Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Greek Manuscripts
BY
T.
W.
ALLEN
craven fellow
WITH
y64/:^/i/b
c/mt^A^j/Zt^^^Ja^tat^
IJyrujL^ao^xMi
&i
O'^dcxA^
http://www.archive.org/details/notesonabbreviatOOalle
TO
ALFRED GOODWIN
Notes
07t
Abbreviations
in
Greek Manuscripts
BY
T.
W.
ALLEN
craven fellow
WITH
Oxford
'\
bonbon;
HENRY FROWDE
Amen Corner,
E.C.
NO T E S
ON
-^-*-
He says, 'il
est absolu-
d' observations
exactes
naturalla faune
I'exemple du
qui
dresse comparativement
un tableau de
les
ou de
le
du globe,
\'
paleographes
science of
monde byzantin de
siecle
en siecle
The
at
necessary for
its
progress
is
all-
down with
where and
actual
of the
all
available accuracy
by
them
familiarity
Such observations indeed must be classified and brought into relations with one another, and hypotheses
writing.
may
but, as
and main
must be the
collection
of fresh
evidence.
is
How
to
known
68.
upon the
Com-
on the subject of compendia in Montfaucon's great book, and Bast's well-known Commentatio Palaeogra^hica, though stimulating in the highest degree,
paratively
little
stress
is
laid
and the work of one whose palaeographical knowledge can seldom have been surj^assed, has a directly practical intention, and moreover hardly recognises the principle of chronological development in the history of a compendium. The recognition and application of such principles to compendia forms the cardinal merit of Lehmann's handbook, a work that with all its industry and system is in point of actual palaeographical expertness far behind the Commentatio both Graux and Vitelli have pointed out, Falaeograiiiliica
;
fac-
the
first
actual value of
a model in
all
respects of
what
The Museo
in
Italiano, part
number
this
I. pp. of his
observations upon
the
Laurentian and
if
else-
I shall be more than gratified which owes so much to the Sjiicilegio Fiorentino, be thought a not unworthy companion to it. The bulk of the material presented here is taken from manuscripts in the Bodleian and the British Museum but a tour in France and Italy in the early part of last year (1888), undertaken under the Craven Trust, has enabled a number of additional examples to be added to those already collected. In arranging the compendia in alphabetical order I have thoupht to consult the convenience of those looking for examples of any one in particular; at the end are collected some instances of tachygraphy which are grouped under the several manuscripts. I have endeavoured in discussing the various forms to avoid the faults urged against others where hypotheses are ventured, it is as hypotheses that they are given, and with the
pamphlet,
knowledge that a little increase in our information may overset them I shall feel no particular shame if such a fate befalls one or two of my combinations caedimus inque viceni jpraehemus crura sagittis is a line that every palaeographer should accept. The plates have been produced by a photographic process at the University Press, and will, it is hoped, be thought more successful than previous repioductions of drawings. I have finally the pleasant duty of thanking many librarians, at home and abroad, to whose kindness the possibility of making this collection has been due to some of them my thanks have been already elsewhere given here
;
'
'
I gladly record
my
Abate Auziani at the Laurenziana, Conte Soranzo at Venice, M. Henri Omont at Paris, Bodley's Librarian and Mr. Madan
in Oxford,
and
Museum,
A.
for constant
it
is
Alpha,
well known,
properly represented by
horizontal
;
stroke, improperly
dotted
is
most frequent in combination with T, still occurs freely with other letters lastly, there are many mss. which make use of the notation both in the original and in the illegitimate sense. I give examples of
dots,
;
two
'
By the 'Arethas-mss.' I mean the manuscripts which are known to have belonged to Arethas, deacon of Patrae, and afterwards archbishop of Caesarea,
and which contain large quantities of
I
same hand
Euclid (888), Clarke Plato (896), Lucian Harleian 5694 (undated), Aristotle Urbinas 35 (undated), Clement Paris grec 451 (914); cf. generally the Ohservat tones Palaeogyaphkae of E. Maass in the
'
iv. pt. I,
Melanges Graux,' Paris, 1880, ^. 749 sq., and Vitelli CoJleziotie Fiorentina fasc. where it is shewn that Laur. 60, 3 (Aristides) is in the hand of the Clarke Plato. A certain resemblance also, so far as the scholia are concerned, is to be seen in the mss. Mutin. 126 (Clement Alex.) and Vallicell. F. 10
(Canones
eccl.).
is
impossible to speak
ra or a, are
but at least the tachygraphic dots, whether as very rare in these mss. cf. o\h}i(x eujuaSeia from
:
Lucian.
The dots may be more certainly said not to appear 5. 11 (s. X-XI), though the amount of abbreviation here is comparatively small
:
paaiAeiav
is
and
Tct
(2) mss. in which the dotted stroke occurs always ra, are Grotta Ferrata B. a. iii. (s. XII) navra
;
nopa^
5. 9.
:
(s.
X)
Kara, anaropeuovxa,
(s.
with pdoKovoc,
dvTiKaeiGTajuevoov
(3) The most frequent case is that in which a manuscript uses at one and the same time the dotted stroke and the dotted t to express xa such are the Paris Demosthenes^ (2, grec 2934,
X)
exovxa, raOra.
s.
X)
oujunepacjuaja, Kara,
(s.
Nonnus Add. mss. 18231 (a. 972) rd Vat. 1982 ^ (s. X) xa osxd Iliad Venetus A eneixa (schol.) et-jLioAeovxa (text) Psalter, Bodl. Auct. T. 4. 19 (s. X) xauxa xdHic exovxa, xd; Aristides Vat. 1298 (s. X-XI) Hermogenes Paris grec 1983 (s. XI-XII) ^ rpajujuofa, tq S. Maximus S. Maximus Angelic. T. i. 8 (s. XI) ndvxa, ovxa
X)
evQTdoeic, ra;
;
eraSev rd
"*
Mutin. 12
(s.
XII)
70
s.
PaUadius
Clarke
12
for aljpha
Aed.
Christ.
1104)^
neipd^exai,
jnexd.
(Greg. Naz.
It is
power to extend
it is
(4)
common
in the school of S.
'
most thoroughly carried out perhaps Nilo cf. AaoO from B. a. xix (a. 965, hand
;
A
I.
B.
22
(a.
149).
is -rroWaKi^ from the ms. Turin from C4alen H. 45 Arch. S. Petr. (s.
XII-XIII).
-
series, pt. 3;
the .examples
come
from the
^ *
p. 34.
am
p. 171).
^ ^
Catalocrue.
Al
All.
from B.
a.
(a.
Angel. B.
3.
11
by the compendium) in such words from the London Nonnus, is a as the ring in the compendium characteristic of the school Other mss. where is turned indifferently up or down. the dots are thus freely combined with consonants are Nonnus Paris suppl. grec 469 A (a. 986) rd beo]ua Vat.
(already fully rendered
judpTuc,
eniOappHoeic
for the
;
diphthong
ai
hardly needs
fresh
it
is
among other tenth-century mss., in Clarke 1 and Mutin. 126. The tacJiygraphic form has not met me
scholia, and,
(q. v.)
^.
A
s.
curious form
XI
r.,
ineunt.)
eSaropd^ovrai
f,
209
r.,
nopeuovrai
f.
346
the
Karexovrai
(p.
347
8)
r.
it is
12
n.
explains as
;
of
tachygraphic
be merely
symbol
the
but I think
for
e
as likely that it
;
may
sign
used by itacism
cf.
binnoTe
from the
same ms.
All.
Lehmann's
of the
remarks
double
upon
the
comparatively
are just
;
late
origin
apostrophe
for aic
the
by the sign
for ai
so dpeaic, raic
Euclid.
in
At
the
existence
Lehmann
/caKoScrt/idfos Vallicell.
F. 10.
to be
one of indifference.
^
have seen
it
A BBRE
'I
A TIONS
was aware, both modes of rendering r., xmc f. 99 r. The double apostrophe occurs in the nis. of Gregory Nazianzen's poems, Clarke 2, which I take to be of the earlier half of
1807
offer,
as Bast
:
the syllable
c eucoxiaic f 7
cf.
aioxpaic,
auralc
Nonnus, Paris suppl. grec 469 A of a. d. 986, cf v^xwic Vat, 1298 (X-XI) again, uses both modes, e.g. xaic, vi/uxaic
i.
2.
The sign
is
which, where they give the syllable abbreviated, use the tachygraphic symbol. The single apostrophe, of whicli
Vitelli gives
some examples,
kqi beivmc
]).
12,
f.
uppeoiv,
20
v. rale
napeevoic,
XI
r.
supr.
12 \
f.
f.
10
146
v.
xmc
;
auraTc,
135
v.
toic
oiKejaic,
129
V.
ev
will forgive
me
if I
Euclid Laur.
eb bp loai
^.
28,
and Prof Vitelli add an instance from the beautiful XI) buo bn al op pb buoi lalc (s.
TeAeiOTdraic
rmc
AN.
I give of this
illustrate the
letter;
can be written on the line or attached to a preceding ebwKav ordv from the Paris Plato, gr. 1807, edv,
ouK dvTeaxev
12,
Eoe
16 (Epistles,
s.
exeunt.), ndv
ouk
from BodL Misc. 251 (Epictetus, s. XII) ^ Vitelli has noticed (p. 171) that this sign sometimes stands for the syllable a^. I subjoin one or two instances of its use in this sense and also as representing ar, viz. Aajupavojuevai, D'Orv. Euclid, dvaAajupdvei, Harl. Lucian, unoAajupdvoo Vat.
Kdv
^
may
before
line. F. 96 r., a late hand has expanded the symbol in question into -at?. ^ Another example is eV ratf avrutv enapxlais from Vallicell. F. 47 (s. X). ' The same ms., a collation of part of which by Mr. Bywater will be found in Hermes, 1S71, p. 362 sqq.
it is
in bold minuscule
above the
AN AP.
1298
Plato.
AfTO.
(Aristid.),
dvarKalov
D'Orv.
Euclid,
dvdrKHc
Clarke
correct account
is
given in
Lehmann
of this pre-
position,
though
his
examples
as
is
may be
greatly multiplied.
The
Arethas-mss.,
their
general
wont with
pre-
positions\ reject the symbol altogether, and abbreviate by the same is the rule with the Paris superimposing n
;
Plato.
mode
of abbreviation
and
a very decided type of the compendium, that may be taken as the purest form of it existing in minuscule
:
cf.
dno,
a.
thc, dnoAorHcaMevoc,
from Isidore
3.
(B.
dnoedvei,
dno
eaAdsoHc
from Angel. B.
IT.
Precisely the
dnoA6ivj/oeai.
same form is offered by Vat. 1982, dno Forms more or less departing from
tJw,
this
common
2934
j
occurrence
f.
dno
THC,
217
r.
dnoAoriac
18,
ginnasio A.
from Bodl. Forms a step further removed are Misc. 251 dnobeiai2. anebei^ev, anobueaBai from Clarke 12, ano tou ano thc from
i.
19
(s.
XI),
dno,
dnoioMH
Laur.
28,
3,
X-XI), dnorovoi from Laud. gr. last example the scribe was unaware of the proper force of the symbol, cf. the similar case quoted ap. Lehmann,
=^ ;
p. 84.
s.
v.
AP.
worth while to collect evidence for the use of this compendium, some further The form however instances may not be out of place.
Since Prof. Yitelli has thought
the article in Lehmann is quite cannot be called rare inadequate. The Arethas-mss. use the symbol very seldom of those in England I have found it only in the Clarke of the Paris Clement and Urbinas Plato, f. 370 V. enixdpjuou
:
So with
Cf, also
eni,
^ ^
%o, dno
Vat. 1316
(s.
XIII}.
under
A),
the simple form occurs also in Vat. 1982, a^apTiav, aurapKooc, that with the dots in Mutin. 12 (s. XII) oapKoc, Kaeapeevrec.
Other examples are ovap, kt dprouc from Mutin. 126 (s. X), dvdSapxoc, Hnap from Clarke 12, napGevou from Bodl. Auct. E, 5. II (s. X), djuaproAouc Kapnov from Laud, gr, i (s. XI-XII), 6 judpKoc from Vallicell. E. 40 (Caten. s. XI), avajuapTHTOuc from Epictetus Bodl. Misc. 251 (s. XII), beAeap, undpxeiv from Neap. II. A a. 22 (s. XI-XII).
APA,
Vitelli's
remark that
is
this
illustrated
In
whose
nos.
cf.
i,
Urbinas 35
f.
among mathematical
scholia
cf.
it
occurs
in
the
mathematical
to
the
5),
Anthology
in Euclid
639, &c.,
no.
Bologn. Archigin. A.
in Bodl. Misc. 251,
18 (nos.
7, 8).
The form
cf.
is
frequent
and
r.,
no. 9.
As
6.g.
ff.
20
r.
XV)
it
have
not seen
^
in mss. of the
may
notice here that the Alpha with crossed downstroke which Belger,
p.
Hermes XVI.
f.
114.
1.
APA PAP.
AI.
I give a few examples of this compendium used otherwise than at the end of words: dnapouoidsTooc Clarke Plato,
doee-
doOeveiac
4.
ecpaoKev
Vat.
Bodl. Auct. T.
AY.
19, raarpijuaprouc
Of
this
a.
(s.
XII)
and very
AYTOZ.
in
A ligature for this pronoun worth recording occurs some of the Grotta Ferrata mss. it consists of the a and atroc u run together with the case-ending added cf. auToIc auTHv eaurwv ooGauTooc from Gr. Ferr. B. a, i. and Angel. B. 3. 1 1. A similar combination of a and u occurs in aujoG from Aed. Christ, 70 (a. 1 104), and the ligature is probably common.
;
:
TAP.
by
rdp.
Nos.
and
2 are
usual
no. 3
is
Euclid.
7^
(a.
uncial
Gamma are
(a.
1057), 5
Barocc. 196
230
(a.
104), 8
is
Auct. T.
19
(s.
s.
X)
i
of minuscule forms, 9
(s.
32, 15 (Iliad
XI), 11 from
3.
Grott. Ferr. B.
a.
13
text), 14, 15
from
16 from Vallicell. E. 40 XI), 17 from Bodl. Roe 16, 18 from Bodl. Auct. E. 5. 9
I
X-XI),
in reality eorai.
this ms.
^
hope
to call attention
Examples from
P- 37-
lo
(s.
XI), 21 from
XII) \ 22 from Turin B, i. 22 (a. 1149). which seems one of the peculiarities of the Grotta Ferrata school, may be illustrated by rpd9eiv from Isidore (a. It may be doubted 986), eela rpa9H from Angel. B. 3. 11.
for rpa,
whether
Lehraann's conclusions
some under which it appears. most common perhaps in mathematical mss. Cf. i, 2
for riverai acquires
from the
thenes I,
AE.
D'Orville
Euclid
(text),
from
mathematical
X).
from Laur.
5,
3 (Clem. Alex.
The ordinary usage for the particle be probably needs I may however add one or two examples to that given by Prof. Vitelli (p. 169) of the syllable be at the beginning or in the middle of a word viz. etbeac from the
no
illustration
;
;
British
1982.
E.
from Roe
16.
Lehmann's article on e is thorough and practically sufficient. The waved line which in minuscule represents both at and e is universal in the verbal endings -juevoc and -Meea, and in other combinations of the syllable ]ue (e. g. juevei from the London Nonnus). But the abbreviation
of
e
is
comparatively
(s.
rare,
and
can only
cite
XII)
TeAefv TeAer'v
Ke(paAH
The
and
^.
is
itacistic (cf.
GHjuaivo:)VTec
ec),
usage
may
^
possibly be so explained
is
72, 5
^
7,7
r]
KecpaXr]
above,
cn&jTrjy
trjfirjrpas.
from a ms. of
fi'
New
xii), Tr)v
XII-XIIIj.
rjfifi^iTo
this
mode
of abbreviation
found
riNETAI EIN.
EIN, HN, IN.
eiv,
II
syllables hv,
had originally a common sign, and that at a doubling of later period they were differentiated by the for iv, the the sign, for iv, the adding of diacritic points,
and
iv
is
correctly stated
cir-
by Lehmann,
;
p. 55.
cumstances these steps took place cannot at present be determined the statistics here presented may advance the Manuscripts in which hv, eiv, iv are question somewhat \ represented by the single sign are the five Arethas-mss.,
:
Urbin. 35, Euclid (a. 888), Plato (896), Lucian, Aristotle Auct. T. 4. 19, Laur. Clement (914); Clarke 12, Bodl. in Matth. s. X), Vat. 1298, 28, 3, Angelica B. i. 7 (Oaten,
ValliceU.'c. 41 (Caten. in lob.
(s.
s.
a.
iii.
XII).
differentiate
i.
but have a
common sign for hv and iv: Aiigel. B. 5 (Caten. in Evang. XI); Angel. C. 4. 14 (Liban. epp., s. X-XI); the s. eiv following four have a common sign for hv and iv, while
is
cqjj^arently
always written in
full
Iliad
a.
Yen. A, Bodl.
i
Canon,
a.
no
is
(s.
X ineunt.),
2.
Grott. Ferr. B.
(986), ib. B.
iv (992) \
A late example
4
(i
for eiv
Bodl. Auct. E.
On the
other side,
duplicated the earliest dated ms. that I know of where the suppl. grec 469 A sign is used for eiv is the Nonnus Paris
(a.
986)
'^i
cf.
undated but
KkripiKcov,
and
do not
lo, n. 3)
of forming the compendium for ,lv paid attention to drawn up" or drawn down- need modification. I have not may here say once and for all, that Lehmann's statements of, the point. I
Brit. Mus. Add. mss. and a foHiori inferences from, the usage of Nonnus, tachygraphy or the ordinary system of abbreviation, 18231, whether in regard of given on p. 33 sq. entirely erroneous. A correct account of the ms. is
know an exact parallel. that Lehmann's observations upon the mode at different periods whether the strokes were
are
2
where they abbreviate eiv, use the proper they use both modes of abbreviation. tachygraphical symbol that The abbreviations of this ms. are strictly limited in number, but those
mss.,
for
iv
ir,
ay,
ly.
;;
certainly not late in the tenth century, Bodl. Auct. E. has the later usage throughout for the syllables eiv, iv,
cf.
etc
bia9epeiv,
eAGcooiv,
(a.
vneic.
are
105 1), pHGeioiv; Genuens. 7 (1057), Kooiue'iv esTiv; Genuens. 2 (1075), drevi^eiv Aed. Christ. 70 (1104), oneiibeiv. From these instances it is plain that no more
;
Mutin. 230^
particular conclusion can be drawn than that the old system lasted long, and the new system began early but Ijerhajjs it may be said (i) that the abbreviation of iv was, relatively to hv and eiv, rare (a similar remark is made
;
by Lehmann,
from
Ell, HV
p. 67),
began
IS.
earlier
eiv
HI,
Vitelli's
etc was in use in the first more than confirmed by the the scholia that come from the hand
word
;
evoxdoeic occurs
with the
final syllable
thus represented
stands for
Manuscripts in which
stands for hc and
in
all
12,
and doubtless in many other tenth-century mss. the last four mss. appear to write the syllable eic in fulP, and I think Lehmann's remark (p. 57) well-founded, that the
;
abbreviation
etc
is,
neither
nor
ic
is
abbreviated (as
suppl. grec
469
A
in
(986).
sigma
occurs occasionally,
ic
e. g.
eKepe\j/ic
from Nonnus
the syllable
these mss.
is
usually written in
Early examples of the ordinary double sigma are 9ooKeic Demosth. Par. S, Hjueic Euclid Laur. 28, 3 (s. X-XI) two dated instances are buvdjueic from Mutin. 230 (a. 105 1), navHrupeic from Bodl. Auct. T. ii. 2 (a. 1066). Lastly, the
;
My
I
eiv
abbreviated.
v.
now
an example
in Vat. 1982 of
for
f.
218
OrjaavplCds creai'Tw,
ElZ.
,3
syllable is often
cf.
KeKAeiGjuevai
I,
eic,
KiveisBai
2)
enough abbreviated in the middle of a word from Clarke 12. Prof. Vitelli (12
;
n.
172
n.
for
in Clarke
rd,
Laud.
eic
i,
gr.
rov,
i,
touc,
eic
(s.
thv,
Mutin. 12
eic
XII)
D'Orv.
juisoc
XII)
eic
Tov (bis),
x.
i.
(Etym. Magn.
XIV)
TO,
and
it
is
Hamburg
hritih,
(no.
I ),
ii.
f.
189
r.
eioiv
article,
and with the sigma expressed and ground for explaining the form
ligature for
so the scribe
ei
itself as
ordinary
who used
for elaiv
that the
sigma was
strictly
speaking unrepresented in
the later sign with the
(a.
the compendium.
diacritic
To turn
2 (a.
to
105
1)
2.
GuveAeusic,
(a,
Bodl. Auct. T.
avdrvooGic;
1066)
Kpi'aic,
Genuens.
in
1075)
ms.,
but
it
5.
already appears
9,
a far
earlier
Bodl. Auct. E.
TIC,
juopcpoooic.
The
syllable,
in the
itacistic
tracted represented by the strict tachy graphic symbol. An usage of the double " for ic, of the sort noticed
Vitelli, p. 11 n. i,
is
though from The sign occurs freely in the middle of the same ms. words cf. KpanoTe from Clarke 1 2, KaewnAiaxo Iliad Ven.
occurs in Laud. gr.
is
i
by
Aofiojuoi,
that this
an exception
shown by
panriajuaToc
firmation.
;
The ordinary sign for hc hardly needs conThe itacistic " occurs in Laud. gr. i already adduced cf. eni thc, dno othc, and a marginal gloss where both usages occur together, KaAunrouoHc 9paTTouGHc The
(scholia).
'^.
ajcoi'a?]
Vat. 2
fs.
XI),
s.
ejy
tovto
Vat. 1456
XI),
fls TTjv
Grott. Ferr. Z.
XI).
The
form
-
is
in fact fairly
common.
du niannscrit
d'Arisfoplntiie a Tlarenue, p. xvii.
Cf. Martin,
Les
scoJiefi
use of the
trated
EINAI.
compendium
in the
by
evHOKouai
from Clarke
To the various forms of the sign for elvai given by Lehmann and Vitelli I add the following: nos. i, 2 from
Plato Paris 1807, which are apparently a near approach
to the original form',
(Aristides, 3 a similar
1298
X-XI)
is
Arethas-mss.
6,
from Lucian
shewn by 4 from Euclid, 5 from Plato, Demosthenes S and the Anthol. Pal.
;
and
9,
here and in
12 jpassim, Laur.
13,
a,
iv.
(a.
992)
no.
no.
16,
14,
Angelica T.
XI)
(s.
no.
15, Vat.
1298
1983
EN.
is
XI-XII)
no. 17,
BodL
Misc.
by
juevroi,
Lucian,
mss.,
ev0ev
cf.
v.
Nonnus Add. 18231; cf. also ev XII), and the odd ligature 235
(s.
from Barocc.
oubev Mutin.
230
(a.
105
tion
1).
either
variain
The The
is
which the
ev,
downstroke
(VitelH, p.
is
is
prolonged
n.
2).
occurs
Vat.
1982
eAerev
strictly
tachygraphical sign
by no means
(s.
rare,
and
found in
:
cf.
Auct. E.
further
ojuiAoujuev
5.
X-XI)
Ferr.
6eev
Poe 16;
1823
1,
unojuvnoojuev
Nonnus
juev
Add.
Grott.
-.
B.
a.
iv.
(992),
AerojLiev Kaxexojuevoi
Vat. 1982
^ In explaining the genesis of the original form it is difficult to accept either Lehmann's view that the two dots come by false analogy from the sign for fVr/, or that of Graux (Rev. Crit. 1878, Notices Bibliographiques, etc. p. 66) by which they are due to the desire for symmetry.
.
'^
And
(Ix^v,
Angel. B.
3. 11,
second hand.
EINAI EI.
EP.
15
Of both the methods of representing ep there are abundant examples in older minuscule. The more common
is
perhaps
left,
but
this is to be
i,
found
28,
Hnep),
3),
onep
(ei'nep),
Mutin.
12,
s.
XII.
g.
dnep),
G. F. B.
a. iv.,
a. i.,
bepjuarivouc
ib.
Angel. B.
3.
G. F. B.
onep obsnep
B.
a. iii.
cross-stroke, of
whatever
origin,
may
(cinep),
(coonep 2, onep
'
Vallae
parallel
and it occurred in the now lost codex of Archimedes \ I have suggested under rap a to the form quoted by Vitelli, p. 15.
2),
'
EZ.
for ec
(e. g.
;
as in viKoovrec
it is
well established
less
com-
mon
line.
Of the former
from Auct. E.
egeoTiv
n
3.
are examnles
one
may compare
B,
jLtdSaviec
ouveipaviec
a. iii.,
G. F. B.
a.
i.,
B.
cpedoavrec dnoAei'veaeai
by which the double apostrophe, aic, is employed for ec, of which Vitelli gives some instances, p. 12, is more widely spread than is commonly supposed, and occurs in mss. of a good age and often otherwise carefully written such are the
Vat. 1982.
The
itacism
ordinary representative of
well-known Laur.
juevovrec.
Angel.
C. 4. 14 (Liban. epp.
X-XI)
' As we are told by the writer of the Angelica C. 2. 6, who gives a table of the abbreviations used in his archetype I take thence nep and the explanation. Cf. Heiberg, Philologus 42, p. 421 sq., and my own notes on the Biblio:
]6
Auct. T.
I
19
(s.
gr. 37 (s. XII) cHjuaivoovxec KaAouvrec, XI) anavxec, Barocc. 235 (s. XI) ibovrec, 89 Bibl. Corsini 41 G. i6(Evang. s. XII) pAenovxec baijuovoovrec, Vallicell. E. 29 (s. X) eKxeTHKOTec.
baijuovec navrec,
Laud.
Laud.
gr.
(s.
EITAI,
One
and that may almost be said to since the appearance of Lehmann's handbook,
that represents earai
the sign
almost
but occurring with a certain frequency in mss. of other subjects. The sign was originally found by Bast in the ms. S. Germ. 249 (Comm. Pal., p. 810), and this is the
only instance that
(p.
Lehmann
it in
Prof
Vitelli
The
oldest
instance that I
am
able to give of
it
is
the
Fragmentum
mathematicum Bobiense, 1 1 4 v. 30 in Belger's copy, Hermes XVI, where Belger misreads it dpa \ Next it is used in most of the Arethas-mss. the Bologna Euclid Archiginnasio A. i. 18 ^ has it, and doubtless most other
;
mathematical mss. before the twelfth century lastly, it is one of the many compendia used by the scribe of the
;
251
{s.
XII).
Hence we get
one
13-16 from the Bologna Euclid, 17-20 from the Bodl. Epictetus. I enclose in brackets Prof Vitelli's no. 53 for greater completeness. On comparing these forms with those given by Bast and Vitelli, it
appears
(i)
that
the
dots' signifying
are
absent and
;
present indifferently in mss. of the same age (2) that, with this qualification, the original form is best represented by the type given by tlie Bobbio fragment and the text
^
to
I have to defer the proof of this statement, but its trath anyone who tries to read the passage grammatically.
will be evident
Heiberg's
b, saec. xi.
EITAI-K.
17
(t)
the tachygraphic
1.
either
(3)
i
;
The
the
we
53 written with the His no. 39 I should be inclined to explain as due to carelessness on the part of the scribe, but in any case it does not disturb the general result ^.
of closed.
I.
The
manuis
scripts, iota
by two dots on a
level
may
;
not be
worth while illustrating from four dated mss. viz. kojujuQTiKov from Coll. Nov, 258 (a. 1298 written by Demetrius Triclinius) where the usage is frequent, juvhgGhti from a note in Roe i that bears the date 141 7, retoprioi from Matinensis 118 (a. I4?8)2, and KovreAeovTi from Vat. Ottobon. 58
(a.
1538).
IN A.
i'va,
it,
my
(s.
observation:
Angel. T.
i.
XI), Vallicell. E. 40
(s.
XII).
The form
K.
practically the
same
in all three
*.
The
article in
Lehmann shows
well
how
k,
the
waved
line,
represents final
Lehmann's analysis (p. 104) comes near to this, thougli in the single form it was impossible to perceive the direct presence of the a. (Since the article on eo-rai was written, I have found instances of both the plain and the dotted form in the Aristotle Ven. 201 of a.d. 955. In either case the form was open, and the example is important as an indication of the age at which this tendency manifested itself.) ^ To Lehmann's account of f ort little exception is to be taken I doubt howgiven by Bast
;
(p. 102)
./.
surely
^
it
is
i
word are
from G. F. B. n. iii, no. 2 from Laud. gr. i (s. XII). On the date I must refer to my notes on the Estense in the Classical
no.
It is to
be seen also in
Vallicell. E. 63
is
(s.
XII), a ms. in a
probably common.
syllables beginning
with
cf.
chiefly
ter-
minations in
-Koc, etc.
:
The usage
12,
Clarke 39,
eeoopHTiKoC
lajupiKoc
Clarke
noAiriKov
Auct.
E.
9,
Nonnus however
5.
usually
1,
Instances
^c(^c(KToc
Clarke Plato,
i, ]ua-
Auct. E.
5. 9, ei'pHKev, erivcoGKov,
Demosth. Paris 2 2.
(p.
KATA.
Neither
Lehmann
much
illustration of the
may
distinguish (i)
One
k is
the
tachygraphically rendered
so Kaid
KOTaxptoaac often in
2 KOxeKdei i^ic)
]
and 4 Laur.
is
28, 3,
Kaxd 5 Vat.
298
',
or
to illustrate this
(s.
duty.
(2)
sign;
e.g.
is
Clarke
12,
KaTa9e6ipei Vat.
1982.
The
sign
universal in the
much
of the ms. as
is
traction
for
syllables
servedly
Crit.
i'88o,
Notices
Bibliographiques,
'
165.
Rather individual forms of the k with case-termination are (yKXrjfxaTiKia, firia-KOTTcov from Vallicell. F. 47 (s. X).
^
waved
Kai
a
5-
rarity.
have found
it
Roe 16
XIII).
diKaiocrvvrj,
Auct.
E.
^
11 Kai(Tapeia,
Laud
(s.
gr.
39 Kaipov,
XII), Kara 7
and
8 Vat. 1316
(s.
How
is
I. e.
a superimposed
KATA OMOY.
largely of multiplication.
19
The use
occurs,
though
rarely, in
;
djuneAov
Demosth.
Z, gxoAhv, pasiAeiov
Nonnus
469 A, napapoAAv
will be noticed
Iliad
Yen.
how
the right
stroke of the A
is
prolonged.
9 (but
dnoaioAoc
ib.) xeAoc,
n.
school
so kukaoc, enioroAHc,
a.
i.
Nonnus, dnooroAoi G. F. B.
Lastly,
gr.
may
i
be cited:
(the
Laud.
39,
form toG biapoAou). I add a somewhat more interesting example, eeoAdrou, from Phot. Bibl. Ven. 450 (s. X)\
Selden
supr.
11,
Laud.
gr.
eccentric
MEN.
Clarke
whether the
of this ms.
re
*.
OMOY.
One
still
remain for
manuscripts for
quotations of
it
6]uo0.
Lehmann
v.
and Gitlbauer (Vat. it. The form occurs in mss. 1809). by no means tachygraphic, and even where the percentage
earlier enquirers
Vitelli does
by
not notice
It
may be worth
is
its
compounds
Xoyov
"^
from the Harl. Lucian. from Grott. Ferr. B. a. i. Both Graux, Revue Critique 1878, p. 124, and Vitelli,
dXoycos
Further
of.
Xoyos
2,
I.e. p. 161,
n. 2
have
demanded information upon the stichometry of this ms. It may be well therefore to say here briefly, that the number of a-rixoi is in this case precisely the number of verses in the poems.
See also infra under Par. grec 990, p. 38 (for the syllable /xe). contraction for fxera^v which I cannot satisfactorily explain occurs in the Clarke Plato f. ^jy v., Harl. Lucian f. 73 v. of. the instance in the table.
^
*
fiera^v is
represented by
1.
C 2
20
of ordinary
abbreviation
is
not great
it
it is
most common
where
it is
two
by a single one, and may either have the rough breathing and circumflex or be without either and in late mss. the accent and breathing are run
parallel strokes crossed
;
Lehmann
rightly
In Vat.
it
is vertical,
and
that
is
Bologn. Archigin. A.
i.
18
(Euchd,
3
s.
XI),
Mutin.
71
(Synaxarium,
mathemat.),
form,
gr.
s.
XI-XII),
55
or
Vat. 191
(circ.
s.
1404, var.
4 Mutin.
distortion
(s.
(Synesius,
etc.
XV).
is
curious
misapprehension,
no. 5
from Laud.
R
-.
39
XI
ineunt.)
ON.
Two
additions
may
be
made
ov.
article of
Lehmann's upon
(i)
The
illegitimate use of
p.
the double stroke in the sense of the single (Lehm. occurs as early as Laud. gr. i ^, e. g. 9uAdTTovTac,
cipXovTec.
73)
juovov,
(2)
The
single stroke
is
in the
is
it
common
Lucian
^.
OZ.
oc in
XI
some other
249
'
peculiarities of contraction''
viz. dnoaroAoc
f.
r.*"'
r.,
eveprouvTOC
v.,
An
26, ap.
identical form appears to be presented inihe Frag. Bobiense, f. 114 v. Belger Hermes XVI, but it must be admitted that certainty as to its
is difficult.
meaning
^
990, no. 7
Other instances of the compendium are no. 6 from Par. from Vat. 904 (s. XIII), no. 8 from Vat. 1319 (s. XV). o/iotcoj, from Laur. 28, 3 is to be compared with the sign given by Vitelli
172, n.
I,
for
^
*
ofioioi/ (p.
'
Coxe but it may be as much as a centuiy later. More remarkable examples are oVrw? Par. 990, Xeyovres Par. 3032 cf.
Saec.
XI
ineuntis,'
also
(piKinTTov, TOP
^
"
from the
latter ms.
V.
s.
ai, ouf.
is
Another instance
nXijdns
V. also
s.
toc.
ON OYI.
Another mode of expressing oc, an uncial sigma, cf. from Land. napaxeeevTOc and oxiGjuajiKwv
;
21
little
noticed hitherto,
is
by
gr.
39
further
Aoroc
KaTa9aTiK('c
(a.
Nonnus
a. iv,
992),
2 (s.
XI
ineunt.).
These examples
Lehmann's doubt 75) about the meaning of the sigma in the two words
resolving
OYN.
at
Illustration of this
as
hardly needful.
take almost
ouv
random
I from the Clarke Plato, ouv 2 from Par. grec suppl. 469 A, and the unusual ligature pepaioCvroc, ouv from Barocc. 21 Of the genesis of the symbol I do not remember (s. XII). Lehmann {p. 76) leaves to have met with any account the question open. If however we compare this ordinary sign for ouv with the tachygraphic symbol for ev (v. supra), it is plain that they have one part in common, namely the crooked stroke that concludes either compendium this
;
:
may
be taken to repre-
and while the open curve in ev \vi\\ stand for e, that which is closed in ouv may similarly be inferred to
sent
V,
represent
OYI.
Of the ordinary form of the compendium for this syllable illustration is needless somewhat remarkable forms however are dAAouc Par. suppl. grec 469 A (Nonnus a. 986), Touc Tonouc Vallicell. C. 41 (s. X); a combination frequent in Grott. Ferr. B. a. iv. (a. 992) is perhaps worth recording, nveujuariKouc. The double waved line (Vitelli pp. 9, n. 2, occurs in Roe 16 (s. X) toutouc touc niGTeuovxac, Laud, 169) gr. 39 touc xpovouc, Theophrastus Urbinas 61 (s. X) tolc
;
i,
from Clarke 12
f.
180
v.,
resembles the primitive form as given in Vat. 1809, no. 2, from the Paris Greek Anthology, is an instance of the omission of the dots; cf. also nos. 3, 4 from
Par. 3032, no. 5
"
from
Vallicell. C. 61
(s.
XV).
f.
Compare
195
r.
B.
v.
22.
22
Tonouc^;
waved
line
OYTOZ,
etc., I
etc.
To
Vitelli's
examples
cf.
i
(p.
1, n.
3) of outoc, outooc,
is
may add
3,
a few others.
The abbreviation
outoo
almost a
2 oCtooc
Euclid (text),
(scholia),
4,
Lucian
further 6
ouTOoc Vat.
1982, 7
ouTooc Vat.
193
(Lucian,
riAPA.
s.
XI-XII).
(i)
by n
the sign for dpa, (2) n with the topstroke crossed by a slanting line. ( i) The former is by far the more common, and
I give
however
:
for
from Plato Paris 1807, napoiKAHoiv napacpuAoKH Clarke 12, napaAmdov Demosth. S, napd 3 Nonnus Par. suppl. grec A 469, napd 4 Iliad Ven. A, napd tov Auct. E.
2
5.
9,
napd
3,
napdox^J^viai
from so
(2)
Lehmann
frequent
in
the Arethas-scholia
cf.
napd 6 napapAHefl
Toic
D'Orv. Euclid, napajuueHodjuevoc Plato, napd 7 Lucian, napd Urbin. 35^. At the same time the Plato-scholia use the
e. g.
napabeirjuaxa, napd
tov.
The
napabebojuevov
The twelfth-century ms. however, G. F. B. a. iii, has the more usual system so napd 10. (3) A certain number of
:
4.
19,
napd jueTpwv
3.
1 1
(man.
it is
sec.) avjovs,
Turin B.
vii.
30
(s.
for ou, in
which
19 (s. X exeunt.) okidQai-vovcnv^ rov Xaov, Par. 990 avveXdovarjs see further under Tachygraphy.
4.
(s.
(s,
X).
OYTOI T.
noticed some
variations
in the
33
more usual form which cannot be explained as coalescence of accent (Lehmann p. The difference consists in a hook at the top of the 91).
upstroke,
;
cf.
if the semi-circle were 1298 wanting, would be almost exactly like those given by Prof. Vitelli (p. 14) from Laur. 32, 9 and Laur. 59, 9 (jilate nos.
it is
7, 24,
25).
An
be the form napd 13 which I take from Angel. 4. 15 Lastly, the singular form napd 14 (Liturgiae, a. 1165).
Angel. T.
I.
(s.
as an
who had
(v.
s,
T) some
have not seen the sign for npoc in the Arethasits place scholia, and it will probably be found not to occur It is constant however in the text of the is taken by np. a large and characteristic D'OrviUe Euclid (Stephanus)
I
;
form: cf nos.
few instances of its occurrence elsewhere are npooconov, npoc rd Demosth. Z, npoc 5 Anth.
1-4.
Pal. (scholia" to the Paris portion)
7,
degraded form
s.
is
XI) \
T.
two dots placed over or is one of the most characteristic and consistently carried out practices of Greek tachygraphy, and is found in mss. otherwise of the ordinary type of writing far more often than is usually supposed. It is in fact often the only trace of tachygraphy that a ms.
The representation
of t by
will show.
in
greatly added to
^
The upon the forms given above leads us back to the type that is in use in Vat. 1809, and of -which not a bad example will be found under the Each of the four letters is xiith century ms., Grotta Ferrata, B. a. iii, p. 34. represented. The speculations in Lehmann (p. 87) must be read to be believed.
It is
slightest reflection
34
ABBREVIATIONS
173, Tolc 11, tou
IIV
GREEK MANUSCRIPTS.
32, toov
i
re ib.,
ib., xto
and
am
some further
syllable,
;
collection of instances.
The
example of each
the British
by way of type, is taken from Museum Nonnus cases where the example
strictly
enclosed in brackets.
T<^IC
from Nonn.,
I
Laur. 28,
2 Par.
3.
T<^N
OTQv
Nonn., orav
3032.
T^C
ndvxac Nonn., exovrac Demosth. 1, rdc Vat. 1982, eauxdc Angel. T. I. 8, dnejunoAoOvxac Vallicell. E. 40,
:
(s.
Kaxa9opouvxac
(a.
1
Par.
990,
xond^ovxac Turin B.
22
149).
T^Y
76:
xauxaic
Grott.
Ferr. B.
cooxe
a. iii,
(i, 2)
i.
coaxe
tooxe
2,
Vat.
18,
3 Thucydid. Brit.
ouxe 4, evioTe coGxe
(s.
XI), noxe
ouxe 5,
(circ.
cooxe
5,
Vat.
191
Neap.
II.
a.
22.
Tec
9ooxiaeevxec
Grott.
Ferr.
B.
a.
iv
(992),
1
ndvxec
Iliad Ven.
A,
Angel. T.
nepiAapovxec
i.
8,
KaiposKonoOvxec Mutin.
XII),
juooxonoiHsavxec
11 (man. 2)-.
For ra v. s. A. I have not concerned myself, here or under es, with the illegitimate use of the two dots in the sense of er. It is worth recording however that the use occurs passim in the Ravenna Aristophanes, and is most remarkable in a ms. of
^
T YnEP.
THN
:
25
a.
Noun.,
Grott. Ferr. B.
iv, 3
Laud.
gr.
TIN
iii.
TO
KTdTO
Nonn., npcoroKdeebpoi
Par,
3032.
TOIC:
TON
TOC
Par. 990.
:
990.
TOY
auToO
S.
Arch.
cpiAoao(p()u
TOYC
TOJ
:
ouToo
djuuHToo Par.
990.
TCON
I.
1982,
tcov
ovtoov
Angel. T.
i.
i,
Mutin.
s.
12,
ndvToov
D'Orvill. X.
(Etym. magn.
XIV),
cpoiToivToov
TtOC
ouTooc
Nonn.,
eiKorooc
i. 8,
outcoc
1982, ndvTtoc
dbiasTdTooc Angel. T.
OUTOOC Par. 990.
YFTEP.
said
school; I have not found it in the Arethas-scholia. Cf however unep Ta)v unep cpcoKeoov from Demosth. Z, unep i from Grott. Ferr. B. a. xix (a. 965), unep 2 unep gov Nonnus, unep Aorov Gr. Ferr. B. a. i, unep 3 uneppdc Angel. B. 3. 11. For the partial-abbreviation, which is frequent, v. s. EP.
another proof of the identity of the hands, in addition to those already brought together by M. Albert Martin in his admirable study upon this ms.
26
YTTO.
There appear to be two distinct symbols in use ( i ) one, already known from tachygraphy, and frequent in the Grotta Ferrata mss. so 'no i G. F. B. a. xix, uno 2 uno thc unovoiaic Nonnus, uno^uriov Angel. B. 3. 11, uno 3 Par. 990'. (2) Another sign, quite unlike the former, already quoted by Bast (p. 794) from S. Germ. 249, is identical in shape with the symbol for ano (q, v.) so largely used by the Grotta Ferrata school, and only distinguished from it by the breathing, or in fact, where the breathing is ambiguous or incorrect, by the
:
:
context.
from
Certain instances are unobfiiKvuovTa, uno KaKoO, uno 4 the same form is the Bodl. Epictetus, Misc. 251
;
spir.),
and
by a
mathematical ms., Vat. 191 circ. 1404, uno The fact of one compendium standing for both dno
late
and uno at once suggests that the letters actually denoted by the sign must be those common to both words, viz. n + and though I do not hold this conjecture proved, especially
as regards the
0, it
clusion arrived at
may at all events strengthen the conby Lehmann (p. 84) from consideration
I
of dno alone.
QN.
Under
this
head
line
by Lehmann
:
waved
an open
omega
'
inverted.
In this form
upon
may be
Lehmann
but his
own
and especially his theory of the original identity of the two signs, appear to me no less arbitraiy. A simple comparison of the common letters in virip, vno, with the common strokes in the two compendia suggests
that
is o
(i)
is p,
vivo
two curves)
(2)
hand
is
a mere
mark
letters p
and
For an analogy
may
refer to
my own
(p. 12).
YnO QI.
among
the Plato Arethas-scholia,
as often within the
e. g.
27
roav
ovtwv,
apxoJv,
and that
Toov
vfcoov
word
as at the end).
Cf. also
Vat. 1982,
Toov
Mutin. I2\
n. 2) are roav
Genuens.
QP.
2 (a. 1075),
\|/uxa)v
Angel. C.
4.
15
(a.
1165).
few instances of the compendium for this syllable, to be added to those given by Vitelli (pp. 15, 32, 171) are pHToop Clarke Plato, retopriKwv Harl. Lucian (both in the
:
5,
by Prof.
s.
Vitelli), dvTiAHnrcop
Laud.
gr.
uboop
XI-XIT,
(s.
IL
QZ.
its
a. 22.
The
slight variation
by
is,
turn upwards,
strongly-marked writing of the Plato Paris grec 1807 (cf. dic I, ouTOic, dTTiKooc), but It is found also in the text of the
and it existed in the codex Vallae of Archimedes from which Angel. C. 2. 6 was copied; cf. the passage in the plate from f. 222 v. explaining coc and nooc 2. (2) The syllable is found written on the or less connected line most constantly in mss. more with tachygraphy, e. g. outooc Nonnus, cosre Angel. B. 3. 11,
D'Orville Euclid
'
f.
20
v. aiirooc,
'
cpuoeooc
Grott. Ferr. B.
a. iv,
cosnep ib. B.
a. iii,
outooc Kopeooc
Yat. 1982, but not unfrequently elsewhere, so ware wanep often in the Arethas-scholia, <x>c 2 Laur. 28, 3 ^.
' A few more examples are rmv i Vallicell. F. 10, rcbv 2 Vat. 1456 (s. XI), nXdrav Par. 3032, ndvTcov Par. 990, rau alpert.Kwi' Ven. 450 (Phot. Bibl. s. X). ^ I make bold to explain in this way the sign given by Prof. Vitelli, plate II. it is ws + ep, i.e. aa-nep, which, as Prof. Vitelli says, is no. 40, p. 172, n. 2 demanded by the context. Another instance of this form of cos is o^ewy Vat. 2
:
(8.
^
XI).
profit
cos
in
28
A BBRE YA
1
T/OXS IN GB EEK
MA Nl 'SCRIP TS.
QlfTEP.
given
XIV, of which by the ms. Etym. Magn. D'Orville x. i. 1,2 a facsimile is prefixed to Gaisford's edition of the E. M. cf
;
no.
from f 289
v.,
r.
of the Ime.
first
is,
on wonep
XpiojLia.
The
clear if
we compare
toonep, onep
Tachygbaphy. It has been often pointed out that in Greek minuscule and late uncial writing there are two
systems of abbreviation in use at once
far
:
source, so
'
to be
known by
contrast as the
ordinary
'
system.
Lehmann
subject,
and a masterly sketch of the found in Graux' review of Gardthausen, Journal des Savants 1 88 1 p. 312 sq. The extent to which the tachygraphic system entered into the writing of ordinary books is one of the questions in palaeography which most stand in need of additional evidence. That the system was far more widely spread and more generally used in books than w^as commonly supposed, there
with
illustrations, will be
,
'
'
Lehmann,
47.
He
from Gardthausen,
p. 258,
^ I have in this tract hardly touched the large and mathematical sip'ns. I may however here mention one that is quoted by Hultsch ap. Gardthausen from Vat. 211, but that has not hitherto found an explanation. It represents x'^P'Of, and is found with or without case- ending. Examples i and 2 are x^pioj/, 3 ;^a)pi'otf, 4 j^up/a. All these come from Euclid
also in the D'Orv. Euclid, but at the moment of without examples. It consists of x and p rendered tachygraphically, upon the same system as that employed in Vat. 1809; cf. any page of Gitlbauer's facsimile. The second cross-stroke is doubtless a mark of abbrevia3.
am
tion.
TACHVGRAPHV.
can be no doubt
;
29
but whether any principle governed its employment, and whether any place, persons or style of author can be connected with it, must for the present One of the few facts known for remain an open question. practised certain is that the later tachygraphical system was especial by the ly monks of the order of S. Basil, and in
Basilian
school
Eome.
Of the
eleven manuscripts whose usage I proceed to summarise, seven were certainly written at Grotta Ferrata, one may have been, and another, though written elsewhere, was
the work of a Basilian \
(i)
An
S.
Nilo at
Grotta Ferrata, the monastery and village between Frascati and Marino on the lower slopes of the Alban Hills, is to be the looked for in the Frolegomena that are to complete learned librarian catalogue not long since published by the
'\ In the mean time it of the Abbey, P. Antonio Eocchi may be convenient to say that San Nilo, the founder of the monastery at the close of the tenth century, established
The school may therewith a school and style of writing. Bibliobe said to continue, at least in the person of the
thecarius, to the present
the distinctive characteristics mss. of the handwriting of S. Nilo ^ may be traced, in generation. written by his disciples, for more than a
day
acquainted that exhibit this type of writing are, beside the three books in the hand of mss. still in the S. Nilo himself (B. a. xix, xx, xxi), two monastery, B. a. i and B. a. iv, one in the Biblioteca
am
Angehca'at Eome, B.
1
3.
11,
the
of Lehmaun's For examples of tachygraphy published since the appearance Ecole Fmn^aise Spicilegio Fwrentino, Desrousseaux, Melanges de V book cf. Vitelli,
Streifziige, 18S6, p. 387 sq. de Borne, 1886, p. 544 sq., Gitlbauer, Philologische 2 Codices Cryptenses, Tusculani, 1883.
from the Vita Nili Bom. 1624, p. 28, quoted by Rocchi under minuta. Facsimiles of the three B. a. xix: litemnun forma uteris densa et the one from the Angelica are shortly to be published Grotta Ferrata mss, and
^
by the Palaeographical Society. " WTien I was at Rome the celebrated Yat. 1S09 was temporarily inacces-
30
the fragment
characteristics
in
the
D. 43. twelfth
The type
century,
loses
its
chief
exists
but
;
still
as
a particularly
neat and
close
minuscule
authentic
examples are B.
B.
3.
1
1.
a. iii, and the latter part of Angelica have imagined resemblances in Mutinensis 12
156.
It
known
the
Nile's
disciples
were
tachygraphers,
and
1809 and
less
Mus. add. 18,231 have been more carefully examined; but for our knowledge of
Brit.
still
still
depend
A stay of five
me
I
May
knows
arrangements that he was good enough to undertake for my entertainment in the village. May he accept an imperfect
hand of
Nilo
(a.
On
occur a considerable
number
of compendia
The
school,
last sign is
by the
and
than
Vat.
1982
common
sign, v.
s.
ElZ
(i'acic).
The ms.
;
of the
British
Museum,
add.
mss.
18,231,
sible
style
of
but to judge from Gitlbauer's facsimile of the tachygraphical part, the S. Nilo is to be recognised there also; it is of course well known,
Lastly,
independently of the hand, that the ms. came from Grotta Ferrata.
from the description given by Graux [Arch, des Missions, etc. 3. ser. V. p. 123) of the ms. 0. 74 of the Biblioteca Nacional at Madrid it would seem that it
also belonged to the
'
TACHYGRAPHY.
3^
the comcontaining works by Gregory Nazlanzen with ment of Nonnus. has for some years past been known I need^ not extensive examples of tachygraphy
to offer
;
in the
handbooks where
it is
noticed,
collections. nor to the facsimiles of pages in the various (a) minof writing It may be said to exhibit three styles and various the text, only rarely abbreviated, uscule 3i8r.introductions, indices, etc. (ff. 4^-' 12, 13, 14 v., 151'-. contracted; which on the contrary are very closely
: :
330
(fe)
V.)
almost scholia in large semi-uncial, which, beginning percentage of without contractions, gradually increase the
they almost reach pure tachygraphy (c) purely corrections. tadiygraphical marginal remarks, glosses and so far as it In this article I deal with tachygraphy only in only into ordinary writing, and therefore it is
signs
till
;
is
introduced
first
the
be
It is to of these three classes that I here notice. contents of hoped indeed that the whole tachy graphical
the ms.
be made public, but I offer here signs nothing beyond a collection of the tachygraphical The ms. was that are found in the minuscule part of it. writer has not written, it is well known, in 972, but the
Lehmann (p. 53) has rightly concluded, given his name. the from a comparison of facsimiles, that it belongs to to Grotta Ferrata school, and the resemblance is obvious Ferrata who has been both at London and Grotta
anyone but he
phical
is
certainly
wrong
with
PalaeograPaul who wrote the Isidore. The editors of the publish Society, who in their forthcoming fasciculus
that the several facsimiles of Grotta Ferrata mss., decide hand of Nonnus is the same as that of the Angelica
and there is a clear Theodoretus, to be noticed below Isidore. difference of writing between these mss. and the ms. has graver fault, however, with regard to this
;
been
committed
fication of its
by Lehmann, than the wrong identiRelying upon the evidence of the hand.
of his facsimile of a single page, he has in various places book made sreneral statements of the usage of the entire
32
nis.
as to
uses the book that the statements in pp. 21, 22, 53, 54, 57, 67, as to the representations in the Nonnus of the syllables
eiv,
IV,
eic,
are incorrect.
The matter
is
of the results of
'
at,
aic,
ev,
eni,
iv,
ou,
napa,
ra,
unep,
Cf. the
words 9aibp6TaTe,
KOTHverKev,
eoTi,
eniKoGioac, eieaiv,
unep, unovoiaic.
ioubaloc,
thv
t,
tout'
ouTooc,
eiv,
iv
of a I, aic,
and especially
in
'
is
noticeable
the last
compendium occurs
Vallicell. D.
The curiously
;
consistent
in the semi-
words
are
still
farther
for
abbreviated.
is
Tau
singularly
The other
signs are
more or
to
v.
less characteristic
s.
of the school.
For instances of
ante
the usage of
kotq, napd
previously illustrated.
this ms, is
in
always written in
the ms.
it is
in the scholia
in the
common, and
ig,
and the pure tachygraphic glosses minuscule part itself the ordinary
:
v.
ante
s.
61 C.
The
sign for
as I
is
very rare
in all the
(3)
The
Biblioteca Angelica at
Eome
11.
is
The
of the
book
consists of
two
parts, of
which the
first
will be
found in
my
TACHYGRAPHY.
shortly to
33
part
is
given.
This
hand
is
as that of the
Maunde Thompson tells me, London Nonnus of a.d. 972 it is very conthe same, Mr.
;
siderably abbreviated.
later, is
ante
s.
EN.
The
:
first
hand
ap
are as follows
aic (rijuoopiaic),
dno
(^ante),
{id.), iv
iv
(juxeiv),
[ante),
(uaKivGivov),
(4)
The well-known Isidore, B. a. i, written in 986 by Paul, second Abbot of Grotta Ferrata, offers the following distinctively tachygraphical signs
ap,
:
ai
and combinations of
ei
[ante),
dno
[ante),
IV
(bajud^ei)
^,
(eniGujui'aic),
ep
[ante),
(doKHGiv),
napd [ante),
is
curious that
The scribe uses the ordinary system of abbreviation freely, and the total proportion of
that are at
all
tachygraphic.
contracted words
(5)
is large.
good fortune to have brought to me in the Biblioteca Yallicelliana at Rome, one day in February of this year, a Latin ms. numbered D. 43, of the Dialogues of
It
was
my
S.
bound up two
Grotta Ferrata.
Greek ms.
in the writing of
photograph of one leaf was sent to Pre. Rocchi at the Monastery, and he was afterwards good enough to examine the ms. itself. His conclusion as to the
hand
is,
gested
itself to
am happy to say, a confirmation of what sugme at first sight that the writer is Paul,
:
monk
'
a,
i.
An
ai.
The
diacritic point is
for
critic
In Vat. 1809, as one sees in Gitlbauer's facsimile, point that together give ei.
it is iofa
34
is harder to determine the leaves cona librarian's note on the first of them and at the beginning of the ms. says, fragmentum indicis codicis
The
tain, as
'
but the work to which the index was prefixed was unable to discover it was probably, in his opinion, a commentary on part of the New Testament,
antiqni,'
Pre. Eocchi
The interest however of the fragment is palaeographical. The leaves, numbered Z^ and 89, measure lof x 8 in., are
in double columns with 44 lines in each they together form one sheet of vellum, and, the text being continuous,
;
vellum
is is
The writing
the outward, the rulings are on the above the line. The abbrevia;
;
and
ordinary writing at present known to have come from Grrotta Ferrata can compare with these two pages.
piece of
The
eivai,
following
:
list
ai,
have found
IV,
ic,
a,
ano, ap,
eic,
ou,
cf.
the words
dnapxH,
eori,
eici,
Kae'oTi,
Ga<p6ic,
ivai,
9aiveTai,
eKbHjuel
ano^Hjuel,
Iktoc,
enicpaivojuevou,
juejepxcjuevouc,
napapdrHv,
unep, uno^uriov.
Ik,
ic,
Of these
ou
of dva I do not
;
in ordinary
bookhand
tion
:
Ik
but in the tachygraphical poroccurs also in Vat, 1982 and Par. grec 990 ic, as
:
Nonnus has
have already observed, is found elsewhere only in G. F. B. I. xix, and ou only in Nonnus and Par. grec 990. It is"
I
instructive to
D. 43.
(6)
The ms.
of S.
Maximus, Grott.
is far less
Ferr. B.
a.
iv written in
992 by Neophytus,
hand
some examples of
TA CHYGRA PHY.
signs which that ms. does not use.
CK ToO), 6v (ojuiAoOjuev),
IV
35
Cf. ai (on
vai), Ik
:
(wc
a small
piece of
of
f.
390
(7)
Again ms. B.
a. iii (s.
XII according
to Rocchi), in a
good
an abundance of compendia of
the peculiarity
(cf. s.
of the tachygraphic sign for au, unknown elsewhere in the ordinary writing of the school, but very frequent here, whether as au or rau cf. s. AY and the examples tquthc, I take a longer piece of tachyrauTHv, eauTov, outhv
: :
graphy from
pAenovTi.
f.
Sy
v.
eeseai
be
movoo
tw
rrpdc
dAhieoiav [?]
(8)
Montfaucon Pal. Graec. p. 283 gives a facsimile of a manuscript in the house of the Basilian order at Rome.
The entire collection once belonging to known to be now in the Vatican, where
under the 'Vatican!
ticular ms. intended
graeci,'
incorporated
beginning at 1962.
is,
The
as
parout,
by Montfaucon
as I
have found
Vat.
1982 or Basil. 21. Its description is membr. 8 x 5! in., fF. 223 ff. 1-189 are in ordinary script, 36 lines on a page, in a rather small good eleventh-century hand below the line, only slightly contracted; ff. 190 r.,
;
follows:
being blank leaves of the same book, are filled with contemporary semi-tachygraphic writing, containing on 1 90 r. and v. various medical receipts, on 1 90 v.
190
v.,
191
r.,
191
r.
djuapTHjudTOiv),
blank.
Ff.
a different book, in a
much
much
abbreviated, 29 hues to the page, containing S. Basil's Aoroi on various portions of scripture, the first being that on Psalm VII which Montfaucon facsimiled it is defective at
;
The book may have come from Grotta Ferrata, the end. but was certainly not written there, for on a modern fly-leaf
at the beginning
is
the inscription
Ex libris MS.
Monasterii
36
S. Helie Carhonensis
S. Basilii
Magni, and the hand bears not the slightest resemblance to that of the famous Isidore of Grotta Ferrata it is in fact hard to see what can have suggested their identity to Montfaucon -.
;
(napoijLuaic),
i),
au
dno
(dno twv), be
kq (both
{(vnte),
eK
(no.
ev
[ante), eni
(eniGujuiac),
with a dot, as
(pinioeeioa),
KaTexojuevoi,
and without, as
jitap
Ta, Tac, Tec, toic, tov, toc, tou, touc, to>, tcov, tcoc (cinte),
uno
see also
under
]na,
A,
TTAPA.
rare
The most
forms, such as
kq,
Kop,
luap,
go
(jiia
and
oa
series of r-svllables,
eic, ic,
iv,
common
Ferrata school.
are TaOra Aeac
(9)
add a phrase that I cannot at present decipher, from f 190 r; the words immediately preceding
I
6 oooTHp,
ii.
A.
12,
S.
Maximus de
:
in-
fluence
5:^
(ff.
membr.
4in.,
135, in
is
the former
1-56) that
partly tachygraphical.
The non-tachy:
e.
g.
eiv,
iv iv
;
(q. v.
ante).
Tachygraphic signs
napa
(ante), xa, rec,
is
(rvooGiv, noiooGiv),
that
for
IV,
which
is
very frequent.
This hand
is
upright and
MSS. from
now
e.
g. A.
a. xiii sq.
2
facsimiles,
^
by Lehmann,
p. 54.
That
is,
tachygraphic signs.
TA CHYGRAPHY.
century type of Grotta Ferrata hand, as shown
37
B.
a. hi.
is
quite dissimilar.
next to mention a ms. that has long been famous in the history of Greek tachygraphy that of Hermogenes at Paris, which is now numbered grec 3032.
From
this
his
'
notae rhetoricae et
which for more than oratoriae a century were the only pubhshed examples of Greek they reappeared, as is well known, with an shorthand improved interpretation in Kopp's Palaeographia Critica,' in 181 7. It is not however with this venerable material that I have to concern myself. The book falls into two parts, the text and the marginal annotations, and it is the latter that Montfaucon published and Kopp revised. Of the text, on the other hand, no account hitherto has been
lectu difficillimae,'
;
'
omnium
taken
it
offers nevertheless
considerable palaeograpliical
mterest.
The ms.
the
line,
is
minuscule, con-
siderably ligatured
same hand
as
We
have therefore an instance of what may be called the normal case for the introduction of tachygraphy into bookhand the case namely where a scribe accustomed to prac;
tise the
excluded
lines, it is
but at times, and especially at the ends of legitimate, and it is inevitable that here, a scribe
;
who
use.
is
it
text
38
where the tradition of the school manifests itself in the same manner in a twelfth-centurv hand. This is precisely what has happened in the ms. in The text is on the whole little question. Par. grec 3032. contracted, but frequently at the ends of lines, and occasionally in the body of the paragraph, the scribe allows himself to shorten a word, adopting the same system as that in which he afterwards wrote his marginal comments.
3.
II,
A considerable number
tachygraphical
I
may be taken from the text of this ms. enumerate those that I have found, adding that as my study both of this and the following ms. was short, the list
Syllables represented
:
(buvajuai),
juQTOc), TQi
(eoTai),
jav
(otov),
to
(toGto),
cov
(nAdjwv).
V.
also
s.
OYC
Greek Tachygraphy to which I have already Journal des Savants, 1881, pp. 316, 317. I learn from M. Omont that there is no likelihood of the complete study of the ms,, which is there promised, being published,
liant sketch of
referred,
and
further particulars as I
inspection of the ms.
fuller,
I lament that my account is not and does not better take the place of the authoritative study that was to have been expected of the rebut, as tachygraphy now gretted French palaeographer stands, the addition of even a handful of new forms is worth making, especially when, as in the present instance, there are at hand the means for reproduction. The ms. is dated 1030, and is of the ordinary minuscule
;
of that period
there
is
hand
to
knowledge of the
TACHYGRAPHY.
scribe.
aic, eiv,
39
are
used,
e. g.
for
The ms.
con-
tains the
it is
in the paraphrase,
have observed the following, to which must be added the forms already quoted by Graux, the most interesting of which are no and
describes, that the abbreviations occur.
I
boc
ai
(juoopaivovrec),
aic
(dvoiaic),
aA (6cp8aAjUouc), dno
l),
(drro
GTepHoic),
Xerai),
ep (napep(no.
2),
eu
(koAoOgiv),
kq
(KareAapev),
Kai
Kara (KaraAajupdvoo),
jue
xau
(v.
xauxa
above), xe
Hjuexepoic),
xhc
xov
(xHC
OaAaGGHc),
xo
(npooxoKdOebpoi),
(xolc
biKaioic),
uno (uno xhv), wv (cLgoov). remark or two upon some of these forms may be in place to discuss the ms. as a whole will need more complete
examination.
rarity. I
The
jue,
do not
know
The form
01
is
by Graux 1. c, and by Vitelli 8])ig. Fiorent. pp. 168 it must still be called rare. The form eu has been 13, found by Martin in the scholia to the Kavenna Aristophanes
the tachygraphical
ordinary bookhand
;
n,
as in ndvxcac,
is
is
on the
line
kqi
in Vat.
and
With 73 discussed by M. Desrousseaux (v. p. 28, n. i). regard to the series of Tau-abbreviations, there is to be noticed the freedom with which the dots are superimposed
instead (their
more usual
position), of
Plate
II.
AN
or/
I'AtcKj
5^^
ru-'-'^
^
'
H ^^
.LnJ.
'vcri
ovK^
AD
1
e^,^---
^^^'"^
'
tL^^f -^^Af^^
\
>!
A c
'^-^
^
'
__^
w
-rr
-(1/
o '
,/.
^<
A*-
'^
'^
^^ <W\
V
'
'
T^ rf
"'
VtA
'
-i'
'^.
r'
'^-
j^^
ri"ii:
^C
y
^-7.,X^
^-^f""^-^
^VV
j'^^'f-^
TT"
/^>--
p y \/<5"
T~. Abbrcinations
T~Z m Greek
,
tMi>^.
"
~~~"
Clarendon Press.
Plate
III.
AY
"
'-^
^'^'
-""
r^p
U>r
>^
rY
r|
rt
r-j-
r|-
^A
-rt-
.^
yt
^^
J^
i^tfv
-^"j^t^
y
I
'Z.
e,H
v4'
"^/^^ "^^"^
'^t^ ^^Y/
Abbreviations in Greek
MSS.
Ccarendon Press.
'
Plate IV.
(^^ o^}/
c5^
"^
^yv^
Of^
(JUT
2.
^,
s-
'
o^ H^
Ot^
ott^
5Tr7
Y^^
I
T/7T7
L^l
OD ff^
fl
^n
OrTTj/^o/
^^
o-L'yyci
'i
GC
^'"^^
Rn-^
^f^
e^ T
'_,^
/*
^'j^iiv'^3?
xltuti
^A/^Ai'P'^
l^^'-^oiJT
d\
]<~o
i2o-r
CLiJ^Lao fFiyjT
Abbreviations in Greek
MSS.
Clarendon Press.
Plate V.
cLrccrcujT
iitj/jT
^'cyvST^^y-^'
GOT
7 A
^^^/'
11
IX,
Abh-eviations in Greek
MSS.
Clarendon Press.
Plate VI.
M6N
"L
-4
frM/^p^"^
ON
^vX-ryV
Z;^/^'
^fX^
yvpytcY"
-nnUl4j^
fcVoLtr
-TOY
""^
^ T^p^T"^^^yr
2,
OYN
QTC
^^x^T4.,
o
-Tf
^^'
'
oirNX^
-TB-n^
nrV\KY
TOUT* v-roltT^^VT
SJ
Si
y9(po^
ffn
>Yf
^'
^^V
Abbreviations in Greek
MSS.
Clarendon Press.
Plate VII.
OT
o^l^yi^ V /
^^
<rcc</^ ""a-'
oTToc
Y
TT,
^'
yyy
/
nvZiko?'^
7
vi
^^^ V-
"y
vi^
v
^
_<i^
TT
TTK
.
Tr-CJ-'T^
<?
V
-nx
TTVgXH^-,
TT^/<^Xw
"
TT
-a)UL6ff\ tK5o>hc^
'7f"^<^d'^^
2.
MIC
l^'Xj
j
-r/-
^i"
'
i9^,
'!>"
L
/
-^
-^
./
-^
"'
.;"
^'^
K'^
6-4^ 'o-A
coc'
TV Try
cu o-
Abbreviations in Greek
MSS.
Clarendon Press.
Plate VIII.
THN
yi-
TIN
7/
TOT *T
TOYC
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A.
L '^^
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ti
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TTj
^^
Abbreviations in Greek
MSS.
Clureniior. Press.
Plate IX.
2
u\
v.^
2.
cop
PH^
renK
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/^JoTT^T^
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U3\^
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y-rv\_
2^~P-q
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IX
Cor
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XtopiON
Abbreviations in Greek
MSS.
Clarendon Press.
Plate X.
^^1
i^- tir
/-re
f/
(IVJ
-ko^C
^4^.V^
^^c..^Y
^v^-^
(V,)
i^# ^^W
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bonbon
HENRY FROWDE
Amen Corner,
E.G.
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