If we use the relation, pH = log [H3O+], we get pH equal to 8.

. But this is not correct because an acidic solution cannot have pH greater than 7. It may be noted that in very dilute acidic solution, when
+

H+ concentrationsfrom

acid

and

water

are

comparable,

theconcentration of H from water cannot be neglected. Therefore, [H+]total =[H+]acid +[H+]water Since HCL is a strong acid and is completely ionized [H+]HCL=1.0*10-8 The concentration of H+ from ionization is equal to the [OH-] from water [H+]H2O=[OH-] H2O = x (say) [H+] total = 1.0 x 10-8 + x But [H+] [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14

(1.0 x 10-8 + x) (x) = 1.0 x 10-14 X2 + 10-8 x 10-14 =0

Solving for X,we get X = Therefore [H+] =

9.5 x 10

-8

1.0 x 10-8 + 9.5 x 10-8

-8 -7

= 10.5 x 10 = 1.05 x 10

pH = log [H+] = log (1.05 x 10-7) = 6.98

Why is thymine replaced by uracil in RNA? Uracil is energetically less expensive to produce than thymine, which may account for its use in RNA .In DNA, however, uracil is readily produced by chemical degradation of cytosine, so having thymine as the normal base makes

detection and repair of such incipient mutations more efficient. Thus, uracil is appropriate for RNA, where quantity is important but lifespan is not, whereas thymine is appropriate for DNA where maintaining sequence with high fidelity is more critical. 2. If you are provided with one containing DNA and the other containing RNA. To identify the tube containing RNA which one of the following reagents would be most appropriate?Ethidium bromide solution 3. Name some molecular technique used for knowing the gene polymorphism? PCR, SSCP, SNP, RFLP 4. Who was the father of Biotechnology? KARL EREKY 5. What does GMO stand for and what is its role in Biotechnology? GMO Genetically modified organism (GMO) is Genetic material of an organism is altered with the help of genetic engineering techniques generally known as recombinant DNA technology. DNA molecules from one source is combined with the DNA of other in vitro into one molecule to create a new gene. The recombinant DNA is then transferred into an organism causing the expression of modified or novel traits. The product is also known as a Genetically Engineered Organism or GEO. 6. What is a Living Modified Organism (LMO)?how it is different from GMO? Living modified organism, identical with GMO, means any living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern Biotechnology. It can be any biological entity capable of transferring or replicating genetic material, including sterile organisms, viruses and viroids. 7. Which of the cerebral areas of the brain allows you to accurately follow directions on a map or reading a clock? Parietal lobe