Desien of retaining

walls

Proiect

1. Initial sizine
Initial sizing involves the preliminary determination of the retaining wall dimensions.
*Observation: Dimensions can be chosen from retaining wall catalogue (IPTANA) depending on the type retaining wall.

of

*a

*c'.*

Foundation depth: . Dt > H vo* +10+ 20cm

The foundation should be placed in stabile terrain and in good foundation soil

2. Desisn of retaining wall

Retaining walls should be verified against: o Sliding o Bearing capacrty o Overturning(toppling) o Dangerous sections

Explanations:
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE Def.: Ultimate limit states are limit states that concern the safety of the people and/or the safety of the
structure. States associated with collapse or with other similar forms of structural failure.

EQU: Loss of equilibrium of the structure/soil or any part of it considered o Overturning(toppling)

as a

rigid body.

STR: Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or structural members. o Structural failure - resistance in dangerous sections o Excessive deformation of structural failure

Design o.f retainine

walls

Project

GEO: Failure or excessive deformation of the ground

Slidrng Bearing capacity of soil Overall stability ( is treated together with STR) Soil deformation - settlement - rotation UPL: Failure due to water pressure
caused by the hydraulic gradients Water front scouring Unacceptable water flow through or under wall Unacceptable soil particles transport through or under wall Unacceptable ground water level change FAT: Fatigue failure of the structure or structural members.

r o o o

IIYD: Hydraulic swelling, internal erosion and soil scouring

o o r o

DESIGN APPROACHES Def,: Design situation are a set of grouped partial safety factors. approach

Design approach 2: Combination: Al + M1 + ft2 Design approach 3: Combination: (A1*or AZt) + M2 +R3 A1- - for structural actions A2f - for geotechnical actions

PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR

Partial safety factors for: Actions: Fa = Tp . Fr"p) Fr"o =V . Fr Material parameters ( geotechnical)
Y_ lLD-:

X,

Tu Strength:

o r\D -Ro -/n

Where:
Eo, Xo, Rp - design values Fr"p, Xk, R1 characteristic values

t4 - Factors defining representative values ofvariable actions - is either 1,00 or V 0, V I or ry 2.

"
2.1 Design against sliding according to SR EN 1997-1
Design principle

Horizontal actions H6 (which produce the ef[ect of wall displacement) should be smaller than the sliding strength of wall (of foundation soil beneath foot wall)

sNote: 1. Each wall verifrcation is to be done for ultimate limit states that can arise, using one of the design approaches from SR EN 1997-1 (Cap 2.4.7.3.4.2). 2. Design against sliding is to be done for ultimate limit state GEO. 3. For the design against sliding is recommended to use partial safety factors of design approach 1 combination2 (A1+ Ml + R1).

Determination of safety partial factors for DAI combination Actions for: lc =7.0 permanent actions (favourable) (unfavourable) ye = 0 variable actions (favourable) ' 1 .5 variable actions (unfavourable) Geotechnical parameters for: . ya, = 1.0 angle of effective shearing resistance
1

1.

.3

5 permanent actions

7,. = 1.0 effective cohesion

T, =1.0 weight
densitY

Total resistance of soil: T n.n = 1'0 sliding resistance

T

R,, = 1.0 bearing capacity

Design values for geotechnical parameters:

/'a -v ty
tang,o = tmre,r

design value of weight density design value for the tangent angle of effective shearing resistance

v,,

Design qf retaining

walls
design value of effective cohesion

Project

^t -9 L d--

7,,

Calculation of active pressure and earth thrust:

Active thrust coefficient for each layer (Coulomb theory):

cosr(g-a) , _ ^'-**.*r(o-)fr@ '

cos(a + a).cos(p

") )

If

arrd

have negative values than we introduce in the above expression

-a and- B Thrust coeffrcients can be found in ,,Proiectarea fundatiilor" , A. Popa ,IPCN, 1987, Pg. 68. Active pressure in one point:
iir-l!o.

-,

r.v

-l ri

Po = Ts 'Qtko * Tc 'S,ro, Diagram of active thrust:

'h,'ko -2'c'o JC)

Pat.o =

/g

kot

- T c .2. c ro'.,{E

Paz.t: /g

.(f* . hr. kor -2. "ro'.JEI) /-_\ = /o .Q r, .koz * /c 'Vro .h, .koz -2.rro'.Ji;) Poz.o /_\ .Q .koz
Pot: = Tg . I * . kot * Tc

* Tc .\Tro .h, .koz *

Tza

.hz .koz

-2.cro'.rlk",

Thrust on each layer:

1,
P'

P'^.r'I

oz= Poz.o'

P"

oz: (P"r., - P".r.o)'L

2

Deconstruction of thrust in horizontal and vertical components: Po.i..H = P.", .cos(a + d, )

Po.i.y = P.",

.sin(a + d, )

Calculation of horizontal action:

Ha

=2P",.,
'(C, *
Gd,",

Calculation of vertical action:

Va = Tc

* G,)*}p",.,

Evaluation of sliding resistance:

fV',=V,-cose +H"stne
lH'o = H o 'cose -Vo
stn e

Sliding resistance:

Dt r\d---V'o'tantP'r,o
T n.n

Where angle of effective shear resistance is

e' ,ud =
e' ,,d

e'd ) -7
g'
3

for in situ concrete

o for precast elements

verification at sliding'

[@|

,
? ? flosicn q<rqinsf hporino nrnqr'ifv foilrrr.o fn Sf,l EN 1aQ?-l Design principle The eflective pressure at foundation bottom given by the vertical actions (self-weight, variable vertical actions) should not exceed the allowable soil pressure (bearing capacity)

fi1ffirur

"- lRd

Note: 1. Design against bearing capacity is to be done for ultimate limit state GEO. 2. For the design against bearing capacity is recommended to use partial safety factors approach 1, combination 1 (A1+MI+R1). For the calculation of active pressure and earth thrust see 2.1 Reduction of actions with the design value in the centre of gravity of the foundation foot. Vertical action: va = Tc.(c, * Gd,,, *G,)*| p,,., Horizontal action:

of

design

Ha =ZP",.u
Bending moment
..
:

M,a =Z,P,,u . !oi

-Zp,,n.x, -|

G*.

x,

Wherei

/ai xa xn

force arm Pag measwed &om the centre of gravity of the foundation foot. force arm Pavnlo&SUred from the centre of gravity of the foundation foot. force arm

Gr

measured from the centre of gravity of the foundation foot.

Calculation of bearing capacity Rd / A' - cd'. N,.b".s" .% * e'- Nn -b,

where:

.to.t

+ 0.5

.y'. B'. Nr.br.tr.i,

c'o B' y' q'

soil cohesion beneath retaining wall base effective width of foundation weight density of the soil beneath foundation bottom design overburden which acts at the fourdation bottom

Dimensionless factors are presented in the following table:

Design of retaining

walls

Proiect

Table Dime nslo nless factors o the ressure calculation ror the foundatio n terrain of 10n for Nq eo'tuq' .tan2 (45. + g, /2)
Bearing capacity

N"
Ny

(*,-f

2. (N o -l) - tanrp' and 5 2

cp'

I2

Inclinati on of foundation
base

bq:bv
b"
sq

(l - a -tarr.e)'

Foundation geometry

,s1'

-(1-bq)l(N".tal,te') l+(B'/L').stne' I + stn rp' 1 - 0,3 .(B', / L',) 0,7

bq

^ia

(sr.Nn-1)(Nr-1)
U

tq

H l(V + A'.c'- cotg'))'

Loading inclination

iy

lc

*t U- H l(V + A'.c'.cotq')l iq - (1- iq)/(N, -tmq')

I L')Ull + ( B'I L')] ffi = ffir =12+ (L'I B')llU+ (L'l B')l ffi = ffie - mL 'cos' 0 * ma - sin2 I H
7t =
ffi

n=

12

+ (B'

tf
is

H acts on B 'direction

//acts on L' direction acts on a direction forming an angle d with Z' direction

Overburden calculation:

q'= Dt 'T
Observation 1. The geometry of foirndation is given by the L and B dimensions, L has the length of a transom of 5614 but the verification is done for im of wall. 2. The angle a formed by the foundation and the horizontal line is measured in radian.

Calculation o f foundation reduced dimensions (effective)

Design qf retaining

walls

Project

L'= L
B'= B

-2.

where:

"u

"vo ", =M"

A'= B'.L'
Verification at bearing capacity:
vo

lA'

Ro

lA',

2.3 Design against overturning (toppling) (overturning) according SR EN 1997-1

Design principle The destabilising moment about the wall base arising from the thrust on the virtual plane must be resisted by the stabilising moment about the same point arising from the wall's self-weight and the drain behind the wall.

Note: l. Design against overturning (toppiing) is to be done for ultimate limit state EQU. 2. For the design against overturning (toppling) is recommended to use partial safety factors from annex A table 1 and table 2 (SR EN 1997-1). Determination of safety partial factors for EQU Actions for: Tc,,tt = 0.9 stabilising favourable permanent actions

=l.l Ts,,ta = 0
Tc,au

destabilising unfavourable permanent actions stabilising favourable variable actions

/ s.an = 1.5 destabilisingunfavourable variable actions Geotechnical parameters for: ya, =1.25 angle of effective shearing resistance

7,, =I.25

effective cohesion

T, =1.0 weight density

Design qf

retainingwalls

Project

Design values fo. g"ot.chrrical parameters:

/d-v ty tmtez
^t v d -cto -

Tx

J^^:^- value ^r--- ^r-l^t t -,--:Ldesign -.^r--^ of weight density design value of angle of effective shearing resistance
r^^:^- --^t--- ^f ^-cc^^ri--^ --r,- . design value of effective cohesion

=tT'Q'o ya,

7,, -

Thrust in one point:

Po = Tg,a,t 'qnk" * Tc,a,, ro, 'h, ' ko -2' ,'o "{C) Calculation of pressure and active earth thrust using partial safety factors for actions in the case of ULS of EQU ( recalculation of pressure and earth thrust).

'E

Destabilising moment:

a't,a

=ZPo,u

'Yo,

where: y,, force arm P311 rrlasurod from the point where overturning (toppling) occurred. Destabilising moment: Mst.a =ZP,,n . xoi *ZGo.*u,
Where:

xo xti

force arm Psy Ine&sured from the point where overturning (toppling) occurred. force arm Gr. measured from the point where overturning (toppling) occurred.

Verification at overturning (toppling)

Mon,o 3Mrrt,a

2.4 Design against dangerous sections

Note:

1. The design against dangerous sections is done in the ultimate limit state STR. 2. Partial safety factors are the same used for the design approach au ultimate limit state STR GEO ( it is to be used the thrust diagram for DAI combination 1.)

and

Dangerous sections

e sprutn talna - hetnn arm2f

e sprutn
hainn cimnlr
r

zidarie din piatra l,.i

iilde sprijin-

Zid de sprijin gabioane

Reinforced concrete retaining wall case In o-a section, bending moment is given by the diagram of active thrust, which acts section on a console.

till the level of

Pa1 .1
P a2.O

_\Fas.o

P a2.1

'o^og,d-a ,.
P2

Pef,min
P

ef,max

ln b-b and c-c sections,

above figure.

bending moments are obtained on the console driven by the forces from the
yo _-

'u#=E;; [t*fJ'

v, (- 6.e")

"vd

M,

ea

Pt = T^"a' hro p, = Tmed' hzp, T^ra- weight density of layers, on weighted average with the height of the layer.

h1o

respective

h2o

height, taken as a

1n

With the design moments obtained in a-ao b-b, c-c sections, the reinforcement according with the SR EN 1992 prescriptions.
Concrete and stone masonry retaining wall case

will

be calculated

Axial stress in a-a section (given by the self-weight of the wall until a-a section) V'a = Tc 'Go,-o
The moment is given by the active earth thrust, which acts as a console with fxed ends in a-a M"d,o-o =ZP'," '/a-a,i

'.. Pa2.a

a.
Compression with bending without tension Determine the maximum compression stress

b.

2.V',. a
max

3-c-lm

Where:

"=!-6, 6=+: vd
f*3 -f,p,a = 2044 '
S

Verification: dnax

maximum stress do not exceed the compressive strength of material

cm'

Compression with bending and tension Maximum stresses in a-a section

o.io

=:- fr-+l) b.tm\ b

1l

where:

,,

!-!-V'O

6^o ! f"a - * maximum o^io 3.f,a

stress not exceed the compressive strength of concrete

If o.,^ > -fn,a

section

than reinforcement will be provide in order to take the whole tension developed in the

T -onrin'x I -To 'a-aZ "",o-o fr.O

/,

design compressive strength of concrete strength of concrete

f,,o designtensile