LabVIEW Tutorials

http://www.cipce.rpi.edu/programs/remote_experiment/labview/lesson1...

Lesson 1
Objective
This lesson introduces the LabVIEW environment and the G programming model. Core concepts, such as the flow of data from sources to sinks on the block diagram, are presented with supporting examples. Some of the many common block diagram structures and front panel widgets are also detailed in this lesson.

Index
Virtual instruments Front panel Block diagram Controls Indicators Palettes Structures While-loops Case structures Projects Download

Instruction
Virtual instruments LabVIEW works on a data flow model in which information within a LabVIEW program, called a virtual instrument (VI), flows from data sources to data sinks connected by wires. The data can be modified as it is passed from source to sink by other VIs. LabVIEW supports two types of VIs--internal VIs and user created VIs. Internal VIs are packaged with LabVIEW and perform simple functions like adding numbers or opening files. User created VIs consist of both a graphical user interface called the front panel and a code pipeline called the block diagram. These VIs tend to be much more complex considering that they can contain any number of internal or user created VIs in an endless number of configurations. Consider a simplistic LabVIEW program which takes a single number from the user and multiplies it by 10. Analyzing such a program reveals the following data flow structure: 1. The user inputs a number (data source). 2. The program executes an addition VI taking the user's number and the number 10 as its inputs (data sink). 3. The addition VI returns the result of the addition operation (data source). 4. The result is displayed on the screen (data sink). While this example is simplistic, it exemplifies how all LabVIEW VIs work. Data always flows from data sources to data sinks according to the block diagram, much like how water flows through a pipe.

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LabVIEW Tutorials

http://www.cipce.rpi.edu/programs/remote_experiment/labview/lesson1...

Front Panel Every user created VI has a front panel that contains the graphical interface with which a user interacts. The front panel can house various graphical objects ranging from simple buttons to complex graphs. Various options are available for changing the look and feel of the objects on the front panel to match the needs of any application. Block diagram Nearly every VI has a block diagram containing some kind of program logic that serves to modify data as it flows from sources to sinks. The block diagram houses a pipeline structure of sources, sinks, VIs, and structures wired together in order to define this program logic. Most importantly, every data source and sink from the front panel has its analog source and sink on the block diagram. This representation allows the input values from the user to be accessed from the block diagram. Likewise, new output values can be shown on the front panel by code executed in the block diagram. Controls The most common form of a data source in LabVIEW is a control. This element appears as some type of graphical element on the front panel of a VI that can receive input from a user or even another VI. As stated previously, any data source also has an analog symbol that appears on the block diagram so that its value can be read and used in the code pipeline. Controls make no exception to this rule. Every control has an associated data type that determines what kind of data flows from it on the block diagram. Every data type also has an associated color shown on the block diagram.

Figure 1: Typical controls and their associated data types. In general, any control can be turned into an indicator and vice-versa. Indicators The most common form of a data sink in LabVIEW is an indicator. This element appears as some type of graphical element on the front panel of a VI that can display output to a user or even another VI. As stated previously, any data sink in LabVIEW also has an analog symbol that appears on the block diagram so that its value can be updated in the code pipeline. Indicators make no exception to this rule. Every indicator also has an associated data type that determines what kind of data can be written to it on the block diagram.

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LabVIEW Tutorials

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Figure 2: Typical indicators and their associated data types. In general, any control can be turned into an indicator and vice-versa.

Figure 3: The front panel and block diagram for the simple number plus ten example given above. It should be noted that the number control and answer indicator have their similarly named analogs on the block diagram. Palettes Front panel controls and indicators as well as block diagram VIs are available from a palettes visible depending on what window is currently active in the LabVIEW environment. These palettes have their contents separated into sub-categories containing controls, indicators, and VIs.

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LabVIEW Tutorials

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Figure 4: Typical top-level block diagram and front panel palettes. Structures In addition to controls, indicators, and VIs, the block diagram can also contain a number of programming structures that modify the sequence of data flow on the block diagram. These structures perform traditional functions like looping or case-selection, but many also provide services that have no clear counterparts in text based programming languages. LabVIEW currently supports six different structures, some of which will be introduced within these lessons--while-loops, case structures, event structures, for-loops, sequence structures, and formula nodes. While-loops One of the most common structures encountered on a block diagram is the while-loop. Much like in text-based languages, the LabVIEW while-loop continually executes until a given boolean condition is met. Unlike in text-based languages, the LabVIEW while contains its own loop counter the provides the current loop iteration starting at zero.

Figure 5: Three different ways of using a while-loop. The first loop continues forever because the loop conditional never becomes false. The second loop continues until a button on the front panel is pressed, sending a value of true to the loop conditional thereby stopping the loop. The third loop also continues forever, but also displays the current loop counter value in an indicator on the front panel. (It is important to note that these three loops will execute in parallel because their inputs are not dependent on each other. More on parallel execution will be discussed in Lesson 2.)

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LabVIEW Tutorials

http://www.cipce.rpi.edu/programs/remote_experiment/labview/lesson1...

The while-loop is typically used in LabVIEW to continue some operation until either the user or some code event indicates that the operation should stop. Normally, some kind of millisecond delay is also inserted into the loop so that it doesn't occupy all of the computer's CPU time. (Thankfully, the use of the delay VI has been superseded by the new event structure discussed in another tutorial.)

Figure 6: A while-loop that will stop when the loop iterator passes 1000 or when the user presses the stop button. A loop delay is also used to ensure that the loop operation doesn't occupy all of the CPU time. Nearly all structures in LabVIEW, including while-loops, can have inputs and outputs. Wires that pass into and out of while-loops form small connection points called tunnels on the structure. Various, powerful options are available for shaping data flowing through tunnels, most of which will be discussed in the next lesson.

Figure 7: Input and output loop tunnels. The while loops takes a numeric value through an input tunnel and multiplies it times its current iteration value. When the loop is stopped, the value of the last multiplication is passed through an output tunnel and displayed in another indicator. Case structures Another common structure encountered in LabVIEW is the case structure. Like in text-based languages, the case structure executes a block of code based on the value of a certain variable. In LabVIEW, a case selector located on the case structure is wired to a data source. The value fed into the case selector determines what case executes. Only one case is shown at a time, but the visible case can be cycled by clicking on the arrows to the left or the right of the case name.

Figure 8: The use of a case structure as a simple boolean if-statement. If the two numbers entered by the user add to zero, then a string message is displayed on the front panel saying so. If the two numbers do not add to zero, then a string message is displayed stating that they do not. The false case of the case structure is not shown.

Projects
Project 1a

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LabVIEW Tutorials

http://www.cipce.rpi.edu/programs/remote_experiment/labview/lesson1...

Create a VI called Project1a.vi. The VI should simply multiply two numbers together and display the result once when the program is run. Improve the Project1a VI so that it loops infinitely and allows a user to change the two input numbers on the fly. Project 1b Create a VI called Project 1b.vi that has a boolean control and a string indicator on the front panel. When the boolean control is true, the string indicator should read True. When the boolean control is false, the string indicator should read False. Add another boolean control to the front panel. Use an AND operation on the two values of the boolean controls. Have the string indicator display the correct result of the AND operation. For example, if one boolean control is true and the other is false, the string indicator should read False.

Download
To download all of the examples and project solutions from this lesson click this link.

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