EMC and COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING

2 REGULATIONS and STANDARDS 2-1 INTRODUCTION 2.1.1 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMITTEE (IEC): HISTORICAL The International Electrical Congress on 15th September 1904 in St. Louis, USA, adopted a report to consider standardisation of the nomenclature and ratings of electrical apparatus and machinery. This was not the first attempt at international level, the first being the Meter Convention in Paris on 20th May 1875.The International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) was officially founded on June 1906 in London, UK. In 1948 the IEC Central Office moved from London to Geneva, Switzerland. The IEC had by 1914 issued a list of terms and definitions covering electrical machinery and apparatus (inc. transformers) international letter symbols for quantities names and signs of units and formed four technical committees to deal with

nomenclature symbols rating of Electrical Machinery and Prime Movers

IEC work resumed in 1919 after the First World War and by 1923 the number of technical committees had increased to 10. In 1930 the IEC established the following electrical units:

Hertz, for the unit of frequency Oersted for the unit of magnetic field strength Gauss for the unit of magnetic flux density Maxwell of the unit of magnetic flux Gilbert for the unit of magnetomotive force Var for designating the unit of reactive power Weber for the practical unit of magnetic flux

The "Giorgi System" a comprehensive system of physical units, was developed in 1935 and named after the Italian scientist and engineer Giovanni Giorgi (Figure 2.1.1). The system is also referred to as the MKSA system (A ampere was added in1950 to replace ).

Giovanni Giorgi (1871-1950) FIGURE 2.1.1

The system since 1960 is commonly known as the SI units (Systme International). The IEC charter embraces all electro-technologies including electronics, magnetics and electromagnetics, electroacoustics, multimedia, telecommunication, and energy production and distribution, as well as associated general disciplines such as terminology and symbols, electromagnetic compatibility, measurement and performance, dependability, design and development, safety and the environment. EET422 EMC & Compliance Eng EMC REGULATIONS & STANDARDS INTRODUCTION 1 Prof R T Kennedy 2010-2011

The IEC is the world organisation that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. The membership consists of more than 60 participating countries, including the worlds major trading nations and a growing number of industrialising countries. There are around 200 technical committees and subcommittees about 50 of which are concerned with EMC to varying degrees. 10,000 experts around the world contribute to the work of the Commission that is presented in the form of standards or technical reports. The mission of the IEC is to promote and coordinate international standardisation related to the assessment of conformity to standards in the fields of electricity, electronics and related technologies. It deals with these questions in a general way and leaves telecommunications and motor vehicles to specialised organisations. 2.1.2 EMC HISTORY The new age of communication in Europe began in 1892 when the German Parliament voted to create the "Law of Telegraph in the German Empire". This was the first law in the world that dealt with influences of electromagnetic disturbances on products and installations in the field of telegraphy. Telegraph and telephone cables were the first victims of disturbances but it was not a major problem. A live radio concert broadcast from near Berlin on December 22nd 1920 suffered severe electrical noise interference generated by vehicles. The German Chancellor demanded the immediate prevention of such disturbances, resulting in the terminology "Radiated Emission" that is now known as EMC. It did however take 7 years to become law, and after many revisions survived till 31st Dec 1995 when it was replaced by the German EMC law based on the European Directive. Wilhelm von Siemens, Figure 2.1.2, was one of the original 1893 founders of the German Society of Electrotechnicians, known today as VDE (Association of German Electrical Engineers). Wilhelm von Siemens FIGURE 2.1.2 (1871-1950) 2.1.3 STEPS TOWARDS STANDARISATION A number of new international organisations emerged between the First and the Second World Wars and a number of joint technical committees were formed to co-operate and avoid overlapping efforts. The international committee for radiated emissions, better known as CISPR (International Special Committee on Radio Interference) was founded in 1933. CISPR is responsible primarily for the protection of radio and television broadcasting from interference but has extended its field of activity to EMC Product standards for household equipment and information technology equipment (ITE). Technological progress has resulted in the need for considerable EMC legislation and standardisation. Immunity of electrical products to interference was introduced in the late 1960s. In 1973 the IEC technical committee TC77 was established with responsibility for Basic and Generic EMC standards. Product specific standards are the responsibility of specialist product committees. EET422 EMC & Compliance Eng EMC REGULATIONS & STANDARDS INTRODUCTION 2 Prof R T Kennedy 2010-2011

The Advisory Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility (ACEC) was established to ensure coordination between all these special committees and with the outside world, as well as to provide advice to the product committees.
IEC COMMITTEE of ACTION

NATIONAL organisations

ACEC

BSI VDE SEV FCC ANSI

TC 77

CISPR

PRODUCT COMMITTEE S

CIGRE UNIPEDE

ITU

ISO

CENELEC REGIONAL organisations

OIML

OTHERS

PROFESSIONAL organisations

International organisations

FIGURE 2.1.3 The IEC organisational chart is shown in Figure 2.1.3. IEC ACEC CISPR International Electrotechnical Committee Advisory Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility (IEC) International Special Committee on Radio Interference Comit International Spcial des Perturbations Radiolectriques CIGRE ITU International Council on Large Electric Systems Comit International des Grands Rseaux Electriques International Telecommunication Union

ISO

International Organization for Standardization

OIML

International Organisation of Legal Metrology Organisation Internationale de Mtrologie Lgale

UNIPEDE

International Union of the Electricity Industry L'Union Internationale des Producteurs et Distributeurs d'Energie Electrique TABLE 2.1.1

EET422 EMC & Compliance Eng EMC REGULATIONS & STANDARDS INTRODUCTION

Prof R T Kennedy 2010-2011

Table 2.1.1 shows some of the International Organisations. CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique CEN European Committee for Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation TABLE 2.1.2 Table 2.1.2 shows European Organisations, and Table 2.1.3 National Organisations. BSI BEC DKE VDE ANSI British Standards Institution British Electrotechnical Committee Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik Informations Technik im DIN und VDE Association of German Electrical Engineers American National Standards Institute

FCC

Federal Communications Commission (US)

Union Technique de l'Electricit

ETCI

Electro-Technical Council of Ireland Limited

SEV CEI

Swiss Association of Electrical Engineers

Comitato Elettrotecnico Italiano

Standardization in Finland EBU ECMA European Broadcasting Union Union Europenne de Radio-Tlvision European Computer Manufacturers' Association European Telecommunications Standards Institute TABLE 2.1.3 EET422 EMC & Compliance Eng EMC REGULATIONS & STANDARDS INTRODUCTION 4 Prof R T Kennedy 2010-2011

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and its role in Standardisation is a complex subject, involving three main I E C committees ACEC, TC77 and CISPR. 2.1.4 ACEC ACEC is an Advisory Committee providing advice to the IECs Standardisation Management Board on EMC co-ordinating with the various Technical Committees and other standardisation bodies advising on the development of the EMC aspect of standards when required reviewing standards with an EMC content to enable a better coherence between standards.

2.1.5 TC77 TC77 in addition to horizontal functions with the purpose of ensuring standardisation documents avoid duplication of work and contradictory requirements is responsible for Basic and Generic Immunity Standards establishing emission limits and test methods to protect the power network (f < 9 kHz) TC77 works on the general applications of EMC, including immunity over the whole range of frequencies and both low and high-frequency emissions. The main task of TC 77 and its three subcommittees is to prepare Basic and Generic EMC publications specifying electromagnetic environments, emissions, immunity, test procedures, measurement techniques, etc. A most important part of this is the description and classification of the EM environment so that product committees can in turn specify the characteristics of the particular products they are standardising.

SC 77A deals with low-frequency phenomena ( 9 kHz) SC 77B deals with high-frequency continuous and transient phenomena, including ESD SC 77C covers high-power transients such as the EM fields produced by high-altitude nuclear detonations (HEMP).

In addition, TC 77 produces product-family standards covering low-frequency emissions under the coordination of ACEC, may prepare product immunity standards if so requested by a product committee covers safety aspects of electromagnetic compatibility, a horizontal function example.

2.1.6 CISPR CISPR's principal task is at the higher end of the frequency range (> 9 kHz) preparing Basic Standards covering emission measurement methods Generic Emission Standards in collaboration with TC77 Product Emission Standards covering a wide range of products Product Immunity Standards for ITE, TV and domestic appliances

EET422 EMC & Compliance Eng EMC REGULATIONS & STANDARDS INTRODUCTION

Prof R T Kennedy 2010-2011

The five CISPR sub committees work involves equipment and methods for measuring interference, establishing limits and immunity requirements, and prescribing (in liaison with other IEC technical committees) methods of measuring immunity, including the impact of safety regulations on interference suppression of electrical equipment. SC A covers radio-interference measurements and statistical methods SC B handles interference relating to industrial, scientific and medical RF apparatus SC D deals with EM disturbances related to electric and electronic equipment on vehicles and devices powered by internal-combustion engines SC F covers household appliance, tools, lighting and similar equipment related interference SC H sets limits for the protection of radio services SC I recently formed from the former SCs E and G deals with EMC of information technology equipment (ITE), multimedia equipment and receivers

2.1.7 CENELEC In Europe during the 1920s and 1930s the needs for standardisation in the electrotechnical field were mainly answered on a national basis. This resulted by 1940 in the existence of a nearly complete catalogue of electrotechnical standards in each industrialised European country. In most IEC member countries, bodies corresponding to TC 77, CISPR or the product committees take care of EMC matters at the national level. The European Economic Community (EEC) resulted in the idea to coordinate and harmonise standards in all EEC member countries in order to achieve a common market for electrotechnical goods. The Treaty of Rome signed on 25 March 1957 in the city that gave it its name resulted in "Member States resolving unanimously to abolish existing trade barriers created through legislation and standardisation". Important national associations of electrical and electronic manufacturers soon got together to identify the technical barriers to trade that raised costs, distorted production patterns, increased unit and stock holding costs, discouraged business cooperation and frustrated the creation of a common market for electrotechnical products and services. The multitude of National standards was one such barrier hence the reason why standards and requirements relating to EMC, worldwide or harmonised at regional level, are welcomed by manufacturers and users of electrical and electronic equipment. The main task of CENELEC as regards EMC is preparation of the standards necessary to implement the EMC Directive of the European Union (EU) and as such has established an organisation that is somewhat simpler than that of the IEC. The IEC is in principle primarily responsible for the development of standards and when CENELEC sees the need for a particular standard, for example in the EMC field, it asks the IEC to develop it. Only if the IEC is not in a position to meet the requirements of CENELEC for instance if the deadline is too short will CENELEC carry out the work itself. This avoids duplication of work speeds up the production of documents ensures as far as possible the consistency of International and European Standards CENELEC has established an organisation that is somewhat simpler than that of the IEC Technical Committee TC 210 is responsible for

Basic and Generic Standards ( IEC TC 77 and CISPR) supervision of the Product Standards. 6 Prof R T Kennedy 2010-2011

EET422 EMC & Compliance Eng EMC REGULATIONS & STANDARDS INTRODUCTION

2.1.8 MALAYSIA

FIGURE 2.1.4 Any manufacturer or company, in Malaysia or overseas, may apply to SIRIM QAS International Sdn. Bhd. to have a product certified to recognised EMC standards under the EMC Certification Scheme that was established in 1999 under the Product Certification Section. Due to its importance, manufacturers have actively pursued the EMC certification although it has not been made mandatory by any regulatory agencies (yet!). Upon compliance to the standards and EMC Certification requirements, a Certificate of Compliance is issued to the licensee and the product is allowed to bear the EMC Certification Mark. The Technical Committee (TC) on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is a committee under the Industrial Standards Electrotechnical Committee (ISCE) that was established due to the needs to develop Malaysian Standards (MS) in the field of EMC, with particular emphasis on general applications and use by product committees. The scope covers Immunity and related issues over the whole frequency range Basic and Generic Standards Emission Standards Malaysias participation in IEC in regard to EMC has been upgraded from O (observer) to P (p a r t i c i p a t i n g) membership. The TC has developed Malaysian Standards all of which are total adoption of IEC and CISPR standards. SIRIM QAS International EMC Testing Services has state of the art facilities to serve the needs of electrical/electronics manufacturers, importers and exporters. Specifically for the EMC Directive, the lab offers full compliance testing to Generic Emissions Standards Generic Immunity Standards Product Specific Standards MC Generic Standards: The SIRIM Facilities include
(FCC listed)

3m semi-anechoic chamber (FCC listed), Figure 2.1.4 5m fully anechoic chamber 10m Open Area Test Site (OATS) 6 shielded enclosures fully automated test system for Conducted / Radiated Emission Test fully automated test system for Conducted / Radiated Immunity Test fully automated EMC Test System for Audio / Video products Electrostatic Discharge Test (ESD) Electric Fast Transient / Burst Immunity Test System complete system for Harmonics, Voltage Dips, Surge and Magnetic Field Immunity Test Immunity Test System for car components fully automated conducted / radiated Emission / Immunity Testing for Telecommunication Equipment EET422 EMC & Compliance Eng Prof R T Kennedy 7 EMC REGULATIONS & STANDARDS 2010-2011 INTRODUCTION