A function named main.

Normally you are at liberty to give functions whatever names you like, but ``main'' is special - your program begins executing at the beginning of main. This means that every program must have a main somewhere. #include <stdio.h> tells the compiler to include information about the standard input/output library; Each source file that refers to an input/output library function must contain the line #include <stdio.h> before the first reference. When the name is bracketed by < and > a search is made for the header in a standard set of places (for example, on UNIX systems, typically in the directory /usr/include). The sequence \n in the string is C notation for the newline character, which when printed advances the output to the left margin on the next line. printf never supplies a newline character automatically, so several calls may be used to build up an output line in stages. Certain characters can be represented in character and string constants by escape sequences like \n (newline); these sequences look like two characters, but represent only one.\t for tab, \b for backspace, \" for the double quote and \\ for the backslash itself. The type int means that the variables listed are integers; by contrast with float, which means floating point, i.e., numbers that may have a fractional part. char -character - a single byte; e.g.celsius = 5 * (fahr-32) / 9; The reason for multiplying by 5 and dividing by 9 instead of just multiplying by 5/9 is that in C, as in many other languages, integer division truncates: any fractional part is discarded. Since 5 and 9

are integers. 5/9 would be truncated to zero and so all the Celsius temperatures would be reported as zero. each % indicates where one of the other (second, third, ...) arguments is to be substituted, and in what form it is to be printed. printf is not part of the C language; there is no input or output defined in C itself. printf is just a useful function from the standard library of functions that are normally accessible to C programs. A decimal point in a constant indicates that it is floating point, however, so 5.0/9.0 is not truncated because it is the ratio of two floating-point values. The printf conversion specification %3.0f says that a floating-point number is to be printed at least three characters wide, with no decimal point and no fraction digits. %6.1f describes another number that is to be printed at least six characters wide, with 1 digit after the decimal point. The for is usually appropriate for loops in which the initialization and increment are single statements and logically related, since it is more compact than while and it keeps the loop control statements together in one place. #define name replacement list any occurrence of name (not in quotes and not part of another name) will be replaced by the corresponding replacement text. The name has the same form as a variable name: a sequence of letters and digits that begins with a letter. The replacement text can be any sequence of characters; it is not limited to numbers. Pow(m,n) This function is not a practical exponentiation routine, since it handles only positive powers of small integers a return value of zero implies normal termination

A variable may also be initialized in its declaration. If the name is followed by an equals sign and an expression, the expression serves as an initializer. x % y produces the remainder when x is divided by y. cannot be applied to a float or double. Relational operators have lower precedence than arithmetic operators,just below them in precedence are the equality operators ++n increments n before its value is used, while n++ increments n after its value has been used. An expression such as i = i + 2 in which the variable on the left side is repeated immediately on the right, can be written in the compressed form i += 2.The operator += is called an assignment operator. Braces { and } are used to group declarations and statements together into a compound statement, or block, so that they are syntactically equivalent to a single statement. An expression such as x = 0 or i++ or printf(...) becomes a statement when it is followed by a semicolon. while and for loops test the termination condition at the top. By contrast, the third loop in C, the do-while, tests at the bottom after making each pass through the loop body; the body is always executed at least once. The two most frequently used features are #include, to include the contents of a file during compilation, and #define, to replace a token by an arbitrary sequence of characters. p = &c; assigns the address of c to the variable p, and p is said to ``point to'' c.

scanf reads characters from the standard input, interprets them according to the specification in format, and stores the results through the remaining arguments. The format argument is described below; the other arguments, each of which must be a pointer, indicate where the corresponding converted input should be stored. Before it can be read or written, a file has to be opened by the library function fopen. file pointer, points to a structure that contains information about the file, such as the location of a buffer, the current character position in the buffer, whether the file is being read or written, and whether errors or end of file have occurred. Users don't need to know the details, because the definitions obtained from <stdio.h> include a structure declaration called FILE. The call to fopen in a program is fp = fopen(name, mode); The first argument of fopen is a character string containing the name of the file. The second argument is the mode, also a character string, which indicates how one intends to use the file. the functions fscanf and fprintf may be used. These are identical to scanf and printf, except that the first argument is a file pointer that specifies the file to be read or written; the format string is the second argument.