Tom Coulson

Newton Raphson Method

Using the equation: x3 2 x 2 3x 2 0 We want to solve this equation so writing it as the function: y x 3 2 x 2 3 x 2

y x3 2 x 2 3x 2

For this graph the roots are in the intervals (-3, -2) and (-1, 0) and (1, 2) I am going to investigate the root in the interval (1, 2) with the Newton Raphson Method. Newton Raphson Method uses the formula:

xn 1 xn

f ( xn ) f ( xn )

If

f ( x) x 3 2 x 2 3x 2

then

f ( x) 3 x 2 4 x 3

So therefore:

xn 1

3 2 xn 2 xn 3 x 2 xn 2 3 xn 4 xn 3

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Tom Coulson

Newton Raphson Method

Using the equation x3 2 x 2 3x 2 0 To find the root in the interval (1, 2) we can take x1 1 or x1 2 Using x1 2 I will use the Newton Raphson Method to calculate the first two approximations in detail to 5 significant figures (4 decimal places)
3 2 xn 2 xn 3 xn 2 xn 2 3 xn 4 xn 3

xn 1

x13 2 x12 3 x1 2 23 2 2 2 3 2 2 x2 x1 2 1.5294 3 x12 4 x1 3 3 22 4 2 3

3 2 x2 2 x2 3x2 2 1.52943 2 1.52942 3 1.5294 2 x3 x2 1.5294 1.36489 2 3 x2 4 x2 3 3 1.52942 4 1.5294 3

x
2 1.529412 1.364891 1.343287 1.342923

A1-(A1^3+2*A1^2-3*A1-2)/(3*A1^2+4*A1-3) 1.529411765 1.364890647 1.343287199 1.342923185 1.342923083

5d.p 1.52941 1.36489 1.34329 1.34292 1.34292

This table shows how to 5 significant figures the root is near to 1.3429

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Tom Coulson

Newton Raphson Method

Using Newton Raphson method to find the roots of the equation in the intervals (0, -1) and (-2, -3) Finding the root in the interval (0, -1)

x
0 -0.66666667 -0.52991453 -0.52931661

A1-(A1^3+2*A1^2-3*A1-2)/(3*A1^2+4*A1-3) -0.666666667 -0.52991453 -0.529316614 -0.52931658

5d.p -0.66667 -0.52991 -0.52932 -0.52932

This shows that the root is near -0.52932 to 5 significant figures Finding the root in the interval (-2, -3)

x
-3 -2.833333333 -2.813865147 -2.813606548

A1-(A1^3+2*A1^2-3*A1-2)/(3*A1^2+4*A1-3) -2.833333333 -2.813865147 -2.813606548 -2.813606503

5d.p -2.83333 -2.81387 -2.81361 -2.81361

This shows that the root is near -2.8136 to 5 significant figures

Newton Raphson Method illustrated graphically using the programme Autograph. To interpret the graph using Newton Raphson you have to choose a point on the x axis, this is x 1 . From this point you draw an arrow up or down to the curve y=f(x). Where the vertical line meets the curve, a tangent is drawn from that point to meet the x axis. This point becomes x 2 on the x axis. From the point x 2 now, you draw another arrow up or down to the curve y=f(x). Where the vertical line meets the curve again, a tangent is drawn from that point to meet the x axis. This point becomes x 3 on the x axis. This procedure is repeated where the points on the x axis get nearer and nearer to the root.

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Tom Coulson

Newton Raphson Method

y x3 2 x 2 3x 2

x3

x2

x1

Using the function y x 3 2 x 2 3 x 2 and the root in the interval (1, 2), using a graph to illustrate the Newton Raphson method the value is near 1.3429 to 5 significant figures.

Error bounds using change of sign rule for the root found using the Newton Raphson method. Because the Newton Raphson method does not trap the root between two values, change of sign rule needs to be used to calculate the solution bounds which are then able to give the error bounds. Using the root 1.3429 to 5 significant figures we can evaluate this using the change of sign method by declaring the two solution bounds as f(1.34285) and f(1.34295). f(1.34285) = -0.000568699 f(1.34295) = 0.000209475 As there is a change of sign between these values, this shows how the root is between f(1.34285) and f(1.34295). Therefore the solution bounds are 1.34285 and 1.34295. This can then show the error bounds are 1.3429 0.00005

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Tom Coulson

Newton Raphson Method

Since all values in the range (1.34285, 1.34295) round to 1.3429, we can say that the root to 5 significant figures is 1.3429. Failure of Newton Raphson Method A failure of the Newton Raphson method is when it is initially caused by the line crossing the x axis at a steep gradient and then further in the iteration, divergence causes the Newton Raphson method to fail.

y ( x 5 x 6)
3 2

1 3

X6 X8 X
7

With this function the steep crossing points on the x axis are caused by the power 1/3

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Tom Coulson

Newton Raphson Method

Starting at 2 on the x axis the graph (above) and table (below) show how iteration is not converging to the root in the interval (1, 2) The failure occurs because of the very steep gradient where the line crosses the x axis which therefore leads on to divergence of the root where it fails to find the root.

Xn 2 -0.25
-6.5814 1.0144 1.8216 0.17047 11.038 2.3172 -1.2523 -0.58964 -2.3434 0.23697 8.0495 2.6866 -3.4703 0.59598 3.315 This shows how iteration is not converging to find the root in the interval (1, 2)

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