Arithmetic-Geometric Progression

Suppose a1, a2, a3, . is an A.P. and b1, b2, b3, is a G.P. Then the sequence a1b1, a2b2, , anbn is said to be an arithmetic-geometric progression. An arithmetic-geometric progression is of the form ab, (a+d)br, (a + 2d)br2, (a + 3d)br3,

Its sum Sn to n terms is given by

Sn = ab + (a+d)br + (a+2d)br2 ++ (a+(n2)d)brn2 + (a+(n1)d)brn1.

Multiply both sides by r, so that

rSn = abr+(a+d)br2++(a+(n3)d)brn2+(a+(n2)d)brn1+(a+(n1)d)brn.

Subtracting we get

(1 r)Sn = ab + dbr + dbr2 ++ dbrn2 + dbrn1 (a+(n1)d)brn.

= ab + dbr(1rn1)/(1r) (a+(n1)d)brn

Sn = ab/1r + dbr(1rn1)/(1r)2 (a+(n1)d)brn/1r.

If 1 < r < 1, the sum of the infinite number of terms of the progression is

limn Sn = ab/1r + dbr/(1r)2.

llustration:

Find the sum of series 1 . 2 + 2 . 22 + 3 . 22 ++ 100 . 2100.

Solution:

Let S = 1.2 + 2.22 + 3.23 ++ 100.2100 2S = 1.22 + 2.23 ++ 99.2100 + 100.2101 S = 1.2 + 1.22 + 1.23 ++ 1.2100 100.2101 S = 1.2 (21001/21) 100.2101 S = 2101 + 2 + 100.2101 = 199.2101 + 2.

(1) (2)

Illustration:

Let r = 1/2, consider n (1/2)r for increasing value of n i.e.

Solution:

n = 1 : 1. (1/2)1 = 1/2 = 0.5 n = 2 : 2 (1/2)2 = 1/2 = 0.5 n = 3 : 3 (1/2)3 = 0.375 n = 10 : 10 (1/2)10 = 0.00976, and so on Thus we observe that as n n rn 0 for |r| < 1.

Illustration:

Evaluate 1 + 4/5 + 7/52 + 10/53 + to infinite terms.

Solution:

Let S = 1 + 4/5 + 7/52 + 10/53 + 1/5 S = 1/5 + 4/52 + 7/53 Subtracting (11/5) S = 1 + 3/5 + 3/52 + 3/53 + 4/5 S = 1/13/5 S =25/8 (? It is infinite G.P.)

Illustration:

Let t1, t2, t3, , tm1, tm, tm+1, be a sequence so that (i) tm+1/tm = tm/tm1 constant (r)

then tp = (t1)rp1

(ii) tm+1/tm = tm/tm1 = constant

(r)

then tp = constant 1 + (constant 2) rp1

(iii) If the difference of difference of terms are in G.P. then tp = a + bp + crp1, where r is the common ratio.

Illustration:

7. 14. 33. 88. 251. 738

Note:

324/108 = 108/36 = 36/12 = 3

tp = a + bp + c 3p1 p=1 t1 = 7 = a + b + c

p=2 t2 = 14 = a + 2b + 3c

p=3 t3 = 33 = a + 3b + 9c Solving, we get a = 3, b = 1, c = 3 tp = 3 + p + 3. (3p1)

Harmonic Progression

If inverse of a sequence follows rule of an A.P. then it is said to be in harmonic progression.

e.g. 1,1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 ...............

1/10, 1/7, 1/4, 1, 1/2, ...........

In general

1/a, 1/a+d, 1/a+2d, ..................

Note:

Three convenient numbers in H.P. are

1/ad, 1/a, 1/a+d

Four convenient numbers in H.P. are

1/a3d, 1/ad, 1/a+d, 1/a+3d

Five convenient numbers in H.P. are

1/a2d, 1/ad, 1/a, 1/a+d, 1/a+2d Description:

Harmonic mean between two numbers a and b

Let H be the harmonic mean between two and number a and b.

So, a, H, b are in H.P.

or, 1/a, 1/H, 1/b are in A.P. or, 1/H 1/a = 1/b 1/H. or, 2/H = 1/a + 1/b = a+b/ab H =2ab/a+b

Similarly, we can find two harmonic mean between two number.

Let H1 and H2 be two harmonic mean between a and b.

So, a, H1, H2, b are in H.P.

or, 1/a, 1/H1 1/H2, 1/b are in A.P.

Using the formula,

tn = a + (n1)d, we get,

1/b 1/a = 3d., where d is the common difference of A.P.

Or, 3d = ab/ab

d = ab/3ab

So, 1/H1 = 1/a + d = 1/a + ab/3ab = a+2b/3ab

and 1/H2 = 1/a + 2d = 1/a + 2(ab)/3ab = 2a+2b/3ab

Summary of Important Notes

If a and b are two non-zero numbers, then the harmonic mean of a and b is a number H such that the numbers a, H, b are in H.P. We have H = 1/H = 1/2 (1/a + 1/b) H = 2ab/a+b. If a1, a2, , an are n non-zero numbers. then the harmonic mean H of these number is given by 1/H = 1/n (1/a1 + 1/a2 +...+ 1/an). The n numbers H1, H2, , Hn are said to be harmonic means between a and b, if a, H1, H2 , Hn, b are in H.P. i.e. if 1/a, 1/H1, 1/H2, ..., 1/Hn, 1/b are in A.P. Let d be the common difference of the A.P., Then 1/b = 1/a + (n+1) d d = ab/(n+1)ab.

Thus 1/H1 = 1/a + ab/(n+1)ab, 1/H2 = 1/a + 2(an)/(n+1)ab, ......, 1/Hn = 1/a + n(ab)/(n+1)ab.