FAP0015 Ch07 Momentum

Momentum
Linear momentum Conservation of Momentum Collisions: elastic & inelastic Impulse & Impulsive Force Centre of mass
Ch7 - Linear Momentum
22/01/2010 09:00
Lesson Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to: 1. 1 2. 3. 3 4. 5. 6. 6 define momentum and linear momentum momentum. state the law of the conservation of momentum. list the differences between elastic and inelastic collisions. collisions solve problems involving collisions using the law of conservation of momentum momentum. define and determine impulse and impulsive force. determine the centre of mass of a body or a system of bodies. bodies
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Linear Momentum
When a particle with mass, m, moves with velocity v, we define its momentum, p, as a product of its mass and velocity.
p = mv
linear momentum
p is a vector quantity in the same direction as velocity, v. The unit of its magnitude in SI is kg m/s.
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Linear Momentum
If the particle has velocity components vx, vy, vz., its momentum components are p
p x = mv x , p y = mv y , p z = mv z .
Differentiating momentum with respect to time gives
d (Mv dP = dt dt
cm
dv d cm = M = Ma dt
cm
F ext
The linear momentum of an isolated system is conserved.
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Isolated System
By a system, we simply mean a set of objects that interact with each other other. For any system, the forces that various particles exert on each other are called internal forces. Forces exerted of any part of a system by some agency outside are called external forces. A system with no external forces is called an isolated syste . ( system. (F external = 0)
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We define the total momentum P of the system as a vector sum y of momenta of the individual bodies.
P = p1 + p 2 .
The total (net) momentum P of any n-particles is equal to the vector sum of pn of i di id l particle, i f f individual i l is
P = p1 + p 2 + ...... + p n
= m1v1 + m 2 v 2 + ...... + m n v n = Mv cm
where vcm is the velocity of the centre of mass of the system of particles.
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We are familiar with collisions between billiard balls, between a tennis ball and a racquet, between football players, between cars on the highways and many many many more collisions... collisions
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Collisions
Collision can be defined as any strong interaction between two bodies that lasts relatively short time time. (automotive disaster). Collisions conserve momentum but not all of the momentum, collisions conserve kinetic energy as well. The res lt of a collision is constrained b the la s of result by laws conservation of energy and conservation of momentum. C lli i Collisions f ll i t th categories: fall into three t i
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Collisions
Elastic collisions, which conserve the kinetic energy, example a collision between two hard steel balls or billiard balls. b ll Inelastic collisions, which do not conserve the kinetic energy (dissipated). energ (dissipated) Some KE is lost to heat so nd energ heat, sound energy and forth. Example, two lumps of clay colliding. Completely inelastic collisions in which the objects stick collisions, together after collision. In such collisions the KE loss is maximum. Cars colliding, spitball striking the window g p g shade and so on are examples.
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An Elastic Collision in 1-D

Cart Air track
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Elastic Collisions
The basic equations representing momentum and kinetic energy are: conservation of
Initial momentum Pi = Final momentum Pf
m 1 v1i + m 2 v 2 i = m1 v1 f + m 2 v 2 f
Initial kinetic energy KEi = Final kinetic energy KEf
1 2
mv + m v = mv + m v
2 1 1i 1 2 2 2 2i 1 2 2 1 1f 1 2
2 2 2f
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Special Case of Elastic Collision:

Collision with Stationary Target
v 1i
1
If v2i= 0, conservation of momentum and kinetic energy:
m1v1i = m1v1 f + m2v2 f
...(1) (2) (2)
mv =mv +m v
2 1 1i 2 1 1f
2 2 2f
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Solving equations (1) & (2) for v1f and v2f : From Eq (2):
2 2 2f
m v = m (v v ) = m1(v1i v1 f )(vi + v1 f ) 1
2 1 1i 2 1f
(3)
From Eq (1):
m 2 v 2 f = m1 (v1i v1 f
Eq (3)/Eq (4):
v2 f = v1i + v1 f
(5)
(4 )
Substitute (5) in (4)
m2 (v1i + v1 f ) = m1 (v1i v1 f ) (6 )
(m1 + m 2 )v1 f
= (m1 m 2 )v1i
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v1 f
m1 m 2 = v 1i , m1 + m 2
(7)
v2 f
2 m1 = v 1i , m1 + m 2
(8)
Some interesting general conclusions from these formulas.
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If m1 = m2:
v1 f m1 m 2 = v1i m1 + m 2
v2 f
2 m1 = v1 i m1 + m 2
In this case v1f = 0 and v2f = v1i, the colliding object stops, and the target one moves with same speed and direction.
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If m1 m2:
v1 f m1 m 2 v1i = m1 + m 2
v2 f
2 m1 v1 i = m1 + m 2
In this case the colliding object continues in the same direction after the impact but with reduced speed while the target object moves ahead of at faster pace pace. If m1 >> m2 the colliding object losses little speed while the target one is given speed nearly twice v1i. (v2f=2v1i)
Ch7 - Linear Momentum 22/01/2010 09:00 17
If m1 m2:
v1 f m1 m 2 v1i = m1 + m 2
2 m1 = v1 i m1 + m 2
In this case v1f is opposite to v1i, The lighter object bounces off the heavier one one. Since m2 is virtually infinite compared with m1, v1f = - v1i
v2 f
Conceptual Question p Q
Two objects have the same momentum momentum. Do the velocities of these objects ecessa y a e t e sa e d ect o necessarily have (a) the same direction and (b) the same magnitude? Give your reasoning in each case.
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REASONING AND SOLUTION

Yes. Momentum is a vector, and the two objects have the same momentum. This means that the direction of each objects momentum is the same. Momentum is mass times velocity, and the direction of the momentum is the same as the direction of the y , y velocity. Thus, the velocity directions must be the same. No. Momentum is mass times velocity. The fact that the objects have the same momentum means that the product of the mass and the magnitude of the velocity is the same for each. Thus, the magnitude of the velocity of one object can be smaller, for example, as long as the mass of that object is proportionally greater to keep the product of mass and velocity unchanged.
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Conceptual Question
C Can a single object h i l bj have ki i energy b no kinetic but momentum? Can a system of two or more objects have a total kinetic energy that is not zero but a total momentum that is zero? Account for your answer.
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REASONING AND SOLUTION

If a single object has KE, it must have a velocity; therefore, it must have linear momentum as well well. In a system of two or more objects, the individual objects could have linear momentum that cancel each other. In this case, the linear momentum of the system would be zero. The kinetic energies of the objects, however, are scalar quantities that are always positive; thus the total KE of the system of thus, objects would necessarily be nonzero. Therefore, it is possible for a system of two or more objects to have a total ki i energy that i not zero b a total momentum h l kinetic h is but l that is zero.
Inelastic Collisions
In an inelastic collisions the momentum of the system is conserved
= Pi
K f K i
But its kinetic energy is not conserved.
When objects stick together after colliding, the collision is completely inelastic and the maximum amount of KE is lost. p y Consider a system of two cars of mass m1 and m2 on smooth level track. One at rest while the other moves toward it with a speed v1i, what is the speed of the cars after collisions if they are stuck together after the collision?
(Completely) Inelastic Collisions
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(Completely) Inelastic Collisions

Initial momentum Pi =
m1 v1i + m 2 v 2 i = (m1 + m 2 ) v f m1v1i m1v1i + m2 v2i = if v2i = 0 vf = Thus m1 + m2 m1 + m2

2 KEi = 1 mv1i 2
Final momentum Pf
KEf =
1 2
m1 + m2 v2 f
m1v1i + m2v2i = (m1 + m2 ) m +m 2 2 2 21 ( 1 ) = 1 m1 v1i if v = 0 1 m v1i + m2v2i = 2 2i 2 (m1 + m2 ) (m1 + m2 )

1 2
Initial kinetic energy KEi Final kinetic energy KEf

Let the two cars be identical, m1 = m2 , what i the change i ki i energy after the collision? h is h h in kinetic f h lli i ?
2 KEi = 1 mv1i 2
KEf =
1 2
m1 + m2 v2 f
m1v1i + m2v2i = (m1 + m2 ) m +m 1 2

1 2
(m1v1i + m2v2i )2 = 1 m12v1i2 1 2 2 (m1 + m2 ) (m1 + m2 )

2 2
since v2i = 0
since m1 = m2 ,
2 1 m1 v1i KEf = 2 = 1 m1v1i = 1 KEi 2 4 2m1
Change in KE, KE = KEf KEi = 1 KEi KEi = 1 KEi 2 2

Example
A 1200 kg car moving at 2.5 m/s is struck in the rear by a 2600 kg truck moving at 6.2 m/s. If the vehicles stick together after the collisions, collisions what is their speed immediately after colliding? What is the change in kinetic energy? (Assume that external forces may be ignored). Solution: The momentum conserved for inelastic collision)
Pi = Pf = m1v1i + m 2 v 2i = m1 + m 2 v f
1200kg 2.5m/s + 2600kg 6.2 m/s vf = = 5.0 m/s (1200 + 2600)kg
C g Change in KE, KE = KEf KEi ,

2 2 KEi = 1 m1v1i + 1 m2v2i 2 2
KEf = 1 (m1 + m2 )v2 f 2
2 2 KE = KEf KEi = 1 (m1 + m2 )v2 1 m1v1i + 1 m2v2i f 2 2 2
1 2
(1200+ 2600)(5.0)2 [1 (1200)(2.5)2 + 1 (2600)(6.2)2 ] 2 2
= 47500 J (3750 J + 49972 J ) = 6222 J
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Example (Application)
In a ballistic pendulum, an object of mass m is fired with an initial speed v0 at the bob of a pendulum. The bob has a mass M, and is suspended by a rod of negligible mass. After the collision, the object and the bob stick together and swing through an arc, eventually gaining a height h. h Find the height h in terms of m, M, v0 and g.
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After collisions, the momentum is conserved, but KE is not.
The Pi = Pf
mv 0 = (M + m )v f
m vf = v0 M +m
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The speed after the collision is,
The KE after the collision is 2 1 1 m 2 1 m 2 2 K f = (m + M )v f = (m + M ) v 0 = mv 0 2 2 2 m+M M +m The KE after collision equals to the PE at the height h
K f = PE
1 m 2 mv 0 = (M + m ) gh 2 M +m
Solving for h is
m h= M +m
2 v0 2g
or
m+ M v0 = 2gh m
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Impulse-momentum Theorem
The impulse, J, of a force is the product of the average force, Fav and the time interval, t , during which the force acts:
(v u ) J = F t = ma t = m t = p f pi t
Impulse equals momentum change, it is a vector quantity and its unit in SI is newton second (N.s). newton-second (N s) Both mass and velocity play a role in how object responds to a given impulse, their effect is include in the concept of impulse linear momentum.
Impulse
During the time interval the momentum changes by interval,
dp = mv
i
mv i = p f p i =
Fdt
i
=J
The integral of the force over the time is called the impulse, J, (kg m/s or Ns). Th f The force i called i is ll d impulsive f l i force. Valid for a very large force in a very short time interval & essentially zero outside. Large force short time = Small force long time. Application: Safety features for cars (or bicycle helmets). Crumple zones in cars and the padding in helmets are all there to increase the time over which a collision will take place, thus reducing the force necessary for the same impulse impulse.
The collision time between a bat and a ball is very short, short but the force can be quite large When the bat large. strikes the ball, the magnitude of the force excreted on the ball rises to a maximum value and then returns to zero when the ball leaves the bat. Time interval is t, the magnitude of the average force is Fav
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Conceptual Problem
A stunt person jumps from the roof of a tall building, but no injury occurs because the person lands on a large, air-filled bag. Which one of the following best describes why no i j f ll i b t d ib h injury occurs? ? (a) The bag provides the necessary force to stop him. (b) The bag reduces the impulse to the person. Th b d th i l t th (c) The bag increases the amount of time the force acts on the person and reduces the change in momentum. (d) The bag decreases the amount of time during which the momentum is changing and reduces the average force on the person. (e) The bag increases the amount of time during which the momentum is changing and reduces the average force on the person.
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Problem
A 220-g ball falls vertically downward, hitting the floor with a speed of 2 5 m/s and rebounding upward with a speed of 2 0 m/s 2.5 2.0 m/s. (a) Find the magnitude of the change in the balls momentum. (b) Find the change in the magnitude of the balls momentum. (c) Which of the two quantities calculated in parts (a) and (b) is more directly related to the net force acting on the ball during its collision with the floor? Explain.
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(a)
r r r p = pf pi r r = m( v f v i ) ( m = (0.220 kg ) 2.0 y s m = (0.220 kg ) 4.5 y s m = 0.99 kg y s p = 0 99 k m s 0.99 kg m y 2.5 s
m m pf pi = m(vf vi ) = (0 220 k ) 2 0 ( (0.220 kg 2.0 25 2.5 = 0 11 k m s 0.11 kg s s
(b)
(c)
The quantity found in part (a).

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Center of mass (CM)

Observations indicate that even if a body rotates, or there are several bodies that move relative to one another, there is one point that moves in the same path that a particle would - called the centre of mass. CM o a system is t e po t w e e t e system ca be ba a ced in C of syste s the point where the syste can balanced a uniform gravitational field. Consider the extended body made up of two tiny particles m1 & m2 , the position of CM,
X CM
m 1 x1 + m 2 x 2 m 1 x1 + m 2 x 2 = = m1 + m 2 M
the position of CM lies on the line joining m1 & m2.

Center of Mass
Suppose the coordinates of m1 be (x1, y1) of m2 be (x2, y2), etc, we define center of mass of the system as the point , y p having coordinates (xcm, ycm) given by
0
xCM
m1 m 2
m3
x
n i =1
=
n
i =1 n
mi xi
mi xi
mi i =1
M
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In 3-D, the coordinates of the C of M are:

x CM
m =
M
ix i
y CM =
m iyi M
z CM =
m
M
izi
The position vector rcm of center of mass can be expressed in p p terms of the position vectors r1, r2,
rcm
m r m r + m r + m r + ... = = m + m + m + ..... m
1 1 2 2 2 3 3 i 1 3 i i
i i
In statistical language the center of mass is a mass-weighted average position of the particles.
If m1= m2 = m then XCM =( x1 + x2 )/2 (midway) If m1 > m2 then CM is closer to the larger mass. If all the masses concentrated at x2 so that m1 = 0 XCM = m2x2 / m2 = x2 as expected
Example
A square uniform raft, 18 m by 18 m, of mass 6800 kg, is used as a ferryboat If three cars each of mass 1200 ferryboat. cars, kg, occupy its NE, SE, and SW corners, determine the cm of the loaded ferryboat. y
xCM
(1200 kg )( 9 m ) + (1200 kg )( 9 m ) + (1200 kg )( 9 m ) = = 1.04 m 3 (1200 kg ) + 6800 kg (1200 kg )( 9 m ) + (1200 kg )( 9 m ) + (1200 kg )( 9 m ) = = 3 (1200 kg ) + 6800 kg
1 04 m 1.04
yCM
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Impulse
Conclusions J = Ft = P
p = mv
Linear momentum
The total momentum P of a system remains constant, whenever the vector sum of the external forces of it is zero.
dP = F1 + ( F2 ) = 0, dt
Elastic collisions conserve the momentum and kinetic energy energy. Inelastic collisions conserve the momentum and do not conserve the kinetic energy (dissipated). CM of a system is the point where the system can be balanced in a uniform gravitational field.
Review
Complete the following statement: A collision is elastic if (a) the final velocities are zero. (b) the final momentum is zero zero. (c) the objects stick together. (d) the total kinetic energy is conserved. (e) the final kinetic energy is zero zero.
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Choose the Correct Answer

Which one of the following is characteristic of an inelastic collision? (a) Total mass is not conserved. (b) Ki ti energy i not conserved. Kinetic is t d (c) Total energy is not conserved. (d) The change in momentum is less than the total impulse. (e) Linear momentum is not conserved.
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Exercise
An object of mass 3m, initially at rest, explodes breaking into two fragments of mass m and 2m, respectively. Which one of the following statements concerning the fragments after the explosion g g g p is true? (a) They may fly off at right angles. (b) Th may fl off i th same di ti They fly ff in the direction. (c) The smaller fragment will have twice the speed of the larger fragment. (d) The larger fragment will have twice the speed of the smaller fragment. (e) The smaller fragment will have four times the speed of the larger fragment.
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FAP0015 Ch07 Momentum

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FAP0015 Ch07 Momentum

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Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

The linear momentum of an isolated system is conserved.

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

An Elastic Collision in 1-D

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Initial momentum Pi = Final momentum Pf

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Special Case of Elastic Collision:

If v2i= 0, conservation of momentum and kinetic energy:

m1v1i = m1v1 f + m2v2 f

...(1) (2) (2)

Substitute (5) in (4)

Some interesting general conclusions from these formulas.

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

REASONING AND SOLUTION

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

REASONING AND SOLUTION

But its kinetic energy is not conserved.

(Completely) Inelastic Collisions

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

(Completely) Inelastic Collisions

m1 v1i + m 2 v 2 i = (m1 + m 2 ) v f m1v1i m1v1i + m2 v2i = if v2i = 0 vf = Thus m1 + m2 m1 + m2

m1v1i + m2v2i = (m1 + m2 ) m +m 2 2 2 21 ( 1 ) = 1 m1 v1i if v = 0 1 m v1i + m2v2i = 2 2i 2 (m1 + m2 ) (m1 + m2 )

Initial kinetic energy KEi Final kinetic energy KEf

m1v1i + m2v2i = (m1 + m2 ) m +m 1 2

(m1v1i + m2v2i )2 = 1 m12v1i2 1 2 2 (m1 + m2 ) (m1 + m2 )

2 1 m1 v1i KEf = 2 = 1 m1v1i = 1 KEi 2 4 2m1

Change in KE, KE = KEf KEi = 1 KEi KEi = 1 KEi 2 2

C g Change in KE, KE = KEf KEi ,

KEf = 1 (m1 + m2 )v2 f 2

2 2 KE = KEf KEi = 1 (m1 + m2 )v2 1 m1v1i + 1 m2v2i f 2 2 2

(1200+ 2600)(5.0)2 [1 (1200)(2.5)2 + 1 (2600)(6.2)2 ] 2 2

= 47500 J (3750 J + 49972 J ) = 6222 J

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

After collisions, the momentum is conserved, but KE is not.

The speed after the collision is,

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

r r r p = pf pi r r = m( v f v i ) ( m = (0.220 kg ) 2.0 y s m = (0.220 kg ) 4.5 y s m = 0.99 kg y s p = 0 99 k m s 0.99 kg m y 2.5 s

m m pf pi = m(vf vi ) = (0 220 k ) 2 0 ( (0.220 kg 2.0 25 2.5 = 0 11 k m s 0.11 kg s s

The quantity found in part (a).

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Center of mass (CM)

the position of CM lies on the line joining m1 & m2.

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

In 3-D, the coordinates of the C of M are:

Ch7 - Linear Momentum

Ch7 - Linear Momentum