The international trade The silk road -Oranges used to be a very special treat.

Transportations would take months to be transported. People desire to have exotic items spurred more international trade. Over time extensive trading networks developed over land and over sea. The silk road made possible the exchange of goods using pack animals and riverboats over deserts and mountains. Think of it as a communication highway of the ancient world. Shared knowledge, inventions, religious beliefs, artistic styles, languages and social customs. Mercantilism -A shift in international trade began in the seventh century, when Arab governments became actively involves in trading and controlling trade to increase wealth. They lived along the trade routes between Egypt, Persia and Byzantium. European governments began regulating trade to increase their wealth, which developed into an economic system called mercantilism. In the 1500s countries began searching the globe for business opportunities. These companies added to their countries wealth by finding and bringing home natural resources and raw materials. The indigenous peoples in the territories that they plundered did not gain wealth, but were unable to resist European exploitation of their resources. Capitalism -According to capitalism profits are always good. Competition, economic freedom, personal responsibility and consumerism it is a free market. Capitalism is designed to increase individual wealth and not monarchs. Mercantilism led to capitalism by merchant who had accumulated large surplus wealth, and is the foundation of economic globalization. Liberty, Equality Fraternity! The slogan for people challenging the monarchs in search for political and economic rights. The hardest working most entrepreneurial people would succeed. Ordinary people did not support capitalism, was the powerful businessmen who wanted to operate more freely. It brings a struggle to allow entrepreneurs the freedom to thrive and meeting the carried needs of all its citizens. The opposite of capitalism is communism. Industrialization -Through mercantilism Europeans exploited the raw materials of the world. Increased manufacturing leads to industrialization, which occurs when the place of production shifts from small craft shops to large factories. Britains industrial transformation was so dramatic that they call it the industrial revolution. (Page 143 Yellow boxes) Cheaper goods were good, but because of these unhealthy and unsafe working conditions for people in the factories. Imperialism An association of people that intentionally benefits one people over another. Countries imported raw materials from their colonies processed them in factories then shipped finished goods elsewhere for huge profits. Eurocententism applied to business benefits to Europe placed above other interests. Most often accomplished by laying claim to territories seizing land or resources through conflict and then

imposing political control. It was a largely a European venture that emphasized benefits for those countries, even if it was at the expense of indigenous people.

The Silk Road

It road covered about 9,600 kilometers, or a quarter of the way around the globe. Scholars consider the Silk Road one of the most significant links connecting various peoples and cultures.

The route In reality there was no fixed road, but a series of tracks that ran through steppe and deserts, branched, and then converged on the many oases that offered sustenance to the traveler. Cities along the Silk Road supplied all the needs of travelers. The ever-present danger of bandits was as great a threat as the menacing forces of nature. There are vivid descriptions of sandstorms, the deserts withering hear, and the freezing winds in the high mountain passes. Away from the oases the need for water was always pressing. Goods along the Silk Road When merchants began to travel, amber, furs, and honey came to China from northern Russia and the Baltic. Pottery, coral, textiles, gold, silver, ivory, and precious stones came from Rome and elsewhere in the Mediterranean, along with metal ware from the foundries of Sidon and Tyre. In turn, China sent perfumes, silks, porcelain, tea, spices, mirrors, lacquer ware, and via Samarqand the priceless gift of paper. From central Asia cam jade, cloth and the horses of Fergana. The demise of the silk road An increasing number of European merchants, missionaries, and adventures traveled to east in search of riches. Europeans who sought access to the wealth of the East, but wanted to avoid the perilous land journey, found the sea route around the cape of good gope and across the Indian ocean. The importance of the Silk Road declined and by the sixteenth century central Asia began to fade from the horizon of history. The silk road could be considered not only as a trade route, but as a metaphor for the age of information in which we live. The world wide web of this century provides a vast sea of information in the form of ideas, perspectives, pictures, stories, and reports of occurrences around the globe. Instantly, we can talk with someone in Saudi Arabia or China (if they have a computer) and encounter a foreign culture and way of life, just like people did on the Silk Road and a thousand years ago, somewhere between China and Europe.

Mercantilism
Spain exercised rigid control of her empires commerce and industry. England also tried to do so. Mercantilist policies adopted during the reign of Elizabeth were continued in the seventeenth century under the Stuarts and Oliver Cromwell. Elizabethan laws were passed to discourage idleness, to reward industrial enterprise with monopolies, and to control commerce by means of Navigation Acts. Elizabeth has her justices of the peace the authority to fix prices, regulate hours, and compel every able-bodied subject to work at some useful trade.

Capitalism
The wealth of nations The market price of every commodity is regulated by the proportion between the quantity which is actually brought to market, and the demand of those who are willing to pay natural price of the commodity. - When the quantity of any commodity brought to market falls short of the demand, a competition will immediately begin and the market price will rise more or less above the natural price. Hence, the exorbitant price of the necessaries of life during the blockade of a town, or in a famine. When the quantity brought to market exceeds the demand, it cannot be all sold to those who are willing to pay the whole value of the rent, wages, and profit, required to bring it thither. Some part must be sold to those who are willing to pay less and the law price which they for it must reduce the price of all. The market price will sink below the natural price.

Industrialization
Embracing capitalist values spurs a revolution that transforms great Britain and eventually the rest of Europe The opportunities offered by the free market lead to a wave of technological innovations. The industrial revolution sees mechanization or the switch to machines for the production of goods.

Inventions- Spinning Jenny, Water frame, Steam engine, Flying shuttle, spinning mule. Innovations in generating energy (from hydraulics to steam power) revolutionized the factory system. Led to transportation innovations as well, most notably locomotive trains and steam powered ships. The industrial revolution led to a massive expansion of British and European economies, advances in science and medicine, and an overall better standard of living. The switch tto mechanization and factories also had significant negative effects on society The disappearance off cottage industry forced people to move to cities to find factory work. Factories were typically dirty, miserable places to work with extremely low wages and long working hours. Many factory workers were children, some as young as 5-6 years of age.

Objections to industrialization
Luddites

Charles Darwin
-This British biologists work created controversy that continues to exist. -In 185s The origin of the species and the descent of man theorized that all life-gorms evolve or change, over a long period of time. Simpler life forms evolve into more complex ones and new life forms evolve out of older ones. -Darwins term for this weeding out of weak characteristics was a natural selevtion or survival of the fittest. Reaction to Darwins theory His throy created great controversy and a great deal of opposition. For example, church leaders said that it contradicted the Bible (i.e, denied Gods role in creation).