Formulas (to dierential equations) Math. A3, Midterm Test I.

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 sin(x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y tan(x y) =

tan xtan y 1tan xtan y

dierentiation rules: (cu) = cu

(c is constant)

cos(x y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y

(u + v) = u + v

(uv) = u v + uv
u = u vuv v v2 df dg d dx f (g(x)) = dg dx

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x tan 2x = sin x =

2

cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x

2 tan x 1tan2 x 1cos 2x , 2

integration rules: cos x =

2 1+cos 2x 2

cf dx = c

f dx f dx +
1 a F (ax

(c is constant) g dx + b) + c,

sin x + sin y = 2 sin x+y cos xy 2 2 sin x sin y = 2 cos x+y sin xy 2 2 cos x + cos y = 2 cos x+y cos xy 2 2 xy x+y cos x cos y = 2 sin 2 sin 2 1 sin x cos y = 2 [sin(x + y) + sin(x y)] 1 cos x cos y = 2 [cos(x + y) + cos(x y)] 1 sin x sin y = 2 [cos(x + y) cos(x y)] x x x x cosh x = e +e sinh x = e e , 2 2 2 2 cosh x sinh x = 1 sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x cosh2 x =
cosh 2x+1 , 2

(f + g) dx =

f (ax + b) dx =

where F is antiderivative of f f (g(x))g (x) dx = F (g(x)) + c, where F is antiderivative of f f f dx =

f f f +1 +1

uv dx = uv R(e ) R( ax + b)
x

dx = ln |f | + c

+ c, if = 1 u v dx ex = t ax + b = t
ax+b cx+d

notable substitutions:

sinh2 x =

cosh 2x1 2

ax+b cx+d

=t

derivatives: (sinh x) = cosh x (cosh x) = sinh x (loga x)

x 1 = x ln a 1

R(sin x, cos x) R(x, a2 x2 ) R(x, a2 + x2 ) R(x, x2 a2 ) x dx =

+1

sin x, cos x, tan x, tan x = t 2 x = a sin t, x = a cos t x = a sinh t x = a cosh t antiderivatives: ( = 1)

(x ) = x (e ) = e
x

(ax ) = ax ln(a) (sin x) = cos x

1 cos2 x 1 (cot x) = sin2 x 1 (ln x) = x 1 (arc sin x) = 1x2 1 (arc tan x) = 1+x2 1 (ar sinh x) = 1+x2 (ar cosh x) = x1 1 2 1 (ar tanh x) = 1x2 1 (ar coth x) = 1x2 1 (arc cos x) = 1x2 1 (arc cot x) = 1+x2

x +1 + c 1 ax e dx = a eax + c ax ax dx = ln a + c

cos x dx = sin x + c sin x dx = cos x + c

1 cos2 x dx = tan x + c 1 sin2 x dx = cot x + c 1 x dx = ln |x| + c dx = arc sin x + c a a2 x2 dx 1 = a arc tan x + c x2 +a2 a x dx = ar sinh a + c x2 +a2 dx = ar cosh x + c a x2 a2 x dx 1 2 x2 = a ar tanh a + c, a dx x 1 a2 x2 = a ar coth a + c,

(cos x) = sin x (tan x) =

if if

x a x a

<1 >1

tan x dx = ln | cos x| + c cot x dx = ln | sin x| + c

1. eit = cos t + i sin t, 2. ay + by + cy = 0 its characteristic equation: ar2 + br + c = 0. 3. Method of Undetermined Coecients: If in the equation ay + by + cy = g(t), the right-hand side function g(t) has the form g(t) = eut (An (t) cos(vt) + Bm (t) sin(vt)) , where An (t), Bm (t) are polynomials of degree n and m respectively, then the particular solution of the inhomogeneous equation has the form: yi,p = ts eut (Pk (t) cos(vt) + Qk (t) sin(vt)) , where s is the multiplicity of the root u + i v among the roots of the characteristic equation; further, Pk (t) and Qk (t) are polynomials of degree k = max(n, m). 4. Variation of Parameters Method: Consider the inhomogeneous d.e. y + p(t)y + q(t)y = g(t) tI a = 0 s t I e (a = 0) t R.

and its homogeneous part Y + p(t)Y + q(t)Y = 0. If the y1 , y2 pair is a fundamental solution of the homogeneous d.e., then a particular solution of the inhomogeneous equation is looked for in the form yi,p = C1 (t) y1 (t) + C2 (t) y2 (t), where for the derivatives of the unknown functions C1 (t), C2 (t) the following system of equations holds: C1 (t)y1 (t) + C2 (t)y2 (t) = 0
C1 (t)y1 (t) + C2 (t)y2 (t) = g(t)

5. Special second order d.e.s: If y is missing, then substitute p(x) := y (x). If x is missing, then substitute q(y) := y 6. The rst order d.e. M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0 is exact, if M N = . y x To solve the d.e., a function F : R2 R has to be found such that gradF = (M, N ). Then the solution of the d.e. is: F (x, y) = Const.