PREPARATION FOR CHUNG LING FIRST AID QUIZ.

Artificial respiration also known as Expired Air Resuscitation (EAR), Expired Air Ventilation (EAV), mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, rescue breathing or colloquially the kiss of life. Read on how to use AED. FAM 9 edi pg 82. Hanging suspension of the body by a noose around the neck. Strangulation constriction/ squeezing around the neck. Asthma - Symptoms include wheezing, cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath Reliever blue preventer brown/white ( treatment FAM 9 pg 100) Croup - Another type of croup is known as spasmodic croup. spasmodic croup first catches a cold, rarely with fever, and then the croupy cough begins. In some cases spasmodic croup may begin suddenly without any preceding cold symptoms ( may refer to allergies) Pneumothorax - air or gas is present in the pleural cavity (chest) symptoms of a pneumothorax are determined by the size of the air leak and the speed by which it occurs; they may include chest pain and shortness of breath in most cases, and fainting and rarely cardiac arrest in severe cases ("tension pneumothorax - deterioration and worsening of a simple pneumothorax, associated with the formation of a one-way valve ("ball valve") at the point of a rupture in the lung) Read blood clotting (biology revision book) Read SA and AV node (Form 5 biology) Lymphatic system (consist of lymphatic vessels, lymph capillaries, lymph node {located at underarms, groin, neck, chest, and abdomen} thymus and spleen) - a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called lymph. Function distribute oxygen and nutrients & carry away CO2 and waste product. (read form 5 biology Chap 1) Heart Attack [Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI)] - interruption of blood supply to part of the heart, causing heart cells to die. (FAM Edi 9 pg 110) Angina pectoris - severe chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries (the heart's blood vessels) Shock types 1. Hypovolemic shock (most common type of shock and based on insufficient circulating volume. Its primary cause is loss of fluid from the circulation (most often "hemorrhagic shock"). Causes may include internal bleeding, traumatic bleeding, high output fistulae or severe burns.) 2. Cardiogenic shock (caused by the failure of the heart to pump effectively due to damage to the heart muscle, most often from a large myocardial infarction) 3. Distributive shock ( i) Septic shock - overwhelming systemic infection resulting in vasodilation leading to hypotension ii) Anaphylactic shock - severe anaphylactic reaction to an allergen, antigen, drug or foreign protein causing the release of histamine which causes widespread vasodilation, leading to hypotension iii) Neurogenic shock - caused by trauma to the spinal cord resulting in the sudden loss of autonomic and motor reflexes) 4. Obstructive Shock ( i) Cardiac tamponade - fluid in the pericardium prevents inflow of blood into the heart (venous return) ii) Tension pneumothorax - increased intrathoracic pressure, bloodflow to the heart is prevented (venous return) Nosebleed (also known as Epistaxis) Bone ( composition, muscle and JOINTS) refer FAM

Types of fracture (Complete fracture: A fracture in which bone fragments separate completely. Incomplete fracture: A fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined. Linear fracture: A fracture that is parallel to the bone's long axis. Transverse fracture: A fracture that is at a right angle to the bone's long axis. Oblique fracture: A fracture that is diagonal to a bone's long axis. Spiral fracture: A fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted. Compacted fracture: A fracture caused when bone fragments are driven into each other. Holstein-Lewis fracture: A fracture of the distal third of the humerus resulting in entrapment of the radial nerve. Since the triceps brachii and all muscles distal of the break are innervated by the radial nerve, they will be significantly affected by the fracture. A greenstick fracture occurs due to mechanical failure on the tension side. Nervous system (refer to FAM) Epileptic seizure - referred to as a fit, is defined as a transient symptom of "abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. STROKE (cerebrovascular accident (CVA)) - Strokes can be classified into two major categories 1. Ischemic strokes - are those that are due to interruption of the blood supply 2. hemorrhagic strokes - are the ones which are due to rupture of a blood vessel or an abnormal vascular structure FAST METHOD (FACE ARM SPEECH TEST) refer FAM EDI 9 pg. 174 Burns Partial thickness burn the most painful. Full thickness lost of pain sensation. Diabetes Mellitus 2 types; i) Insulin dependent diabetes ii) non insulin dependent diabetes. Hyper glycaemia (too much sugar) Hypo-glycemia (too little sugar) Read child birth (FAM Edi 9 228) Read removing Head Gear (half and full ) FAM Edi 9 pg 233 Haemopphilia ( impaired blood cloting mechanism) Thrombosis (Blood cloting inside blood vessel) Oedema ( excessive accumulation of Interstitial fluid) Parkinsons disease (disorder of CNS due to reduce level of dopamine in brain) Alzheimers disease ( loss of reasoning and memory) AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)) cause by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids. Dengue fever (dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), breakbone fever) Dengue is transmitted to humans by the Aedes aegypti or more rarely the Aedes albopictus mosquito, both of which feed exclusively during daylight hours Signs: severe headache, muscle and joint pains, fever, and rash. Prevention : Mosquito netting, fogging 5 km radius around the infected area, cleaning the surrounding and etc Treatment: Important avoid dehydration. Malaria - eukaryotic protist of the genus Plasmodium. naturally transmitted by the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. Sign: fever, shivering, arthralgia (joint pain), vomiting, anemia (caused by hemolysis), hemoglobinuria, retinal damage and convulsions.

Cholera - severe bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. affects the small intestine and the main symptoms include production of profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting. Contaminated drinking water or infected food Treatment: successfully treated with oral rehydration therapy (ORT) Antibiotics shorten the course of the disease and reduce the severity of the symptoms. Prevention: advanced water treatment and sanitation practices Hepatitis A - an acute infectious disease of the liver. transmitted by the fecal-oral route via contaminated food or drinking water. prevented by vaccination, and hepatitis A vaccine has been proven effective. Prevention: Hepatitis A can be prevented by vaccination, good hygiene and sanitation Hepatitis B - an infectious illness caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) which infects the liver of hominoidae liver inflammation, vomiting, jaundice andrarelydeath. Transmission of hepatitis B virus results from exposure to infectious blood or body fluids containing blood. Hepatitis C - an infectious disease affecting the liver, caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) Sexual activities blood products, tattoo , injection of drugs were initially identified as potential sources of exposure to the hepatitis C virus. Cervical cancer - malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri or cervical area. Treatment consists of surgery (including local excision) in early stages and chemotherapy and radiotherapy in advanced stages of the disease. Pap smear screening can identify potentially precancerous changes. Breastfeeding is the feeding of an infant or young child with breast milk directly from female human breasts. Human breast milk is the healthiest form of milk for human babies. Benefits; Child: less infection, healtier compared to cows milk, higher intelligence , greater immune health. Mother: bonding, weigh loss, hormone release. Breast cancer - refers to cancers originating from breast tissue, most commonly from the inner lining of milk ducts or the lobules. Treatment includes surgery, drugs (hormonal therapy and chemotherapy), and radiation. Prostate cancer - is a form of cancer that develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. Prostate cancer may cause pain, difficulty in urinating, problems during sexual intercourse, or erectile dysfunction. Treatment options for prostate cancer with intent to cure are primarily surgery, radiation therapy, and proton therapy. Other treatments, such as hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, cryosurgery, and high intensity focused ultrasound.

NOTE: FOR MORE DETAILS PLEASE REFER TO YOUR LATEST FIRST AID MANUAL 9TH EDISION OR VISIT WIKIPEDIA.ORG
PREPARED BY: ESMOND YEAP THENG SIANG.