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Required:
Readings: 24-1 to 24-8,
Introduction
Use of curves, horizontal and vertical. Types of horizontal curves: Circular and spiral. We will cover circular curves only, spiral curves are given for future reference. Definitions: Horizontal Curves: curves used in horizontal planes to connect two straight tangent sections. Simple Curve: circular arc connecting two tangents. The most common Spiral Curve: a curve whose radius decreases uniformly from infinity at the tangent to that of the curve it meets.
Compound Curve: a curve which is composed of two or more circular arcs of different radii tangent to each other, with centers on the same side of the alignment. Broken-Back Curve: the combination of short length of tangent (less than 100 ft) connecting two circular arcs that have centers on the same side. Reverse Curve: Two circular arcs tangent to each other, with their centers on opposite sides of the alignment.
Easement Curves: curves used to lessen the effect of the sudden change in curvature at the junction of either a tangent and a curve, or of two curves.
Super elevation: a difference of elevation between the edges of the cross section, to overcome the effect of centrifugal force. Changes gradually in a spiral curve, inversely proportion to the radius. When to Use What Simple circular curves are the most common type. Spirals are used at highway exits, sometimes, and all the times in railroad curves. The rest of curves are used when the designer has to.
(R)
50
Pay attention to units, we will use ft for length, how about angles?
Remember that : R is radius, perpendicular to the tangents at PC, and PT D is the curve degree, use ARC definition.
LC = 2R sin( I ) 2
()
M = R 1 - cos I 2 M = E cos I 2
Station of PC = station of PI - T Station of PT = station of PC + L Station equations at PT: the route considering the curve is shorter than it was computed considering the tangents. = (station of PI + T) - (station of PC + L) This amount should be subtracted from stations of all the points after PT.
Where:
da = D or, da = Sa D Sa 100 100 Theory; the angle between the tangent and a chord is equal to half the central angle subtended by the chord, so get da from which Ca = 2R sin da
In a curve whose I = 8 24, station of PC is 62+ 17.08, D = 2 00, calculate the necessary information to stake out points at stations 63+00, 64+00, and at the PT.
Answer: .. a= Sa D/200 deg, and Ca = 2R sin a .. At station 63+00, Sa = 6300 6217.08 = 82.92 ft then, = (82.92) (2)/200 = 0.8292 = 00 49 45 C= 2 (5729.58/2) sin(00 49 45) = 82.92 ft At station 64+00, Sa = 182.92 ft Then = (182.92) (2)/200 = 1.8292 = 1 49 45 C = 2 (5729.58/2) sin(1 49 45) = 182.89 ft At the PT: Sa = ?, and Ca = ?
Given: Coordinates and station of PI, a point from which the curve could be observed, a direction (azimuth) from that point, AZPI-PC , and curve info. Required: coordinates of curve points (stations or parts of stations) and the data to lay them out.
- at the total station point, subtract the given direction from the
azimuth to each curve point, get the orientation angle.
Required: R. Solution: 1-Establish an arbitrary coordinate system, origin is at PI, X axis is the line PC-PI. In that system we know the coordinates of PI, PC. In that system the coordinates of the origin O is: Xo = -T = -R tan (I/2) Yo = -R
2- Measure the angle and the distance PI-P 3- Compute the coordinates of P: Xp = - d cos Yp = - d sin 4- Substitute in the general equation of a circle: R2 = (XP Xo )2 +(YP Yo)2
R2 =
I XP + R tan 2
+ (YP+ R)2
8mR
Where m is the distance from the obstruction to the center of the road, along a radius. Two solutions if C is less than the minimum safe sight distance: - Move the obstruction - Reduce the speed.
Spiral Curves
{This topic will not be covered} Used to provide gradual transition in horizontal curvature, and hence superelevation.
Definitions:
Back and forward tangents. Entrance and exit spirals. Geometrically identical. TS, SC, CS, ST. What is in between? SPI: the angle beteen the tangents at TS and SC. Spiral Angle S: the angle between the two tangents. Spiral Length LS: the arc length of the spiral.
Spiral Geometry
Radius changes uniformly from infinity at TS to the radius of the circular curve at the SC. So, its degree of curve DS changes uniformly from 0o to D at the SC.
Average degree of curve is D/2. In circular curves, L = (I/D) 100 ft, or I = LD stations similarly, S= Ls (D/2) S and D in deg, L in stations
Spiral angles at any point is proportional to the square of the distance Lp from TS to the point. P = (LP )2 S L
S
In Fig 25-15, M is the mid point of the spiral, Lp = Ls/2 but M is not = (S /2).Since D changes uniformly, degree of the curve = D/2 at M. But D changes uniformly, so the average degree of curvature between TS and M is (D/2)/2 = D/4 Then, M = ( Ls/2) (D/4) = (Ls D/8) = S /4