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BI THC TP CHUYN :

IU CH TNG T
1
NI DUNG
Bi 1 iu ch bin
Bi 2 Gii iu ch bin
Bi 3 iu ch na bng (SSB)
Bi 4 iu ch tn s
Bi 5 Gii iu ch tn s
Bi 6 iu ch pha
Bi 7 Chuyn i tn s (FC)
Bi 8 Cc b khuch i c la chn (selective amplifiers)
Bi 9 H thng truyn thng AM
Bi10 H thng truyn thng FM
Ph lc A: Nguyn l hot ng ca my phn tch ph
2
BI 1 - IU CH BIN (AM)
1.1 MC CH:
+ Kim tra cc thng s ca mt tn hiu c iu bin
+ Kim tra s vn hnh ca mt b iu ch bin (my iu bin)
+ Thc hin o c cc thuc tnh trn mt my iu bin
+ Phn tch ph ca tn hiu iu bin
1.2 C S L THUYT
1.2.1 L thuyt chung v k thut iu bin
Xt mt tn hiu sin v
m
(t) vi tn s f (hnh 1.1): V
m
(t) = B.sin(2ft)
V mt tn hiu sin khc V
c
(t) vi tn s F cao hn: V
c
(t) = A.sin(2Ft)
Hnh 1.1 a) tn hiu sng mang b) tn hiu iu ch c) tn hiu iu ch
Tn hiu v
m
(t) c gi l tn hiu iu ch (modulating signal), tn hiu v
c
(t) gi l
tn hiu sng mang.
Thay i bin ca sng mang v
c
(t) bng cch cng tn hiu iu ch v
m
(t) vo A,
ta thu c tn hiu iu bin v
M
(t), c m t bng phng trnh:
V
M
(t) = [A + k.B.sin(2ft)].sin(2Ft) = A[1+m.sin(2ft)].sin(2Ft)
Vi k l hng s t l.
Phn trm tn hiu iu bin c nh ngha l gi tr:
3
100 .
.
A
B k
m
i chiu vi hnh 1.1, ch s iu ch m c th c tnh bng cch sau:
% 100 .
h H
h H
m
+

1.2.2 Ph ca tn hiu iu bin


Vi cc bin i lng gic n gin, v
M
tr thnh:
] ). ( 2 cos[
2
] ). ( 2 cos[ .
2
. ) 2 sin( . ) ( t f F
A
m t f F
A
m Ft A t V
M
+ +
T chng ta suy ra rng mt tn hiu c iu ch bin gm ba thnh
phn sin:
A.sin(2Ft) Sng mang
] ). ( 2 cos[
2
. t f F
A
m
Na bng di
] ). ( 2 cos[ .
2
. t f F
A
m +
Na bng trn
Hiu qu c bit l s th hin ca tn hiu iu bin trong s bin /tn s.
Hnh 1.2 th hin cc thnh phn khc nhau ca tn hiu AM, trong s bin /tn s
cng nh s bin /thi gian.
4
Hnh 1.2
1.2.3 Cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin
Cng sut tng cng ca mt tn hiu AM l tng ca cc phn lin quan n sng
mang v cc na bng di v trn.
Xem xt mt tn hiu iu ch dng sin v mt tr ti R, cc thnh phn khc nhau
cung cp cc cng sut nh sau:
P
C
= A
2
/2.R Cng sut kt hp ca sng mang.
P
L
= (m.A)
2
/8.R Cng sut kt hp ca na bng thp
P
H
= (m.A)
2
/8.R Cng sut kt hp ca na bng cao
5
C hai yu t quan trng cn phi ch n l:
+ Cng sut kt hp ca sng mang l c nh v khng ph thuc vo s iu ch.
+ Cng sut kt hp ca mi na bng ph thuc vo ch s iu ch, v t ti a
l 25% cng sut ca sng mang (tng cng 2 na bng l 50%).
1.2.4 Tn hiu iu ch khng phi dng sin: Ph
Xem xt mt tn hiu iu ch khng phi l mt sng sin n gin m l mt tn
hiu thng thng c ph tn s nm t f
1
n f
2
. Vi iu ch bin ph ny c di
chuyn n trn v di sng mang (hnh 1.3)
Hin nhin l ph ca tn hiu iu bin rng hn ph ca tn hiu iu ch. Ph ca
tn hiu iu bin Bw rng gp i ca tn hiu iu ch:
Bw = 2.f
2
Hnh 1.3
1.2.4 Cch thc hin k thut iu ch bin
Cc mch c s dng to ra iu ch bin phi bin i bin ca mt tn
hiu tn s cao (sng mang) vi hm s l bin ca mt tn hiu tn s thp (tn hiu
iu ch).
Trong mt b pht AM, chng ta ni:
6
+ iu ch mc cao nu s iu ch c thc hin trc tip trong tng cng sut
cui cng. y thng l mt b khuch i trong lp C.
+ iu ch tn s thp khi s iu ch c thc hin bi cc tng trc b khuch
i cng sut cui cng.
Cc thit b bn dn c th c s dng trong trng hp cng sut thp hoc s
dng cc n chn khng trong trng hp yu cu cng sut cao.
Trong mch c s dng cho cc bi thc tp, iu ch bin c to ra bi
mt b khuch i vi sai, trong li ( khuch i) c bin i bi tn hiu
iu ch. Mch ny c tch hp vo IC LM1496, cng c th c s dng to ra
iu ch bin vi sng mang nn, s nghin cu trong mt bi thc tp khc.
1.3 THC TP
Cc thit b yu cu:
+ Modul T10A-T10B
+ Ngun mt chiu t 12V
+ Dao ng k
1.3.1. Hot ng ca b iu ch
Hnh 1.4 : S b iu ch
7
1. Thc hin kt ni modul T10A v T10B theo hnh 1.4. Cp ngun 12V cho cc
modul v thc hin cc thit lp sau:
+ MY PHT CHC NNG: sin (J1), LEVEL khong 0.5V, FREQ khong 1kHz.
+ VCO2: LEVEL khong 1V, FREQ khong 450kHz.
+ B CN BNG 1: CARRIER NULL
2. Ni dao ng k ti li vo ca b iu ch (im 2 v 1), quan st tn hiu iu
ch v sng mang (hnh 1.5a/b)
3. Chuyn u o im 1 n im 3 (li ra ca b iu ch), quan st tn hiu
iu bin (hnh 1.5c). Ch l hnh bao ca tn hiu iu ch tng ng vi dng
ca tn hiu iu ch.
4. Thay i bin ca tn hiu iu ch v kim tra ln lt 3 iu kin sau: phn
trm iu ch nh hn 100% (hnh 1.5c), bng 100% (hnh 1.5d) v vt qu 100%
(trn iu ch - overmodulation, hnh 1.5e)
5. Thay i tn s v dng sng ca tn hiu iu ch v kim tra s thay i tng
ng ca tn hiu iu ch.
6. Thay i bin ca tn hiu iu ch v ch l tn hiu iu ch c th b
bo ha hay trn iu ch
8
Hnh 1.5: Cc dng sng ca b iu ch AM
9
1.3.2. Ch s iu ch
7. Thit lp cc modul nh trong phn 1.
8. Dng dao ng k o (hnh 1.6)
+ Bin B ca tn hiu iu ch (im 2 ca T10B)
+ Bin H v h ca tn hiu iu ch, v bin C ca hnh bao ca tn hiu
iu ch (im 3 ca T10B)
9. Tnh gi tr k ca b iu ch, k=C/B. Gi tr ny nh hon 1 mt cht.
10. Tnh bin A ca sng mang:
2
h H
A
+

11. Tnh ch s iu ch m (%):


% 100 .
h H
h H
m
+

Hnh 1.6: Tnh ch s iu ch


10
1.3.3. tuyn tnh ca b iu ch
12. Thit lp cc modul nh trong phn 1
13. t dao ng k trong ch X-Y (X=0.2V/div,Y=1V/div). a tn hiu iu
ch (im 2 ca T10B) vo trc X, tn hiu iu ch (im 3 ca T10B) vo trc
Y.
14. Trn dao ng k s xut hin mt hnh thang tng t nh hnh 1.7a; N th
hin s bin i ca hnh bao ca tn hiu iu ch nh mt hm ca bin tn
hiu iu ch. Phng php hin th ny ch ra s khng tuyn tnh hay mo ca tn
hiu iu ch. Tng bin ca tn hiu iu ch v xem s bo ha v trn iu
ch ca tn hiu iu ch c th hin nh th no (hnh 1.7b).
Hnh 1.7: S tuyn tnh ca b iu ch
1.3.4. Ph ca tn hiu AM (cha c my phn tch ph)
Ph lc A gii thch nguyn tc hot ng ca my phn tch ph.
15. Thc hin kt ni cc modul T10A v T10B theo hnh 1.8. Cp ngun mt chiu
t 12V v thc hin cc thit lp sau:
11
+ MY PHT CHC NNG: sin(J1), LEVEL khong 0.5V, FRQ khong 10kHz
+ VCO2: LEVEL khong 1V, FREQ khong 450kHz
+ VCO1: LEVEL khong 2V, SHIFFTER 1500kHz,FREQ khaongr 900kHz.
+ SWEEP: DEPTH vn ht c theo chiu kim ng h
+ RF DETECTOR: LEVEL ht mc theo chiu kim ng h
+ BALANDCED MODULATOR 1: CARIER NULL vn ht c theo chiu kim
ng h hoc chiu ngc li, sao cho thu c mt tn hiu AM ti li ra. OUT
LEVEL t ti v tr trung gian.
+ BALANCED MODULATOR 2: CARIER NULL v tr trung tm, sao cho mch
hot ng nh mt b chuyn i tn s (b iu ch cn bng vi sng mang nn).
OUT LEVEL v tr trung gian.
+ CERAMIC FILTER vn ht c theo chiu kim ng h
16. t dao ng k trong ch X-Y (X=0.2V/div, Y=50mV/div). Ni my pht
SWEEP (im 1 ca T10A) n trc X, v tn hiu tch (im 3 ca T10A) n trc Y.
17. Thay i tn s ca sng mang (VCO2) cho n khi ao ng k hin th ging
nh hnh 1.9. nhn c dng sng tt nht hy iu chnh: d lch ca my pht
SWEEP (DEPTH); bng thng ca b lc t gm (variable capacity); CARRIER NULL
ca b iu ch cn bng 2.
18. Dng sng quan st c chnh l ph ca tn hiu AM, bao gm sng mang v
hai na bng.
19. Thay i tn s, bin v dng sng ca tn hiu iu ch v kim tra s thay
i ca ph.
12
Hnh 1.9: Ph ca tn hiu AM
13
BI 2 - GII IU CH BIN (AM)
2.1 MC CH:
+ Hot ng ca b tch sng hnh bao
+ S mo ca tn hiu tch sng: s gn sng v mo do ct cho
+ Hiu sut tch sng
+ Hot ng ca b tch sng AM ng b
2.2 C S L THUYT
2.2.1 Tch sng hnh bao
Vic tch tn hiu iu ch t mt tn hiu AM c th thc hin bng cch s dng
mt b tch sng hnh bao. C th thy trong thc t tn hiu iu ch cu thnh hnh
bao ca dng sng tn hiu AM (hnh 2.1).
B tch sng hnh bao n gin nht bao gm mt b lc RC ni vo sau mt diode
(hnh 2.2). Hot ng ca n tng t nh mt b chnh lu na sng, in p li ra
bm theo gi tr ln nht ca sng mang. Bi v bin ca sng mang bin i, bng
cch chn cc gi tr thch hp cho R v C, li ra ca b tch sng c th ti to mt
cch chnh xc cc bin i ny.
Hnh 2.1: Tn hiu AM Hnh 2.2: B tch sng hnh bao
2.2.2 S mo ca tn hiu tch sng
Tn hiu gii iu ch c hai loi mo tn hiu:
14
+ Nu hng s thi gian RC qu nh tng ng so vi chu k sng mang, hnh bao
xp x dng sng b nh hng bi gn sng (ripple), s nh hng cng r rng hn
vi gi tr RC nh (hnh 2.3).
+ Nu hng s thi gian RC qu cao tng ng vi chu k tn hiu iu ch, tn hiu
tch sng s bm theo hnh bao, nhng thnh thong s b nh hng bi lut gim theo
hm m (mo do ct cho, hnh 2.4)
Hnh 2.3: Ripple Hnh 2.4: Mo do ct cho
2.2.3 Gi tr RC nh nht: ti thiu ha ripple
Mc ch ca vic chn gi tr RC l lm gim bin ca ripple n mc cc tiu.
t c kt qu ny, hng s thi gian RC phi ln hn rt nhiu so vi chu k T
ca sng mang, do trnh s phng in qu nhanh ca C trong khong gia hai
nh tn hiu AM ta phi c:
RC>>T
Hnh 2.5 ch ra hai v d ca tn hiu tch sng, thu c vi hai gi tr RC khc
nhau. Nh rng gi tr ca RC cng khng c ln qu, v nu qu ln n cng s gy
mo.
15
Hnh 2.5: Gim ripple
2.2.4 Gi tr RC ln nht: mo do ct cho
Mt iu kin khc ca vic la chn gi tr RC thch hp c th hin trong hnh
2.6
Hnh 2.6: Mo do ct cho
Nu hng s thi gian qu ln, c th xy ra trng hp nh sau: t thi im t
1
, li
ra ca b tch sng khng bm theo hnh bao ca tn hiu iu bin AM na m tip tc
h thp theo lut phng in ca C, ngha l khng ng theo mong i ca chng ta
na.
Do diode ca b tch sng s b kha cho n tn t
2
, khi li ra ca b tch sng
t n mc ca hnh bao. Trong khong thi gian t
2
-t
1
, li ra cao hn gi tr ln nht
ca tn hiu iu bin, v diode b phn cc ngc.
Kiu mo tn hiu gii iu bin ny c gi l mo do ct cho (diagonal cutting).
16
Gi tr cc i ca RC c tnh sao cho t C phng in trn in tr R ln hn
hoc bng hnh bao ca tn hiu AM h thp xung.
m
m
f
C R
) 1 (
.
1
.
2
max

vi : m l ch s iu ch
f
max
l tn s ln nht ca tn hiu iu ch
Ch rng trong trng hp m=1, iu kin ny khng th c tha mn, v tn
hiu tch sng tt nhin s b mo.
2.2.5 Hiu sut tch sng
Hiu sut ca b tch sng hnh bao dng diode c nh ngha l t s gia
bin ca tn hiu li ra b tch sng vi bin ca hnh bao ca tn hiu AM li
vo. Gi thit rng ti tn s ca sng mang, dung khng ca t C [1/(2FC)] nh hn
tr khng R rt nhiu (gi thit c kim tra nu RC>>1/F gim ripple), hiu sut
thc t ph thuc vo t l gia R v tr khng vi sai (differential resistance) r
d
ca
diode (hnh 2.7)
Hnh 2.7: Hiu sut tch sng
2.2.6 S cn nhc cui cng trong la chn RC trong b tch sng hnh bao
+ t c hiu sut tch sng cao, in tr R phi ln hn rt nhiu so vi tr
khng vi sai ca diode (R>>r
d
), ti thiu ripple trong tn hiu tch sng, tch RC phi
ln hn nhiu so vi chu k sng mang T (T<<RC).
+ trnh mo do ct cho tch RC phi nh hn hoc bng vi mt gi tr ph
thuc vo tn s sng mang v ch s iu ch. Trong trng hp tn hiu iu ch c
17
tn s v bin bin i, gi tr cc i ca tn s cng nh ch s iu ch phi c
xem xt.
2.2.7 B tch sng AM ng b
Trong b tch sng AM ng b, cn gi l b tch sng AM kt hp, tn hiu iu
bin c trn vi mt sng kt hp, chnh l tn hiu sng mang, v kt qu c a
qua mt b lc thng thp cho ra tn hiu gii iu ch mong mun. Hnh 2.8 a ra
mt s khi n gin ca h thng gii iu ch ny. Tn hiu iu bin v
M
c th
c th hin di dng sau:
v
M
(t)=V
m
(t).sin(2Ft)
Trong V
m
(t)=A[1+m.sin(2ft)] l bin ca hnh bao ca tn hiu AM, v F l
tn s ca sng mang.
Hnh 2.8: S khi ca b tch sng AM ng b
Nu tn hiu AM c nhn vi mt tn hiu khng iu ch c cng tn s v pha,
li ra ca b nhn l mt tn hiu tng hp v
0
(t) c biu din nh sau:
v
0
(t)=[A
C
.sin(2Ft)].[V
m
(t).sin(2Ft)]=K
0
.V
m
.[1+cos(2.2Ft)]
Trong K
0
c xem nh li ( khuch i) ca mch nhn.
Cho tn hiu v
0
(t) qua mt b lc thng thp loi b thnh phn c tn s 2F, tn
hiu kt qu V
out
tng ng vi tn hiu tch sng AM:
V
out
=K
0
.V
m
(t)
Mt h thng vng bm pha (PLL) thng c s dng ti to mt tn hiu b
thu m ng b chnh xc vi sng mang ca tn hiu AM. S khi ca mt b tch
18
sng hon chnh c th hin trong hnh 2.9. Trong cc ng dng yu cu cht lng
cao, s dng b tch sng AM ng b th hin mt s u im quan trng so vi tch
sng hnh bao:
+ Kh nng mo thp v c th gii iu ch tn hiu AM vi su iu ch cao
hn, tn hiu iu ch thay i nhanh (mt v d trong iu ch xung)
+ Kh nng to ra khuch i thay v suy gim ca diode.
Hnh 2.9: S khi b tch sng AM kt hp s dng PLL
2.3 THC TP
Cc thit b cn thit:
+ Cc modul T10A, T10B, T10C
+ Ngun 1 chiu 12V
+ Dao ng k
2.3.1 Cc dng sng ca b tch sng hnh bao
Tn hiu AM c to ra bi modul T10A v T10B c s dng y (xem cc
bi tp thc tp trong phn 1)
1. Thc hin ni cc modul T10A, T10B, T10C nh trong hnh 2.10
2. Ch ni cc jump sau trn T10C: J3, J5, J6, J8, J10 v J12. Ni li ra ca b iu
ch (im 3 ca T10B) n li vo ca b khuch i IF (im 12 ca T10C).
19
3. Cp ngun t 12V cho cc modul T10A, T10B v thc hin cc thit lp sau:
+ My pht chc nng: sin (J1), LEVEL khong 0.5V, FREQ khong 1kHz.
+ VCO2: LEVEL khong 200mV, FREQ khong 450kHz
+ BALANCED MODULATOR 1: CARRIER NULL vn ht theo chiu kim ng
h hoc chiu ngc li, cho b iu ch trong trng thi khng cn bng v
thu c mt tn hiu AM vi sng mang khng nn ti li ra. iu chnh OUT
LEVEL thu c tn hiu AM li ra vi bin khong 15mVpp
Hnh 2.10
4. Ni dao ng k vo im trc v im sau ca b tch sng diode (cc im
15 v 17 ca T10C) v quan st tn hiu AM v tn hiu tch sng (hnh 2.11)
5. Kim tra xem tn hiu tch sng bm theo hnh bao ca tn hiu AM
6. Chuyn jump J8 sang J9 v kim tra s tch sng hnh bao m. Sau tr jump
li J8
20
2.3.2 Hiu sut tch sng (revelation efficiency)
7. T cc dng sng c tch trong cc phn trc, c th tnh c hiu sut tch
sng bng t l ca bin tn hiu tch sng vi bin ca hnh bao tn hiu
AM (kho st trc diode). Gi tr tnh c khong 0.8.
2.3.3 nh hng ca hng s thi gian RC
8. Gi tr R v C c ni sau diode ca b tch sng l R7=22k v C7=4.7nF.
Gi nguyn dao ng k im 15 v 17 v gim tn s ca tn hiu iu ch
xung 10kHz. Ch n s mo do ct cho ca tn hiu tch sng.
9. Gim bt su iu ch (gim bin ca tn hiu iu ch) v kim tra xem
tn hiu tch sng c th bm theo hnh bao ca tn hiu AM
10. Ly su iu ch khong 50%, thay i C7 (4.7nF) thnh C6 (1nF). mo
do ct cho gim xung, nhng ripple trong tn hiu tch sng tng ln. Tn hiu
trn dao ng k tng t nh hnh 2.3
Hnh 2.11
2.3.4 B tch AM ng b
11. Thc hin kt ni modul T10A v T10B nh trong hnh 2.12. Ni ngun 1 chiu
t 12V v thc hin cc thit lp sau:
21
+ My pht chc nng: sin (J1), LEVEL khong 0.5V, FREQ khong 10kHz.
+ VCO2: LEVEL khong 1V, FREQ khong 450kHz
+ BALANCED MODULATOR 1: CARRIER NULL vn ht theo chiu kim ng
h hoc chiu ngc li, thu c mt tn hiu AM ti li ra. OUT LEVEL
v tr trung gian
+ BALANCED MODULATOR 2: CARRIER NULL t v tr trung tm,
cho mch hot ng nh mt b chuyn i tn s (b iu ch cn bng vi
sng mang nn); OUT LEVEL v tr trung gian
12. Ni dao ng k ti li vo ca b gii iu ch (im 16 ca b iu ch cn
bng 2) v ti li ra (im 17). Dng sng tch c li ra (hnh 2.13) l tch
ca tn hiu AM v sng mang m trong thc t c ti to b thu. Ch
rng dng sng ny bao gm tn s gp i sng mang, trong dng sng ca
tn hiu iu ch c cng vo.
13. B lc thng thp loi b thnh phn tn s cao v to ra tn hiu tch sng hon
chnh. V b lc c tn s ct 3400Hz, tt c cc tn s cao hn u b suy
gim.
14. Tng su iu ch ca tn hiu AM v kim tra thy rng tn hiu tch sng
lun bm theo hnh bao. Khng c mo do ct cho.
22
Hnh 2.12
Hnh 2.13
23
BI 3 - IU CH NA BNG (SSB)
3.1 MC CH
+ Kim tra cc thng s chnh ca iu ch na bng
+ Kim tra hot ng ca cc b iu ch bin vi sng mang nn: b
iu ch cn bng v vng
+ o p ng tn s ca b loc ceramic
+ Kim tra vic s dng cc b lc to ra na bng
+ Phn tch pht ca tn hiu SSB
+ Kim tra hot ng ca cc b gii iu ch na bng
3.2 GII THIU
3.2.1 Cc kha cnh chnh
Theo l thuyt iu ch AM trong chng 1, qu trnh iu ch to ra mt sng
mang v hai na bng.
v
m
(t) l tn hiu iu ch:
v
m
(t)=B.sin(2ft)
v v
c
(t) l sng mang:
v
c
(t)=A.sin(2Ft)
Tn hiu iu ch V
M
(t) bao gm ba thnh phn:
A.sin(2Ft) sng mang
] ) ( 2 cos[
2
. t f F
A
m
bng thp
] ) ( 2 cos[
2
. t f F
A
m +
bng cao
Nu tn hiu iu ch khng ch bao gm mt sng sin m l mt tn hiu thng
thng vi ph bin i t f
1
n f
2
, vi iu ch bin ph ny c dch ln trn v
di sng mang. (hnh 3.1)
24
a) Ph tn s ca sng mang v tn hiu iu ch
b) Ph tn hiu AM
c) Bng trn
d) Bng di
Hnh 3.1
Hin nhin l sng mang khng cha thng tin g, v n gi bin khng i cng
nh tn s c lp vi tn hiu iu ch.
Cng hin nhin rng bng ny chnh xc l mt nh ca bng kia: Bin cng
bin thin ging nhau theo m.A/2,, v tn s cng khc tn s sng mang mt lng f
nh nhau.
C th thy rng ton b thng tin c th c truyn m ch dng na bng: sng
mang v na kia l tha.
25
SSB v AM:
So vi iu ch bin , iu ch na bng c cc u im sau:
+ Bng ca tn hiu iu ch c gim xung mt na. Ngha l trong cng mt
di tn s c th tng s knh truyn ln gp i.
+ Tt c cng sut pht ra ca my pht c gn vi thng tin c truyn, khc
vi trong AM hu ht cng sut c gn vi sng mang.
Ngoi cc u im ca SSB so vi AM, chng ta cng phi cp n cc kha
cnh sau:
+ Mch iu ch cng nh gii iu ch phc tp hn
+ Cn phi ti to sng mang ph thu tch tn hiu iu bin mt cch chnh
xc.
S dng SSB:
SSB c s dng trong:
+ Truyn radio
+ Truyn in thoi a knh (hnh 3.2) vi k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
FDM
+ Truyn d liu tc cao (modem V35, V36, V37)
26
a) Bng thng gc ca mt knh in thoi
b) Tn s sng mang ca knh
c) Sng mang f
0
c iu ch bi mt knh
d) Na bng sau khi lc
e) Tn hiu in thoi phc tp
Hnh 3.2: Ghp knh phn chia tn s
27
3.2.2 To ra SSB bng phng php lc:
Mc ch ca phng php ny l to ra mt tn hiu SSB bng cch trit sng
mang v mt na bng.
Phng php c s dng l lc, thng c chia thnh 2 bc:
+ Pht ra mt tn hiu iu ch bin trit sng mang, cn gi l tn hiu hai na
bng (DSB-Double Side Band)
+ S dng mt b lc thng di ly mt trong hai na bng
Hnh 3.3: To ra SSB bng phng php lc
Cc b iu ch thng dng nht l cc b iu ch cn bng v cc b iu ch
vng. Cc b lc c s dng tch mt na bng phi c dc ccuar ng cong
suy hao cao trong khong gia bng thng v bng suy hao. Thch anh, t gm, cc b
lc LC tch cc hoc th ng c s dng da trn tn s hot ng v cc ng dng
(trong phn 3.2.5 chng ta s kim tra cc c tnh ca b lc t gm).
ly na bng thp hay na bng cao, tn s sng mang ca my pht c thay
i, cn b lc c gi nguyn.
28
3.2.3 B iu ch cn bng
B iu ch cn bng l mch cho php to ra iu ch bin trit sng mang, v
bao gm cc na bng. c c kt qu ny, ngi ta nhn sng mang vi tn hiu
iu ch. Nu v
m
(t) l tn hiu iu ch:
v
m
(t)=B.sin(2ft)
V v
c
(t) l sng mang:
v
c
(t)=A.sin(2Ft)
Tn hiu iu ch v
M
(t) nhn c bng cch nhn chng li, n bao gm hai
thnh phn:
K.cos[2(F-f)t] na bng thp
K.cos[2(F+f)t] na bng cao
B nhn tn hiu hay b iu ch cn bng thng l mt mch tch hp, IC 1496.
N bao gm mt b khuch i vi sai bi t, c iu khin bng mt b khuch i
vi sai khc. Tn hiu ra l kt qu nhn hai tn hiu li vo.
Hnh 3.4: B iu ch cn bng Hnh 3.5: B iu ch vng
29
3.2.4 B iu ch vng
B iu ch vng l mt mch c th to ra iu ch bin trit sng mang. S
mch in c th hin trong hnh 3.5. Hot ng ca mch ny nh sau:
+ Trong na chu k dng ca V
c
, gi s B dng so vi B, diode D1 v D2 m v
tn hiu V
m
xut hin ti li ra.
+ Trong na chu k m, B dng so vi B, diode D3 v D4 m v tn hiu -V
m
xut
hin ti li ra.
+ Nu cc diode c cc c tnh in ging nhau v cc im gia TR1, TR2 l
chnh xc, dng i v i to ra bi V
c
s bng nhau, hai thnh phn to li ra ca i
v i s trit tiu nhau, do khng c sng mang ti li ra.
Cc dng sng lin quan n b iu ch vng c th hin trong hnh 3.6. Nu b
diode D3 v D4 ta s thu c mt b iu ch vng dng khc. Tn hiu iu ch
ti li ra trong trng hp ny c th hin trong hnh 3.6
e
Hnh 3.6: Cc dng sng ca b iu ch vng
30
3.2.5 B lc gm
Mt b lc gm l mt b lc thng di s dng mt phn t gm p in nh mt
b chuyn i gm-in hoc nh b cng hng c kh. Cc k hiu ca cc cell 2 v
3 chn c th hin trong hnh 3.7. Trong hnh ny cng th hin mach lc tng
ng vi hai u cui v tr khng ca n khi tn s thay i. Trong nhiu trng hp
mch lc bao gm 2 cell gn vi nhau qua mt t in nh (hnh 3.8)
Cc thng s quan trng ca mch lc gm l tr khng li vo, tr khng li ra v
in dung kt ni hai phn. Hnh 3.9 th hin p ng tn s ca mch lc gm vi tn
s trung tm ca bng lc l 455kHz ti cc gi tr khc nhau ca in dung kt ni, tr
khng vo v tr khng ra.
a) B lc hai u cui
b) B lc 3 u cui
c) Mch in tng ng
d) Tr khng
Hnh 3.7: B lc gm
31
Hnh 3.8: B lc gm gm 2 cell kt ni vi nhau
Hnh 3.9: p ng tn s ca b lc gm
32
3.2.6 Gii iu ch tn hiu SSB
Vic gii iu ch tn hiu SSB i hi phi c sng mang, sng mang ny c ti
to ti b thu
ly c tn hiu iu ch trong tn hiu iu ch, nhn tn hiu iu ch
vi sng mang ti to, sau cho qua b lc thu c tn hiu iu ch. Mch thc
hin vic nhn hai tn hiu c th s dng cng loi nh b nhn dng to ra iu ch
trit sng mang ti pha pht. Khi c s dng nh mt b gii iu ch, mch ny
thng c gi l b tch tch s (product detector)
By gi chng ta s kim tra hot ng ca b gii iu ch. Tn hiu SSB (trong v
d ny l bng trn) l:
v
M
(t)=K.cos[2(F+f)t]
Sng mang c pht li ti b thu l:\
V
c
(t) = A.sin(2 Ft)
Tch ca v
M
(t) v V
c
(t) gm cc thnh phn sau:
K.sin(2ft) tn hiu iu ch ban u
K.sin[2(2F+f)t]
Nh vy kt hp tn hiu SSB v sng mang ti to ta thu c hai thnh phn li
ra, bao gm tn hiu iu ch v mt thnh phn tn s cao. Thnh phn tn s cao ny
d dng b loi b bng mt b lc thng thp. Nu sng mang dng gii iu ch c
tn s khc vi sng mang dng trong phn iu ch ca b pht, tn s ca tn hiu
gii iu ch c dch i mt lng bng hiu ca hai tn s, do vic gii iu ch
s b nh hng. gim thiu s khc bit tn s ny, sng mang ti pha pht v pha
thu thng c to ra bng cc b dao ng thch anh. Hnh 3.10 th hin s khi
ca b gii iu ch tn hiu SSB.
Hnh 3.10: S khi chc nng ca b gii iu ch SSB
33
3.3 THC TP
Cc thit b cn thit:
+ Modul T10A-T10B
+ Ngun 1 chiu +/- 12V
+ Dao ng k
+ Tn k
3.3.1 B lc gm
B lc gm trn modul T10B c cc c tnh chnh sau:
+ Tn s trung tm : 455kHz
+ Bng thng ti -3dB : 4.5kHz 1kHz
+ Tr khng vo v tr khng ra : 3k
+ in dung kt ni : 56pF
ng cong p ng
ng cong p ng (p ng tn s) ca mt t cc thng thng c xc nh
bng cch thay i tn s tn hiu vo v o cc bin u ra tng ng. suy hao
ca t cc o cc tn s khc nhau l:
A=Vo/Vi
Trong thang decibel: A
dB
= 20.log(Vo/Vi)
suy hao bin thin nh mt hm ca tn s xc nh ap ng tn s ca t cc.
1. Thc hin kt ni modul T10A v T10B theo hnh 3.11. Cp ngun mt chiu v
thc hin cc thit lp sau:
+ VCO1: bt ln 500kHz, LEVEL khong 2V, FREQ khong 450kHz
+ B lc gm: RV mc cao nht (Vn theo chiu kim ng h)
+ My pht SWEEP: DEPTH mc nh nht
+ Dao ng k t ch X-Y (trc X t 0.5V/div, trc Y 200mV/div)
2. Ni trc X ca dao ng k ti im X AXIS ca my pht SWEEP. Ni trc Y
ca dao ng k ti li ra ca b lc gm.
34
3. iu chnh tn s trung tm ca VCO1 v bin ca my pht SWEEP
(DEPTH) thu c mt ng cong trn dao ng k ging nh hnh 3.12
Hnh 3.11
Hnh 3.12 :p ng tn s ca b lc gm
35
4. Thay i in dung kt ni v kim tra 3 iu kin sau: ng cong p ng hp
hn (CV<56pF), ng cong p ng bng phng (CV=56pF), ng cong c hai
nh cng hng (CV>56pF)
5. Thay i tr khng RV v kim tra thy rng tn s trung tm ca b lc b
thay i mt cht. Khi RV gim bt th li ra cng gim bt.
V p ng tn s bng cch xc nh tng im
6. a tn hiu vo 455kHz, tng ng vi tn s trung tm ca b lc.
7. o bin nh-nh ca li vo v li ra ta thu c Vi v Vo. suy hao ca
b lc ti tn s 455kHz c xc nh bng: A=Vo/Vi, trong thang decibel l
A
dB
= 20log(Vo/Vi).
8. Lp li phn 7 vi cc tn s cch nhau 1kHz, trong khong 445kHz n 465kHz,
tnh cc A
dB
tng ng vi cc tn s ny v lp bng nh hnh 3.13.
9. S dng d liu trong bng, v th vi trc Y l A
dB
, trc x l tn s. chnh
l ng cong p ng tn s ca b lc, tng t nh hnh 3.14
10. c lng bng thng B ca b lc:
B=f2-f1
Vi tn s f2 v f1 tng ng vi cc tn s cao nht v thp nht c A
dB
l 3dB
(hnh 3.14). Bng thng tm c s vo khong 3-4kHz.
Hnh 3.13 Hnh 3.14
36
3.3.2 Bi 2: Hot ng ca b iu ch bin trit sng mang
11. Thc hin kt ni modul T10A v T10B nh trong hnh 3.15. Cp ngun +/-12V
v thc hin cc thit lp sau:
+ My pht chc nng: sin (J1), LEVEL khong 1V, FREQ khang 1kHz
+ VCO1: Bt ln 500kHz, LEVEL khong 2V, FREQ khong 450kHz
+ B iu ch cn bng 1: CARRIER NULL v tr gia, sao cho b iu ch
c cn bng v li ra thu c mt tn hiu AM b trit sng mang, OUT
LEVEL v tr theo chiu kim ng h
12. Ni dao ng k ti cc li vo ca b iu ch (im1 v im 2) quan st tn
hiu iu ch v sng mang (hnh 3.16a/b)
13. Chuyn u o t im 1 n im 3 (li ra ca b iu ch) quan st tn hiu
iu ch, iu chnh CARRIER NULL thu c bin li ra ca sng
mang nh nht. Ch rng dng sng ca tn hiu iu ch khng tng ng vi
hnh bao ca tn hiu iu ch, m thay vo l tn hiu AM.
14. Thay i bin ca tn hiu iu ch v kim tra s bin i tng ng ca bin
tn hiu iu ch. Ch rng khc vi trng hp iu ch bin trong
tn hiu iu ch lun lun c (no null), tn hiu iu ch b hy b khi tn
hiu iu ch khng c.
15. Thay i tn s v dng sng ca tn hiu iu ch v kim tra s thay i tng
ng ca tn hiu iu ch.
37
Hnh 3.15
Hnh 3.16: Cc dng sng ca b iu ch cn bng
3.3.3 To ra tn hiu SSB
38
16. Gi nguyn cc kt ni nh hnh 3.15 (xem trong phn 11 ca bi trc). Ni u
ra ca b iu ch cn bng (im 3) vi li vo ca b lc gm 455kHz (im
10). Thit lp:
+ My pht chc nng: sin (J1), LEVEL khong 1V, FREQ khong 3kHz
+ VCO1: Bt ln 500kHz, LEVEL khong 2V, FREQ khong 452kHz.
+ B iu ch cn bng 1: CARRIER NULL v tr gia, sao cho b iu ch
khng cn bng v thu c tn hiu AM trit sng mang li ra, OUT LEVEL
v tr theo chiu kim ng h.
17. S dng dao ng k kim tra li ra ca b lc, m bo rng li ra l tn hiu
sin. T c th thy rng b lc ch ly mt trong hai thnh phn c b iu
ch cn bng to ra.
18. o tn s f
c
ca sng mang (im 1), f
m
ca tn hiu iu ch (im 2) v f
ssb
ca
tn hiu SSB ti li ra ca b lc (im 11).
19. Kim tra thy rng:
f
ssb
= f
c
+ f
m
iu ny ngha l bng thng c b lc cho i qua tng ng vi na bng cao
(hnh 3.17a)
20. Lp li cc php o vi tn s sng mang c t l 458kHz, thu c
f
ssb
= f
c
f
m

iu ny ngha l bng thng c b lc cho i qua tng ng vi na bng
thp (hnh 3.17b)
21. Tng tn s ca tn hiu iu ch (my pht chc nng) v kim tra rng tn hiu
SSB b suy gim v hng ti khng c g. Tm nguyn nhn.
39
Hnh 3.17
3.3.4 Ph ca tn hiu to ra bi b iu ch cn bng
(Xem thm ph lc A hiu nguyn tc hot ng ca my phn tch ph)
22. Thc hin kt ni cc modul T10A v T10B nh trong hnh 3.18. Cp ngun +/-
12V v thit lp:
+ My pht chc nng: sin (J1), LEVEL khong 0.5V, FREQ khong 10kHz
+ VCO2: LEVEL khong 1V, FREQ khong 450kHz
+ VCO1: LEVEL khong 2V, bt ln 1500kHz, FREQ khong 900kHz
+ SWEEP: DEPTH vn ht c theo chiu ngc kim ng h
+ B tch RF: LEVEL ht c theo chiu kim ng h
+ B iu ch cn bng 1: CARRIER NULL v tr gia, sao cho li ra thu c
tn hiu AM trit sng mang. OUT LEVEL v tr gia
+ B cn bng 2: CARRIER NULL v tr gia, sao cho mch hot ng nh
mt b chuyn i tn s (b iu ch cn bng trit sng mang), OUT LEVEL
v tr gia.
40
+ Trimmer ca b lc gm vn ht theo chiu kim ng h
23. t dao ng k trong ch X-Y (X=0.2V/div, Y=50mV/div). Ni, my pht
SWEEP (im 1 ca T10A) ti trc X, v tn hiu c tch ra (im 3 ca
T10A) n trc Y .
24. Thay i tn s sng mang (VCO2) cho n khi dao ng k th hin ging nh
hnh 3.19. nhn c dng sng tt nht hy iu chnh: DEPTH ca my
pht SWEEP, bng thng ca b lc gm (thay i in dung) v CARRIER
NULL ca b iu ch cn bng 1.
25. Dng sng th hin ph ca tn hiu to ra bi b iu ch cn bng bao gm 2
na bng.
26. Thay i tn s, bin v dng sng ca tn hiu iu ch v kim tra s thay
i ca ph.
41
Hnh 3.18
Hnh 3.19: Ph ca tn hiu to ra bi b iu ch cn bng
3.3.5 Gii iu ch tn hiu SSB
27. t cc modul nh bi 3.3.4. Thit lp:
+ My pht chc nng: sin (J1), LEVEL khong 1V, FREQ khong 3kHz
+ VCO1: bt ln 500kHz, LEVEL khong 2V, FREQ khong 452kHz
28. Ni li ra ca b iu ch SSB (im 11, li ra ca mch lc gm) n tn hiu
li vo ca b iu ch cn bng 2 (im16). Trong trng hp ny b iu ch
cn bng c s dng lm b tch sng tch s.
29. a sng mang vo c b iu ch cn bng 2 v b iu ch VCO1.
30. Ni li ra ca b iu ch cn bng 2 n b lc thng thp 3.4kHz (im 18).
31. Kim tra tn hiu ti cc im:
+ im 11 (li ra ca b iu ch SSB): c mt sng sin tng ng vi na bng
cao ti tn s ca sng mang
42
+ im 17 (li ra ca b tch sng tch s): c mt sng sin vi tn s bng vi
tn s ca tn hiu iu ch (im 2), c mt thnh phn tn s cao hn
nhiu
+ im 19 (li ra ca b lc thng thp): Thnh phn tn s cao b loi b, cn
li tn hiu gii iu ch, bng vi tn hiu iu ch pht.
32. Tng tn s ca tn hiu iu ch (my pht chc nng) v kim tra rng tn hiu
gii iu ch gim dn v tin n khng c g. Gii thch.
33. Ngt VCO1 khi b iu ch cn bng 2 (im 15) v ni b iu ch ny vi
VCO2. Theo cch ny chng ta cp cho b tch sng tch s mt tn s khc vi
tn s dng cho iu ch.
34. Thay i tn s VCO2 v tm ra tn s ging vi tn s dng iu ch nht
(pht ra bi VCO1). Kim tra rng rt kh c th thu c chnh xc tn hiu
iu ch ban u. iu ny l do thc t rt kh c th t cho hai VCO pht
ra cng mt tn s.
3.3.6 Hot ng ca b iu ch vng
35. Thc hin kt ni modul T10A v T10B nh trong hnh 3.20. Cp ngun +/-12V
v thc hin cc thit lp sau:
+ My pht chc nng:
- sin (J1) vi LEVEL 0.5V,FREQ khong 1kHz
- sng vung vi tn s gp 4, LEVEL khong 200mV
+ B iu ch vng: TRIMMER vn ngc kim ng h (ngt in tr), ni
JUMP J1, J2
36. Ni dao ng k ti cc li vo ca b iu ch (im 4 v im 6) quan st
tn hiu iu ch v sng mang (hnh 3.21a/b)
37. Chuyn u o t im 6 sang im 8 (li ra ca b iu ch) v quan st tn hiu
iu ch (hnh 3.21c)
38. Ni dao ng k v tn k ti im 13 (li ra ca b lc thng di c th iu
chnh c). Thay i tn s trung tm ca b lc cho n khi nhn c hai
sng sin vi tn s 4-1kHz (na bng thp) v 4+1kHz (na bng cao).
39. Ngt JUMP J1 v J2 ( hnh thnh b iu ch 2 diode) v kim tra dng sng
mi ca b iu ch.
43
Hnh 3.20
Hnh 3.21: Cc dng sng ca b iu ch vng
44
4. IU CH TN S
4.1 MC CH
+ Kim tra cc thng s chnh ca tn hiu iu tn
+ Kim tra hot ng ca diode Varicap
+ Kim tra hot ng ca b iu ch tn s
+ Thc hin o c cc c tnh trn mt b iu ch tn s
+ Phn tch ph ca tn hiu iu tn
4.2 GII THIU
4.2.1 Cc kha cnh chnh
Xt tn hiu hnh sin v
m
(t) vi tn s gc (hnh 4.1):
v
m
(t) = B.sin(t)
V mt tn hiu sin khc v
c
(t) vi tn s gc cao hn:
v
c
(t) = A.sin(t)
Tn hiu v
m
(t) c gi l tn hiu iu ch, cn v
c
(t) c gi l tn hiu sng mang.
Thay i tn s ca sng mang v
c
(t) mt cch t l vi bin ca tn hiu iu ch
v
m
(t) s thu c tn hiu iu tn v
M
(t):
v
M
(t) = A. sin[(t)]
Vi (t) (pha tc thi) l mt hm ca v
m
(t).
4.2.2 Biu din ton hc ca tn hiu iu tn
Vn tc gc tc thi ca tn hiu FM c nh ngha l:
(t) = + K.v
m
(t)
Trong :
+ l vn tc gc ca sng mang
+ K l nhy iu ch
Ly tch phn vn tc gc tc thi (t) ta thu c pha tc thi (t):

dt t t ) ( ) (
45
Trong trng hp tn hiu iu ch dng sin v
m
(t)=B.sin(t), ta c kt qu sau:
) cos( .
.
. ) ( t
B K
t t


Biu thc ca tn hiu iu tn tr thnh:
1
]
1

) cos( .
.
sin . ) ( t
B K
t A t v
M

Hnh 4.1: a) Tn hiu sng mang b)Tn hiu iu ch c) tn hiu iu tn


4.2.3 lch tn s F v ch s iu ch m
f
Tn s tc thi ca sng mang c iu ch bng mt sng sin c dng:
) sin( . .
2 2
) (
) ( t B K
t
t F

+

46
Tn s ny bin thin trong khong t F
min
n F
max
:
2
.
2 2
.
2
max min
B K
F
B K
F +

lch tn s F th hin s dch chuyn ln nht ca tn s tn hiu iu tn so


vi tn s sng mang (dch chuyn ln trn v xung di).
2
min max
F F
F


Ch s iu ch m
f
c nh ngha bng tn s gia F v tn s iu ch f:
f
F
m
f

4.2.4 Ph ca tn hiu iu tn theo l thuyt


S dng ch s iu ch m
f
, tn hiu iu tn c biu din bi:
v
M
(t) = A.sin[.t + cos(t)]
c th c bin i bng bin i lng gic thnh:
v
M
(t)=A{sin(t).sin[m
f
.cos(t)] cos(t).cos[m
f
.sin(t)]}
S dng cc hm Bessel, biu thc cui cng tr thnh:
v
M
(t)=A.{J
0
.sin(t)
J
1
[sin(-)t - sin(+)t] +
J
2
[sin(-2)t + sin(+2)t]
J
3
[sin(-3)t sin(+3)t] + ..
Vi hm Bessel J
n
(m
f
) thuc loi 1, bc n v i tng m
f
. Cc ng cong trong
hnh 4.2 th hin cc hm Bessel loi 1 vi bc t 1 n 13.
47
Hnh 4.2: Cc hm Bessel loi 1
4.2.5 Ph ca tn hiu iu tn theo thc t
Ph ca tn hiu iu tn c iu ch bng mt tn hiu hnh sin vi tn s f l
mt tp hp v hn cc thnh phn iu ha, i xng vi sng mang ( cc khong
cch f, 2f, 3f,) v bin theo cc hm Bessel. Nh vy theo l thuyt, ph ca tn
hiu FM l v hn. Tuy nhin trong thc t, cc hm Bessel c bc cao hn (l+m
f
) c
bin rt nh, nn bng thng thc t Bw c biu din bng quan h Carson:
Bw = 2.f.(1+m
f
) = 2.(F+f)
Vi m
f
rt nh (<<1), biu thc c th rt gn thnh:
Bw = 2.F
Hnh 4.3 a ra ba v d ph tn hiu FM
4.2.6 Thc hin iu ch tn s
Cc mch in c s dng thc hin iu ch tn s phi bin i tn s ca
mt tn hiu tn s cao (sng mang) theo mt hm ca bin ca mt tn hiu tn s
thp (tn hiu iu ch). Trong thc t c hai phng php chnh thc hin iu ch tn
s:
1) Phng php trc tip: Mt b dao ng c s dng trong tr khng ca
mt trong cc phn t ca mch cng hng ph thuc vo in p iu
ch.Thit b thng c s dng c kh nng bin i tr khng l Varicap
hay Varactor, mt loi diode c bit c in dung bin i theo in p phn
48
cc ngc (Varicap c m t chng sau). Tn s ca sng mang c
thit lp bi cc mch PLL (vng kha pha) hoc cc mch AFC (mch iu
khin tn s t ng).
2) Phng php gin tip: iu ch tn s c thc hin bng mt b iu ch
pha, sau khi tn hiu iu ch c tch hp. Trong b iu ch pha sng
mang c pht ra bng cc b dao ng thch anh nhm d dng t c s
n nh tn s.
Trong mch c s dng cho cc bi thc tp, iu ch tn s c thc hin bng
mt b dao ng Hardley, trong tn s c quyt nh bi mt cun cm c cm
khng c nh v in dung bin i s dng cc diode Varicap.
a) Ph iu ch vi m
f
=0.2rad
49
Bng thng khong: Bw=2.f.(1+m
f
) = 2.f
b) Ph iu ch vi m
f
=2rad
Bng thng khong Bw=2.f.(1+m
f
)=6.f
c) Ph iu ch vi m
f
=20rad
Bng thng khong: Bw = 2.f.(1+m
f
) = 2.(F+f) = 2.F
Hnh 4.3
4.2.7 Diode Varicap
Varicap l diode c in dung ph thuc vo in p ngc c t trn n. K
hiu v mch in tng ng ca Varicap c th hin trong hnh 4.4, trong :
+ C
j
= in dung kt ni (junction capacity)
+ R
s
= in tr ni tip (gim xung khi in p ngc t vo diode tng)
in dung kt ni C
j
ph thuc vo in p ngc V
R
theo quan h:

,
_

D
R
j
V
V
C
C
1
0
Trong :
+ V
R
l in p ngc t ln diode
+ C
0
l in dung kt ni khi V
R
=0.
+ V
D
l in th kt ni (junction potential) (vi diode Silic l 0.6V)
+ l mt h s ph thuc qu trn sn xut, bin thin trong khong t 0.3 n
0.6.
H s phm cht Q ca diode c nh ngha l:
s j
R C
A

Hnh 4.5 biu din ng cong in dung/V


R
v ng cong H s phm
cht/V
R
ca diode Varicap s dng trong b iu ch FM (MVAM115)
50
Hnh 4.4: K hiu v mch in tng ng ca diode Varicap
Hnh 4.5: Cc ng cong c tnh ca diode Varicap
51
4.3 THC TP
Cc thit b cn thit:
+ Cc modul T10A T10B
+ Ngun mt chiu +/-12V
+ Dao ng k
+ Tn k
+ Vn k
4.3.1. ng cong c tnh ca iu ch, nhy, phi tuyn
ng cong c tnh iu ch thu c th hin tn s li ra ca b iu ch nh
mt hm s ca in p iu ch (hnh 4.6). C th v hnh 4.6 bng cc im ri rc,
s dng mt b phn th m phng s bin i bin ca tn hiu iu ch, v o
tn s li ra tng ng ca b iu ch.
Hnh 4.6: c tnh iu ch
1. Cp ngun +/- 12V cho modul T10A v thc hin cc thit lp sau:
+ VCO1: LEVEL khong 2V, FREQ mc nh nht, bt ln nc 1500kHz
2. Ni dao ng k v tn k n li ra ca b iu ch (RF/FM OUT, im 19).
3. Ni vn k n con tr ca b phn p (im 17)
52
4. Thay i in th vi cc bc 0.5V v in vo bng vi in p v tn s
tng ng.
5. V th vi cc gi tr in p v tn s o c. th c dng ging nh
hnh 4.7.
6. Phn tch ng cong ny ta s thu c mt s on c tnh tuyn tnh, trong
khi ton b ng c tnh ny th khng tuyn tnh.
7. Xem xt hot ng ca ng cong c tnh trong on t 700kHz n
1300kHz, vi tn s trung tm l 1000kHz. Phn tch hnh 4.7 c th thu c
nhy iu ch v phi tuyn ca b iu ch.
8. nhy iu ch S c xc nh bi:
dv
v dF
S
) (

Trong F(v) l tn s tc thi, l mt hm ca in p iu ch v. Quan h ny


c th c xp x bng t l:
v
F
S

i chiu vi hnh 4.7, tng ng vi tn s trung tm 1000kHz, ta thu c:


F = 50kHz v 125mV => S
0
= 50/125 = 0.4kHz/mV
9. phi tuyn NL ca b iu ch c nh ngha l t l phn trm dch
tng i ca nhy iu ch S so vi gi tr S
0
tng ng vi tn s trung
tm.
100 .
0
0
S
S S
NL

Ging nh nhy S, phi tuyn cng c th c v thng qua cc im ri


rc. V d xem xt im c tn s xung quanh 1300kHz, tnh ton c thc hin
nh sau:
F = 50kHz v = 175mV
Do
S = 50/175 = 0.29kHz/mV
V
% 5 . 27 100 .
4 . 0
29 . 0 4 . 0

NL
53
10. Chuyn cng tc ca VCO1 ti 500kHz, thay i in p iu ch tng bc
50mV v v ng cong iu ch trong khong t 400kHz n 500kHz. Bn s
thu c mt ng cong tng t nh hnh 4.8. Phn tch nhy iu ch v
phi tuyn ca on ng c tnh ny.
54
Hnh 4.7
Hnh 4.8
4.3.2 Bi 2: lch tn s v ch s iu ch
11. Cp ngun +/-12V cho modul T10A v thc hin cc kt ni v thit lp sau
(hnh 4.9):
+ My pht chc nng: sin (J1), LEVEL khong 0.2V, FREQ khong 1kHz
+ VCO1: LEVEL khong 2V, FREQ v tr gia, bt cng tc ln 1500kHz
12. Ni dao ng k ti li ra ca b iu ch (im 19), thu c dng sng tng
t nh hnh 4.10
13. lch tn s F c th c tnh nh sau (xem thm hnh 4.11)
+ T dao ng k tnh F
M
v F
m
, o cc chu k tng ng ca cc sng ny
+ lch tn s F c xc nh bi: F = (F
M
-F
m
)/2
C th thy l nu b iu ch hot ng trong vng tuyn tnh, F
M
v F
m
s trn
v di tn s trung tm mt lng F nh nhau, cn trong vng khng tuyn tnh
th khng c c iu ny.
14. Gi tr ca ch s iu ch m
f
c tnh bng quan h m
f
= F/f, trong f l tn
s ca tn hiu iu ch.
55
Hnh 4.9 4.10 4.11
4.3.3 Bi 3: nh du tnh lch tn s F
15. Cp ngun +/-12V cho modul T10A v thc hin cc kt ni v thit lp sau
(hnh 4.12):
+ My pht chc nng: sin (J1), LEVEL khong 1V, FREQ khong 0.1kHz
+ VCO1: LEVEL khong 1V, FREQ v tr gia, bt cng tc ln v tr 1500kHz.
+ VCO2: LEVEL khong 2V, FREQ v tr gia.
16. t dao ng k sang ch X-Y (X=0.1V/div, Y=1V/div). Ni trc X vi tn
hiu iu ch (im 6) v trc Y n li ra ca b tch RF (RF DETECTOR)
(im 3), thu c dng sng tng t nh hnh 4.13.
17. Vic
+ Ti li ra ca b iu ch FM (VCO1), tn hiu FM (vi tn s tc thi f) v tn
hiu sin pht ra bi VCO2 (vi tn s f
2
) c cng li
56
+ Ph ca tn hiu thu c gm nhiu thnh phn, trong c thnh phn tng v
hiu ca hai tn s li vo, (f+f
2
) v (f-f
2
). Ch thnh phn f-f
2
c tch bng b
tch RF (RF DETECTOR), thnh phn tn s cao f+f
2
b loi b bi b lc thng
thp ca b tch RF.
+ V f thay i, nn khi f gn bng f
2
, c th quan st c thnh phn ph ny di
dng cc nh nh.
+ Thay i tn s ca VCO2, cc nh ny di chuyn t pha bn ny sang pha bn
kia ca ng cong.
+ S dng tn k, o cc tn s ca VCO2 ng vi hai v tr ny. Hiu hai tn s
cho ta lch tn s ca b iu ch FM.
Hnh 4.12
57
Hnh 4.13 4.14- 4.15
58
4.3.4 Ph ca tn hiu FM
Xem thm trong ph lc bit v nguyn tc hot ng ca my phn tch ph.
18. Thc hin kt ni modul T10A v T10B nh trong hnh 4.15. Cp ngun mt
chiu +/-12V v thc hin cc thit lp sau:
+ My pht chc nng: sin (J1), LEVEL khong 0.5V, FREQ khong 10kHz.
+ VCO2: LEVEL khong 2V, FREQ v tr gia
+ VCO1: LEVEL khong 2V, bt cng tc ln 1500kHz, FREQ v tr gia.
+ SWEEP: DEPTH vn ht theo chiu ngc kim ng h
+ RF DETECTOR: LEVEL vn theo chiu kim ng h.
+ B iu ch cn bng 1: CARRIER NULL v tr gia, sao cho mch hot
ng nh mt b bin i tn s (b iu ch cn bng trit sng mang). OUT
LEVEL vn theo chiu kim ng h.
+ Trimmer ca b lc gm vawnjt heo chiu kim ng h.
19. t dao ng k sang ch X-Y (X=1V/div, Y=0.5V/div). Ni my pht
SWEEP (im 1 ca T10A) vi trc X, v tn hiu tch (im 3 ca T10A) vi
trc Y.
20. Thay i tn s ca VCO2 cho n khi trn dao ng k xut hin hnh tng t
nh hnh 4.14. nhn c dng sng tt nht hy iu chnh dch ca my
pht SWEEP (DEPTH), bng thng ca b lc gm (thay i in dung), v
CARRIER NULL ca b iu ch cn bng 1.
21. Dng sng ny th hin ph ca tn hiu FM. Kim tra tnh i xng ca cc
thnh phn iu ha (cc hi Harmonic) i vi sng mang.
22. Thay i bin v tn s ca tn hiu iu ch v xem xt s thay i ca ph.
Kim tra thy rng khi tng bin th s ng ph cng tng ln (s tng
bin ca tn hiu iu ch lm tng lch tn s F, iu ny lm tng ch
s iu ch m
f
v do lm m rng ph - xem hnh 4.3). Kim tra rng ng
ph ng vi sng mang thay i bin v b trit tiu. Qua xc nh gi tr
lch tn s F.
59
BI 5 - GII IU CH TN S
5.1 MC CH
+ Kim tra hot ng ca b tch FM Foster-Seely
+ Kim tra hot ng ca b tch FM t l
+ Kim tra hot ng ca b tch FM cu phng
+ o ng cong c tnh ca b tch
5.2 GII THIU
5.2.1 Cc khi nim chung
Mch gii iu ch FM phi to ra mt tn hiu c bin t l vi lch tn s
ca tn hiu iu tn li vo.
Mt mch gii iu ch FM l tng phi c c tnh tuyn tnh trong di tn xc
nh (gii tn c b gii iu ch s dng), ging nh trong hnh 5.1. Hnh 5.1 th
hin mi quan h gia cc i lng:
a) Tn s tc thi ca tn hiu iu tn, dao ng trong khong F
1
v F
2
, tn s
sng mang l F
c
.
b) ng cong t tnh in th/tn s ca b gii iu ch
c) Tn hiu tch c.
Hnh 5.1
60
5.2.2 nhy v phi tuyn ca gii iu ch
nhy v phi tuyn l hai thng s c trng ca b gii iu ch tn s. C
hai thng s ny c th tnh c thng qua ng cong c tnh gii iu ch nh
trong hnh 5.2
nhy S c nh ngha l:
f
V
df
f dV
S


) (
Trong V(f) l in th li ra tc thi, l mt hm ca tn s li vo. Nu gi S
c
v S
1
l nhy tnh c ti tn s trung tm v ti im 1, phi tuyn NL ti im 1
c nh ngha l
100 .
1
c
c
S
S S
NL

Hnh 5.2
5.2.3 Mt s b gii iu tn
C nhiu loi b gii iu ch tn s c nghin cu. Mt s loi hin khng
cn c s dng na. Trong ti liu ny cp n hai loi sau:
+ B tch Travis: Mch ny da vo s bin i bin theo mt hm ca tn s,
to ra bng mt mch cng hng. S bin i bin c tch bng mt diode.
61
+ B tch Foster-Seely: Mch ny da trn s bin i pha theo mt hm ca tn s,
to ra bng mt mch cng hng. Tn hiu FM gc v tn hiu FM c dch i
c cng li theo mt cch thch hp, tn hiu tng c tch bng diode.
Mt s mch hin vn ang c s dng. Trong ti liu ny cp n mt s loi
sau:
+ B tch t l: Tng t nh mch Foster-Seely, nhng khng b nh hng bi
bin tn hiu FM.
+ Mch tch cu phng: c s dng trong cc mch tch hp. Tn hiu FM c
dch i 90
o
, sau c nhn tn hiu FM gc: tn hiu kt qu s t l vi lch
tn s ca tn hiu FM li vo.
+ B tch PLL: y l mt ng dng ca vng kho pha PLL, c u im l t
nhiu.
5.2.4 B hn ch bin
Cc b gii iu ch tn s thng b nh hng bi bin ca tn hiu FM li
vo. Tn hiu li ra ca b gii iu ch khng ch ph thuc vo s bin i tn s li
vo, m cn ph thuc vo s bin i bin li vo (c th gy ra bi nhiu).
gim thiu ti a s bt tin ny, cn phi thm mt b hn ch bin vo trc mch
gii iu ch nhm loi b hoc gim nhng thay i bin khng mong mun trong
tn hiu li vo.
ng cong c tnh ca mt b hn ch bin l tng v mt b hn ch bin
thc t c th hin trong hnh 5.3. i vi mch hn ch bin l tng, bin
ca tn hiu li ra c c nh i vi bt c bin li vo no, trong khi mch thc
t th bin li ra ch c gi c nh khi bin li vo vt qu mt gi tr
ngng ti thiu no .
62
Hnh 5.3: Cc c tnh ca b hn ch bin
a) trng hp l tng b) trng hp thc t
5.2.5 B gii iu ch Foster-Seely
Trong hnh 5.4 l mt mch gii iu ch Foster-Seely c trng. Tn hiu FM c
a thng qua bin p vo mch cng hng L2-C2 vi tn s trung tm ca tn hiu
FM. Tn hiu FM cng c a vo im gia ca L2 thng qua t C1. Diode D1 v
D2 vi mch lc thng thp C-R to ra hai mch tch sng hnh bao.
Fo l tn s cng hng ca mch L2-C2. Hot ng ca mch c phn tch
thng qua ba tnh hung sau:
1) Tn s tc thi f ca tn hiu FM bng Fo
2) f>Fo
3) f<Fo
f=Fo:
Hai cun th cp ca L2 c cp tn hiu li vo V
FM
theo hai cch (hnh
5.5a): thng qua cun cm L1 v ni trc tip qua C1. Ti tn s cng hng, tn
hiu th cp V
ind
s b dch 90
o
so vi tn hiu V
FM
. Nu dung khng ca t in
C1 ti tn s nh th c th coi in p qua C1 ng pha vi in p V
FM
.
Cc in p n D1 v D2 l tng vector ca V
FM
v V
ind
/2, c bin nh
nhau nhng ngc du. in p ra V
o
l tng ca hai in p ny s b trit tiu.
63
f>Fo:
Khi tn s tc thi ln hn tn s cng hng, mch cng hng L2-C2 s
mang tnh cm ng v s thu c gin vector nh hnh 5.5b. in p ti cc
diode s c bin khc nhau, in p li ra c cc tnh dng
f<Fo:
Khi tn s tc thi nh hn tn s cng hng, mch cng hng L2-C2 se
mang tnh dung khng v s thu c gin vector nh hnh 5.5c. in p ti
cc diode vn c bin khc nhau, nhng in p li ra s c cc tnh m.
Nhc im chnh ca b gii iu ch Foster-Seely l n tch s bin i bin
ca tn hiu li vo, v bin in p V
D1
v V
D2
ph thuc vo bin ca tn hiu li
vo. S bt tin ny c gim thiu trong b gii iu ch t l.
5.2.6 B gii iu ch t l
Hnh 5.6 th hin mt b gii iu ch t l c trng.
Hot ng ca mch tng t nh b gii iu ch Foster-Seely trong qu trnh a
tn hiu FM n cc mch tch sng cc gin s vector. T in C5 vi gi tr cao hn
c s dng nhm gim bin dao ng ca in p V
ab
gy ra bi s thay i bin
ca tn hiu li vo. Theo cch ny, in p li ra V
o
khng b nh hng bi nhng
s bin i bin khng mong mun. Trong thc t c th vit:
1
1
1
1
2 2 2 2
+

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

eb
ae
eb
ae
ab
eb
ae
eb
ae
eb ae eb ae
eb
eb ae
o
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V V V V
V
V V
V
V V
ab
thc nghim thng gi c nh nn V
o
ch ph thuc vo t l V
ae
/V
eb
. T l
ny ch b thay i khi c s bin i tn s tn hiu li vo v khng b nh hng bi
s bin i bin .
64
Hnh 5.4: B gii iu ch Foster-Seely
Hnh 5.5: Gin pha
Hnh 5.6: B gii iu ch t l
65
5.2.7 B tch sng cu phng
Hnh 5.7 a ra s chc nng ca b tch sng cu phng. Mt b tch tch s
thc hin vic nhn tn hiu FM gc vi tn hiu FM b dch i bng mt mch cng
hng LC.
Ti tn s cng hng, ng vi tn s trung tm ca tn hiu FM, tn hiu FM b
dch i 90
o
. Khi c s bin i tn hiu li vo, dch pha gy ra bi mch LC cng
bin i theo.
Tch ca hai tn hiu FM ny gm nhiu thnh phn tn s, trong thnh phn tn
s thp t l vi thng tin. Tn hiu ny c tch ra bng mch lc thng thp.
Hnh 5.7: B tch sng cu phng
66
5.3 THC TP
Cc thit b yu cu:
+ Modul T10A T10D
+ Ngun mt chiu +/-12V
+ Dao ng k
+ Tn k
5.3.1: B gii iu ch Foster-Seely
Kim tra b gii iu ch:
1. Thc hin kt ni modul T10A v T10D theo s trn hnh 5.8. Cp
ngun +/-12V v thc hin cc thit lp sau:
+ VCO1: LEVEL t khong 1V, bt cng tc ln 500kHz.
+ t b gii iu ch ch Foster-Seely (Jump vo im PS)
2. Ni tn k vi li vo b gii iu ch (im 16)
3. Ni vn k hoc dao ng k n li ra ca b gii iu ch (gia im
20 v GND)
4. t tn s li vo l 450kHz, v kim tra xem in p li ra bng 0
cha. Nu cha t, c th iu chnh tn s trung tm ca b gii iu ch
(thay i in dung pha sau modul.
67
Hnh 5.8
Xc nh ng cong c tnh ca b gii iu ch bng cch v tng im:
ng cong c tnh gii iu ch th hin mi quan h gia in p li ra ca b
gii iu ch vi tn s li vo (hnh 5.2). C th thu c ng cong ny bng cch
xc nh tng im ri rc trn ng cong ny: Thay i tn s tn hiu li vo v o
in p li ra tng ng.
5. Thay i tn s li vo trong khong 400kHz n 500kHz theo cc
bc cch nhau 5kHz v ghi li in p li ra tng ng vo bng. IN P
in p li ra phi bin i trong khong -200mV n 200mV.
6. S dng cc kt qu trn v ng cong. Kt qu thu c c dng
nh hnh 5.2.
nhy v phi tuyn ca b gii iu ch.
7. Phn tch ng cong ny s thy rng on trung tm c phi tuyn
thp, trong khi nu xt ton di th phi tuyn cao.
8. Gi s chng ta thit lp b gii iu ch hot ng trong di
445kHz n 455kHz, vi tn s trung tm l 450kHz. T cc nh ngha trong
phn 5.2.2 v da vo ng cong c tnh thu c xc nh nhy S v
68
phi tuyn ca b gii iu ch. Kt qu S tm c s vo khong
100mV/10kHz.
Xc nh ng cong c tnh bng my pht wobblulate
9. Thc hin kt ni modul T10A v T10C nh trn hnh 5.10. Cp ngun
+/-12V v thc hin cc thit lp sau:
+ VCO1: Bt cng tc ln 500kHz, LEVEL khong 1V, FREQ khong 450kHz.
+ SWEEP: DEPTH t mc nh nht
+ B gii iu ch tn s t ch Foster-Seely (Jump FS).
+ Dao ng k t ch X-Y (trc X: 2V/div, trc Y: 200mV/div).
10. Ni trc X ca dao ng k n im X-AXIS ca my pht SWEEP.
Ni trc Y n li ra ca b gii iu ch.
11. iu chnh tn s trung tm ca VCO1 v bin ca SWEEP
(DEPTH) thu c ng cong c tnh (hnh 5.9)
69
Dng sng ca tn hiu gii iu ch
12. Thc hin kt ni modul T10A v T10D nh hnh 5.11. Cp ngun +/-
12V v thc hin cc thit lp sau:
+ VCO1: Bt cng tc ln 500kHz, LEVEL khong 1V, FREQ khong 450kHz.
+ B gii iu ch t trong ch Foster-Seely (Jump FS)
+ My pht chc nng: sin (J1), LEVEL khong 100mV, FREQ khong 500Hz.
70
13. Ni dao ng k n im 16 ca T10A (tn hiu iu ch) v T10D
(tn hiu gii iu ch)
14. Nu tn s trung tm ca b gii iu ch v tn s sng mang ca tn
hiu FM ng nht, bn s thu c dng sng nh hnh 5.12. Ch rng tn
hiu tch sng c thnh phn mt chiu bng 0. Thay i bin ca tn hiu
FM v kim tra rng bin ca tn hiu tch sng cng b thay i.
15. Tng tn s sng mang v ch rng c mt in p dng c cng
vo tn hiu tch sng. Tip tc tng tn s sng mang, tn hiu tch s b mo
nh trong hnh 5.13a (trong trng hp ny, mch hot ng trn vng phi
tuyn).
16. Gim tn s sng mang v thu c kt qu i xng vi trng hp
trn (hnh 5.13b).
17. t tn s sng mng li gi tr 450kHz. Tng bin ca tn hiu
iu ch (LEVEL ca my pht chc nng) sao cho to c tn hiu FM c
bng thng vt qu vng tuyn tnh ca b gii iu ch. Tn hiu tch c s
b mo rt ln, nh trong hnh 5.13c.
5.3.2: B gii iu ch t l
18. Lp li cc th nghim trong phn 5.3.1 vi b gii iu ch t trong
ch t l (Jump R). Tn hiu tch c ly gia im 21 v t.
19. Khi phn tch dng sng ca tn hiu tch sng, c th kim tra s vn
hnh ca t in (t C5 trong hnh 5.6) theo cch sau: Ngt t in khi mch
(ngt cc Jump tng ng), thay i bin ca tn hiu FM v thy rng bin
71
ca tn hiu tch sng cng b thay i. Ni li t in v kim tra rng by
gi s thay i bin tn hiu tch sng c gim xung rt nhiu.
5.3.3: B gii iu ch cu phng
20. Thc hin kt ni modul T10A v T10D theo hnh 5.14. t VCO1 vi
LEVEL khong 0.5V, cng tc bt ln 500kHz, FREQ khong 450kHz.
21. Ni dao ng k (t l 10:1) n hai li vo ca b tachs sng tch s
(im 11 v 12). Kim tra rng hai tn hiu lch pha chnh xc 90
o
.Nu cha t
th iu chnh tn s trun tm ca mch dch pha (thay i cm khng ca mch)
22. Lp li cc th nghim nh phn 5.3.1
5.3.4: Mch hn ch bin
23. Ni li ra ca VCO1 (im 19 ca T10A) n li vo ca b hn ch
(im 5 ca T10D). t VCO1 nh sau: Cng tc bt ln 500kHz, FREQ
khong 450kHz.
72
24. Ni dao ng k n li vo v li ra ca b hn ch (im 5 v gia
im 6 vi im 7). Tng t t bin tn hiu li vo. Kim tra rng bin
li ra lc u cng tng dn (vi LEVEL li vo khong 200mV), sau tin
n n nh khong 1.5V.
25. Xc nh ng cong c tnh ca b hn ch thng qua xc nh mt
s im (xem phn 5.2.5).
26. Ni b hn ch bin vo trc mch gii iu ch t l hoc gii
iu ch Foster-Seely. Thay i bin ca tn hiu FM v kim tra rng vi
bin ln hn 200mV, bin li ra c gi c nh
73
BI 6 - IU CH PHA
6.1. MC CH
+ M t cc thng s chnh trong iu ch pha
+ Kim tra hot ng ca mt b iu ch pha
+ Thc hin o c cc c tnh ca b iu ch pha
+ Kim tra hot ng ca b gii iu ch pha
+ S dng b iu ch v b tch hp pha iu ch tn s
6.2. GII THIU
6.2.1. Cc kha cnh chnh
Xem xt mt tn hiu tn s thp v
m
(t) v mt tn hiu sin v
c
(t) vi vn tc gc :
v
c
(t) = A.sin[.t + (t)] = A.sin[ (t)]
Tn hiu v
m
(t) c gi l tn hiu iu ch, tn hiu v
c
(t) c gi l tn hiu sng
mang.
iu ch pha c to ra bng cch thay i pha (t), sao cho pha tc thi khc
vi pha
0
(pha trong trng hp khng iu ch) mt lng t l vi bin tn hiu
iu ch v
m
(t). Do phi to c mi quan h:
(t) =
0
+ K.v
m
(t)
Trong K l nhy iu ch
6.2.2 Biu din ton hc ca mt tn hiu iu ch pha
n gin xt pha ban u bng 0, khi pha tc thi c dng:
(t) = .t + K.v
m
(t)
Tn hiu iu ch pha v
M
(t) tr thnh:
V
M
(t) = A.sin[.t +K.v
m
(t)]
Vn tc gc tc thi ca tn hiu c iu ch pha thu c bng cch ly vi phn
pha tc thi theo thi gian:
dt
t dv
K t
m
) (
. ) ( +
T c th tnh c tn s tc thi ca tn hiu iu ch pha:
74
dt
t dv K t
t F
m
) (
.
2 2 2
) (
) (

+

T suy ra F(t) t l vi vi phn ca tn hiu iu ch (trong iu ch tn s, tn s


tc thi ca tn hiu iu tn t l vi gi tr tc thi ca tn hiu iu ch). Trong
trng hp tn hiu iu ch hnh sin: v
m
(t)=B.sin(t), cc biu thc cui cng tr
thnh:
) cos( . . . ) cos( .
2
. .
2
) (
)] sin( . . . sin[ . ) (
) sin( . . . ) (
t f B K F t B K t F
t B K t A t v
t B K t t
m

+ +

+
+
T y ta c lch tn ca tn hiu iu ch pha l:
F=K.B.f
lch tn ny ph thuc vo c bin (K.B) cng nh tn s f ca tn hiu iu
ch.
Hnh 6.1 th hin cc dng sng lin quan n tn hiu iu ch, sng mang, tn hiu
iu tn v tn hiu iu pha.
6.2.3 Chuyn i iu ch pha sang iu ch tn s
T phn trc chng ta c biu thc v tn s tc thi ca tn hiu iu ch pha:
dt
t dv K t
t F
m
PM
) (
.
2 2 2
) (
) (

+

Trong phn 5 chng ta cng c tn s tc thi ca tn hiu iu ch tn s:


) ( .
2 2 2
) (
) ( t v
K t
t F
m FM

+

75
a) Sng mang
b) Tn hiu iu ch
c) Tn hiu iu tn
d) Tn hiu iu pha
Hnh 6.1
76
T hai biu thc ny c th thy tn s tc thi ca tn hiu iu pha vi tn hiu
iu ch v
m
(t) tng ng vi tn s tc thi ca mt tn hiu iu ch tn s vi tn
hiu iu ch v
m
(t)=dv
m
(t)/dt.
c tnh ny c th c s dng to ra iu ch tn s bng mt b iu ch
pha. C th ly tch phn tn hiu iu ch trc khi a vo b iu ch pha (hnh 6.2)
v thu c:

) ( ) ( .
2 2
) ( .
2 2
) ( t F t v
K
dt t v
dt
d K
t F
FM m m PM

Hnh 6.2: S dng b iu ch pha iu ch tn s
6.2.4: B iu ch pha
S nguyn l ca b iu ch pha c th hin trong hnh 6.3. N l mt b
khuych i vi tr ti l mt mch cng hng, trong tn s cng hng c thay
i bng tn hiu iu ch thng qua s dng diode Varicap.
Hnh 6.4 th hin p ng bin v p ng pha ca mt mch cng hng. Xt
p ng pha, nu mch c iu chnh n tn s li vo th tn hiu li ra s ng pha
vi tn hiu li vo, nu khng th n s b sm pha hoc tr pha so vi tn hiu li vo.
Bng cch thay i tn s cng hng ca mch, ta c th to ra s dch pha gia tn
hiu li vo c nh (sng mang) v tn hiu li ra (tn hiu iu pha). Tuy nhin
dch pha ti da ca mt mch iu ch pha thng l kh nh (mt phn ca radian).
tng dch pha ny, ngi ta thc hin nhn tn s ca tn hiu iu ch (hnh 6.5).
dch pha s c tng ln N ln:

N
= N.
77
Hnh 6.3: S nguyn l ca b iu ch pha
Hnh 6.4: p ng bin v p ng pha ca mch cng hng
Hnh 6.5: B iu ch pha s dng b nhn tn s
78
6.3 THC TP
Cc thit b yu cu:
+ Modul T10A T10D
+ Ngun mt chiu +/-12V
+ Dao ng k
+ Tn k
6.3.1: Kim tra b iu ch
1.Kt ni li ra RF OUT ca modul T10A ( im 19) vi li vo RF IN ca modul
T10D (im 1).Cp ngun 12V cho modul T10A v thc hin cc thit lp sau: bin
2Vpp,chuyn sang ch pht 500kHz,tn s khong 450kHz.
2.Dng dao ng k o li vo v ra ca b iu ch ( im 1 v im 4), v ng
b n vi tn hiu vo. iu chnh bin tr RV cho n khi tn hiu li ra t gi tr ln
nht.Trong iu kin ny,mch cng hng tn s sng mang (450khz). Kim tra
rng tn hiu li ra b dch pha 90
o
so vi tn hiu li vo.
3. iu chnh bin tr thay i hiu in th cp cho mch cng hng, nh vy,
ta to ra s thay th cho tn hiu iu ch: Kim tra p ng pha ca tn hiu li ra.
6.3.1: Dng sng ca tn hiu iu ch
4.Gi nguyn cc thit lp nh bi trc, kt ni tn hiu sine tn s 1kHz vo
vi chn MOD IN ca T10D ( ni im 6 ca T10A vi im 2 ca T10D)
5.Dng dao ng k o li vo ca b iu ch ( im 1 v im 4) v ng b n
vi tn hiu li vo.
6.Tng t t bin ca tn hiu iu ch. Nu b iu ch iu chnh ti tn s
sng mang, dao ng k s o c tn hiu c dng nh hnh 6.6 ( iu chnh bin
tr RV quan st c dng sng nh trn)
7.Quan st dng sng li ra, rng tn hiu khng thay i khi tng dch pha
ca sng sine, rng ny tng dn theo hng t phi sang tri (hnh 4.10).Nguyn
nhn ca s thay i bin ca tn hiu iu ch pha l s iu ch ca mch cng
hng.
8.Thay i bin tr RV (thay i tn s trung tm ca mch cng hng) v kho
st s thay i ca tn hiu li ra b iu ch.Gii thch nguyn nhn. Tinh chnh b
iu ch thng qua bin tr RV ti tn s sng mang.
79
9.Ta c th gim bt s thay i bin tn hiu iu ch bng cch dng thm 1
mch gii hn.Thc hin kt ni nh hnh 6.7.
Hnh 6.6
Hnh 6.7
6.3.1: Gii iu ch tn hiu iu ch pha
Li ra ca b nhn d l tch ca 2 tn hiu li vo. Chng ta a tn hiu sng
mang v tn hiu iu ch pha vo 2 li vo.Tch ca 2 tn hiu ny cho ta cc thnh
80
phn khc nhau, xunh quanh 1 thnh phn tn s thp tng ng vi sai pha ca
cc tn hiu tng t.Tn hiu ny, tng ng vi tn hiu nhn c v c tch ra
bng 1 b lc thng thp.
10.Lp mch nh hnh 6.8, thit lp cc thng s ca mch nh sau;
+My pht chc nng : ch pht xung rng ca (J2),bin khong 0.5
Vpp, tn s 1 kHz
+VCO1: bin 2 Vpp,chuyn sang ch 500 kHz, tn s ca b iu ch
pha l 450 kHz,chuyn sang ch PM
11.Dng dao ng k kho st dng sng tn hiu iu ch v tn hiu gii iu
ch (im 2 v 13 ca T10D)
12.Thay i bin ca tn hiu iu ch thng qua bin tr ca b iu ch
(RV).Gii thch s mo ca tn hiu thu c
Hnh 6.8
6.3.1: iu ch tn s thng qua iu ch pha
13. Lp mch nh hnh 6.9, thit lp cc thng s ca mch nh sau
81
+My pht chc nng : ch pht xung rng ca (J2), bin 1 Vpp, tn s
khong 1 kHz
+VCO1: bin khong 2 Vpp, chuyn sang ch 500 kHz, tn s 450
kHz
+Chuyn sang ch iu ch pha FM
+t tn s ca b gii iu ch ch ratio ( t jumpers v tr R)
Hnh 6.9
14.Kim tra li vic b iu ch pha v b phn bit t l (ratio dcriminator)
tn s 450 kHz (xem li mc 6.3.1 v 5.3.1)
15.Dng dao ng k kho st dng sng ca tn hiu iu ch v tn hiu gii
iu ch. dch pha (do s sai khc v mt tn s) bi b iu ch l rt nh,v vy
bin ca tn hiu thu c cng rt nh (khong 10mVpp)
16.Quan st cc iu sau y:
82
Nu b iu ch t ch FM, b gii iu ch FM cung cp dng sng ging
nh tn hiu iu ch.iu ny c ngha l tn hiu to ra bi b iu ch c tc
dng nh tn hiu FM
Nu b iu ch t ch PM,b gii iu ch FM cho ta tn hiu bin i t tn
hiu iu ch.Neus tn hiu iu ch l dng xung rng ca,tn hiu gii iu ch s
l xung vung (hnh 6.10), nu tn hiu iu ch l xung vung , dng sng thu c
s bao gm cc xung m v xung dng nh hnh 6.11
Hnh 6.10 Hnh 6.11
BI 7 - B BIN I TN S
83
7.1 MC CH:
+M t cc tnh cht ca mch bin i tn s
+ Kho st hot ng ca b bin i tn s vi Mosfet Dual Gate
+ Kho st mi quan h v tn s gia tn s gc v tn s to bi b iu tn
+ Trch ra tn s trung gian IF thng qua mch LC
7.2 C S L THUYT
7.2.1 Cc vn chnh
Cc ng dng s tr nn thun tin hn rt nhiu nu ta c th x l bin i tn s ca
1 tn hiu: trong k thut v tuyn in t, k thut ny c s dng rng ri trong cc
b thu bin i tn s,s khi ca b thu ny c minh ha hnh 7.1
Tn hiu RF thu c bi ng ten c khuch i bi b khuch i RF thng qua b
trn tn v b dao ng cc b (LO), n 1 tn s thp v n nh hn (tn s trung tn
IF).Vic bin i tn hiu thu c thnh tn hiu tn s thp v n nh hn cho php:
+S dng chung 1 b khuch i cho tt c cc tn hiu thu c m khng quan
tm n tn s ca tn hiu
+X l tn hiu trong min tn s thp
Hnh 7.1
Vic bin i tn s cn c s dng trong cc h thng truyn thng ni m vic
iu ch c tin hnh tn s trung tn vi gi tr nh hn tn s truyn dn hiu
qu.
84
Nh ni trn, thc hin vic bin i tn s ta phi s dng 1 b to dao
ng cc b, b dao ng ny tng tc vi tn s radio RF to ra tn s mi.
Nu dao ng c to bi chnh mch chuyn i tn s, n chnh l b chuyn
i, trong trng hp ngc li ta gi l b trn v b dao ng cc b.C rt nhiu
k thut thc hin vic bin i tn s, ph thuc vo thit b v tn s c s
dng. Trong cc bi thc hnh, chng ta s dng tn s trn c thc hin vi
Dual Gate Mosfet.
7.2.1 B trn tn s dng Dual Gate Mosfet
S khi ca b trn c ch ra nh hnh 7.2. Tn hiu RF v LO c tch ra v
a vo 2 cng ca Mosfet. Hot ng ca Mosfet nh sau: khi tn hiu LO c bin
cao hn tn hiu RF, h dn (transcondutance)
m
g
ca mch ch ph thuc vo tn
hiu LO v hon ton c lp vi tn hiu RF. hnh 7.3 l ng cong c tnh ca
Mosfet: h dn
m
g
l hm ca in th ngun
2 G
V
,trong khi
1 G
V
c gi tr bin i
trong 1 khong kh ln.
m
g
c tnh nh sau:

m
g
1
D
m
G
I
g
V

Trong
D
I
l dng Dram. V d,nu
1 G
V
(tn hiu RF) b thay i trong 1 khong nh
( t 100mV) xung quanh in th -0.75V, v in th
2 G
V
(tn hiu LO) c gi tr nm
trong khong t 1 n 3V, h dn trong trng hp ny ch ph thuc vo
2 G
V
. iu
ny c minh ha nh hnh 7.4
B to phch ca Mosfet ph thuc vo dc ca n : nu
2 G
V
ch bin i trong min
m
m
g
l tuyn tnh,v d gia 2 im A v B trong hnh 7.4,
m
g
c th biu din nh
sau:
m
g
a+ b.
2 G
V
t :
1
. os( . )
G RF RF
V A c t
2
. os( . )
G LO LO
V A c t
Dng li ra
D
I
tr thnh:
85
[ ]
1
. . . os( . ) . . . os( . ). os( . )
. .
. . os( . ) . os( ). os( ).
2
D m G RF RF RF LO LO RF
RF LO
RF RF LO RF LO RF
i g V a A c t b A A c t c t
b A A
a A c t c t c t


+
+ + +
S dng mch iu chnh trong Drain,ta c th tch c thnh phn tn s trung gian
IF nh sau:
IF RF LO

Nu
2 G
V
khng bin i trong min tuyn tnh ca
m
g
, khi
m
g
s khng cn c
biu din theo mi quan h tuyn tnh v kt qu ca vic chuyn i tn s thc
hin bi Mosfet s to ra hi ca tn s LO.Tn s IF c th thu c theo phng
trnh sau:
IF RF
3
LO

Ta nh ngha h dn chuyn i
c
g
theo t l gia xung li ra
IF

v hiu in
th li vo
RF

IF
c
RF
i
g
V

B lc s dng trong bi thc hnh ny bao gm 3 thnh phn nh hnh 7.2:


+B Mosfet c nhim v thc hin s tng tc gia tn hiu LO v tn hiu RF
+1 b lc thng di tn s trung tm 450 kHz, bao gm 2 mch iu chnh
+1 b khuch i ngng li ra.
Hnh 7.2: S khi ca b trn s dng Dual Gate Mosfet
86
Hnh 7.3: ng cong c tuyn ca Mosfet
Hnh 7.4: H s h dn
m
g
87
7.3 THC TP
Cc thit b yu cu:
+ Modul T10A-T10B-T10C
+ Ngun mt chiu t 12V
+ Dao ng k
+My o tn s
7.3.1. Mi quan h gia tn s v b trn
1.S dng VCO2 ca module T10A a tn hiu sine tn s 550 kHz,bin
100mVpp vo li vo RF IN ca b trn (im 1 trn T10C).S dnh VCO1 a tn
hiu sng sine tn s 1000 kHz, bin 1 Vpp vo li vo LO IN (im 2 trn T10C)
2.Dng dao ng k quan st li ra ca b trn (im 3). iu chnh tn s LO cho n
khi thu c tn hiu sine
3.o tn s ca 2 tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra, kim tra xem tn s li ra c ng l
hiu ca 2 tn s li vo khng :
'
IF

LO RF
f f f
Tn s nh (Image Frequency)
4.Chnh tn s RF trong khong 1450 kHz cho n khi li thu c sng sine li
ra.Tip tc thc hin vic o tn s v kim tra phng trinh :
IF
"
LO RF
f f f
5.Nh vy 2 tn hiu vi tn s RF khc nhau c th chuyn i sang cng 1 tn s IF.
Nu 2 tn hiu ny n 1 cch ng thi,chng c th gy nhiu cho nhau v khng th
thu c tn hiu 1 cch chnh xc.Hiu ng ny c gi l tn s nh. gim bt
hiu ng ny, ta phi ngn khng cho tn hiu nh tc dng ln li ra ca b trn bng
cch s dng 1 b lc la chn gia tn hiu RF li vo v b trn.
B chuyn i li vo
6.B trn tn c th s dng chuyn i tn hiu sang 1 tn s cao hn.Ni li ra ca
b trn vi b lc gm tn s 455 kHz ca modul T10B, nh vy,bng thng ca b
lc IF b hn ch.S dng my pht chc nng trong modul T10A a tn hiu
sng sine tn s 10 kHz, bin 100 mVpp vo li vo RF IN ca b trn. iu chnh
88
tn s LO trong khong 445 kHz cho n khi qun st c sng sine li ra b lc
gm (im 11 ca modul T10B)
7.o tn s ca 2 tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra ca b trn. Kim nh li phng
trnh :
IF

LO RF
f f f t
7.3.2. p ng tn s ca b lc IF
ng cong p ng vi wobbulated generator
8.Thc hin kt ni 2 module T10A v T10C nh hnh 7.5.Cp ngun t 12V v
thit lp cc chc nng sau:
+VCO1: chuyn sang ch 500 kHz, bin 1 Vpp,tn s khong 450 kHz
+t SWEEP : DEPTH mc nh nht
+Dao ng k t ch X-Y ( chia trc X v Y u l 1V/div)
9.a tn hiu X-AXIS ca SWEEP vo nhnh X, tn hiu li ra IF ca b trn vo
nhnh Y ca dao ng k.
10.iu chnh tn s trung tm ca VCO1 v bin (DEPTH) ca SWEEP thu
c ng cong c dng nh hnh 7.6 trn dao ng k
11.Thay i in dung ca t in gia 2 mch cng hng ca b lc,quan st s
thay i p ng ca b lc
89
12.a tn hiu tn s 455 kHz vo li vo LO IN
13.
o
V
v
i
V
l bin nh nh ca hiu in th li ra v li vo ca b trn. H
s G khuch i ca mch 455 kHz c tnh theo cng thc :
20.log( )
o o
DB
i i
V V
G hayG
V V

14.Lp li th nghim bc 13, thay i tn s trong khong 430 n 480 kHz vi
bc nhy 5 kHz, tnh ch s
DB
G
ng vi mi tn s
15.Vi cc ch s
DB
G
tnh ton c trn,v th biu din s ph thuc ca
DB
G
vo tn s v thu c ng cong p ng ca mch nh hnh 7.7
16.nh gi bng thng B:
B=f2-f1
Vi f2 v f1 l tn s tng ng vi v tr
DB
G
=3dB.Bng thng tm c khong
20 kHz
Hnh 7.6 Hnh 7.7
90
BI 8 - B KHUCH I C LA CHN
8.1 MC CH:
+Din t cc tnh cht ca b khuch i la chn i vi tn hiu nh
+ Tin hnh o h s khuch i v p ng tn s ca b khuch i
+ Kim tra in tr ph hp vi my bin th v my bin th t ng
+ Kho st n nh v tnh tuyn tnh
+ kho sat hoat ng ca mch khuch i 2 mc trung gian s dng b d diode
envelope v iu khin h s khuch i t ng
8.2 C S L THUYT
8.2.1 B khuch i la chn i vi tn hiu nh
B khuch i c la chn c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng yu cu
phi khuch i tn hiu trong min tn s rng. Cc thng s chnh ca b lc
c la chn gm c:
+ Tn s trung tm fo
+ Bng thng xung quanh tn s fo
+ H s khuch i bng trung tm.
S mch in chung ca b khuch i c la chn s dng transistor c ch
ra nh hnh 8.1.Cc ti linh ng ca cc phn t tch cc nm trong mch cng
hng RLC. Tn s trung tm fo c nh ngha l tn s cng hng ca mch
RLC, tn hiu ng trong khong tn s ny s c khuch i.
Gb l dn ca cun dy song song v G1 l ti.Bng cch thay i gi tr ca L
v C ta c th la chn tn s chung tm v bng thng. H s khuch i bng
trung tm ca b khuch i c th c tnh ton nh phng trnh Giacoletto cho
mch transistor nh sau:
Ao=Vo/Vi=-
m
g
.Req
Trong :
m
g
: h dn ca transistor
Reg = Rp/ro
1/Rp = Gb + Gl =Gp
91
Ro in tr li ra ca transistor
Hnh 8.1 B khuch i c la chn s dng transistor
92
8.2.2 ng cong p ng
ng cong p ng ca b khuch i c dng ging nh ng cong cng hng
ca mch RLC.
H s khuch i A ca b khuch i l hm ca tn s,tn s cng hng v bng
thng theo phng trnh di y:
1
1 R K
1
2 .
o
o o
f
LC


1
2 . Re .
B
q C

T phng trnh th 3 ta c th thy, khi bng thng v in tr ti c xc


nh,gi tr in dung C cng s c 1 gi tr xc nh,v t phng trnh th 2 ta c
th xc inh c gi tr ca L. Nu ta xt n trng hp dng nhiu tng la chn
hn,vi cng 1 tn s trung tm v bng thng ca mt tng hin hin s b gim
xung. Nu B l bng thng ca 1 tng v n l s tng,khi bng thng Btot s c
dng nh hnh 8.2
1
2
. 2 1
tot
B B
8.2.3 S bin i tr khng
i khi vic la chn t in v cun cm c th t c h s mong mun gp
nhiu kh khn.Gi s thit k mt b khuch i vi tn s trung gian fo=450
kHz,vi bng thng 10 kHz v ti
1
1 R K
.Khi gi tr ca t in C l:
1
2
.
n
n
C C
n

1
1
16
2 .
C nF
R B

93
Hnh 8.2 rng bng ca b khuch i la chn 2 tng
94
t cm L l :
( )
( )
2
1
8
2 .
L H
f C


Nh vy t c tn s la chn th gi tr ca L l qu nh, c rt nhiu kh
khn ch to c cun dy c h s thch hp.C 1 cch d dng hn l da
chn tr khng ph hp v t cc gi tr L v C s c la chn trong 1 min
rng hn. Cch ny c thc hin bng cch dng my bin th hay my bin th
t ng.
8.2.4 Tr khng ph hp vi my bin th
My bin th c minh ha hnh 8.3, li ca my c lm t ferrit,cc h s n1
v n2 c cc gi tr c th v ti tn s cng hng ta c phng trnh sau :
2
1
1
2
Re .
n
q R
n
_


,
Quay tr li vi v d mc trc, ta c th chn cho L 1 gi tr thng dng l 300
pH v khi gi tr ca C s l :
( )
( )
2
1
400
2 .
o
C pF
f L

in tr R trong trng hp ny c gi tr
( )
1
Re 400
2
q K
BC

B qua in tr song song ca cun dy v in tr li ra ca transistor, ta c th coi
Req l in tr duy nht ca transistor v c th tm c t s
1
2
n
n
ph thuc vo R1
v Req theo phng trnh :
1
2 1
Re
6.5
n q
n R

95
8.2.5 Tr khng ph hp vi my bin th t ng
Nh hnh 8.4, hiu s n1-n2 c thc hin bi my bin th t ng, vi n1 l
cun s cp v n2 l cun th cp. Khi dung nng C c biu din theo phng
trnh :
2
1 2
1
.
n n
Ceq C
n
_
_ +



,
,
Hnh 8.3 Hnh 8.4
t cm L (tng ca cun n1 v n2) c tnh theo cng thc :
2
1 2
1
.
n n
Leq L
n
_
_ +



,
,
in tr ti R1 c tnh theo cng thc sau vi n1 l cun s cp v n3 l cun th
cp :
2
1
1
3
.
n
Req R
n
_


,
Nu tnh n c in tr li ra
o
r
ca transistor v dn song song ca cun dy
Gb, dn tng cng nhn t cc collector s l :
96
2
2
1 2
1
3
1.
1
1 1
.
tot
o
n
G Gb n
r n
n
R
n
_
+ + +

_ ,

,
Tn s cng hng ph thuc vo L v C theo phng trnh :
1 1
2 . 2 .
o
f
Leq Ceq L C

Khi bng thng B tr thnh :
2
tot
G
B
Ceq

Nh vy ta c th ni rng : khi m dn tng cng Gtot nhn t pha collector c


gi tr c nh,ta c th thay i gi tr ca C t c bng thng mong mun,
thay i gi tr ca R thit lp Gtot
8.2.6 Tnh n nh v s tuyn tnh
i khi, b khuch i la chn lm vic tn s m ti transistor khng th
hot ng 1 cch hon ho, v vic phn hi gia collectors v base s lm xut hin
dung nng
C
.Vic xut hin dung nng ny to nn 2 vn sau:
+ Tn s cng hng ca mch khng ch ph thuc vo cc phn t th ng L v
C m cn ph thuc vo
C
,dung nng ny ph thuc vo transistor v rt kh xc
nh
+ Khi c thm 1 mch na gn vo li vo ca transistor,
C
gy ra hiu ng chng
chp gia li vo v li ra ca mch cng hng.Chnh v hiu ng ny,vic tuyn
tnh b khuch i s gp rt nhiu kh khn.V th trong nhiu trng hp mch
tr nn bt n nh v bt u dao ng.
Hnh 8.5 ch ra 1 b khuch i c la chn vi 2 mch tinh chnh li ra cng nh
li vo. iu kin n nh ca mch l :
1 2 0
. 2 . . .
m
G G F C g >
Trong :
1
G
l dn song song tng cng ca mch li vo
2
G
l dn song song tng cng ca mch li ra
h thng tre nn tuyn tnh th :
97
1 2 0
. 2 . . .
m
G G F C g ?
Thng thng
1 2
. G G
gp 4 n 5 ln
0
2 . . .
m
F C g
Hnh 8.5
Trung ha loi 1
m bo tnh n nh ca b khuch i, i khi ngi ta thm vo cc mch
phn hi thch hp c th gim thiu tc dng ca in dung trong
C
.K thut
ny c gi l k thut trung ha ca b khuch i tng.K thut ny c thc
hin theo 2 cch chnh.Khi cc tng khc nhau c lin kt vi my bin th, ngi
ta thng dng mch nh hnh 8.6
Cc base ca transistor t n gi tr tng ng Vc (do hiu ng phn hi bn
trong). Vl c pha ngc li vi Vc,dng tng cng c th b loi b bng cch la
chn
n
C
ph hp nh phng trnh di y :
1
2
.
n
n
C C
n

98
Trung ha loi 2
Mt k thut trung ha khc c s dng nh c ch ra mch 8.7. Hiu in
th V2 ngc pha vi V1,bng cch chn
1
2
n
n
v
n
C
ph hp ta c th hn ch dng
base ca transistor,dng c chia ra thnh 2 thnh phn phn hi bn trong (
C
)
v bn ngoi (
n
C
)
Hnh 8.6 Hnh 8.7
8.2.7 B khuch i IF 2 tng vi b d AM v CAG
Hnh 8.8 m t mch khuch i IF 2 tng,vi b d diode AM v CAG (Automatic
Gain Control). Mch in ny thng c s dng trong b thu AM ca my bin
i tn s.
Tn hiu IF c a vo my bin th IF u tin (TR) tng u tin (transistor
T). dc ca T ph thuc vo in th CAG ca b d,v nh vy khuch i
ca tng u tin cng bin i theo.Thng qua my bin th TR0, tn hiu c
a vo tng IF th 2 (transistor T1) v t my bin th TR2 vo diode d.
Diode c kt ni c th tch c hnh bao ca tn hiu iu ch.Tn hiu tch
c ny bao gm 2 thnh phn :thnh phn tn hiu iu ch tn s thp v tn hiu
lin tc nghch o tng ng vi bin ca tn hiu IF.Thnh phn mt chiu
99
c tch ra khi tn hiu thng qua b lc thng thp RC, v to thnh hiu in
th CAG, in th ny c dng iu chnh khuch i ca tng IF u tin
Hnh 8.8
8.3 THC TP
Cc thit b yu cu:
+ Modul T10A-T10B-T10C
+ Ngun mt chiu t 12V
+ Dao ng k
8.3.1. Tn s trung tm v rng bng.
1.Thit lp tng IF th 2 nh hnh 8.9 (ch cm cc jumpers : J3, J5,J6)
2.Dng VCO1 a tn hiu sng sine tn s trong khong t 400-500 kHz, bin
50mVpp vo li vo (im 12)
3.Dng dao ng k quan st li ra v li vo ca b khuch i(jumper J4 v im
12). Thay i gi tr tn s li ra c gi tr ln nht ; tn s ny chnh l tn s
trung tm ca b khuch i, n tng ng vi tn s cng hng ca mch L-C
trong cng b khuch i.
4.Thay i gi tr in dung C5 v quan st s thay i tn s trung tm.Chnh C5
thu c tn s trung tm 455 kHz
100
5.Gi Vo v Vi l hiu in th nh nh ti li ra v li vo.H s khuch i G
ca b khuch i c tnh theo cng thc G=Vo/Vi hay
DB
G
=20log(Vo/Vi)
6.Thay i tn s t 430 n 480 kHz vi bc nhy 5 kHz,tnh ton gi tr
DB
G
tng ng vi mi tn s.Cc gi tr ny s c dng nh hnh 8.10
7.Vi cc d liu thu c trn, v th biu din s ph thuc ca
DB
G
vo tn
s, ta c th quan st c ng p ng tn s ca mch c dng nh hnh 8.11
8.Xc nh bng thng B1 theo cng thc: B1=f2-f1
Vi tn s f2 v f1 l tn s m ti
DB
G
c gi tr 3 dB.Ta s tm c bng thng
c gi tr trong khong 50 kHz
8.3.2. S bin i tr khng trong my bin th
9. Thit lp tng IF th 2 nh hnh 8.12 ( ch ni cc jumpers :J3, J5,J7,J13). t gi
tr nh nht cho R10, ch dng duy nht R8 lm ti (1K)
10. Dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu li vo b khuch i (im 12) v trn ti (im
17)
11. a tn hiu sng sine tn s 455 kHz, bin 50mVpp vo li vo.iu chnh
bin tr C5 tn s ca b khuch i l 455 kHz
12.Thay i tn s ca tn hiu li vo v xc nh bng thng B2, ta s tnh c B2
c gi tr khong 30 kHz
13.Mc d in tr ti c gi tr nh hn so vi gi tr trc (1K thay v 22 K),
bng thng B2 c gi tr nh hn B1 o c trc .iu ny l do s bin i tr
khng c thc hin bi my bin th TR2. T s cc cun dy trong bin th TR2 c
gi tr khong 12 3
1
2 . .
eq eq
B
R C

( )
1 2 3
/ 12 n n n +
Gi tr in tr tng ng nhn t pha collector c tnh theo phng trnh :
2
1 2
8
3
Re . 144
n n
q R K
n
_


,
101
102
8.3.3. S bin i tr khng trong my bin th t ng
14. Thit lp tng IF th 2 nh trong hnh 8.13 (ch ni cc jumpers J4, J7, J13).
t R10 gi tr nh nht v ch dng R8 lm ti duy nht (1K)
15. Dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu li vo b khuch i (im 12) v trn ti
(im 17)
16. a tn hiu sng sine tn s trong khong 400 n500 kHz, bin 50mVpp
vo li vo (im 12)
17.Xc nh bng thng B3 ca b khuch i.Ta s tnh c B3 c gi tr khong
20 kHz, nh hn gi tr B2 tnh c trong bi 2
Kt qu ny c th c gii thch nh sau :
+ My bin th bin i in tr R8 thnh 1 in tr tng ng c gi tr ln hn
nh xt bi trc
+ My bin th t ng bin i in dung (C=C4/C5) thnh 1 in dung tng
ng c gi tr ln hn.in dung ny nhn t pha collector ca transistor c
tnh theo cng thc :
103
2
2
3
e 1 .
n
C q C
n
_
+

,
Trong t s n2/n1 ca my bin th c gi tr khong 0.4
+Bng cch tng in dung tng ng, ta lm bng thng B3 gim i theo mi
quan h :
3
1
2 . .
eq eq
B
R C

Hnh 8.13
8.3.4. Tnh n nh v tuyn tnh
18. t tng IH th 2 nh hnh 8.14 (ch ni cc jumpers Ji, J2, J5, J7, J13).t R2
v R10 gi tr ln nht (vn theo chiu kim ng h)
19. Khng a tn hiu vo li vo, dng dao ng k quan st s t dao ng
ca tn hiu trn ti (iu chnh C1 v C5 lm cho mch t dao ng)
20. Thay i gi tr ca R2 v R8 thy rng s t dao ng trn bin mt
104
21. a tn hiu wobbulated bin 50 Vmpp,v tn s trong khong 400 n 600
kHz vo li vo IF IN. Thay i gi tr ca C1 v C5 thu c li ra cc i tn
s 455 kHz, ch n s thay i kt qu. Gim gi tr ca R2 v R10 quan st
s tuyn tnh ca mch
Hnh 8.14
8.3.5. B khuch i IF 2 tng
Xc nh h s khuch i
22. Lp mch nh hnh 8.15 thu c mch khuch i IF 2 tng (ni cc
jumpers J4, J9, J19, J12).Ni im 9 vi t t h s khuch i c nh cho
tng th 1
23. a tn hiu sng sine tn s 455 kHz, bin 20mVpp vo li vo IF IN
24. Dng dao ng k quan st li ra ca b khuch i (im 15). iu chnh t
C5 ca tng IF th 2 thu c sng since c bin ln nht (khong 3 Vpp)
25.Tnh ton h s khuch i bng trung tm (o li ra im 7) ca tng th nht
v ca c b khuch i (im 15)
26. V th biu din s p ng tm s ca tng th nht v ca c b khuch i
( iu chnh tn s ca tn hiu li vo v o h s khuch i tng ng). Lp li
php o i vi tn hiu wobbulated.
iu khin h s khuch i t ng
105
27. Ni im 9 vi im 16,bng cch ny kt ni CAG.a tn hiu tn s 455 kHz
vo li vo IF IN. Thay i bin tn hiu li vo v dng vn k o gi tr in
th CAG ti im 9.Ch rng khi tn hiu li vo tng, gi tr ca CAG gim v
lm gim h s khuchs i ca tng th nht
B d AM
28. a tn hiu AM vi tn s sng mang 455 kHz vo li vo IF IN. Kho st
dng sng ca cc im khc nhau trong mch (ch n li ra ca b d)
Hnh 8.15
106
BI 9 - H thng truyn thng AM
9.1 MC CH:
+ Thc hin b thu bin i tn s vi b iu khin khuch i t ng
+Thc hin h thng truyn thng AM
+ Kho st tc ng ca n kt ni AM
9.2 C S L THUYT
S 9.1 biu din s khi ca b thu AM bin di tn s
Tn hiu RF c iu ch c a vo angten v c a vo b trn, b
trn c to dao ng bi b to dao ng cc b.Tn hiu s c chuyn sang
min tn s thp hn ( tn s IF) v c khuch i bi b khuch i la chn 2
tng. Tip theo, ta thc hin vic gii iu ch tn hiu AM thu c tn hiu m
thanh pht i.Tn hiu thu c l s kt hp ca thnh phn tn hiu iu ch tn
s thp v thnh phn lin tc c bin tng ng vi tn hiu IF. Ch c thnh
phn tn s thp mi c chuyn n b khuch i m thanh. Thnh phn lin tc
s c tch ra bi b lc, thit lp in th CAG v c dng iu chnh tng
khuch i IF th nht. Nu tn hiu IF c bin cao,n s b lm suy yu ; trong
trng hp tn hiu IF c bin thp, n s c khuch i
Hnh 9.1
107
9.3 THC HNH
Cc thit b yu cu:
+ Modul T10A-T10B-T10C-T10G
+ Ngun mt chiu t 12V
+ Dao ng k
+ My o tn s
9.3.1. Thc hin b thu AM bin i tn s
1. Kt ni cc module T10A v T10C nh hnh 9.2 (b chuyn tn, b khuch i
2 tng v b tch hnh bao trong module T10C, b to dao ng cc b thuc
module T10Q, tn hiu Am c cung cp bi module T10B)
2. Ni cc jumpers J4, J9, J10 v J12 ca T10C ( thu c mch khuch i v
tch nh hnh 9.3). Ni im 16 vi im 9 ca T10C thu c b iu khin
khuch i t ng
3. Cp ngun cho cc module v thit lp cc ch sau :
+ My pht chc nng : pht sng sine (J1), tn s 1 kHz, bin 0.5Vpp
+VCO2 : bin khong 200mVpp, tn s 900 kHz
+ BALANCED MODULATOR 1: CARRIER NULL vn ht theo chiu kim
ng h hoc chiu ngc li, cho b iu ch trong trng thi khng cn
bng v thu c mt tn hiu AM vi sng mang khng nn ti li ra. iu
chnh OUT LEVEL thu c tn hiu AM li ra vi bin khong
10mV.
+VCO1 : bin khong 0.5 Vpp, tn s 1355 kHz
108
Hnh 9.2
Hnh 9.3
109
Kim tra tng IF
4.t bin ca tn hiu iu ch v 0. Dng dao ng k quan st li ra ca b
trn (im 3 ca T10C). iu chnh in dung ca b lc IG thu c tn hiu
sine c bin cc i (khong 100mVpp)
5.Dng dao ng k quan st li ta b khuch i TE (im 15 ca T10C). Chnh gi
tr in dung ca t in C5 trong tng IF th 2 v my bin th IF thu c tn
hiu sine c bin cc i (khong 2Vpp)
B iu khin khuch i t ng
6.Dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu ti im 1 v 15 cuat T10C
7.Thay i bin d ca tn hiu RF a vo b thu ( im 1 ca T10C) t 10 n
100 mVpp, kim tra bien d ca tn hiu IF( im 15) gn nh khng i
8.Ch rng khi tn hiu RF tng th in th CAG ti im 8 s gim,tn hiu IF li
ra gn nh gi nguyn khng thay i.
9.Ngt kt ni CAG (jumper 16-9) v ni im 9 vi t.Kim tra rng bin tn
hiu IF bin i theo gi tr ca tn hiu vo RF
Phn tch dng sng
10.iu ch tn hiu vi sng mang RF (iu chnh bin ca my pht chc nng
trong module T10A)
11. Kho st tn hiu AM trc v sau khi i qua b trn (im 1 v 3 ca khi
T10C). Kim tra s khc nhau gia cc tn s sng mang
12. Dng dao dng k quan st tn hiu trc v sau b tch diode ( im 15 v 17
ca T10C)v o tn hiu AM v tn hiu sau khi tch
9.3.2. H thng truyn thng AM (module T10G)
13.S dng tn hiu t microphone lm tn hiu iu ch (kt ni microphone gia
im 13 ca T10A v t, ni my pht chc nng im 14 ca T10A vi im 2
ca T10B)
14.Ni b khuch i m ca T10G n loa (cm jumper J1). Ni li ra ca b tch
sng (im 17 ca T10C) n li vo ca b khuch i m (im 3 cu T10G)
15.Dng my to n a n vo tn hiu iu ch AM trc khi a tn hiu ny
vo b thu (hnh 9.5)
110
16.Kho st tc dng ca n ti cc v tr khc nhau trong b thu.Ti li vo ca b
thu (im 1 ca T10C) n rt mp m v c bin kh ln so vi tn hiu m
thanh l lm tn hiu ca chng ta b mo. y chng ta s dng b lc trong tng
IF (b lc gm ca T10B gia li ra ca b trn v li vo IF ca b khuch i)
lm gim tc dng ca n.
Hnh 9.4
111
BI 10 - H THNG TRUYN THNG FM
10.1 MC CH:
+ Thc hin b thu bin i tn s FM vi b iu tn s t ng
+Thc hin h thng truyn thng FM
+ Kho st tc ng ca n kt ni FM
10.2 C S L THUYT
S 10.1 biu din s khi ca b thu FM bin di tn s
Tn hiu RF c iu ch c a vo angten v c a vo b trn, b
trn c to dao ng bi b to dao ng cc b.Tn hiu s c chuyn sang
min tn s thp hn (tn s IF,trong trng hp ny l 455 kHz) v b khuch i.
Sau , tn hiu ny c a vo b gii hn loi b s thay i bin trong
tn hiu FM.Tip theo, ta thc hin vic gii iu ch tn hiu FM thu c tn
hiu m thanh pht i.
Tn hiu thu c l s kt hp ca thnh phn tn hiu iu ch tn s thp v
thnh phn lin tc c bin tng ng vi s sai khc v tn s gia tn s sng
mang ca tn hiu FM v tn s tn hiu xc nh c s khc bit. Ch c thnh
phn tn s thp mi c chuyn n b khuch i m thanh. Thnh phn lin tc
s c tch ra v c dng iu chnh tng tn s ca b to dao ng cc b
112
Hnh 10.1
10.3 THC HNH
Dung c yu cu:
Modun T10A-T10C-T10D-T10G
Ngun DC +/- 12 V
Oscilloscope
Tn k
10.3.1 Lp my thu i tn FM
1. Kt ni cc modun T10A, T10C v T10D nh s hnh 10.2( B i
tn vi khuch i IF trn modun T10C, dao ng cc b trn modun T10A,
b gii hn v b phn bit trn modul T10D, tn hiu FM c cp bi
T10A). t tn s ca b phn bit (modul T10D) R mode.
2. Cp ngun cho modul v thit lp nh sau:
Function Generator: sng sin(J1), Tn s 1kHz, bin 2 V pp.
113
VCO2: mc (LEVEL) 200mVpp, tn s 455kHz
3. Ni osciloscope vi u ra ca b trn ( im 3 ca T10C). iu
chnh gi tr dung nng ca b lc IF thu c ng cong p ng ln
hn( tch tn hiu FM nh hnh 10.3, trong nh bin ph thuc vo
p ng khng phng ca b lc IF ). Cui cng iu chnh cun dy ( c th
dch chuyn ra sau) trung tm b lc IF ti 55kHz. V d dng sng u ra
b gii hn (im 6 ca T10D) v quan st thy bin ca tn hiu FM
khng thay i.
4. Ni osciloscope lin tc ti u ra ca b phn bit( gia 21 v t).
Thit lp li tn hiu iu ch (FUNCTION GENERATOR) v iu chnh
dung lng thu c hiu th bng khng.
Kim tra dng sng ca tn hiu thu.
5. Kt ni b dao ng cc b (VCO1 v T10A ) vi u vo LO IN ca b i
tn ( im 19 ca T10A vi im 2 ca T10C ).
Thit lp h thng nh sau:
VCO2: LEVEl khong 200mVpp; FREQ: khong 900kHz
114
VCO1: LEVEL khong 200 mVpp; FREQ: khaongr 1335kHz
6. iu ch tn hiu RF( tng LEVEL ca FUNCTION GENERATOR trn
T10A khong 0.2 Vpp).
7. Kim tra tn hiu FM trc v saukhi qua b trn ( im 1 v 3 ca modun
T10C). Kim tra tn s sng mang l khc nhau.
8. Kim tra tn hiu FM trc v sau khi i qua b gii hn (im 5 v im 6
ca mdun T10D). Kim tra bin ca tn hiu FM l khng thay i vi
u ra.
9. Ni osciloscope vi u ra ca b phn bit (im 21 ca T10D) v xc nh
tng loi tn hiu.
10. Ch tn hiu c tch b lm mo nu tn s ca tn hiu RF l bin i
khong 5kHz trong mi quan h vi cc gi tr khng ng k. mo ny
ph thuc vo s bc dch trn thc t ca tn hiu FM trong mi lin h
vi tn s trung tm ca b phn bit.
11. Lm quen vi iu khin tn s t ng (Automatic Frequency Control hay
CAF) thng qua thit lp kt ni nh hnh 10.4. iu khin tn s t ng
(CAF) c th c gii thch nh sau:
115
B phn bit h tr xc nh s sai khc v hiu in th DC gia Gi tr Tn
s tc thi khng ng k n gi tr tn s trung tm ca b phn bit
(khong 455kHz) v gi tr hiu dung F1.
Nu bn thu c tn s cao hn so vi tn s d (b dao ng ni b vi tn
s coa trong mi quan h vi mt gi tr khng ng k) kt qu tn s cp
cao ti 455kHz l F1.
Hiu in th 1 chiu c cp bi b phn bit tng ln v u ra ca b
phn bit gim bt.
u ra ca b tch phn v iu chnh hiu in th ca VCO1 c thm
vo, kt qu to thnh hiu ng lch p ca varicap ca cng VCO
Nu lch th c xu hng gim , khi d tn s ca VCO1 gim nhanh hn
so vi thit lp ca b iu chnh t ng.
Mt hot ng tng t xy ra nu bn thu c tn s thp hn mt lng
nh so vi tn s d: CAF hot ng lm cho tn s cu b ni dao ng
tng lm cho F1 nhn mt gi tr khng ng k.
12. CH rng tn hiu tch c khng lin quan n lch cho ln tn s ca
tn hiu RF (VCO2) l bin i 100 kHz trong mi lin h vi gi tr khng
ng k. iu ny c ngha l C t ng dch tn dao ng ni b VCO1
gi hu ht l hng s (F1:455kHz) s sai khc gia tn hiu RF v ni dao
ng.
13. Ni tn k vi b ni dao ng (im 2 ca T10C)v kim tra gi tr tn s
ca n.
10.3.2 H thng lin lc FM (modun T10G)
14. S dng tn hiu microphone nh l tn hiu iu ch ( ni microphone vi
im 13 ca modun T10A v t, ni my pht hm v ni im 14 v 10 ca
modun T10A).
15. Ni khuch i audio ca T10G ti loa ( chn jumper J1). Ni u ra ca b
phn bit (im 21ca T10D) ti u vo cu b khuch i audio (im 3
ca T10G)
16. Nhiu c th c thm vo trong qu trnh truyn thng bng vic thm b
pht nhiu gia iu ch FM v b thu (hnh 10.5)
116
117
118

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