Introduction to Operating Systems

The very basics

Prashant Borole
Department of Computer Science IIT Bombay

Prabhat, August 29, 2009

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What is an operating System?

What do you do on your computer?

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What is an operating System?

What do you do on your computer? Check e-mail

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What is an operating System?

What do you do on your computer? Check e-mail Browse the Internet, Chatting

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What is an operating System?

What do you do on your computer? Check e-mail Browse the Internet, Chatting Play music/movies

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What is an operating System?

What do you do on your computer? Check e-mail Browse the Internet, Chatting Play music/movies Create reports, presentations

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What is an operating System?

What do you do on your computer? Check e-mail Browse the Internet, Chatting Play music/movies Create reports, presentations Play Games

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What is an operating System?

Functions

Schematic of a computer

Hides underlying hardware Provides consistent environment for programs to run in Resource management

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What is an operating System?

Functions

Schematic of a computer

Hides underlying hardware Provides consistent environment for programs to run in Resource management

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What is an operating System?

Functions

Schematic of a computer

Hides underlying hardware Provides consistent environment for programs to run in Resource management

prashantb (IITB)

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What is an operating System?

Functions

Schematic of a computer

Hides underlying hardware Provides consistent environment for programs to run in Resource management

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Operating systems are almost everywhere !

Supercomputers desktop/laptops mobile phones iPod ...

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Operating systems are almost everywhere !

Supercomputers desktop/laptops mobile phones iPod ...

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Operating systems are almost everywhere !

Supercomputers desktop/laptops mobile phones iPod ... Established operating systems . . . Microsoft DOS and Windows GNU Linux UNIX Other UNIX derivatives - FreeBSD, OpenSolaris etc. Other . . .

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Operating systems are almost everywhere !

Supercomputers desktop/laptops mobile phones iPod ... Established operating systems . . . Microsoft DOS and Windows GNU Linux UNIX Other UNIX derivatives - FreeBSD, OpenSolaris etc. Other . . .

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Components
Legend

A Typical PC

2 = Mother Board 3 = Processor/CPU 4 = RAM 5 = Expansion Cards 7 = CD-ROM drive 8 = Hard disc drive

Source : Wikipedia

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Operational requirements

You can run multiple programs simultaneously

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Operational requirements

You can run multiple programs simultaneously You can use any keyboard

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Operational requirements

You can run multiple programs simultaneously You can use any keyboard Run same program on different computers

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Operational requirements

You can run multiple programs simultaneously You can use any keyboard Run same program on different computers Copy between drives, either xed or USB pen-drive

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Operational requirements

Process management
You can run multiple programs simultaneously You can use any keyboard Run same program on different computers Copy between drives, either xed or USB pen-drive

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Operational requirements

Process management
You can run multiple programs simultaneously

Abstraction
You can use any keyboard Run same program on different computers Copy between drives, either xed or USB pen-drive

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Operational requirements

Process management
You can run multiple programs simultaneously

Abstraction
You can use any keyboard Run same program on different computers

Input-Output (I/O) management

Copy between drives, either xed or USB pen-drive

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A Process?

Running a program executing the program A Process = When the executable le is running Process is
Sequence of instructions to the CPU (Central Processing Unit) Area for data storage

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A Process?

Running a program executing the program A Process = When the executable le is running Process is
Sequence of instructions to the CPU (Central Processing Unit) Area for data storage

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A Process?

Running a program executing the program A Process = When the executable le is running Process is
Sequence of instructions to the CPU (Central Processing Unit) Area for data storage

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A Process?

Running a program executing the program A Process = When the executable le is running Process is
Sequence of instructions to the CPU (Central Processing Unit) Area for data storage

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A Process?

Running a program executing the program A Process = When the executable le is running Process is
Sequence of instructions to the CPU (Central Processing Unit) Area for data storage

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Multiple processes

Process

Process

Process

Process

Scheduler

C P U

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Process states

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Memory Hierarchy

Hard disk drive, CD-ROM drive etc.

Slow, Huge Cost/Megabyte very low Persistent

A Typical PC

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Fast (avg 3-5GBps), Few Gigabytes Cost/Megabyte moderate, getting cheaper Volatile

Processor cache
Extremely fast (avg 20GBps), Few Kilobytes Cost/Megabyte extremely high Volatile

Source : Wikipedia

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Swapping

RAM

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Swapping

RAM

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Swapping

RAM

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Swapping

RAM

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Swapping

RAM

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Swapping

RAM

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Swapping

RAM

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File Systems

File : Block of arbitrary data/information Similar to : How do you manage storage in a library such that
Locating a book is fast, easy Least space is wasted

Well known le-systems

Microsoft FAT16/32 NTFS (NT le system) ext2/3/4 ZFS, xfs, UFS1/2, jfs, ReiserFS . . .

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File Systems

File : Block of arbitrary data/information Similar to : How do you manage storage in a library such that
Locating a book is fast, easy Least space is wasted

Well known le-systems

Microsoft FAT16/32 NTFS (NT le system) ext2/3/4 ZFS, xfs, UFS1/2, jfs, ReiserFS . . .

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Why let operating system manage I/O?

Abstraction : Consistent access for all programs, across machines Arbitration / Conict resolution Easy software development Security

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Why let operating system manage I/O?

Abstraction : Consistent access for all programs, across machines Arbitration / Conict resolution Easy software development Security

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Why let operating system manage I/O?

Abstraction : Consistent access for all programs, across machines Arbitration / Conict resolution Easy software development Security

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Why let operating system manage I/O?

Abstraction : Consistent access for all programs, across machines Arbitration / Conict resolution

Easy software development Security

prashantb (IITB)

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Why let operating system manage I/O?

Abstraction : Consistent access for all programs, across machines Arbitration / Conict resolution Easy software development Security

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Why let operating system manage I/O?

Abstraction : Consistent access for all programs, across machines Arbitration / Conict resolution Easy software development Security

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Device drivers

Sequence of instructions Programmed for a particular piece of hardware Helps higher-level programs to talk with hardware Operating System specic

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Device drivers

Sequence of instructions Programmed for a particular piece of hardware Helps higher-level programs to talk with hardware Operating System specic

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Device drivers

Sequence of instructions Programmed for a particular piece of hardware Helps higher-level programs to talk with hardware Operating System specic

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Device drivers

Sequence of instructions Programmed for a particular piece of hardware Helps higher-level programs to talk with hardware Operating System specic

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Device drivers

Sequence of instructions Programmed for a particular piece of hardware Helps higher-level programs to talk with hardware Operating System specic

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I/O Requests

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Security
Each entity in the system
Well dened set of operations Dene who can perform what operation

If all rules above are obeyed, system is more secure :) Types of Users
Super User / Administrator
Has (almost) full control over the system Not recommended for day-to-day use

Normal User
Has some usage restrictions eg. Sensitive les and directories, operating with devices, Software installation Recommended for casual day-to-day use

Restricted user
Even tighter restrictions eg. guest accounts

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Security
Each entity in the system
Well dened set of operations Dene who can perform what operation

If all rules above are obeyed, system is more secure :) Types of Users
Super User / Administrator
Has (almost) full control over the system Not recommended for day-to-day use

Normal User
Has some usage restrictions eg. Sensitive les and directories, operating with devices, Software installation Recommended for casual day-to-day use

Restricted user
Even tighter restrictions eg. guest accounts

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Security
Each entity in the system
Well dened set of operations Dene who can perform what operation

If all rules above are obeyed, system is more secure :) Types of Users
Super User / Administrator
Has (almost) full control over the system Not recommended for day-to-day use

Normal User
Has some usage restrictions eg. Sensitive les and directories, operating with devices, Software installation Recommended for casual day-to-day use

Restricted user
Even tighter restrictions eg. guest accounts

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Security
Each entity in the system
Well dened set of operations Dene who can perform what operation

If all rules above are obeyed, system is more secure :) Types of Users
Super User / Administrator
Has (almost) full control over the system Not recommended for day-to-day use

Normal User
Has some usage restrictions eg. Sensitive les and directories, operating with devices, Software installation Recommended for casual day-to-day use

Restricted user
Even tighter restrictions eg. guest accounts

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Security
Each entity in the system
Well dened set of operations Dene who can perform what operation

If all rules above are obeyed, system is more secure :) Types of Users
Super User / Administrator
Has (almost) full control over the system Not recommended for day-to-day use

Normal User
Has some usage restrictions eg. Sensitive les and directories, operating with devices, Software installation Recommended for casual day-to-day use

Restricted user
Even tighter restrictions eg. guest accounts

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Linux

A popular UNIX-clone Absolutely Free !! No less usable !! The Linux kernel Rest of the system Highly portable and congurable
Servers, Super Computers Desktop/Laptop Mobile phones Router iPod and others A toaster !! ...
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Linux

A popular UNIX-clone Absolutely Free !! No less usable !! The Linux kernel Rest of the system Highly portable and congurable
Servers, Super Computers Desktop/Laptop Mobile phones Router iPod and others A toaster !! ...
prashantb (IITB) Intro. to OS prabhat09 17 / 21

Linux

A popular UNIX-clone Absolutely Free !! No less usable !! The Linux kernel Rest of the system Highly portable and congurable
Servers, Super Computers Desktop/Laptop Mobile phones Router iPod and others A toaster !! ...
prashantb (IITB) Intro. to OS prabhat09 17 / 21

Linux

A popular UNIX-clone Absolutely Free !! No less usable !! The Linux kernel Rest of the system Highly portable and congurable
Servers, Super Computers Desktop/Laptop Mobile phones Router iPod and others A toaster !! ...

prashantb (IITB)

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Linux

A popular UNIX-clone Absolutely Free !! No less usable !! The Linux kernel Rest of the system Highly portable and congurable
Servers, Super Computers Desktop/Laptop Mobile phones Router iPod and others A toaster !! ...

prashantb (IITB)

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Linux

A popular UNIX-clone Absolutely Free !! No less usable !! The Linux kernel Rest of the system Highly portable and congurable
Servers, Super Computers Desktop/Laptop Mobile phones Router iPod and others A toaster !! ...
prashantb (IITB) Intro. to OS prabhat09 17 / 21

Linux

A popular UNIX-clone Absolutely Free !! No less usable !! The Linux kernel Rest of the system Highly portable and congurable
Servers, Super Computers Desktop/Laptop Mobile phones Router iPod and others A toaster !! ...
prashantb (IITB) Intro. to OS prabhat09 17 / 21

. . .
Source : OpenClipart

Linux

A popular UNIX-clone Absolutely Free !! No less usable !! The Linux kernel Rest of the system Highly portable and congurable
Servers, Super Computers Desktop/Laptop Mobile phones Router iPod and others A toaster !! ...
prashantb (IITB) Intro. to OS prabhat09 17 / 21

. . .
Source : OpenClipart

Linux

A popular UNIX-clone Absolutely Free !! No less usable !! The Linux kernel Rest of the system Highly portable and congurable
Servers, Super Computers Desktop/Laptop Mobile phones Router iPod and others A toaster !! ...
prashantb (IITB) Intro. to OS

. . .
Source : OpenClipart

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Linux

A popular UNIX-clone Absolutely Free !! No less usable !! The Linux kernel Rest of the system Highly portable and congurable
Servers, Super Computers Desktop/Laptop Mobile phones Router iPod and others A toaster !! ...
prashantb (IITB) Intro. to OS

. . .
Source : OpenClipart

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Linux

A popular UNIX-clone Absolutely Free !! No less usable !! The Linux kernel Rest of the system Highly portable and congurable
Servers, Super Computers Desktop/Laptop Mobile phones Router iPod and others A toaster !! ...
prashantb (IITB) Intro. to OS
Lorem Ipsum
This album is by somebody.

Lorem Ipsum

Ipsum Lorem

. . .
Source : OpenClipart

.ydobemos yb si mubla sihT

muspI meroL

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Linux

A popular UNIX-clone Absolutely Free !! No less usable !! The Linux kernel Rest of the system Highly portable and congurable
Servers, Super Computers Desktop/Laptop Mobile phones Router iPod and others A toaster !! ...
prashantb (IITB) Intro. to OS
Lorem Ipsum
This album is by somebody.

Lorem Ipsum

Ipsum Lorem

. . .
Source : OpenClipart

.ydobemos yb si mubla sihT

muspI meroL

prabhat09

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Linux

A popular UNIX-clone Absolutely Free !! No less usable !! The Linux kernel Rest of the system Highly portable and congurable
Servers, Super Computers Desktop/Laptop Mobile phones Router iPod and others A toaster !! ...

Lorem Ipsum
This album is by somebody.

Lorem Ipsum

Ipsum Lorem

. . .
Source : OpenClipart

prashantb (IITB)

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.ydobemos yb si mubla sihT

muspI meroL

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Linux

Linux comes with Console and GUI based shells

Many customizable User Interfaces to choose from

Networking : Web browsers, chatting clients, Torrent and P2P softwares Ofce suite Multimedia Players : vlc, mplayer, totem Very reliable le systems - ext3/ext4, jfs . . .

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Linux

Linux comes with Console and GUI based shells

Many customizable User Interfaces to choose from

Networking : Web browsers, chatting clients, Torrent and P2P softwares Ofce suite Multimedia Players : vlc, mplayer, totem Very reliable le systems - ext3/ext4, jfs . . .

prashantb (IITB)

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Linux

Linux comes with Console and GUI based shells

Many customizable User Interfaces to choose from

Networking : Web browsers, chatting clients, Torrent and P2P softwares Ofce suite Multimedia Players : vlc, mplayer, totem Very reliable le systems - ext3/ext4, jfs . . .

prashantb (IITB)

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Linux

Linux comes with Console and GUI based shells

Many customizable User Interfaces to choose from

Networking : Web browsers, chatting clients, Torrent and P2P softwares Ofce suite Multimedia Players : vlc, mplayer, totem Very reliable le systems - ext3/ext4, jfs . . .

prashantb (IITB)

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Linux

Linux comes with Console and GUI based shells

Many customizable User Interfaces to choose from

Networking : Web browsers, chatting clients, Torrent and P2P softwares Ofce suite Multimedia Players : vlc, mplayer, totem Very reliable le systems - ext3/ext4, jfs . . .

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Linux
Lives happily with other Operating Systems! Runs many tools of Academic use
Programming Environments : Eclipse, NetBeans . . . Electronic circuit design and simulation Mathematics : matlab, SciLab, Octave Games

Has a huge user base, helpful communities Secure fun !!

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Linux
Lives happily with other Operating Systems! Runs many tools of Academic use
Programming Environments : Eclipse, NetBeans . . . Electronic circuit design and simulation Mathematics : matlab, SciLab, Octave Games

Has a huge user base, helpful communities Secure fun !!

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Linux
Lives happily with other Operating Systems! Runs many tools of Academic use
Programming Environments : Eclipse, NetBeans . . . Electronic circuit design and simulation Mathematics : matlab, SciLab, Octave Games . . . Whoops !

Has a huge user base, helpful communities Secure fun !!

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Linux
Lives happily with other Operating Systems! Runs many tools of Academic use
Programming Environments : Eclipse, NetBeans . . . Electronic circuit design and simulation Mathematics : matlab, SciLab, Octave ...

Has a huge user base, helpful communities Secure fun !!

prashantb (IITB)

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Linux
Lives happily with other Operating Systems! Runs many tools of Academic use
Programming Environments : Eclipse, NetBeans . . . Electronic circuit design and simulation Mathematics : matlab, SciLab, Octave ...

Has a huge user base, helpful communities Secure fun !!

prashantb (IITB)

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Linux
Lives happily with other Operating Systems! Runs many tools of Academic use
Programming Environments : Eclipse, NetBeans . . . Electronic circuit design and simulation Mathematics : matlab, SciLab, Octave ...

Has a huge user base, helpful communities Secure fun !!

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Linux
Lives happily with other Operating Systems! Runs many tools of Academic use
Programming Environments : Eclipse, NetBeans . . . Electronic circuit design and simulation Mathematics : matlab, SciLab, Octave ...

Has a huge user base, helpful communities Secure fun !!

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Thanks!!

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For Further Reading I

Maurice J. Bach The Design Of The Unix Operating System. A.Silberschatz, P.Galvin, G.Gagne Operating System Concepts. http://www.wikipedia.org

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