Photonics in Switching: Next Generation Optical Networks Next Generation Optical Networks

9/24/2009
Photonics in Switching
Lena Wosinska, Assoc. Professor Next Generation Optical NETworks NEGONET Royal Institute of Technology KTH Electrum 229, 164 40 Kista, Sweden
wosinska@kth.se
The aim of this tutorial

To h T show principles for optical circuit i i l f ti l i it switching and optical packet switching To highlight the main technological problems To give some examples of the optical switching node architectures
Krakow Sept. 29, 2009 L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school 2
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Outline
Introduction Photonic Circuit Switching
WDM network design WDM network elements
Photonic Packet Switching

Technological issues Contention resolution
Summary
How to connect end users ?
Krakow Sept. 29, 2009
L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school
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Switched networks
1 Switching nodes
not concerned with contents of data purpose: provide switching facility in general not fully connected provides data to transfer connected via switching nodes physical connections between nodes
A End nodes
Links
Switching
Switching
Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
Connection Oriented (Virtual Circuit)
Datagram
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Development of optical networks

First-generation optical networks
Transmission in the optical domain (to provide capacity) Example: SONET network (Synchronous Optical Network)
Second-generation optical networks

More functionality in the optical domain (optical networking)
Some of routing, switching and intelligence is moving into the optical layer
Third-generation optical networks (?)

Krakow Sept. 29, 2009 L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school
SDH/SONET Networking
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Photonics in switching
Optical circuit switching (OCS) p g( )
Wavelength-routed networks Relatively mature technology today Providing lightpaths WDM network elements: OLT, OADM, OXC
(All)optical packet switching (OPS)

Not available today due to some technological problems Controllable optical memory for optical buffering Control functions in the optical domain Synchronization, etc
Optical burst switching (OBS)

A feasible solution?
Optical Circuit Switching

Wavelength-Routed Networks
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Wavelength-Routed Networks
W-R switches Provide lightpaths Problems: Low bandwidth efficiency Large granularity
1 A
Wavelength-routing switch Access (client) node (e.g., IP router): contains (tunable) transmitters and receivers
L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school 11
Network
Optical circuit switching

Solving LTD and RWA problems A lightpath corresponds to a circuit
Set-up a lightpath The whole lightpath is available during the connection Disconnect
Network elements
Fiber Optical line amplifier (OLA) Optical line terminal (OLT) Optical add-drop multiplexer (OADM) Optical cross-connect (OXC)
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Definitions
Lightpath topology:
Logical (virtual) topology
Physical topology:
Fiber topology
Grooming:
Kind of time multiplexing: packing a low speed channels into higher speed channels.
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Objective
Seattle New York
Given a traffic matrix (a forecast) and a fiber (physical) topology: design the network that fits the traffic forecast or/and optimize the (existing) network
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Network design
Given
the fiber (physical) topology and traffic matrix (obtained by forecasting): in packets/second
Determine
the lightpath (virtual or logical) topology (Lightpath topology design: LTD): grooming physical routes through the network and wavelength assignment (RWA): map the LTD into the physical topology
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Heuristic solution
Hard to determine th li ht th t H dt d t i the lightpath topology l jointly with the routing and wavelength assignment Split into separate LTD and RWA problems
Solve the LTD problem and then realize the obtained LTD within the optical layer (i.e. for the obtained LTD solve RWA problem).
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LTD:
Given: Gi
Lightpath topology design

The traffic demands The maximum number of ports per client node Lightpaths interconnect client nodes bidirectionally
Determine the topology and routing of packets p gy g p Objective (an optimization problem):
Minimize the maximum load that any lightpath must carry
RWA:
Routing and wavelength assignment

Mapping lightpath topology to the fiber topology Objective Offline: for all lightpaths determined by the LTD minimize the number of wavelengths used per link Online: for demands coming during operation minimize the blocking probability
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RWA approaches
ILP formulation Heuristic
Routing sub-problem Wavelength assignment sub-problem
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Routing sub-problem
Fixed routing
Fixed shortest-path routing
Fixed-alternate routing
Routing table at each node that contains a list of fixed routes to each destination
Adaptive routing
The route is chosen dynamically, depending of the network state
Fault-tolerant routing
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Routing algorithms
Shortest Path selects the shortest source-destination path (# of links/nodes) Least Loaded Routing avoids the busiest links Least Loaded Node avoids the busiest nodes
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WA sub-problem
Static WA sub-problem sub problem
Graph coloring
Dynamic WA sub-problem
Random (R) Wavelength Assignment First-Fit (FF) Least-Used (LU)/SPREAD d ( )/S Max-Used (MU)/PACK Least Loaded (LL)
etc.
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Static (offline) WA: Graph coloring

NC Wavelength continuity constraint Given: all connections and routes Objective: assign wavelengths (colors) to each lightpath so as to minimize the number of wavelengths used under the wavelength continuity constraint
Construct a graph G so that each lightpath in the system is represented by a node. Undirected edge between nodes in the G if the corresponding lightpaths share a physical link Color the nods of G such that no two adjacent nodes have the same color.
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Dynamic (online) WA algorithms

Random (R)
Determine the set of wavelengths that are available at a given route Pick one with uniform probability
First-Fit (FF)
All wavelengths are numbered Assign the first available wavelength
Least-Used (LU)/SPREAD
Select the wavelength that is the least used in the network g
Max-Used (MU)/PACKED
Select the most used wavelength in the network
Least-Loaded (LL) designed for multi-fiber networks

Select the wavelength with largest residual capacity on the most loaded link along the connection.
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WDM network elements

WDM network example Optical line terminals (OLTs) Optical add-drop multiplexers (OADMs) Optical O ti l cross-connects t (OXCs) Optical line amplifiers
OLT: Optical line terminal

Transponders
Adaptation from/to access links
Wavelength and fiber Overhead and FEC BER monitoring
Main cost of OLT
Multiplexer
To merge the incoming channels
Amplifier (optional) Optical supervisory channel (OSC)

Added and terminated
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OADM
Optical add/drop multiplexer

Drop and add one or more wavelength channels To and from equipment at local node Remaining channels pass transparently Channel selection Any channel or only some Static Requires careful planning Reconfigurable: software configurable remotely One, a few or any number of channels
Modularity Loss dependence on number of dropped channels
OXC Optical Cross-connect

Switching of wavelengths channels
From input to output ports From input to output wavelengths Does not include input/output OLTs
Functions
Provide lightpaths Protection switching (rerouting) Performance monitoring Wavelength conversion
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Types of OXCs
Electrical or optical core
Transparency Cost Size
Transparent or opaque core

Signal converted Electronic signal
Signal monitoring
Optical signal
Transparency
All-optical OXCs
Transparency at the cost of:
Grooming
Higher demand for lightpaths
No aggregation of low bitrate demands
Wavelength conversion
Higher bl ki Hi h blocking of lightpath demands f li ht th d d
Signal regeneration
More constrained routing of lightpaths
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All-optical OXC Ex. 1: Clos architecture
Three stage strict internal non-blocking Clos architecture. Size: 128x128

KrakowL. Wosinska, L. Thylen, and R.P. Holmstrom: Large Wosinska Sept. 29, 2009 L. Capacity Strictly Non-Blocking OXCs Based on MEOMS Switch Matrices. Reliability Performance analysis, IEEE/OSA JLT, Vol.19, No.8, Aug. 2001 Tutorial at BONE Summer school 31
All-optical OXC Ex. 2: WR architecture
Strict internal non-blocking wavelength routing architecture. Size 128x128

L. Sept. 29, Thylen, Capacity Strictly Non-Blocking OXCs Based on MEOMS Krakow Wosinska L.2009 and R.P. Holmstrom: LargeL. Wosinska Switch Matrices. Reliability Performance analysis, IEEE/OSA JLT, Vol.19, No.8, Aug. 2001 Tutorial at BONE Summer school
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All-optical OXC Ex. 3: with TWC
J. Chen, A. Jirattigalachote, Novel Node Krakow Sept. 29, 2009 L. Wosinska and L Thyln,L. WosinskaArchitectures for Wavelength-Routed WDM Networks with Wavelength Conversion Capability, in Proc. of ECOC08, Brussels, Belgium, September 2008 Tutorial at BONE Summer school
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Performance evaluation
J. Chen, A. Jirattigalachote, Novel Node Krakow Sept. 29, 2009 L. Wosinska and L Thyln,L. WosinskaArchitectures for Wavelength-Routed WDM Networks with Wavelength Conversion Capability, in Proc. of ECOC08, Brussels, Belgium, September 2008 Tutorial at BONE Summer school
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Shortcomings with OCS

Low utilisation of resources Hard optimization problems need to be solved (LTD and RWA) Solution: Optical Packet Switching (?)
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Optical packet switching
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OPS Networks
Large capacity High bandwidth efficiency Rich routing functionalities Great flexibility and reliability
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Optical packet switching

Advantages g
Complements WDM
Allows grooming in optical domain Allows statistical multiplexing
Can improve bandwidth utilization within the optical layer
Increase flexibility
Problems
Technological problems
Optical control functions Synchronization Optical buffering
High complexity of OPS nodes

high cost and low reliability

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Optical router (OPS node): Needed functions.

Decoding of packet header g p
Could be electronic: header encoded at lower bit rate
Setup of switch fabric

Packet delayed until setup done (a fixed delay) Setup requires scheduling of packets from all inputs
Simplified for fixed packet size and synchronized operation
Fast reconfiguration of fabric (200 ns for 250 byte packet at 10 Gb/s)
Synchronization: Elastic buffering of packets to align packets at all inputs

Only O l needed when switch fabric is synchronous d d h it h f b i i h
Synchronous fabric has better throughput
Multiplexing of lower-speed streams (and reverse operation, i.e. demultiplexing) Contention resolution (e.g. buffering of packets if output busy)
Contention resolution in OPS

Congestion is inherent in packet switching Contention may be dealt with in
Time Wavelength Space
Electronic packet switching typically rely on the time domain by means of queuing What about optical packet switching ?
Queuing in optical domain is difficult
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If output busy: Handling packet contention

Drop a packet
Packet loss probability can be high even at moderate loads p obabilit e en mode ate
Deflect the packet

Send it on a free output Restrict the deflection
Output that leads to destination Output with a route to the destination that is at most m hops longer Also called hot-potato routing
Increases delay and network load Creates variable delays and potentially reordering
Change the wavelength (TWC) Ch th l th

Chose a wavelength available at the output All-optical tunable wavelength converters not available yet
Buffer the packet

Store the packet until the output is available
Applying TWC may allow for decrease of the buffer size Krakow Sept. 29, 2009 L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school 41
Contention resolution techniques

Bufferless architectures
Deflection D fl ti routing ti TWC
IC IC IC IC IC IC
buffer
switch fabric
OC OC OC
Electronic buffers Optical buffers

Placement at a node
Output buffer Input buffer Recirculation b ff R i l ti buffer
switch fabric
OC OC OC
Dedicated or shared buffers Technology

FDLs Novel optical memories
EIT or Opt. resonators Krakow Sept. 29, 2009 L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school 42
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OPS with electrical buffer

A1 A2
L. Wosinska and G. 2009 high capacity optical networks, in Proc. NFOEC02, Dallas, Krakow Sept. 29,Karlsson, A photonic packet switch for L. Wosinska Texas, September 2002 Tutorial at BONE Summer school
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COMPARISON
Architecture
Buffer I Dedicated II Shared Low High Complex
Packet loss probability High Flexibility Scheduling Low Simple
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Comparison. N=20
A1
A2
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Optical buffering
Fiber delay lines (FDLs)
Not random access Require synchronization Supported packet format
Constant packet size Some configurations support variable packet size
A certain granularity
Not compatible with packet formats of different packet size
Long fiber delay lines

Not very practical solution Ex.: For packets containing 53 bytes (ATM cell) at 2.5 Gb/s the length of fiber in the FDLs needs p g y ( ) / g to be the multiples of 640 m
Feed-forward or feed-back configurations
Novel solutions for optical memory

Material subjected to EIT (Electromagnetically induced transparency) Optical Cavities
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Fiber delay line

1 km
Cheap and easy to manufacture Several kilometers long Slow down factor - zero No flexibility in terms of storage time Requires synchronization Many architectures proposed to introduce variable delay
EIT
Novel type for optical memory

Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) an artificially created spectral window of transparency used to slow and spatially compress light pulses. Inside the memory cell, light is converted into a spin excitation of atoms and its velocity drops down to zero once the coupling beam is turned off. After the coupling beam is turned back on the atomic coherence is converted back into light signal.
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EIT, cont.
coupling beam
Arriving IP packet
Memory cell
Optical fiber
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EIT, cont.
Phase 1 : writing
Light slows down inside the cell and is spatially compressed

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EIT, cont.
Phase 1 : writing
Cell length The memory cell needs to be long enough to fit the entire packet IP packet of 1500bytes at 2,5Gb/s is 1,4 km long in free space and about 1km long in an optical fiber
EIT, cont.
Phase 2 : storage The coupling beam is turned off
The light is stored in the material
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EIT, cont.
Phase 3 : reading The coupling beam is turned back on
The light is recovered and leaves the cell
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EIT, cont.
Variable coupling power
The packet is slowed down in the cell No storage of light We regulate the slowdown factor by varying the coupling power
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EIT, cont.
material Quantum dots slow down factor 40 in room temperature 107 in very low temperature 105 storage time 8.7ns
Atomic vapor
up to 0.5 ms depends on the gas
Slow down factor and storage time depend on the material, temperature, coupling power, bandwidth and wavelength
Optical cavities
Optical cavities use optical resonance in photonic structures
Slow down factor of 104 (depending on the number of side cavities) Storage time: 50 ns Chip scale implementation of the system foreseeable
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Requirements for optical memory

Telecommunications Wavelength
Attenuation and distortion Bandwidth Packet length Control memory cells separately
Technology Compression rate (cell size)
Tuning of the intensity of the control field Temperature and mechanical stress Cost
QoS The storage time

Pulse distortion Priority classes
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Comparison
storage time EIT
Up to 0.5 ms Order of cm Close to 0K or 80C Depends on the material
cell size
temperature
bandwidthwavelength
Optical cavities
Order of ns Size of a chip Room temp. No limitations
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Example 1:
OPS with hybrid buffer.
Optical l demultiplexer Parallel electrical p and optical buffer positions Switching matrix Optical inputs Optical outputs
KrakowL. Wosinska, J. Haralson, L. Thyln, Benefit of Implementing Novel Optical Buffers Sept. 29, 2009 L. Wosinska in an Asynchronous Photonic Packet Switch, in Porc. ECOC04, Stockholm, Sept. 2004 Tutorial at BONE Summer school
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ASSUMPTIONS
The traffic load is uniformly distributed between the outputs. The traffic load at all inputs is identical.
B u ffe r
1
. . . . . .
N N + 1 N + N 1 N
1 N
. . .
. . .
The transparency class (i.e. packets that can not be converted to the electrical signal) represents 20% of the total traffic
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Without output buffer, N > 16

Packet loss probability
0,47 0 47 0,45 0,43 0,41 0,39 0,37 0,35 0,33 0,31 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 simulated, const. packet length simulated. IP-traffic
load
1 calculated
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Simulation results. IP traffic.

IP traffic, transparency class , p y
1,E+00
packet loss probability
load 0.2 load 0.5 load 0.7
1,E-01
1,E-02
1,E-03 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
number of optical buffer positions
The loss probability goes down to a certain point and than stays constant as the buffer increases.
KrakowL. Wosinska, J. Haralson, L. Thyln, Benefit of Implementing Novel Optical Buffers Sept. 29, 2009 L. Wosinska in an Asynchronous Photonic Packet Switch, in Porc. ECOC04, Stockholm, Sept. 2004 Tutorial at BONE Summer school 62
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Simulation results. ATM traffic.

ATM traffic, transparency class
1,E+00 loss probability 1,E-01 1,E-02 1,E-03 1,E-04 1,E-05 1,E-06 , 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 maximum storage time in s 3 buffer positions 5 buffer positions 10 buffer positions
The lowest achievable packet loss probability for a given number of buffer positions reaches a limit that cannot be overcome by increasing the maximum storage time.
Simulation results. ATM traffic.

ATM traffic, trasnparency class
packet loss probability 1,E+00 1,E-01 1,E-02 1,E-03 1,E-04 1,E-05 1,E-06 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 number of optical buffer positions load 0.2 load 0.5 load 0.7
Storage time of 0.5ms is enough to obtain any value of loss probability for any traffic load.
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Example 2:
A1
OPS with TWCs and buffer

A2
JiaJia Chen and L. Wosinska, Krakow Sept. 29, 2009 Novel Architectures of Asynchronous Optical Packet Switch, in Proc. of European L. Wosinska Conference on Optical Communication ECOC07, Berlin, Germany, September 2007 Tutorial at BONE Summer school
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Evaluation
JiaJia Chen and L. Wosinska, Krakow Sept. 29, 2009 Novel Architectures of Asynchronous Optical Packet Switch, in Proc. of European L. Wosinska Conference on Optical Communication ECOC07, Berlin, Germany, September 2007 Tutorial at BONE Summer school
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Summary
Switched networks Photonic circuit switching
WDM network design: solving offline LTD and RWA
Objective: minimize number of wavelengths
Dynamic scenario
Oblective: minimize blocking probability
WDM network elements
Photonic packet switching

Makes networks more efficient Many technical challenges for switch design
Buffering for contention resolution Scheduling for contention resolution with possible deflection Switching speeds
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9/24/2009

The aim of this tutorial

Photonic Packet Switching

How to connect end users ?

Krakow Sept. 29, 2009

L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school

Krakow Sept. 29, 2009

L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school

Connection Oriented (Virtual Circuit)

Krakow Sept. 29, 2009

L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school

Development of optical networks

Second-generation optical networks

Third-generation optical networks (?)

Krakow Sept. 29, 2009

L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school

(All)optical packet switching (OPS)

Optical burst switching (OBS)

Optical Circuit Switching

Krakow Sept. 29, 2009

Optical circuit switching

Krakow Sept. 29, 2009

L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school

Krakow Sept. 29, 2009

L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school

Lightpath topology design

Routing and wavelength assignment

Krakow Sept. 29, 2009

L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school

Krakow Sept. 29, 2009

L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school

Static (offline) WA: Graph coloring

Krakow Sept. 29, 2009

L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school

Dynamic (online) WA algorithms

Least-Loaded (LL) designed for multi-fiber networks

WDM network elements

OLT: Optical line terminal

Main cost of OLT

Amplifier (optional) Optical supervisory channel (OSC)

Optical add/drop multiplexer

OXC Optical Cross-connect

Transparent or opaque core

All-optical OXC Ex. 1: Clos architecture

Three stage strict internal non-blocking Clos architecture. Size: 128x128

All-optical OXC Ex. 2: WR architecture

Strict internal non-blocking wavelength routing architecture. Size 128x128

All-optical OXC Ex. 3: with TWC

Shortcomings with OCS

Krakow Sept. 29, 2009

L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school

Optical packet switching

Krakow Sept. 29, 2009

L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school

Optical packet switching

High complexity of OPS nodes

high cost and low reliability

L. Wosinska Tutorial at BONE Summer school

Optical router (OPS node): Needed functions.

Setup of switch fabric

Fast reconfiguration of fabric (200 ns for 250 byte packet at 10 Gb/s)

Synchronization: Elastic buffering of packets to align packets at all inputs