the bacteria is broken up in order to release the therapeutic gene or protein. A novel technique takes advantage of the invasive properties of bacteria for delivery of nanoparticles into cells. Here, the gene or cargo is not carried inside the bacteria, but rather remains on the surface conjugated to nanoparticles. Consequently, this approach does not require bacterial disruption for delivery, or any genetic engineering of the bacteria for different cargo. PRIORITY AREAS on Nanomedicine DNA Vaccines for parasitic, bacterial and viral diseases Oral and pulmonary routes for systemic delivery of proteins and peptides Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering

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Impacts of Human Genome Research to Medicine Enter the era of personalized medicine Genetic profiling for cancer risk To identify the molecular changes of genes that underlie the high risk of cancer Precise diagnosis of the special types of cancer Pro-active cancer management Life style modification and monitoring. Pharmaco-genomic profiling for drug responses To identify the genetic predisposition for drug responses to assist drug selection, optimize efficacy and minimize toxicity.

Spectroscopy and Nanotechnology

Advances have also been made in applying force spectroscopy to manipulate single membrane proteins, to map surface properties and receptor sites on cells and to measure cellular interactions at the single-cell and single-molecule levels.

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References
1. Cristina Buzea, Ivan Pacheco, and Kevin Robbie (2007). "Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles: Sources and Toxicity". Biointerphases 2. Binnig, G.; Rohrer, H. (1986). "Scanning tunneling microscopy". IBM Journal of Research and Development 30: 4. 3. Kroto, H. W.; Heath, J. R.; O'Brien, S. C.; Curl, R. F.; Smalley, R. E. (1985). "C60: Buckminsterfullerene 4. Adams, W Wade; Baughman, Ray H (2005). "Retrospective: Richard E. Smalley (19432005)". 5. Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties". Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering. July 2004. Retrieved 13 May 2011. 6. "Nanotechnology: Drexler and Smalley make the case for and against 'molecular assemblers'". Chemical & Engineering News (American Chemical Society) 81 (48): 3742. 1 December 2003. Retrieved 9 May 2010. 7. "Nanotechnology Information Center: Properties, Applications, Research, and Safety Guidelines". American Elements. Retrieved 13 May 2011. 8. S.K. Prasad, Modern Concepts in Nanotechnology, pp.3132, Discovery Publishing House, 2008 9. ^ Nanotechnology: Developing Molecular Manufacturing 10. ^ "Some papers by K. Eric Drexler".

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