IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 57, NO.

1, JANUARY 2009

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Shaped Circularly Symmetric Dual Reector Antennas by Combining Local Conventional Dual Reector Systems
Youngchel Kim and Teh-Hong Lee, Senior Member, IEEE
AbstractThis paper presents a geometrical optics (GO) shaping method for circularly symmetric dual reector antennas. The method is a one step procedure obtaining a local dual reector system including both reector surfaces and caustic simultaneously, such that a given feed power is transformed through a corresponding local reector system into a desired aperture distribution. A shaped reector system consists of an electrically small section of distinctive local reector surfaces and its own caustic. Each caustic location varies and explains how the power is redistributed through the shaped reector system. Each local reector system is found iteratively with a previously known local dual reector system. Several nonlinear algebraic equations are formulated based on GO principals and geometrical properties of a dual reector system. The method reduces the solution to one simple non-differential equation with one unknown in order to nd a local dual reector system. Physical Optics (PO) analysis is used to verify the solution. Index TermsCircularly symmetric, dual reector antenna, geometrical optics and shaping.

I. INTRODUCTION HE shaping of the subreector and the main reector surface is advantageous for dual reector antennas to produce an optimum illumination over the aperture and reduce interferences between adjacent antennas [1]. This shaped reector is especially useful for satellite communication applications [2]. The uniform illumination over the aperture is essential to achieve maximum gain. While conventional single and dual reector antennas cannot achieve the maximum gain requirement, shaped dual reector antennas can produce the uniform amplitude and phase distribution, which are the conditions needed for the highest efciency [1][7]. Since most energy redistribution takes place over the shaped subreector surface, the shaped subreector suffers an intense shaping at the edge in order to compensate for the taper mismatching between feed and aperture distribution, especially when shaped for the uniform aperture distribution [8]. However, with the uniform aperture distribution, the sidelobe level becomes higher. Thus, tapered aperture distribution is specied to minimize sidelobe

Manuscript received April 24, 2007; revised September 15, 2008. Current version published March 04, 2009. This work was supported by The Ohio State University ElectroSicence Laboratory U.S. Satellite Industry Computer Code Consortium. The authors are with the ElectroScience Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212 USA (e-mail: kim.1459@osu.edu; lee.52@osu.edu). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TAP.2008.2009648

level increase. As a tradeoff, the efciency is slightly less than the shaped reectors with the uniform aperture distribution. Cassegrain and Gregorian reectors have been widely used because their conguration offers various advantageous features, such as convenient access to the feed region, elimination of long transmission line run, low noise from ground for earth terminal application, etc. [2]. However, their main shortcoming is the subreector blockage, which reduces the power radiated in the main beam and scatters some of the power into the sidelobe region [9]. This can be minimized by reducing reected elds from the main reector toward the subreector. Consequently, a shaped reector surface has to produce rays with weak power toward the subreector or an alternative conguration has to be introduced [10], [11]. The present shaping method is applied for an alternative conguration in order to compensate for the aforementioned deciencies. Geometrical optics (GO) is the most commonly used technique in designing and shaping reector antennas. The principles of GO include power conservation and Snells law. Using these principles, two rst order ordinary differential equations for shaping circularly symmetric reectors have been formulated in [3][6]. Although most of the energy redistribution is accomplished by the shaped subreector, the phase error takes place due to the modied subreector surface [5]. Therefore, an additional step is required in [5] by correcting the main reector surface to maintain a planar phase front. A relatively simple ray-tracing-based shaping procedure is introduced in [7]. The reector surfaces in [7] are approximated by local planar surface, but two steps are required to adjust the ray path length for the new main reector surface. The present paper proposes an alternative shaping method for circularly symmetric dual reector systems to obtain the desired aperture distribution. Several nonlinear algebraic equations are formulated based on GO principles and geometrical properties of conventional dual reector antennas by tracing rays through each local Gregorian or Cassegrain antenna system from the feed to the aperture of the main reector. Each local dual reector system, including both surfaces and the caustic of rays, is simultaneously obtained by reducing these equations to only one nondifferential linear equation with one unknown. In addition, the caustic behavior explains how the given feed power is redistributed through a shaped reector system to obtain a desired aperture distribution. II. SHAPING CONCEPT AND PROCEDURE Conventional dual reector antennas have an amplitude distribution taper at the main reector aperture that results in a

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Fig. 3. Diagram of shaping process.

Fig. 1. (a) Geometry of one section of local conventional Cassegrain reector. (b) Combination of sections of each local conventional Cassegrain reector.

Fig. 2. (a) Geometry of one section of local conventional Gregorian reector. (b) Combination of sections of each local conventional Gregorian reector.

reduction of focused power in the desired direction. Since the amplitude of the GO reected eld is determined by the spread factor involving the caustic distance from the point of reection on the subreector to the caustic, the aperture distribution can be determined by location of the caustics. The conventional is used to dene the cylindrical coordinate system with reector geometry. A generating curve of the geometry is deplane. Then, a three-dimensional surface can ned in the be obtained by rotating the curve about the z-axis. It is assumed that both the given primary source and the desired aperture distribution are circularly symmetric. The shaping concept is described in Figs. 1 and 2. Each solid line is an electrically small section of an entire shaped reector surface. The guideline for determining an electrically small length is discussed in Appendix A. Each dotted line is the extended conventional local dual reector surface. Note that the subscripts M, S, and C denote the main reector, subreector and caustic, respectively. The subscripts O and N denote the old point, which was determined in the previous step (i.e., known), and the new point, which is to be determined (i.e., unknown), respectively. For example, the combined subscript MN means a new point on the main reector. This manner of notation is to be used for the rest of this paper. As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the shaping method in this work creates and combines an electrically small conventional local

dual reector to obtain an overall shaped surface. Each section is formed by two adjacent new and old points, and for the main reector and and for the subreector. Its own caustic location is determined in order to produce a desired amplitude distribution at the corresponding aperture. Consequently, the caustic location is no longer xed, but changes according to the corresponding local conventional dual reector system redistributing the feed power to obtain the desired aperture distribution. This shaping method was introduced in [13] for a two dimensional dual reector shaping. The same approach is applied in this research for a circularly symmetric dual reector shaping. Fig. 3 shows the overall shaping procedure. Prior to the shaping process, one has to provide initial points for the main reector, subreector surface and caustic, denoted as and , respectively, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. These are the starting points of shaping. The initial surface points are determined via conservation of power along the initial ray, and the initial caustic point is based on the reected eld along the initial ray as in [14], Appendix B. The location of these initial points can be at any location as long as they meet those conditions. Once the initial points are determined, shaping begins with these points, the feed power pattern, desired aperture distribution and original geometry as inputs. In order to provide a circularly symmetric feed power pattern, the spherical wave feed source illuminating the subreector is given by (1) where . and are dened as each angle in the conventional spherical coordinate system. is chosen to provide the desired feed illumination taper at the subreector rim. During the very rst shaping process, a new set of points, and , is found to form a section of the local conventional dual reector with the initial points. Certain approximations are applied in solving for the set of new points, which will be discussed later. The second section of shaped surface is determined by letting the set of new points found in the previous shaping process be the set of initial points. The second shaping process is performed to nd another set of new points to form another local conventional dual reector system with newly assigned initial points. The same process is repeated until the entire original dual reector system plane is obis shaped. Once the shaped surface in the tained, a shaped circularly symmetric surface is generated by rotating entire system with respect to the z-axis.

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The relation between two coordinate systems of can be derived as

and (6) (7)

where (8) (2) can be rewritten in fore, considering section, (2) becomes coordinate using (6) and (7). Thereis a point on the shaped surface

Fig. 4. (a) Shaped hyperbolic subreector section for Cassegrain antenna. (b) Shaped elliptic subreector section for Gregorian antenna.

III. EQUATION FORMULATION To obtain the points for one section of the shaped reector system including the main reector, subreector and caustic, a plane set of equations are formulated on a 2D basis in the with the conventional cylindrical coordinate system. Equations and with are solved for and known. One section of a conventional local dual reector system, either Cassegrain or Gregorian dual reector is formed with these two sets of points. Two conditions are obtained from a parabolic main reector surface equation with either an elliptical or a hyperbolical subreector surface equation. The other two conditions are from Snells law and the conservation of power. The equations formulated in this section are used for only one section of the shaped reector surface and corresponding caustic points. The same equations are used for other sections of the shaped dual reector system. Note that the feed is located at the origin of coordinate system which is one of the foci of either elliptical or hyperbolical subreector surface. A. Subreector Geometries for one section of shaped subreector for both Cassegrain and Gregorian reector antennas are shown as a solid line in Fig. 4. Both conventional elliptic and hyperbolic coordinate system surface sections are expressed in as with its origin at

(9) Substituting yields and (4) into (9)

(10) and are given in (3), (4) and (8), respectively. Thus, one section of a conventional local subreector surface in (2) coordinate for that of the shaped is expressed as (10) in subreector surface. B. Main Reector A parabolic surface is used for the main reector surface in both Cassegrain and Gregorian dual reector system. A section of the shaped parabolic main reector is shown as a solid line in Fig. 5. The conventional parabolic surface can be expressed in coordinate system with its origin at as

(11) where

(2) is obtained as (3) where + is for the ellipse and - is for a hyperbola. The (2) is given by in Translating (11) into coordinate and with a point on the shaped parabolic surface yields when (12) (13) ,

(4) where for the ellipse and for the hyperbola and

(14) where is given in (12). Consequently, one section of the conventional local parabolic main reector surface in (11) is excoordinate for that of shaped parabolic pressed as (14) in main reector surface.

(5)

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where

(16) Also, one can consider a ray from the point of reection on a section of the shaped subreector to that on the corresponding and respecsection of main reector, which is the tively. This ray appears to radiate from focal point of parabolic main reector. As a result, one can dene a straight line equation formed by these three points and obtain the following equation:

(17) One more equation can be found in that the old ray must insince the shaped surtersect with the new ray at face section is also one section of the conventional dual re. ector antenna system with its own caustic point of Therefore

Fig. 5. Shaped parabolic main reector section.

(18)

D. Power Conservation The conservation of power states that the power contained between two rays out of feed is conserved at the aperture even after two reections as shown in Fig 8. For circular symmetric case, the power conservation can be described as

(19) and are the power contained in a circle of the where feed pattern and in that of corresponding to at the aperture, respectively. These should be given prior to the shaping. Therefore, all equations for one section of the shaped dual reector surfaces and the caustic point are formulated. These equations are valid for both Cassegrain and Gregorian reectors. IV. SOLUTION In the previous section, six equations have been formulated to nd the shaped dual reector surface points. Those are (10), (14), (15), (17), (18) and (19). A numerical method and an approximation are proposed in this section to solve those equations for the new surface points, which and , with known are and surface points, i.e., and other initial conditions provided. These two sets of points form only one shaped dual reector surface section as mentioned earlier. To obtain the entire shaped surface, one can use the same solution repeatedly letting the new set of points be the set of initial points for the next shaping process.

Fig. 6. Ray geometry describing relation between surface points and power conservation.

C. Snells Law Snells law states that the angles of incidence and reection must be equal, and that the incident ray, reected ray, and surface normal must be coplanar. As shown in Fig. 6, the incident ray and the reected ray are the straight lines with the assumption that the antenna is located in a homogenous medium. Based on the above, one can consider a ray from the source to the point , on a section of the shaped subreector of reection, and . Then, a line equasurface between tion passing through these two points is dened. Consequently, another equation satised by the unknown subreector surface is given as point

(15)

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Note that there are seven unknowns with six equations. To or has to be chosen as an solve this equation, either independent variable. Once one is chosen, the other is obtained from (19) and the problem is reduced to solving ve unknowns and are now known. with ve equations. As a result, To solve for the rest of new points, one starts with substituting (15) into (17) and obtains (20) Also, substituting (15) into (10) yields

(21) Using simplied as and (21) is further

Fig. 7. Ray geometry in the vicinity of shaped local hyperbolic subreector and caustic showing new unknown. d.

(22) Substituting (14) and (20) into (22) yields (23), shown at the bottom of the page. As mentioned earlier, and are known from (19). Therefore, (23) has only two unknowns of and , because and are the functions of and . (18) is left along with (23) to be solved for and . However, solving these two equations directly by substituting (18) into (23) is not easy, since they are nonlinear equations. Thus, an approach for the solution is proposed by introducing a . From (18), one can obtain the following two new unknown new equations. (24) (25) where is the distance between and . can be positive or negative depending on the loNote that cation of and as shown in Fig. 7. By substituting (24) and (25) into (23), one equation with one un, is obtained. However, the new equation with is known, still too complicated to solve directly. Therefore, an approximation is further introduced to solve . During the shaping process, (or ) changes for as an independent variable to shape another section of the reector surface and its change is electrically very small. Since and are dependent on the location of (or ), is very small. As a result, the change of

Fig. 8. Initial geometries of (a) Gregorian and (b) Cassegrain.

the higher terms from the second order terms of can be neglected in the newly generated equation with (23), (24) and (25), can be solved. Consewhich simplies the equation and quently, once is obtained, all the other unknowns are obis given in [14], tained. The detailed procedure to obtain Appendix A and the solution is summarized in Appendix B. Since this method is based on GO and surface points are found from approximate closed-form solution, it is computationally efcient. To compute a generating curve, it takes approximately 1.7 seconds of CPU time with a desktop computer of 1.81 GHz processor speed and 2 GB memory. V. RESULTS To demonstrate the shaping method in this work, both Gregorian and Cassegrain reectors are shaped and the scattered

(23)

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elds from the shaped reectors are compared with those from the unshaped reector. The caustic behavior for a shaped dual reector is also discussed in order to explain how this shaping method works. A shaped surface is to be determined in the plane and rotated with respect to the z-axis to obtain the circularly symmetric surface. As mentioned earlier, one has to provide the initial conditions prior to shaping. Those are feed power pattern, desired aperture distribution, subreector tilted angle , distance between two foci of elliptic or hyperbolic subre, distance between the apex of subreector ector surface , parabolic main reector focal disand its primary focus tance , diameter of dual reector system and radius . Fig. 8 shows the initial geometries of main reector rim with these parameters. F1 and F2 are two foci of subreector. M indicates and S are the vertex of main and subreector. the local subreector coordinate system. A set of initial points for the caustic, subreector and main reector is to be obtained during the shaping process with these initial conditions. The feed power pattern is to be given . The as the tapered power at the subreector rim in dB performance of shaped reectors is analyzed and predicted by physical optics (PO). Antenna simulation softwares SATCOM Workbench and NEC-REF are used to compute far eld patterns and aperture distribution based on PO, respectively. These are developed by the ElectroScience Laboratory at the Ohio State University. Three different examples are to be shown to demonstrate this shaping method for each case. The rst is Gregorian reector with uniform aperture distribution for maximum efciency. The second is the same Gregorian reector with tapered aperture distribution at the main reector edge for sidelobe level control. The same initial geometry is used for the rst and the second example and compared in the same plot. The third is shaping of a Cassegrain reector with a hole at the center of main reector. This conguration is to avoid subreector blockage. A. Gregorian Reector A Gregorian reector antenna is shaped in this example with the following initial conditions. m, m, m, m m, dB. Reector surfaces are shaped with the uniform and the edge-tapered aperture distribution, separately and compared. For the edge-tapered aperture distribution, the same feed radiation pattern is used. However, a polynomial equation given below is used for the desired circularly symmetric aperture distribution, which is tapered about 27 dB at the edge of main reector, and with the tapering starts at

Fig. 9. Gregorian: comparison between unshaped and shaped with uniform aperture distribution and edge-tapered aperture distribution.

small circle indicates the initial points for main, subreector and caustic where the shaping process begins. Note that the caustic for both shaped reectors is no longer a xed point, but changes gradually according to its corresponding local dual reector system. The caustic behavior shown in Fig. 9 explains how this shaping method works. For the shaping case with uniform aperture distribution, when the corresponding reection point on the subreector is getting closer to the rim, the caustic is going further away from the point of reection on the subreector. For the shaping case with edge-tapered aperture distribution, the caustic is going away from each reection point of the subreector in the beginning, but starts coming back toward each reection point on the subreector. The spread factor of the geometrical optics reected eld for the Gregorian reector between the caustic and is related to the caustic distance the point of reection on the subreector as (27) is the distance between the corresponding reection where points on two reectors. Since the feed is tapered by 30 dB at the rim of the subreector in this example, in case of the uniform aperture distribution, the caustic of each local dual reector is trying to move away as the shaping process is getting closer to the edge of the reector surface in order to increase caustic disand obtain the uniform aperture distribution from tance

(26) This example will explicitly show how the new caustic prole behaves in order to compensate for the mismatch between dB of the tapered feed radiation and each aperture distribution. Fig. 9 shows the comparison of three Gregorian reector geometries: original, shaped with uniform aperture distribution, and shape with edge-tapered aperture distribution. The

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Fig. 10. Gregorian: (a) Scattered far eld pattern from subreector at 1.5 GHz and (b) main reector aperture distribution at 1.5 GHz.

30 dB tapered feed power at the rim. As a result, the tapered power from the feed is compensated upon reection from the subreector as shown in Fig. 10(a) and produces the desired uniform aperture distribution and phase in Fig. 10(b). Similar analysis can be applied to the shaping case with edge-tapered is reaperture distribution. In this case, caustic distance duced as the shaping process continues toward the vicinity of rim to produce a more tapered aperture distribution as shown in Fig. 10(b). Note that in Fig. 10(b) for both shaping cases, the aperture distribution corresponding to the vicinity of the center of the main reector has been decreased. This behavior tells us that the power has been redistributed from the center to the edge, so that the shaped reector surface achieves either a desired uniform or edge-tapered aperture power distribution out of the tapered feed power pattern. The comparison of far zone scattered elds from each main reector is shown in Fig. 11 at 1.5 GHz. The shaped reector with uniform aperture distribution produces the highest gain and the most focused main beam, but the highest sidelobe level as a tradeoff. The shaped reector with edge-tapered aperture distribution produces a lower sidelobe at the slight sacrice of efciency. The caustic behavior explained above has been studied in [15] for already shaped dual reector antenna system.

Fig. 11. Gregorian: Comparison of scattered far eld patterns between (a) unshaped and shaped with edge tapered aperture distribution at 1.5 GHz and (b) shaped with uniform and edge tapered aperture distribution at 1.5 GHz.

B. Cassegrain Reector with a Hole A Cassegrain reector with a hole at the center is shaped to verify this shaping method for both Gregorian and Cassegrain reectors. The purpose of the hole is to avoid the subreector blockage of the rays reected by the main reector. The diameter of the hole is the same or larger than that of subreector. The caustic of the original geometry is not right on the axis of symmetry, z-axis, in order for the ray hitting the center of subreector to hit the edge of main reector hole as shown in Fig. 8 where and . As a result, the three dimensional original geometry generates what is called the ring-focus. The parameters for the unshaped geometry used in this example are obtained using the formulations in [10]. Fig. 12 shows the shaped geometry with uniform aperture distribution in comparison with unshaped surfaces. The initial points for this case are the corresponding points in the middle of both surfaces,

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Fig. 14. Far eld patterns from the main reector with different shaping intervals.

Fig. 12. Cassegrain with a hole: Comparison between unshaped and shaped with uniform aperture distribution.

VI. CONCLUSION A shaping method for circularly symmetric dual reector antennas was presented in this paper. Shaped reector surfaces can be obtained by using GO and properties of conventional parabolic and either elliptic or hyperbolic surfaces. The shaped reector surface is a combination of local conventional dual reector systems, which are created in order to redistribute feed power through the shaped reector system to maximize the efciency with desired uniform aperture distribution as an initial condition. In order to reduce the sidelobe level at the cost of slightly reduced efciency, a tapered aperture distribution was used as a desired aperture distribution. To avoid subreector blockage which deteriorates the antenna performance, an alternative conguration was used and shaped to maximize efciency.

APPENDIX A
Fig. 13. Cassegrain with a hole: Comparison of scattered far eld pattern between unshaped and shaped with uniform aperture distribution at 5 GHz.

which shows that the initial points can be anywhere. Parameters of the initial geometry are m, m, m, m, m and dB. The caustic prole for the shaped reector moves away in two directions from the initial point, which indicates that the unshaped reector in this case produces a tapered aperture distribution in the vicinity of both aperture edges. As a result of the shaping, the shaped reector is trying to increase the tapered power near both edges. Far zone scattered elds from both shaped and unshaped surfaces are computed at 5 GHz. Fig. 13 shows the improved efciency in gain and the higher sidelobe level after the shaping process.

This appendix presents a guideline to determine an electrically small shaping interval. Based on empirical research results, each shaping interval can be as large as one wavelength. Fig. 14 shows far eld patterns from the shaped Gregorian reector with different shaping intervals. The geometry for part A in Section V is used as the initial geometry with dB. As shown, overall disagreement starts to show with larger than one wavelength shaping interval. This investigation is restricted to the region of main beam and a few sidelobes.

APPENDIX B After substituting (24) and (25) into (23), one obtains a nonlinear polynomial equation only in terms of . After ignoring

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higher order terms from the second order, the approximated is found as

(A.1)

where, see the equation shown at the top of the page. REFERENCES
[1] B. S. Westcott, Shaped Reector Antenna Design. New York: Research Studies Press, 1983. [2] W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1998. [3] V. Galindo, Design of dual-reector antenna with arbitrary phase and amplitude distribution, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-12, pp. 403408, Jul. 1964. [4] B. Ye. Kinber, On two-reector antennas, Radio Eng. Electron. Phys., vol. 6, pp. 914921, Jun. 1962. [5] K. A. Green, Modied cassegrain antenna for arbitrary aperture illumination, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-11, pp. 589590, Sep. 1963.

[6] B. S. Westcott and F. Brickell, Geometric-optics synthesis of dual reector antennas with distributed sources, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Microw. Antennas Propag., vol. 136, no. 5, pt. H, pp. 361366, Oct. 1989. [7] J. Hakli, J. Ala-Laurinaho, and A. V. Raisanen, Numerical synthesis method for designing a shaped dual reector feed system, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Microw. Antennas Propag., vol. 152, no. 5, pp. 311318, Oct. 2005. [8] J. R. Bergmann, Shaped subreector for offset Gregorian reector antenna with a paraboloidal main reector, in Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Society Int. Symp., Jun. 1998, vol. 2, pp. 828831. [9] W. Rotman and J. C. Lee, Compact dual frequency reector antennas for EHF mobile satellite communication terminals, in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Int. Symp., Jun. 1984, vol. 22, pp. 771774. [10] F. J. S. Moreira and A. Prata Jr., Generalized classical axially symmetric dual-reector antennas, IEEE Tran. Antennas Propag., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 547554, Apr. 2001. [11] A. Tadjalli and J. Rashed-Mohassel, Blockage minimization in Cassegrain and Gregorian reectors with increased exibility, in Proc. IEEE Aerospace Conf., Big-Sky, MT, Mar. 2002, pp. 2-9992-1005. [12] P. J. B. Clarricoats and G. T. Poulton, High-efciency microwave reector antenna - A review, Proc. IEEE, vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 14701504, Oct. 1997. [13] T. H. Lee, A new approach for shaping of dual reector antennas, Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, 1987.

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[14] Y. Kim, Shaping of a circularly symmetric three dimensional dual reector antenna, M.S. thesis, Dept. Elect. Eng., The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, 2004. [15] T. A. Cwik and P. S. Kildal, A study of three techniques used in the diffraction analysis of shaped dual-reector antennas, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 979983, Aug. 1989. Youngchel Kim received the B.S. degree in avionics engineering from Hankuk Aviation University, Kyounggi, Korea, in 2001 and the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from The Ohio State University, Columbus, in 2004, where he is currently in electrical and computer engineering at The Ohio State University. Since 2001, he has been working as a Graduate Research Associate at the ElectroScience Laboratory, The Ohio State University. His research interests focus on reector antenna design and analysis, and high frequency methods. He is currently working on the scattering by general wedges excited by a complex line or point source.

Teh-Hong Lee (M87SM98) received the B.S. degree from National Taiwan University, Taipei, in 1980 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from The Ohio State University, Columbus, in 1984 and 1987, respectively, all in electrical engineering. Since 1982, he has been associated with the ElectroScience Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, where presently he is a Research Scientist. His major research area is in the antenna analysis, design and measurement. He is the main developer of NEC Reector Antenna Code at the ElectroScience Laboratory and has also been involved with design and upgrade of measurement facilities. Dr. Lee is a senior member of the Antenna Measurement Techniques Association (AMTA).

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