CNG NGH CCH T BRAGG QUANG

V NHNG NG DNG TRONG VIN THNG

Trn Thin Chnh, Nguyn Huy Tip
Tm tt: Nhng tin b ca cng ngh trong lnh vc quang hc trong thi gian gn y
cho php ch to cch t Bragg quang (FBG) c hnh dng ging nh si quang thng
thng, nhng nhng ng dng ca n trong vin thng li rt a dng v cho hiu qu cao.
Trong khun kh bi vit s xem xt v: cng ngh ch to FBG; ch t Bragg; cc c tnh
cm quang; cc thuc tnh c bn ca cch t; nhng ng dng ca FBG trong vin thng.
I/ Gii thiu:
Cch t quang Bragg (FBG) l s xo trn tun hon ca ch s chit sut khc x theo
chiu dc si. S hnh thnh cc cch t c nh trong mt si quang c minh ha ln u
tin bi Hill et al. vo nm 1978 trung tm nghin cu thng tin Canada (CRC), Ottawa,
Ont., Canada, [1], [2]. cm quang ca si quan st c ln u tin trong thc nghim
nh th hin trn hnh v 1.
Hnh 1: S thit b dng ghi nhn cc cch t Bragg trong s i quang
My o cng sut
Hp th
Tiu c x50
Kp cng bng thch anh
Si quang c bc
trong ng thch anh
Tn hiu
t i trc Y
Tn hiu t i trc Y
(truyn dn)
Thp
n hi
nh du vtr
Cmbin
vtr
Laser Argon
n mode
B suy hao c kh
nng bi n i c
My o cng sut
Tn hiu t i trc Y
(phn x)
nh sng mu xanh c dng sng lin tc (488 nm) t mt Laser ion Argon truyn vo mt
phn ngn ca si quang n mode thng thng v gim st cng nh sng b phn x
tr li t si quang. Ban u, cng nh sng phn x thp, nhng sau khong vi pht,
n tng ln mnh m cho n khi hu nh tt c cc nh sng truyn vo si quang u b
phn x ngc tr li. S tng ln ca nh sng phn x c gii thch theo cc thut ng
hiu ng phi tuyn mi gi l cm quang, iu ny cho php chit sut cch t c sao
chp li ton b trong si quang. S d nh vy bi l, nh sng kt hp truyn trong si
quang giao thoa vi mt phn nh sng phn x tr li t kt cui si quang to nn mt
dng sng ng thng qua cm quang sao chp li ton b chit sut cch t trong li si.
Do cng cch t tng ln nn cng nh sng phn x ngc tr li cng tng ln cho
n khi n gn nh bo ha 100%. Trong nhng thc nghim u tin ny, cc chit sut cch
t c nh (cc cch t Bragg) c phn x 90% thu c bc sng Laser Argon. Di
rng bng ca cch t Bragg rt hp (< 200 MHz) ch vi chiu di cch t ~ 1 m. Mt Photon
ring r mt na bc sng mu xanh ca Laser ion Argon (244 nm) gi l tia cc tm
chng t hiu qu cao hn. Bc x c th s dng di dng cc cch t phn x bc sng
bt k bng cch chiu x si quang qua v vi hai tia sng cc tm giao thoa; hin nay, chu
k giao thoa cc i v thay i chit sut c thit lp bi gc gia tia sng v bc sng
cc tm hay ng hn l bi bc x nhn thy truyn sang li si [3].
II/ Cch t Bragg:
Cch t Bragg l s sp xp song song cc tm phn x. Hnh v 2 th hin cch t Bragg
c N tm phn x t song song cch nhau mt khong d. Gi thit mi trng c suy hao a
s
,
h s khuch i g, h s phn x cng sut ca cch t R
FBG
, h s truyn cng sut T, xung
cc Photon E(t,x) vo gng 1 vi E(t=0, x=0). Khi E(t,x) c xc nh nh sau [4]:
( )
( ) ( ) [ ] x t j
2
x a
s
A x , t E

(1)
y () l hng s truyn sng. Vn t ra l iu kin no c th xy ra phn x
mnh tn s c trng. Cho xung nh sng u tin ti gng th nht l E
in
. Thnh phn phn
x ca E
in
bi gng bn trong sut th nht l E
R1
(0) = E
in
(0)R
FBG
v thnh phn truyn qua l
E
T1
(0) = E
in
(0)T.
Hnh 2: Cch t Bragg c N tm phn x song song , khong cch d
Gng 1 Gng 2 Gng j Gng N
E
out
E
R
d d d
E
in
E
R,tot
(0)
E
T
Thnh phn truyn qua E
T1
(0) ti gng th hai li b phn x mt phn E
T2
(d) =
E
T1
(0)R
FBG
e
-j

d
v truyn qua phn E
T2
(d) = E
T1
(0)Te
-j

d
. C nh vy cho n gng th N s c
thnh phn phn x v truyn dn nh sau:
( ) [ ]
( )
( ) [ ]
d j
FBG 1 N T RN
e R d 2 N E d 1 N E

(2)
( ) [ ]
( )
( ) [ ]
d j
1 N T TN
Te d 2 N E d 1 N E

(3)
Thnh phn phn x bi gng th N s n pha sau gng th nht. Thnh phn ny
c a vo tnh ton hng s truyn sng nh sau:
( ) [ ]
( )
( ) [ ]
( ) d j 1 N 1 N
FBG 1 N T RN
e R d 1 N E d N E

(4)
II.1. Phn x Bragg:
Xut pht t iu kin phn x ton phn, tng tt c cc thnh phn phn x gng th
nht xc nh nh sau:
( )
( ) ( )
M 1
M 1 R 0 E
0 E
N
p in
tot , R

(5)
y M = T
2
e
-2j

d
. Nu nh N ln, th ton b nng lng phn x gng th nht s
gn bng nng lng ti, ngay c khi R
FBG
nh.
II.2. iu kin Bragg:
Trong quan h trc, gc pha ca cc sng mi gng l ty . Nu nh gc pha l bi
s ca 2, th iu kin phn x mnh c th thu c nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) n 2 d
2
2 T arg 2 d 2 T arg 2 M arg
B

(6)
n l mt s ty ,
B
l bc sng Bragg. n gin, khi pha = 0 hoc t arg (.) = 0, th

n d
2
, t iu kin phn x mnh hoc Bragg, suy ra:
2
n
d
B

(7)
chnh l khong cch Bragg hay chu k cch t bng bi s ca na bc sng. Du m
(-) biu th thnh phn phn x, n biu th bc ca cch t Bragg. Khi n = 1 (bc th nht)
th d =
B
/2, khi n = 2 (bc th hai) th d =
B
.
II.3. Cch t Bragg quang:
Cch t Bragg quang (FBG) bao gm mt on si quang c chit sut khc x thay i
tun hon theo chiu dc si. S thay i tun hon chit sut khc x c to nn bng cch
chiu x nh sng cc tm (UV) vo li si quang Ge-SiO
2
, mu vn giao thoa quang c chu
k bng vi chu k ca cch t s c to thnh. Khi chiu x si bng mu vn cc tm,
to nn sai lch v cu trc v v vy s thay i lu di chit sut khc x c chu k ging
nh mu vn cc tm. Hnh v 3a cho thy khi mt FBG s dng phng php UV, hnh v
3b th hin FBG c np gp In
x
Ga
1-x
As
y
P
1-y
trn cht nn InP. Mu vn giao thoa c chu k
ph thuc vo thit k di bc sng hot ng ca FBG. Vi cc bc sng hng ngoi gn,
khong 1,55 m, cch t ch to c chu k d t 1 ti 10 m. Mu UV c th to thnh bng
mt s phng php quang (nhiu x hoc giao thoa). Ngun UV cung cp bi mt Laser hot
ng trong di 157 nm ti 351 nm, hp th nh 240 nm.
Hnh 3a: Chto cch t Bragg bng cch chiu x mu cc tmvo li s i
Mu vn giao thoa cc tm
S i quang
Li s i V s i Cch t d

1

2

3

4

2
Hnh 3b: Khi FBG c np gp In
x
Ga
1-x
As
y
P
1-y
trn cht nn InP
d
Cht nn InP
In
x
Ga
1-x
As
y
P
1-y
h
h
E
in

2
E
out
III/ Cc thuc tnh c bn ca cch t:
S xo trn chit sut trong li l mt cu trc tun hon, tng t vi k thut to nh ba
chiu khi c nh sng thch hp hoc tinh th mng mt li hot ng nh b lc bng dng.
Di bng hp ca trng nh sng ti trong si quang b phn x lin tc, tn x kt hp t
nhng thay i chit sut. S tc ng ln nhau mnh nht hoc ghp ni mode xy ra bc
sng Bragg
B
cho bi:
d n 2
eff B

(8)
y n
eff
l chit sut mode ca sng ti v d l chu k cch t. Mi s phn x t mt
nh gn sng trong s xo trn chit sut ng b vi nh tip theo
B
nh th hin trn
hnh v 4, bt k s thay i thuc tnh si quang no cng s lm thay i bc sng Bragg,
chng hn s ko cng, nhit hoc phn cc lm thay i chit sut mode hoc bc rng
cch t. Cch t l mt cm bin thuc v bn cht bn trong, n lm thay i ph ca tn hiu
ti bng nng lng ghp ni ti cc mode si quang khc. Trng hp n gin nht, sng
ti c ghp ni ti mode ging nh truyn sng ngc v do b phn x.
Hnh 4: Cng hng Bragg phn x mode nh sng ti xy ra bc sng (vi
bc rng cch t dc theo trc si ) bng mt na bc sng mode trong li si
Khong cch =
B
/2n
eff

B
phn x
B
truyn
t i
L thuyt ghp ni mode thit lp vi nhng tnh ton c tnh b lc cch t. Trong dng
n gin nht, phn tch ny dn ti phng trnh vi phn Ricatti n gin i vi phn x
ni b R(z) b thay i. Trng hp chung nht, xo trn chit sut n(z) c dng sng tun
hon v pha v iu bin bin nh sau:
( ) ( )
1
]
1

,
_

+ +

d
z 2
cos m 1 z n z n
0
(9)
C chit sut khc x trung bnh v ng bao iu bin cch t v chit sut mode n
eff
thng thay i dc theo chiu di cch t. Tri li, iu ny quyt nh bi tnh cht nhn
thy c ca mu vn cc tm cho bi tham s m. phn x ni b R(z) l t l tng hp
ca cc bin sng thun v nghch. phn x thay i tha mn vi phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( ) z R 1 jk z R ' n
4
j ' R
2
B
eff
B
+ +
1
]
1

,
_

(10)
Vi iu kin b R(L/2) = 0, h s ghp ni k cho bi:
( )

z ng k (11)
y g(z) l mt hm xc thc, c trng Gauss, l h s chng ln mode. Ph FBG
dng Gauss theo [6] nh sau:
2
B
d
2 ln 4
e g

,
_

vi iu kin (0 < g() < 1). Do , ph
nh sng u ra t FBG s c dng:
( ) ( )
B peak FBG
g R R
(12)
y, R
peak
l phn x nh ca FBG, l thnh phn suy hao gy ra bi ghp ni.
Trong trng hp phn x mode bin t mt cch t khng r rng, n l phn cng sut
mode n gin trong vng cm quang ca dng chit sut si. Nu nh cch t c phn x
thp, th phng trnh (10) c th l tuyn tnh v ph phn x
,
_

,
2
L
R s tng xng
vi khai trin Fourier ( )
( ) z j
e z g

. phn x trung tm ng ( = 0) s l:
( )

,
_

g nL tanh * R
2
(13)
y

g
l gi tr trung bnh ca dng hnh bao hm Gauss. Ph phn x ca cch t ging
nhau cng c th thu c t gii tch phng trnh (10) [7]. C th s dng m hnh mt
cch t ty bng cch xem xt n nh l s kt hp ca cc phn ging nhau hp li v xut
pht t mt hm chuyn giao ma trn i vi mi phn. Ph phn x cho bi ma trn tch ca
cc php xp x hm chuyn giao. Mt cch t Bragg cng s ghp cc mode khng ging
nhau thnh phn x v truyn qua i hi phi tha mn hai iu kin: (1) tnh ng b pha;
(2) chng ln mode va trong vng si cha cch t. iu kin ph hp pha bo m lin
kt trao i nng lng gia cc mode cho bi:
eff
z
eff
' n n

(14)
y n
eff
l chit sut mode ca sng ti, n
eff
l chit sut mode ca sng phn x ghp
cch t (s m) hoc sng truyn qua. Lu rng, tnh n nghing trong cch t nh
s dng bc rng cch t dc trc si
z
trong phng trnh ny. Trn hnh v 5 th hin
th ghp mode v iu kin ph hp pha, theo c 5 dng khc nhau ca nhng tng tc c
th xy ra ty thuc vo tc bc sng v bc rng ca cch t.
Hnh 5: Cc iu kin ph hp pha t c ghp ni mode ng b vi mt FBG . Tc
bc sng v bc rng cch t
z
dc trc si quyt nh loi mode (v hoc bin ,
hng truyn ngc hay hng thun ) b kch thch bi hng thun , mode c bn LP
01
ti
Hng thun
z

Tn x ngc
Cbn
n
co
n
cl
0
-n
co
+n
co
Chs chit
sut hiu qu
Truyn sng mode bin thng thng xy ra khi chit sut ca sng nm gia cc gi tr
v v li. Mt cch t phn x ging nh mode ghp ni sng gia quan h tn sc nhnh trn
v nhnh truyn hng thun, vi tc khng thp hn hnh nh phn chiu. Tnh hung ny
xy ra khi cch t c bc rng nh m tun th iu kin Bragg (1). Tuy nhin, cch
t ny cng s ghp ni vi cc mode khc nhng bc sng ngn hn, mt s s b phn x
v hoc b hp hp th, cn mt s khc s b bc x ra ngoi si. ng nt t l ni ghp
ni sng gia mode c bn hot ng theo hng thun v cc mode trong v. Nhng tng
tc ny cho thy mt lot cc ng dc truyn ph ti cc bc sng nh hn bc sng
Bragg [8]. Khng c cc mode v b kch thch trong si quang n mode tr khi chit sut
hiu qu ca mode b kch thch nh hn v n
cd
.
IV/ Nhng ng dng ca FBG trong vin thng:
Cc c tnh ca cng ngh cm quang v kh nng tng thch vn c ca n vi cc si
quang cho php ch to a dng cc thit b FBG khc nhau k c nhng thit b mi l
cha tng c trc y. B tn sc FBG l mt v d in hnh ca loi thit b mi gn y
nht. Cc FBG cng c kt hp cht ch trong cc thit b quang mt cch d dng hot
ng nh mt b phn x, theo lm thay i thit b thnh mt thnh phn thit thc c
hiu sut tng ln. Laser bn dn vi mt on c FBG l mt v d ca ng dng dng ny.
Mc d nghin cu tp trung vo vic pht trin cc thit b si trn c s cch t Bragg
s dng trong thng tin quang si hoc cc h thng cm bin quang si, song cng cn c
nhiu ng dng tim nng khc trong ra a pht sng bng tia Laser, chuyn mch quang, x
l tn hiu quang v lu tr quang.
Nhiu thit b cch t c ch to s dng trong thng tin vin thng. Cc c tnh
khc nhau a dng ca FBG: bc sng chnh xc, phn x, chiu di, ... v cc c tnh
suy hao i vi ghp ni vi cc mode v. V d, cc cch t quang s dng nh mt b phn
x cng hng bn ngoi n nh bm LD yu cu phn x thp v khng i hi bc
sng c chun xc cao. Cch t quang cng c th s dng iu chnh v xc nh bc
sng i vi cc Laser WDM v cc ngun Laser chun. Trong trng hp ny yu cu c
tnh bc sng c chun xc cao. Hnh v 6 th hin nhng ng dng khc nhau c th c
i vi cc cch t quang trong mt EDFA. Hnh v cho thy cc cch t c s dng nh
nhng b phn x bm, b phn x iu chnh khuch i, b lc cn bng khuch i, b lc
nhiu ASE v b lc b tn sc. Cc cch t cng c th s dng lc xen/r WDM s dng
cc ghp ni si quang, hai ghp ni trong cu hnh Mach-Zehnder, hoc vi b lu chuyn.
Chng cng c th s dng nh b lc chn tn hiu c bit, b phn x i vi cc khuch
i Raman v ngun bm Laser Raman cng sut cao, ...
Hnh 6: Cc cch t quang c ng dng vi cc b khuch i pha Erbium
WSC
iu chnh
khuch i
LD bm
Cn bng
khuch i
iu chnh
khuch i
Phn x bm
n nh bm
Tn hiu
vo
Tn
hiu ra
Nhiu ASE
B lc b tn sc v nhiu ASE
B ghp la
chn bc sng
Nhng ng dng tim nng i vi FBG trong thng tin quang si bao gm: b tn sc;
thit b la chn bc sng; b lc loi b bng, cch t chu k di; b r nhnh si; khuch
i Erbium si; gim st mng v nhn dng si quang; khuch i Raman thc 1,3 m;
Laser si; Laser bn dn vi phn x FBG bn ngoi. Trong , ng dng c bit l b tn
sc FBG. Do xung nh sng truyn vo si quang, nu b tn sc th xung quang s gin rng
hn bi v nh sng bc sng di s truyn i chm hn nh sng bc sng ngn. Cho nn,
tc d liu cao v/hoc si quang di, th cc xung trong lung s liu s bt u
c s chng ln. Theo , tn sc si quang s gii hn d liu ln nht c th truyn ti qua
si quang. Cc nguyn tc hot ng c bn ca b tn sc FBG nh sau: xung nh sng b tn
sc c bc sng di hn truyn i chm hn bc sng ngn s ti cch t quang; nh sng
bc sng di hn s b phn x gn pha trc cch t trong khi nh sng bc sng ngn
hn b phn x gn pha sau cch t; do vy, bc sng ngn b tr tng i so vi bc
sng di; cch t c th c thit k lm sao tt c cc bc sng xung i ra khi b phn
x trong cng mt thi im v tn sc ca xung quang c cn bng. Trn thc t, tr xung
nh sng tng i nh mt hm ca bc sng l khng tuyn tnh m c s thay i. Tuy
nhin c tnh tr ny c th tuyn tnh ha bng cch lm cho ph hp vi hnh dng hoc
hnh dng bin xc thc ca cch t [9]. to nn mt thit b trn thc t, cch t Bragg
phi hot ng trong mode phn x. iu ny c th c thc hin bng cch kt hp cch t
trong b lun chuyn quang hoc dng c giao thoa Mach-Zehnder (MZ). Ngoi ra cn c mt
s cc ng dng khc i vi cc cch t quang l: cc b chuyn i mode si quang, mode
khng gian, mode phn cc; cc b cm bin trn c s cch t; b x l quang ring r, tr
ng i vi mng an ten, my nn cch t quang; tc ng phi tuyn trong cc cch t
Bragg quang, chuyn mch quang, thit b quang in t, thit b chuyn i bc sng; b
lu tr quang, b lu tr chp nh giao thoa Laser, sao chp trc tip. ng dng y trin
vng nht ca FBG l trong lnh vc cm bin si quang.
TI LIU THAM KHO
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