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Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 5- Lp D08VT4 1. Nguyn Hi Phong 2. Bi Th Phng Tho 3. L H Thu 4. Ng Quc Tun 5. Nguyn Quang Ton Ging vin hng dn: Ths. Cao Hng Sn
MC LC
Phn A: Tm hiu b pht quang iu ch trong h thng quang.3 1. B pht tn hiu quang3 1.1. Khi nim b pht tn hiu quang..3 1.2. Cu trc b pht tn hiu quang.3 1.2.1. S khi b pht tn hiu quang3 1.2.2. Cu trc b pht tn hiu quang4 1.3. Phn loi b pht tn hiu quang6 1.4. Ghp ni ngun quang vi si trong mch pht tn hiu quang7 2. B pht tn hiu quang iu ch trc tip9 2.1. Khi nim b pht tn hiu quang iu ch trc tip9 2.2. Mch pht s dng LED...9 2.3. Mch pht s dng LD..9 2.4. u nhc im ca b pht quang iu ch trc tip10 3. B pht tn hiu quang iu ch ngoi..14 3.1. S khi b pht tn hiu ngoi..14 3.2. u im ca k thut iu ch ngoi so vi k thut iu ch trc tip.15 3.3. Phn loi cc b iu ch ngoi s dng hin nay..15 3.3.1. Mach- Zehnder Modulator (MZM)..16 3.3.2. Electroabsorption Modulator (EA)..17 Phn B: Kho st cc dng iu ch tn hiu quang bng phn mm m phng Optisystem...19 1. B pht quang (Optical transmitters)19 2. B pht quang iu bin s dng LED (LED modulation response)20 3. B pht quang iu bin ngoi s dng LD (Semiconductor laser modulation response)22 Danh mc hnh v ...26 Thut ng vit tt.28 Ti liu tham kho...31 Nhm 5- Lp D08VT4 Page 2
1.2.
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Tm hiu b pht quang iu ch trong h thng quang B iu khin Tn hiu in Tn hiu quang u ra
Ngun quang
B iu ch
B ghp quang
Hnh 1.2. S khi b pht quang 1.2.2. Cu trc b pht tn hiu quang S khi b pht quang in hnh c biu din nh hnh 1.2. Theo , mt b pht quang bao gm: mt ngun quang, b iu ch, b ghp tn hiu quang, mch iu khin cng sut. Tt c cc thnh phn trn c ng gi thnh b pht quang nh hnh 1.3.
Hnh 1.3. B pht quang Ngun quang ca b pht tn hiu quang thng l mt laser bn dn hoc mt it pht quang.
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Nh vy, 1mW tng ng vi 0 dBm, v 1 W tng ng vi -30 dBm. Cng sut ghp quang thng kh nh (< -10 dBm) i vi it pht quang nhng i vi laser bn dn th ln ti ~10 dBm. it pht quang cng b gii hn kh nng iu ch , v th hu ht h thng thng tin si quang s dng Laser bn dn lm ngun quang. Gii hn v tc bit ti cc b pht quang thng do nng lc ca cc mch in t khng p ng c ch khng phi do laser. Vi thit k ph hp, b pht quang cho php iu ch tc bit ln ti 40 Gbps. D liu t ngun pht bn ngoi c a vo b pht quang thng qua n v bin i d liu nh tn hiu xung kch (clock). Ti y d liu c bin i v dng ph hp cung cp cho mch kch thch iu khin dng phn cc cho Laser. Trong trng hp tng qut b pht quang s dng Led cng bao gm cc thnh phn nh hnh 1.2. Tuy nhin nu tn hiu cn pht l tn hiu tng t th mch ch bin tn hiu s n gin hn nhiu. n v bin i d liu (Data conversion Unit) bao gm b gii m tn hiu ng truyn, b bin i song song- ni tip v b sa dng tn hiu. Chc nng ca b bin i d liu l bin i tn hiu in ng vo song song v dng m thng dng NRZ dng ni tip v sa dng tn hiu cung cp cho mch kch thch. Nhm 5- Lp D08VT4 Page 5
1.3.
Vic iu ch tn hiu quang theo thng tin d liu c th c thc hin nh iu ch trc tip v iu ch ngoi. Do c hai b pht tn hiu quang, l b pht quang iu bin trc tip s dng LED hoc LD v b pht quang iu bin ngoi s dng LD cng vi b iu ch ngoi. iu ch trc tip c thc hin bng cch iu ch thng tin d liu trc tip ln dng nui cho ngun quang nh th ngun quang s pht x nh sng theo thng tin d liu.
Hnh 1.5. S khi b pht quang iu ch trc tip Trong trng hp iu ch ngoi th ngun quang pht lin tc nh sng, thng tin c iu ch nh mt b giao thoa k nm bn ngoi.
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Tm hiu b pht quang iu ch trong h thng quang 1010110101 1: light on 0: light off
Laser
Light output
Modulator
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Hnh 1.7. Mt s cch ghp ni gia ngun v si quang cho LED . i vi LD: S dng vi thu knh: ~ 40 - 90 %
Trong h thng thng tin si quang, b pht quang thc hin pht tn hiu quang mang thng tin t ni pht n ni thu. iu ch tn hiu quang ti b pht phi c mch iu bin cng . Ty vo kiu tn hiu l tng t hay tn hiu s, mch pht iu bin cng phi c nhng c im khc nhau nht nh.
2.2.
Hnh 2.1. Mch kch thch s dng LED cho tn hiu tng t i vi tn hiu tng t, mch pht iu bin cng thng s dng transistor lng cc. LED kt ni vi cc gp hoc cc pht thng qua mt in tr hn ch dng. Tn hiu in iu bin c a vo cc gc ca transistor. Gi thit, dng iu bin c dng: ( ) Theo s mch hnh 2.1, dng qua cc gc c dng ( ) ( ) Nhm 5- Lp D08VT4 Page 9
2.2.2. i vi tn hiu s i vi mch kch thch s dng LED cho tn hiu s khng cn s dng cc in tr phn cc cho transistor lng cc. V tn hiu s, tc sn xung thay i nhanh nn cn s dng thm t C tng tc iu bin
2.3.
Khc vi LED, cc mch kch thch cho LD phi s dng mch vng iu khin n nh cng sut do laser rt nhy vi s thay i nhit . Nhit cng tng, th cng sut pht quang ca laser cng gim.
Dng tn hiu
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Tm hiu b pht quang iu ch trong h thng quang Mch iu khin dng kch thch Si quang Mch iu khin dng bm TEC Module LD
Hnh 2.3. M-un laser c h thng n nh nhit Mt mch pht quang iu bin cng c biu din nh hnh 2.4. Mch pht quang ny l s kt hp ca mch iu khin hnh 2.5 v mch iu ch tn hiu hnh 2.6.
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2.4.
Trong kiu iu ch trc tip, tn hiu iu ch c thc hin bng cch thay i dng in kch thch chy qua laser. Kiu iu ch ny c gi l iu ch ni hay iu ch trc tip. u im ca kiu iu ch ny l n gin. Tuy nhin, hn ch ca k thut iu ch ny l: Bng thng iu ch ny b gii hn bi tn s dao ng tt dn ca laser diode. Hin tng chirp xy ra i vi tn hiu quang tng rng ph ca xung nh sng. Hin tng ny xy ra i vi laser DFB v v vy l yu t hn ch nghim trng i vi cc h thng truyn dn quang tc cao (ch yu s dng laser DFB lm ngun quang). Hn na, k thut iu ch ny cng khng p dng c trong cc h thng thng tin quang i hi cng sut quang ln ( >30mW) nh cc mng truyn dn c ly xa hay mng truyn hnh cp v vic ch to cc mch pht quang iu ch trc tip hot ng n nh khi iu ch tc cao vi dng in kch thch ln ( >100mA) tr nn phc tp v kh khn hn nhiu. Nhng hn ch trn c th khc phc c khi s dng k thut iu ch ngoi.
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Hnh 3.1.S khi b iu ch ngoi S khi b iu ch ngoi c biu din trn hnh 3.1. Theo iu ch tn hiu quang khng thc hin bn trong laser m c thc hin bi mt linh kin quang bn ngoi gi l b iu ch ngoi (external modulator). nh sng do laser pht ra di dng sng lin tc CW.
3.3.
C hai b iu ch ngoi c s dng hin nay l Mach- Zehnder Modulator (MZM) v Electroabsorption Modulator (EA). Nhm 5- Lp D08VT4 Page 15
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Hnh 3.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca b iu ch ngoi MZM a)Khng c in p phn cc b) C in p phn cc iu ch ngoi MZM c s dng ch yu trong mng quang truyn hnh. MZM c mt s hn ch nh sau: suy hao xen cao (ln n 5dB) v in p iu ch tng i cao (ln n 10V). Ngoi ra, s dng MZM cn c mt hn ch na l MZM l mt linh kin quang tch bit. Do MZM c ch to bi LiNb khng phi cht bn dn nn khng th tch hp vi laser DFB trong mt chip. Nhng hn ch ny ca MZM c hn ch bi mt loi iu ch khc l v Electroabsorption Modulator (EA). 3.3.2. Electroabsorption Modulator (EA) B iu ch ngoi EA c cu to l mt ng dn sng lm bng cht bn dn. Khi khng c in p phn cc, nh sng do laser DFB pht ra c truyn qua ng dn sng ny v bc sng ct ca ng dn sng ngn hn so vi bc sng ca nh sng ti. Khi c in p iu ch, rng di cm ca vt liu ng dn sng gim. Hin tng ny c gi l hiu Nhm 5- Lp D08VT4 Page 17
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Hnh 1 thnh phn b pht Cng sut ghp quang l mt tham s thit k quan trng. Cng sut ghp quang ln s gip tng khong cch gia cc trm lp/ b khuch i. Tuy nhin cc hiu ng phi tuyn li gii hn ln ca cng sut ny. Cng sut ca tn hiu quang thng c biu din theo n v dBm vi 1 mW c coi l mc tham kho.s
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Cc gi tr mc nh ca tui th sng mang n v RC c nh RC l 1 ns v1 ns, tng ng. Do , 3dB l khong 140 MHz. Tho lun v cc thng s s: v d, bit rate l 300 Mb / s v chiu di chui 128 bit, do , ca s thi gian l khong 430 ns. Mu cho mi bit l 256, do , t l mu l 76 GHz. Do , phn gii mc nh l khong 2 MHz. u tin chng ta gi thi gian truyn Tn v RC c nh Trc, c ngha l 3dB vo khong 140MHz, v phn tch s ng ca s mt nh mt bin php thc hin ca h thng.Kt qu thu c cho 100Mb/s v 300Mb/s truyn c th hin Hnh 2.
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Hnh 5 tr
phng
i vi cc thng s mc nh ca m hnh laser phng trnh tc ca chng ti Ith=33.45mA. sp=1ns,ph=3ps, V nu chng ta gi nh iu ch cao im tc thi I=40mA, v IB=40mA tn s cng hng tng ng theo quy nh ca trn phng trnh s l khong 1,3 GHz. Tho lun v cc thng s s: t l bit l 1,3 Gb / s v trnh t chiu di 128 bit, do , cc ca s thi gian khong 98,5 ns. Mu cho mi bit l 512, do , t l mu l 670 GHz. Do , phn gii mc nh l 10 MHz. Trong hnh 6 v hnh 7, nh hng ca tn s iu ch tng ln trn mt trong nhng cng hng v hiu nng h thng s c th hin. Trong hnh 6, 1.3 Gb / Nhm 5- Lp D08VT4 Page 23
Hnh 6: T ng tn s iu ch trn cng hng R rng, iu ch vi tn s cao hn cc cng hng dn n hiu sut h thng khng th chp nhn c. Trong hnh 7, nh hng ca s thin v tc thi vo tn s cng hng, v do hiu nng h thng, mt t l bit c nh s c th hin. Chng ti s dng 1.3 Gb/s truyn, gi tt c cc thng s khc ging nhau, v s dng IB=20mA
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Hnh
i sai lch t c th i
Nu bn so snh Hnh 7 v Hnh 6 (vi tc truyn 1.3Gb/s v IB=40mA),n l chng minh r rng rng gim ca dng thin v bn di ngng gi tr ca n dn n gim hiu nng h thng. Trong bi hc ny, chng ti cho thy s ph thuc ca hiu sut ca h thng tc cao trn cc tn s iu ch v thin v laser tc thi.
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DANH MC HNH V
Phn A: Tm hiu b pht quang iu ch trong h thng quang
Hnh 1.1. Cu trc b pht quang Hnh 1.2. S khi b pht quang Hnh 1.3. B pht quang Hnh 1.4. S khi n v bin i d liu Hnh 1.5. S khi b pht quang iu ch trc tip Hnh 1.6. S khi b pht quang iu ch ngoi Hnh 1.7. Mt s cch ghp ni gia ngun v si quang cho LED Hnh 1.8. Ghp ni LD vo si s dng vi thu knh Hnh 2.1. Mch kch thch s dng LED cho tn hiu tng t Hnh 2.2.Mch kch thch s dng LED cho tn hiu s Hnh 2.3. M-un laser c h thng n nh nhit Hnh 2.4. Mch pht quang s dng LD in hnh Hnh 2.5. Mch kch thch Hnh 2.6. Mch iu ch tn hiu Hnh 3.1.S khi b iu ch ngoi Hnh 3.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca b iu ch ngoi MZM a)Khng c in p phn cc b) C in p phn cc
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THUT NG VIT TT
A APD AR ASE B BA BER BH C CW D DBR DCF DFB DR DR DWDM E ELED F FET FPA FPLD FWHM FWM G GI GVD Avalanche Photodiode Antireflection Coating Amplified Spontanous Emission Booster Amplifier Bit Error Rate Burried Heterostructure Continous Wave Distributed Bragg Reflector Dispersion Compensation Fiber Distributed Feedback Dynamic Range Distributed Reflector Dense WDM Edge emitting LED Field Effect Transistor Fabry Perot Amplifier Fabry Perot Laser Diode Full Width at Half Maximum Four Wave Mixing Graded Index Group Velocity Dispersion Diode tch sng quang thc V chng phn x Bc x t pht c khuch i B khuch i cng sut T s li bit Cu trc d th chn Sng lin tc Phn x phn b Bragg Si b tn sc Phn hi phn b Di ng B phn x phn b WDM mt cao LED pht x cnh Transistor hiu ng trng B khuch i Fabry Perot Laser diode c khoang cng hng Fabry Perot rng ton phn ti na ln nht Trn bn sng Ch sGradien Tn sc vn tc nhm Page 28
Nhm 5- Lp D08VT4
Intensity Modulation Intensity Modulation Direct Detection Intersymbol Interference Line Amplifier Laser diode Light Emitting Diode
iu ch cng iu ch cng - Tch sng trc tip Nhiu gia cc k t Khuch i ng truyn Diode laser Diode pht quang Ngng ng hi ha cht bin i Transistor trng bn dn kim loi ng knh trng mode Transistor trng oxit Silic kim loi Ging lng t B iu ch Mach Zehnder Khu s Hnh nh nhiu Schroedinger phi tuyn B khuch i quang B tin khuch i Tn sc mode phn cc Cu trc PIN Nhiu cng tng i Page 29
Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition MESFET Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor Mode Field Diameter MFD MOSFET Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistor MQW MZ N NA NF NLS O OA P PA PMD PIN R RIN Multiple Quantum Well Mach Zehnder Numerical Aperture Noise Figure Nonlinear Schroedinger Optical Amplifier Pre-Amplifier Polarization Mode Dispersion Positive Intrinsic Negative Relative Intensity Noise
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