GOLOEN NATUBE GU1OEB

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GOLDEN F1ELD GU1OEB
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bL bMLLLb L LK1M NLKL
GOLDEN REG1ONAL GU1OEB
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1h bOOks<| O<v<i|<b||n1HOtLU7L |BKAK tO1LM
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ore froUemorks o1 eSfern ublshng Lompony, nc.
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bY bAKLLWL, JALK KUMZ, bAKbAKA WLLI,
AMD JLAM ZALLIMCLR
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WOsfOrn |ubshng Lompony, |nc.
Z
fVLV
1he wOtlU O1 nOn-OwetOg OO!S OcluUeS SOme Ot !he
mOS! 1OScOO!ng, ye! eO8! uOUetS!OOU Ot Ol On!S.
NOny DOc!etO cOu8e On! OnU OnmO USeOSeS, yel
O!het DOc!etO OnU SOme 1ung DtOg ODOu! lhe UecOy
O1 pOn! OnU OnmO temOnS, !heteDy keeng !het
chemcOlS n cyce. LteO! cOn1et tOteS!S enctcle !he
eOtlh n !he cOOet tegOnSOnU Ote O meOSute O1 nO!utOl
teSOutce n !he ecOOOmy Ot mOny nO!OnS. Oeemngly
nSgnhcOn! cheOS Ote Oneet lOn!S !hO! cOnVet!
weO!heteU tOckS n!O SOl. NOny SeceS O1 muShtOOmS
Ote UelcOceS tZ U Dy gOutme!S O!hetS Ote UeOUy
O8OnOuS. 1huS, nOn-Owetng On!S Ote DOlh n!ete8!-
ng OnU mOt!On!. 1hS DOOk cOn!On8 Ony O Selec!On
Ot !he mOny !hOuSOnUS O1 SeceS.
OecO !hOnkS gO lO !he Ot!SlS, Ot!culOtly !O
OtO!heO bOtlOwe, whO hOS UtOwn !he mOOt!y Ot !he
SeceS !O Oy bOtlOwe, bOtDOtO YOl, OnU JeOn
Ollnget, eOch O1 whOm hO8 mOUe O numDet Ot lhe
uS!tO!CnS, OOU !O JOck KunZ, whO UU !he cOVet Otl.
1he Ou!hOtSOte OSOgtO!e1uynUeD!eU!O t.YllOmP.
YeDet, |tO1eSSOt Ot |O!utO MS!Oty, UnVet8ly Ot LOlO-
tOUO NuSeum, !O t. YlOm L. !eete, teclOt O lhe
Pew 1Otk bO!OncOl LOtUen, OnU hS O88OcOle, t.
LlOtk 1. KOgetSOn, !O t. 1OylOt K. PleXOnUet, Nt8. Ll-
lOn |ly, NtS. JulO NOt!On, OnU t. JOSeh N. KeUhOtl,
Ot lhe uOt!men! O1 bO!Ony, UnVet8!y Ot NOm, OnU
!O !he mOny O!hetS whO mOUe hetul Sugge8lOn8 OnU
tutOSheU VOtOuS mO!etOlS.
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LOytgh1 1Uy e51etn UUI5hDg LODoDy |DC. P r1gh15
te5etVuU DCUUDg 1he tgh1 Of tetOUUClOD D VhOe Ot D ot1
D oDy fOtD. tD1eU D 1he U.O.P. UU5heU Dy LOUuD te55, eV
TOtK .T. Utoty Of LODgte55 Lo1oOg LotU UDDut PL -14.
COMTEMT5
lNTkO0UCl NG NON-FLOWfkl NGPLANT5
ACTlVlTlf5 . e . . e . e e . . e e e e e e e e e o o e e o
ALGAf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e
8| 0e-green A| goe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e
Red, 8rown, ond Go| den A| goe . . . . . . . e
Ye| | ow-green A| goe, 0| oIoms . . . . . . . . . o
0| nooge| | oIes, E0g| eno| ds . . . . . . . . . . .
Green A| goe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o
5IoneworIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o
FUNGl e e o e e o e e o o e o o e o o e o e o o o o o e o o e o o
8ocIer| o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o
5| me Mo| ds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o
A| go| F0ng| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5oc F0ng| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6os| d| 0m F0ng| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o
R0sIs ond 5m0Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o
Je| | y F0ng| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o
Coro| , TooIb, ond |eoIher F0ag . . . . . e
Pore F0ng| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e
G| | | F0ng| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o
GosIefOmyceIB$ o o e e e e o e o e e o e o o o e o
| mperfecI F0ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LlCHfN5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-9
10-12
14-23
8

20
2
22- 23
23
24-92
27
28-3
32-33
34-37
40-7
42-44
45
4-47
48-50
5 -85
8-7
V2
93-99
MO55f5 o e o o e e e e e e e o o o o e e o o e o o o e o e 102-111
LlVfkWOkT5 AN0 HOkNWOkT5e e o o e e o 112-115
FfkN5 AN0 FfkN ALLlf5o o . o o e e e e e 116-146
Fern A| | | es o o o o o o o o e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8- 2
Ferns . e e e e e e . e e e . e e e e e . e e e e o e e e e e e e 27- 4
GYMNO5PfkM5 e e e . e o o e o o e e o . o o o o o o 147-152
MOkf l NFOkMATlON e e e e e e e e o 153
5ClNTlFl C NAMf5 e e e e o o e o o o o o e o e o 154-157
l N0fX e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 158-160
d
4
MRLU1 M MLMLLVtKM
PL b
NOs ng| ecOherenIgrOupomOng Ihe mOre I honD,
spec esOf pl onIscon be | obe| edos nOn-Ower ngp| onI s.
YeI obOuIoneI h rdOver , spec esreprOduce
w IhOuI beor ng Owers . !hese ronge frOm m crOscOp c
bocIer o IO I he | orgesI Of o| | Irees, I he redwOOds. | n-
c| uded ore Ihe vor Ous grOups Of o| goe ond fung ,
mOsses, | verwOrIs, hOrnworIs, fer ns ond I he r o| | es,
cycods, cOnfers, ond scores Of s mol | er, rorer grOups.
bOIonsIs c| ossfy p| onIs n on evo| uIonory sequence
by p| oc ng IhOsew I h s m l or sIrucIures ond | | fe h sIores
IOgeIher, os for os presenI knOw| edge permIs . !hs I osk
s nOI eosy, fOr p| onIs IhoI superc o| l y oppeor o| ke
moy hove deve| Oped frOm derenI oncesIOrs . bIruc-
Iures IhoIhove chonged gr oduo| l y Overm | l OnsOfyeors
moy be d mcul I IO Iroce becouse Of Ihe sconIy fOss| |
recOrd.
1h s s espec o| | y Irue Of Ihe eor| esI l v ng I h ngs.
Lrgon c moIer ol s Occur n r ocks we| | Over IwO b | | On
yeor sO| d. !heeorl esI |fe moy hove resemb| ed presenI-
doy v ruses, wh ch exhb I on| y I he bos c chorocIer sI cs
Of | fe. Y| ruses e Iher ore Or cOnIo n cOmp| ex n uc| eor
prOIe ns, KPPOr PP, ond reprOduce n | v ng p| onI Or
on mol ce| | s. bome v ruses ore of o crysIo| l ne noI ure
ond moy be On| y sel f-dupl coIng mO| ecu| es. LIhers ore
mOre c| eor| y ` | v ng. '
MO| nkbeIween bocIer o ondv ruses hos beenesIob-
| shed. bocIer o seem IOO odvonced IO hove been Ihe
eor| esI | v ng Orgon sms. buI Ihey con subs sI On s mp| e
Orgon c cOmpOunds Of I he sOrI I hoI moy hove been
fOrmed by I he ocI| On Of l ghIn ng On woIer ond eor| y
oImOspher c goses.
LIher eorl y evol uI| onory sIeps ore equol l y hozy. Per-
hops bocIer| o, bl ue-green ol goe, ond ogel l oIes | s|ngl e-
ce| | ed orgon| s ms I hoI sw| mw| I h o wh|pl | ke oppendoge}
d| d devel op from someIh|ng l | ke o pr| m| I| ve v| rus. !he
oIher ol gol cl osses moy hove or| sen seporoIel y from
| he ogel l oIes, or Ihe red ol goe moy hove come from
Ihe bl ue-greens ond oIhers from Ihe greens . |ung| moy
hove come d| recIl yfrom Ihe ogel l oIes. bryophyIes ond
l oIer Ihevoscul or pl onIs |Ihosew| Ih o conducI| ng sysIem}
moy hove devel oped d| recIl y from green ol goe. Horn-
worIs, Ihough rooI l ess ond w| IhouI Irue | eoves, devel -
oped conducI ve I| ssues. !rue voscul or I| ssues oppeored
| neorl yFs|ofum-l | kepl onIs . Lverm| l l | ons ofyeors, Ihese
pl onIs become odopIed Io growIh on l ond ond gove
r| se Io more odvonced non-ower|ng pl onIsIheferns,
fern ol l | es, ond gymnospermsond, hnol l y, Io I he
ower|ng pl onIs .
LAN0 PLANT5 w| I h s0 pporI| ng
ond cond0cI | ng I | ss0es [vosc0| or)
brsI oppeored obo0I 400 m| | | | on
yeors ogo. 8e| ow ore foss | | s of
common, non-ower| ng k| nds ,
s ome of I hem fo0nd w| I h coo| .

Lenero| | y, p| onI evO| uI On hos resu| Ied n | orger ond

mOre cOmp| ex Orgon| sms. | n I he hrsI oquoI c ponIs,
t ssues fOr suppOrI ond cOnducI On were nOI necessory.
Ln | ond, fundomenIo| chongeswereneeded IO prOv| de
suppOrI ond IO IronspOrI fOOd ond woI er I hrOughOuI
Ihe p| onI bOdy. !hen w| I h I he deve| OpmenI Of pO| | en
ond seeds | n gymnOsperms, Ihe dependence Of p| onIs
On woIer fOr ferI | | |zoI| On wos e| | m| noIed, ond Ihey be-
come mOre w de|y d| sIr| buIed On | ond.
THf kfLATl ON5Hl P5 omon g
gro0ps of non-oweri ng p| onIs,
reecI | ng I he| r evo| 0I| on, ore noI
yeI f 0| | y k nown. The fom| | y Iree
on Ihese poges represenIs o f0-
sion of severo| po| nIs of v|ew.
| nI h| s book, Ihe IreoImenI of I he
vor| o0s p| onI gro0ps [p. 3) does
noI fo| |ow Ihe deIo| | ed seq0ence
s0ggesIed on Ihese Iwo poges.
| nsIeod, Ihe e0g| eno| ds, d| no-
oge| | oIes, sIoneworIs, ond d| o-
Ioms hove been p| oced w| I h I he
oI her o| goe~b| 0e-green, green,
red, ond brown. Th| s br| ngs Io-
geI her gro0ps I hoI possess ch| o-
rophy| | ond moke I he| r own
foods. | n I he some woy bocIer| o
o n d s | | me mo | d s h ove been
IreoIed w| I h I he f 0ng| . Gener-
o| |y, o| | | ock ch | orophyI| ond
obIo| n food from | v| ng pIonI s
ondon| mo| s os poros |Ies,orfrom
deod moIIer os soprophyIes.
THA||OPHYTE5
FANlLY TkEE
OF
MOM-FLOEklMG
PLAMT5
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EM8RYOPHYTE5
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bK BUM of non-ower ng p| onIs vor| es w Ih

geOgrophy ond wIh hob IoI. Lenero| | y Ihey ore more
w| despreod I hon ower ng p| onIs ond | ess subj ecI IO
ecO| og co| | mIoI ons. NosIure s OfIen Ihe conIro| | ng
focIor n I he| r d sIr buI on.
A| goe ore mOsI cOmmon | n fresh or
so| IwoIer, IhOugh sOme moygrowonweI
sO| , bor k, Or rOcks. !he| r d sI r| buI on vor-
es frOm grOup IO grOup. keds, brOwns,
green
A| go
M0shroom
ond d nOoge| | oIes ore mo n| y mor ne.
Ye | | ow- g r een o n d go| d e n o| goe | ve
mo| n| y n fresh woIer. Lreens, b| ue-
greens, ond d oIOms grOw n boIh,
IhOugh morespec esoccur nsIreomsond
ponds.
|ung ore Ihe mOsI w| de| y d| sIr| buIed
of non-ower| ng p| onIs . 1hey do we| |
frOm coO| IemperoIe Io worm Irop co| c| -
moIes . bocIer o, yeosIs, ond spores of
mo| ds ore |n Ihe o r obouI us ond on mosI
I h ngs we IOuch. Nony fung grow n
mO sI, shody sO | , sOme | |ve n woIer.
LIhersgrOw nmonure ond | eofmo| d ond
on wood, | eoIher, ond OIher orgon c mo-
Ier o| s. Nony k nds ore poros I c on mon
ond OIher on mo| s Or couse d seoses of
crops ond OIher p| onIs . 1ogeIher, Ihese
poros I c fung couse m | | Ons Of do| | ors
| n domoge yeor| y.
| chens o| so hove o very w ded sIr bu-
I On . bome spec es cover m | e ofIer m | e
of open ground n Ihe orcI c I 0ndro.
L chens ore p oneers, Ihr v| ng on bore
rock, sond, or so| | . !hey res| sI dry ng.
NOsses ore usuo| | y shode-| Ov ng p| onIs Of Open
wOOds, he| ds, ond r| ver bonks. bOme spec es grOw n
sond, n rOck crev ces, ond On fo| | en I mber. Nosses
ore cOmmOn n IemperoIe c| moIes ond oI h gher o| I -
Iudes n I he IrOp cs. A few grOw n woIer.
L ver wOr I s o n d h Or n wOr Is I h r ve n
mO sI sO | , fOr m ng green b| on keIs o| Ong
sIreoms ond n OI her weI p| oces. 1hese
| esser p| onIs ore OfIen sIud ed os exom-
p| es Of o| IernoI On Of generoI Ons.
|er ns ore mOre w despreod ond mOre
obundonI n I he weIIrOp cs I hon n mOre
I emperoIe oreos. NOsI spec es prefer
mOsI, shoded hob IoIs, I hOugh sOme
con sIond I he Open sun Of he| ds ond
rOods des. NOrIh Amer co hos o number
OfbOg spec| es ond o few k ndsI hoI grOw
n pOnds ond sIreoms. bOme ferns Of
wormer oreos ore ep phyIes .
|ern o| | es, c| Ose| y re| oIed IO ferns,
grOw n Open Or shoded wOOds, sOme
grOups Ihr ve o| Ong rOods des, On em-
bonk menIs, ond even On sIer | e, h| | ed
| ond. A few ore o| sO oquoI c. Lne n
sem or d oreos cur| s up IO res sI dry ng.
LymnOsperms, I he mOsI odvonced Of
Ihe nOn-Ower ng p| onIs, Ihrve n dverse
env rOnmenI s. besI knOwn ore I he greoI
bOreo| fOresIs Of cOnfers, buI members
Of I h s grOup o| sO fOr m fOresIs n Aus-
Iro| o ond bOuIh Amer co. Lycods ond
sever o| | esser knOwn grOups ore mOsI
obundonI| yrepresenIed nI heIrOp csond
subIrOp cs.
Moss
Fern
C!0b Moss
Cycod
V
U
1V t b
NOn-Ower| ng p| onIs ore besI sIud| ed where I hey ore
grOw| ng noI uro| | y. Noke nOIes of I he spec| es yOu nd
ond where you nd Ihem. YOur records w| | | become
| ncreos| ng| y vo| uob| e os Ihey ore exIended w| Ih eoch
I r| p. PeOp| e | nIeresIed mo| n| y | n | denI| fy| ng non-
Ower| ng p| onIs ofIen cO| | ecI spec| mens. !hey nd IhoI
phOIogrophs, Ioken | n Ihe el d or | ndoors w| Ih con-
Iro| | ed | | ghI | ng, ore he| pful | n | denI|fy| ng p| onIs ond
sIudy| ng grOwIh hob| Is . LIhers moy enj oy grow| ng
p| onIs | n I he s| mu| oIed noIuro| env| ronmenI of o Ier-
rorum. !hose gosIronom| co| | y| nc| | ned moy be oIIrocIed
Io w| | d mus hroOms. P number of seoweeds ore o| sO
pol oIob| e. cxper| menIs On use of such green o| goe os
Lhoreo fOr fOOd moy he| p so| ve I he prOb| em Of feed-
| ng spoce Irove| ers .
5POkf PklNT5 prov| de o per-
monenI record of spore col or
ond gi| | poIIern of | orger f0ngi.
The preserved prinIs noI on| y
moke on inIeresI| ng co| | ecIion
b0I ore vo| 0ob| e |n | denI | fy| ng
d| mc0| I spec| es. Fo| |ow I he Iech-
nq0e | l l 0sIroIed be| ow. Try vor-
| o0s col ored popers Io geI Ihe
besI conIrosI beIween spores
[ mony ore wh| Ie) ond I he bock-
gro0nd. 5proy I he n| shed prinI
w| I h l ocq0er or o oI| ve Io pre-
venI smeor| ng. |obe| eoch.
mushroom cop
C0I sIem c| ose Io cop.
P| oce, gi| | s down,on
poper. Cover f or severo|
hours. || fI cop genI | y.
spore prinI
HOW O
5PORE PRT5
PHOTOGkAPH5 provi de on | n-
IeresIi ng, orI| sI| c, ond eecI| ve
record of non-oweri ng pl onIs.
6eco0se dr| ed p| onI s pec| mens
| ose co| or ond form, phoIo-
grophs of fresh spec| mens ore
on ecel l enI oi d i n i denI| co-
I i on. 5i nce mosI pl onIs ore s mol l ,
yo0 wi l l need on eIensi on I0be
or porIro| I l ens. A I el ephoIo l ens
i s ol so vol 0obl e. 8ri ng speci mens
i ndoors ond phoIogroph I hem
ogoi nsI o p| o| n bockgro0 nd. 6eI-
Ier sI i l l , phoIogroph I hem where
Ihey grow. For I hi s yo0 wi l l need
o Ir| pod, osh or sIrobe l i ghI,
ond pl enIy of poI| ence. Pl onIs
rore| y grow | n phoIogeni c pos| -
Ii ons, b0I wi I h eorI, yo0 con
geI | denI| fy| ng deIoi l s i n yo0r
pi cI0res. Cons| der oddi ng o co| n
or o s mol l r0l er Io show scol e.
| mprove yo0r phoIogrophy by
keepi ng o record of seII | ngs ond
condi I i ons f or every shoI. Check
yo0r pri nI wi I h yo0r noIes on
epos0re, l i ghI, ond l m. Fol l ow
Ihro0gh ond correcI yo0r weok
po| nIs I he neI Ii me yo0 Ioke
yo0r comero oel d.
5eo |eII0ce phoIogrophed i n o
whi I e pon for conIrosI.
Ferns ond
l i chens ore
good pl onIs
for Ierrori o.
TfkkAklA moy be 0sed Io grow
s mo| | non-ower i ng pl onIs. Yo0
con observe deIoi l s ond see
fr0i Ii ng bod| es devel op. PhoIog-
rophy i s eosi er, Ioo, wi I h spec-
mens grown in Ihese movobl e
hobiIoIs. Terrori o provide s mo| l ,
conIrol l ed envi ron menI sI hoI gi ve
pl onIs growi ng cond| I| ons m0ch
l i ke I hose of I hei r noI 0r ol hob-
i IoIs. To moke o Ierrori 0m, sel ecI
o sh bowl , jor, or oIher l orge
gl oss conIoi ner. Cover i Is boIIom
wi Ih domp sond ond chorcool | n
ol IernoIe I hi n l oyers. P0I i n smol l
pl onIs l ike l i verworIs, l i chens,
f 0ngi, I i ny ferns, or fern ol l i es.
Moi sIen, b0I noI I oo ofIen, os
I he l i d prevenI s evoporoI i on. 6e
s0re I o keep I he Ierrori 0m o0I
of d| recI s 0n| i ghI.
Cl ose0p s hows l ower ond 0pper
s0rfoces of o gi l l f 0ng0s.

LLLLtLLMb moke I pOss b| eIO sIudy p| onIs n mOre

deIo | I hon con be dOne n Ihe he| d. bpec mens frOm
d erenI Ir ps ond oreos con o| sO be cOmpored.
| | chen pockeI

s1

~
TP
MPW1TP3
K&I" !
g| 0ed Io cord
Ied | n shoebox
/
fern mo0nIed
on herbor| 0 m
sheeI
`
Z
5fAWff05 ond | orge fresh-woIer o| goe
con be preserved | n o| coho| [ e| I her deno-
I 0red or r0bb| ng) or | n 5 percenI for mo| -
dehyde. 5pec| mens con o| so be mo0nIed
on o heovy poper. F| rsI ooI I he seoweed
| n o pon of woIer. P0sh I he mo0nI | ng poper
beneoIh. 5preod ond orronge I he spec| men
os yo0 s| ow| y r o| se I he poper , | | fI | ng I he
spec| men o0I. Cover eoch sheeI w| I h domp
cheesec| oIh ond dry beIween newspopers.
WOO0Y FUNGl spec| mens ore neor| y dry
when co| | ecIed, b0I eshy f0ng| m0sI be
s0n- or oven-dr| ed Io preserve Ihem. Eoch
dr| ed spec| en con be sIored

| n o seporoIe
box, w| Ih o doIo cord of perI| nenI | nformo-
I | on. ToproIecI spec| ensfrom | nsecI pesIs,
p0I moIhbo| | or 'poro' crysIo| s | n box.
LlCHfN5 con be o| r-dr| ed or pressed be-
Iween b| oIIers. Eoch dr| ed spec| men | s p0I
| n o J x 4- | n. , fo| ded poc keI or | n on en-
ve| ope, w| I h co| | ecI| on doIo wr| IIen on op.
G| 0e enve| ope Io cor d, | obe| , ond | e.
MO55f5, LlVfkWOkT5, FfkN5, AN0
FfkN ALLlf5 or e 0s0o| | y pressed, dr| ed,
ond mo0nIed on herbor | 0m s heeIs. 5mo| |
spec| mens moy be kepI | n | obe| ed poc keIs.
co| | ecI| on doIo
NfCTklA, o weok| y poros| I | c
soc f 0ng0s [p. J4) , co0ses o ds-
eose of opp| e ond oIher Irees.
The red fr0| I | ng bod|es cover Ihe
I ho| | 0s. 0| o. 0. -0.2 | n.
ML1LPMYt b
1he p| onI k ngdOm hos been d v ded nIO Ihe 1ho| | O-
phyIes ond I he cmbryOphyIes. | nIhefOr mer dv s On ore
Ihe vor Ous grOups Of o| goe, fung , ond | chens. 1he
cmbryOphyIes, o mOre cOmp| ex grOup, nc| ude I he re-
mo n ng c| osses Of nOn-Ower ng p| onIs n odd I On IO
Ihe Ower ng grOups. 1ho| | ophyIes IOIo| sOme !UU, UUU
spec es, wh ch fo| | nIO ! Or mOre c| osses. A genero|
p cIure Of Ihe evO| uI Onory re| oI Onsh ps omOng Ihe
vor Ous1ho| | OphyIe grOups s shOwn On pp. -.
1he p| onI bOdy Of o 1ho| | OphyIe s o I ho| | us, wh ch
moy be o s ng| e ce| | Or o | orger moss Of re| oIve| y un-
derenI oIed ce| | s IhoI show | II| e spec o| zoI On excepI
fOr IhOse nvO| ved n reprOducI| On . 1ho| | OphyIes | ock
cOnducIve | voscu| or} I ssue. 1hey hove nO rOOIs, sIems,
Or | eoves, nOr dO Ihey prOduce Owers, seeds, Or fruIs .
1ho| | OphyIes Iyp co| |y hove s ng| e-ce| | ed reprOduc-
I vesIrucIures. 1hOse IhoI ore mony-ce| | ed | ock o j ockeI
Of sIer | e ce| | s orOund sex ce| | s ond orOund Ihe spOres.
1he sIOnewOrIs ore on excepI On. 1he ferI | zed egg
|zygOIe} Of 1ho| | OphyIes dOes nOI deve| Op nIO on em-
bryO. keprOducI On o| sOOccurs osexuo| | ybyce| | d v s On
Or by fOrmoI On Of s pOres Of mony Iypes, mOI | e ond
nOn- mOI | e.
!J
LWb
A| goe ore 1ho| | OphyIes IhoI cOnIo n ch| OrOphy| | ond
ore IherefOre ob| eIO monufocIure Ihe rOwn fOOd . 1hey
nc| ude OrmOrec| osses | seechorI On OppOs Ie poge} ,
vory ngfrOm m crOscOp c One-ce| | ed Orgon sms IO ke| ps
IhoI grOw IO Over Z feeI | Ong.
Neor | yo| | o| goe | ve n woIer. Nony reprOduce bOIh
osexuo| l y ond sexuo| | y. |ree-sw mm ng osexuo| spOres
| zOOspOres} prOpe| | ed by oge| | o ore cOmmOn, buI
mony o| goeprOducevor Ous k ndsOfnOn- mOI | eosexuo|
spOres. | n sOme o| goe, Ihe sex ce| | s | OOk o| ke buI ore
phys O| Og co| | y derenI. |n OIhers, eggs ond sperms
ore prOduced n seporoIe ce| | s Or Orgons.
A| goe ore d recI| y Or nd recI| y on mpOrI onI sOurce
Of fOOd fOr o| | oquoIc on mo| s. 1hey he| p mo nI o n Ihe
Oxygen cOnIenI Of Ihe woIer by re| eos ng Oxygen os o
by-prOducI Of phOIOsynIhes s. bOme o| goe ore undes r-
ob| e, os Ihey cOnIom noIe woIer supp| es ond sw mm ng
pOO| s. A few prOduce IOx ns pO sOnOus I O coII | e IhoI
dr nk Ihe woIer. bOme Of I he mor ne fOr ms ore used os
fOOd. ked o| goe ore Ihe sOurce Of ogor, mpOrIonI n
Ihe | obOroIOry cu| I ure Of bocIer o. A| g n c oc d used
A5EKUA|
kEPkODUCTlOM lM ALGAE
Asex0o| -porenI ce| | be-
comes mod| ed, r0pI0res,
ond re| eoses zoospores, os
|n U|othrx oI | efI.
egg
5ex0o|-some ce| | s deve| op
| orge eggs oIhers form
` sperm IhoI sw| m Io egg ond
ferI | | | ze | I, for m| ng o
zygoIe~os |n Cedogonum oI
r| ghI .
5EKUA|
LLbbtb
Lf
Lt
U |ce creom, s obIo ned from brown o| goe. D oIomo-
ceous eorIh h os mony uses |p. ZU} .
Nor ne o| goe, espec o| |y Ihe | orger red, brown, ond
green spec es, ore IreoIed n Ihe Lo| den NoIure Lu de
5eoshores ond n oIher books | sIed on p. J . Ln I he
fo| | ow ng poges ore somp| es ofsome mporIonI genero
of mor ne o| goe. cxcepIfor re| oIve| yfewof Ihe | orger,
consp cuous spec es, denI hcoI on s d mcu| I ond moy
requ re m croscopc sIudy.

5orgoss 0m Weed
J ! 0 fI. ,
mosI| y free ooI| ng,
Irop| co| woIers
Co0| erpo
NK Mt
Lt
2-3 | n. , grows
from | ong r0nners
| n Irop| co| woIers
GkffN
ALGAf
Mermo| d's W| ne G| oss
2-4 | n. ,
Irop| co| woIers
PodIno
2-4 | n. ,
Irop| co|
| r| sh Moss
c| 0sIered, 3 | n.
coo| woIers

's Ho| r
[ noI 0ro| s| ze) | s
co on | n sho| |ow
so|I woIer, cover| ng
rocks ond p| | | ngs .
8LUE-GkEEMALGAE| obOuI,
spec es} ore w despreod n so| I ond
fresh woIer. NOsI ore cOvered by
o ge| oI nOus sheoIh, enob| ng Ihem
IO | | ve n hOI spr ngs, n pO| | uIed
woIer, Or On mOsI I | e ond sO | . |n
| oIe s ummer sOme becOmesO obun-
donI I hey fOrm o scum On pOnds.
bOme pO sOn woIerfOr dr n k ng.
b| ue-green o| goe ore I he s mp| esI Ofo| | o| goe. !hey
hove o pOOr| y dened nuc| eus. LO| Or p gmenIs ore
uncOnned, spreod ng Over Ihe ce| | s. keprOducI On s
bys mp| ece| | d v s On. bOmebl ue-greens Occur os s ng| e
m c r Os c Op c c e | | s , sOme n l o me nI s , OI h e r s os
ge| oI nOus mosses. LhrOOcOccu$ hos d sI ncI ge| oI nOus
sheoI hs. Ner$mOedO hongs IOgeIher n oI cO| On es.
L$COfOrO, w Ih I s d sk| ke ce| | s orronged n o h| o-
menI, resembl es o sIock Of cO ns. |O$fOc hos sIr ngs of
beod| ke ce| | s, ond LOeOfrtchO, o| sO | omenIOus, moy
be free-OoI ng Or oIIoched. When obundonI, G/OeO-
frchO con rr| IoIe Ihe sk| n Of sw| mmers.
h| gh| y ogn| ed
free-ooI | ng
| omenI
Kt Lt | obOuI J,UUU spec es}
ore mo n| y fo r |y s mo| | ond de| coIe
mor ne spec| es |p. ! } . A few Occur
nfreshwoIer. A| | r edo| goecOnIo n
ch | OrOphy| | , buI becouse I he green
s mosked by OIher p| gmenIs, mOsI
Of Ihese o| goe oppeor p n k Or pur-
p| sh. bevero| spec escon beeoIen.
severo|
spec| es of
fresh-woIer
red o| goe
bKLM Lt | ! , UU s pec| es} ore cOmmOn n cOO|
mor ne woIers | pp. !- ! } . bome Of Ihe ke| ps y e| d
o| g n, o chem co| used os o Ih cken ng Or s mOOIh ng
ogenI nfOOds . NOsIor eoIIoched I OrOcks by hO| dfosIs,
buI borgossum Weed OfIen OoIs n huge moI s.
LLtM Lt | obOuIJUUspec es} usuo| | y hove One
Or IwO gO| den- brOwn ch | OrOp| osIs | ch | OrOphy| | -cOnIo n-
ng bOd es} . !he ce| | s ore surrOunded by membrones Or
hovewo| | scOnIo n ngo s mo| | omOunI Ofs | co. NOsI ore
mOI | e. A few spec es Occur n so| I woIer, buI mOsI ore
fOund n | okes, pOO| s, ond d Iches.
5YNUkA' s n o k e d c e | | s or e
[ o| ned Io form o s pher| co| co| -
ony. Eoch ce| | hos Iwo 0oge| | o.
Common | n | okes ond ponds.
0l NOkYON forms Iree| | ke co| -
on| es. Eoch of I he con| co| ce| | s
| s s0rro0nded by o IronsporenI
sheoIh.
hIgh| y mogn| bed
\ V
8oIrydIo
tLLL-KttM Lt | obOuI 4UU spec es} hove
yel | Ow p gmenI ond sIOre reserve fOOds os O | s roIher
Ihon os sIorch. NOsI | ve n fresh woIer, o few On sO | .
VOucherO, o I 0bu| or o| go, s cOmmOn| y oquoI c, buI
sOme spec es fOrm fe| I| ke moIs On weI sO | . rbOnemO,
o h| omenIOus o| go Of pOnds ond d Iches, hos ce| | wo| | s
Of hord-IO-see, Over| opp ng, H-shoped p eces. bOfryd-
um, obOuI Ihe s ze Of o p nheod, grOws On mud Or On
mO sI sO | s.
Dl TLNb | perhops ! U, UUU spec es} ore s ngl e-ce| | ed
o| goew I h ce| | wo| | sIhoIOver | op l ke o | OOse| y cOvered
bOx. !he wo| | s, OfIen beouIfu l | y Or nomenIed, ore m-
pregnoIed w I h s l co. !he s l co dOes nOI d s nIegroIe
when Ihe ol goe d e, ond sO Ihe `s kel eIOns' occu mul oIe
On Ihe bOIIOms Of | okes ond boys. bOme depOs Is, mOre
Ihon !, UUU feeI I h ck, ore m ned fOr d oIOmoceOus
eorIh, wh ch s used n hl Iers, fOr nsul oI On, n pO| shes,
ond n c| eonsers.
Cyc| oIe| | o

AsIerone| | o
h| gh| y mogn| ed
GYMNO0l Nl UM co0ses po| son- she| |sh po| sono0s. Cerot0m | s
o0s ''red I | de. 'Gonyo0|ox mokes o fresh-woIer d | nooge| | oIe.
l MLfLtLLtb | obOuI ! ,UUU spec es} hove bOIh
p| onI ond on mo| chorocIer sI cs . NOsI d nOoge| | oIes
con sw m. bOme hove On|y o ce| | membrone, buI mony
hove ce| | wo| | s modeOf o ser es Of p| oIes w Ih IwO deep
grOOves, One o| Ong I he | engIh OfIhe ce| | ond Ihe OIher
orOund I . coch hos IwO ogel | o, o shOrI OneI hoI | es n
I he hOrzonI o| groOve ond o | onger OneI hoI Iro | s o| Ong
Ihe verI co| grOOve. NOsI d nOoge| | oIes ore mor ne, o
few prefer fresh woIer.
tULtML b | obOuI 4UU spec es} ore o| | s ng| e-ce| | ed
ond mOI | e. 1he moj OrIy cOnIo n ch

OrOphy| | ond I hus

con corry On phOIOsynIhes s. Un| ke mOsI OI her un -
ce| | u| or p| onIs, hOwever, I hey | ock o ce| | wo| | ond hove
OIher on mo| chorocIer sI cs. ugenO sOmeI mes Occurs
sO obundonI | y I hoI sIognonI pOO| s ore cO| Ored deep
green. | I hos o r ed eyespOI ond con chonge I s shope.
rhOcu$, w I h o hxed, sOmewhoI oIIened shope, s
fOund n fresher woIer.
h | gh| y mogn| ed
ZZ
o| | h| gh|y mogn| e
g
KttM Lt | obouI , UU spec es} were probob| y
Ihe group from wh ch | ond p| onIs begon Io evo| ve.
!he r sIrucIures ond | fe cycl es show bos c s m | or I es
Io Ihose of more odvonced pl onIs. coch green o| go|
ce| | hos oI | eosI one chl oropl osI-I he s I e of phoIo-
synI hes s. |ood s sIored os sIorch. Lh| orophy| | p g-
menIs j usI | ke Ihose of h gher p| onIs ore found n Ihe
vor ous| y shoped ch | oropl osIs. Lreen o| goe moy be
s ng| e- or mony-cel | ed, ond Ihey ex sI on | ond os we| |
os n so| I ond fresh woIer. NosI or e s mo| | , u nnoI ced
excepI n hooI ng mosses or os c| usIered growIhs on
rocks, buI some mor ne for ms moy be o yord or more
| ong. boI h sexuo| ond osexuol reproducI on common.
|resh-woIer Vo|vox, o spher co| co| on o| form w Ih
boIh p| onI ond on mo| chorocIer sI cs, moy reoch Ihe
s ze of o p nheod. | I rol | s I hrough woIer, prope| | ed by
Ihe wh pp ng moI on of hoge| | o, Iwo proj ecI ng from
eoch of Ihe co| ony' s mony ce| | s. OOfhrtx, Ledogontum,
ond rOOrnOdtO hove ce| | s orronged n ho r| ke h| o-
menIs. !he hrsI Iwo grow oIIoched Io sI cks, sIones, ond
p| onIs. !he mony- bronched rOOrnOdtO for ms s| p-
perymosses n coo| spr ngs.

o mor Um
oI| hghIy mognmed
ChIore| | o
orOgyrO, someI mes co| | edPondb | k, so w despreod
green o| go w Ih r| bbon-| ke, sp ro| ch| orop| osIs. Lo$
mOrum, LO$ferum, ond ofOurO$frum ore c| ose| y re| oIed
Io orOgyrO, buI o| | ore s ng| e ce| | s w| Ih eoch ho| f-ce| |
hov ngo d sI ncIve ch| oropIosI. !heco| on o| redO$frum
moy grow n d| Iches. bpher co| ce| | s of Lh|ore/|o, used
n sIud es of resp roI on ond phoIosynIhes s, ore com-
mon | nfresh ond so| IwoIer.
bLMtLKb | more I hon 2UU spec es} ore o s mo| |
group of mor ne ond fresh-woIer o| goe. !hough some-
I | mes c| oss| hed w| Ih I he green o| goe, Ihey shore w Ih
cmbryophyIes such feoIures os o j oc keI of sIer | e ce| | s
oround I he sex ceI | s. bIoneworIs ore onchored n I he
boIIom mud by s| ender rh zo| ds | rooI | ke h| omenIs} .
keproducI|ve sIrucIures con be seen os r ed bumps on
Ihe whor | s of bronches IhoI or se fr om I he s| ender,
smooIh green sIems. bIoneworIs IhoI grow n | | mesIone
reg ons ore usuo| | y encrusIed wIh | me.
ZJ
Z4
bLNt LLNNLM
fUM
Green Mo| d
on oronges
Corn 5m0I
on | | v| ng m nnow
FUNGl, porI | c0| or| y m0s hrooms,
ore mosI consp| c0o0s | n I he| r
s por e- pro d 0 c n g or f r 0 | I | n g
sIoge, ofIen seen ofIer I he my-
ce| | 0m hosspreod w| de| y I hro0gh
so| | , wood, or o hosI .
k| ngworm
on hond
M0shrooms
on so| |
UM
!he I er m fung s common| y used for severo| groups of
I ho| | us p| onIs IhoI, | ock ng ch| orophy| | , subs sI e Iher os
poros Ies or os soprophyIes . | I s more o gener o| Ierm
Ihon o boIon co| one. bocIer o, for exomp| e, ore some-
I mes p| oced w Ih b| ue-green o| goe roIher Ihon w Ih
fung groups. buIfor conven ence, nIh s book bocIer o
ond s| me mo| ds ore IreoIed w Ih Ihe fung . !he chorI
on pp. - shows o poss b| e evo| uI onory re| oI onsh p
omong o| | Ihese groups of non-hower ng p| onIs.
!he moj orIy of non-ower ng p| onIs ore c| oss hed
os fung . | n mosI, Ihe vegeIoI ve body conssIs of hne
Ihreods, or hyphoe, IhoI, n o moss, for m I he myce| um.
!he myce| um of mushrooms grows underground, n
poros I c fung , I nvodes I he hosI. |ung produce
osexuo| spores. bome sw m by meons of oge| | o, oI her
non- moI | e k nds moy form oI I he ends of hyphoe or n
spore coses. bpores ore d sIr buIed by w nd or woIer.
NosI fung o| so reproduce sexuo| | y. !he process n
some groups s compl ex. | n Ihese groups I he conIenIs of
cerIo n ce| | s fuse, buI noI Ihe r nuc| e . !hese new ce| | s
w I h I wo nuc| e for m fru I ng bod es of vor ous Iypes.
| n Ihe fru I n g bodes Ihe nuc| e evenIuo| | y fuse, I hen
d v de, ond producespores, eochw I hon| yone nuc| eus.
Le| | s of Ihe myce| o IhoI grow from Ihese spor es o| so
conIo n on| y one nuc| eus.
2
2
|ung ond bocIer o ore respons b| e for mony nfec-
Ious d| seoses of on| mo| s ond p| onI s. koI of wooden
sIrucIures ondoffreshfru| I ondvegeIob| es, Ih e m| | dew-
ng of po nI, c| oIh ng, ond wo| | s, ond Ihe spo| | oge of
meoIs ore o| | due Io fung or bocIer| o. buI Ihese s mp| e
p| onIs o| so p| oy on mporIonI r o| e n I he bo| once of
noIure. When p| onIs ond on| mo| s de, I hey wou| d never
decoywere I noIforfung ondbocIer oI hoI breokdown
orgon c compounds ond reIurn I hem Io o| r ond so | .
YeosIs, bocIer| o, ond oIher fung| couse fermenIoI| on
by breok| ng down sugors ond sIorch ond produc ng
o| coho| . YeosIs o| so moke dough r | se. b| ue mo| ds spo |
oronges buI gve b| ue cheeses I he| r hovor, ond re| oIed
mo| ds furn| sh pen| c | | | n ond oIher onI b oI| cs.
Ln I he fo| | ow| ng poges ore Ihe hve noIuro| groups
here co| | ed `fung . !heseore bocIer o| bch zomyceIes} ,
p. 2, s| me mo| ds |NyxomyceIes} , p. 2d, o| go| fung
| PhycomyceIes}, p. J2, soc fung |AscomyceIes} , p. J4,
ond bos| d| um fung | bos| d| omyceIes}, p. 4U. !he group
co| | ed | mperfecI |ung | p. V2} | nc| udes Ihose known
on|y by Ihe r osexuo| sIoge.
f0l Lf MU5HkOOM5 hove
been pr| zed s | nc e I he doys of
Ihe Greeks ond Romons. 8eco0se
of Ihe| r exq0| s| Ie ovor [Ihey
hove | | II| e food vo| 0e), peop| e
ore onx| o0s Io Iry I hem. Two
gro0ps of f 0ng| ~AscomyceIes
ond 8os | d| omyceIes~conIo| n I he
common ed| b| e spec| es. Mony
po| sono0s spec| es, co| | ed Iood-
sIoo| s, resemb| e or ore c| ose| y
re| oIed Io ed| b| e spec| es, even
occ0rr| ng | n I he some genero.
Two spec| es of Amonfo ore os
hord Io seporoIe os Iwo spec| es
of howIhorn~yeI one Amonfo
| s deod| yond Ihe oI her exce| | enI
eoI| ng. Meor| y every gro0p of
I he eshy f 0ng| | nc| 0des one or
more k| nds e| I her q0esI| onob| e
or po| sono0s. Pos| I | ve | denI | bco-
I|on before eoI | ng | s essenI| o| .
T h | s book c on I o | n s o n | y o
s omp| eof I heIho0sondsof k| nds
of es hy f 0ng| . Mony k| nds,
boI h ed| b| e ond po| sono0s, ore
nOf | nc| 0ded. 0o noI [ 0dge ed-
| b| | | Iy by Ih| s book o| one. Use
more deIo| | ed references, ond
seek experI odv| ce.

Hoy
boc| |
| 0em|
boc| |

eIon0
boc| |
BWIt RW
bocIer o | bch zomyceIes}, Ihe s mp| esI
p| onIs, ore o| | m croscop c. !hey ore
someI mes c| oss hed w Ih Ihe b| ue-green
o| goe, os boIh | ock Ihe we| | -dehned nu-
c| eus found n I he ce| | s of oIher p| onIs
ond on mo| s. bocIer o reproduce by hs-
s onone ce| | s mp| y sp| II ng nIo Iwo.
Under fovor ob| e cond I ons, bocIer o n-
creose oI o prod g ous roIe. NosI ore
horm| ess. 5orcno, for exomp| e, | ves
ond mu| I p| eson Ihe humons k n, remo n-
ng ocIve even ofIer repeoIed wos h ng.
bome or e usefu| ond some or e poIho-
gen c, cous ng such d seoses os Iubercu-
| os s, d phI her o, cho| ero, IeIonus, ond
onI hrox. bocIer o o| s o couse hre b| ghI,
crown go| | , sofI roI, ond oIher p| onI
d seoses.
besI known of I he bocIer o ore Ihose
IhoI ore rod- shoped | boc | | } . !hese moy
form resI ng spores res sIonI Io heoI ond
dry ng. LIher bocIer o moy be smo| |
spheres | cocc } , occurr ng s ng| y or n
c| umps or sIr ngs. bp ro| Iypes | sp r | | o}
ore| esscommon. bome bocIer o move by
meons of hoge| | o.
0phI hero
boc| |
cocc
5cor| eI Fever
cocc
5orcno
5pr | | 0m

sprochoeIe
2
Z
PHY5AkUM p| osmod| 0m, | n o
peIr d| s h [A), |s mogn bed [8)
Io s how ve| n| | ke bronches of
sIreom| ng proIop| osm.
NLL b
b| me mo| ds |NyxomyceIes} creep o r how o| ong, feed-
ng on b Is of orgon c moIIer. Hence I hese sIronge or -
gonsms ore someI mes cons dered Io be omoebos
roIher I hon p| onIs. buI becouse s| me mo| ds o| so hove
o sIoI onory, p| onI| ke sIoge n wh ch Ihey produce
spores, Ihey con be grouped w Ih I he fung .
A s| me mo| d' s j e| |y- | ke vegeIoIve body, or p| osmo-
d um, s se| dom seen, for I remo ns h dden n r ch,
| oose so | , under decoy ng | ogs or | eoves, or n oIher
dork, mo sI p| oces. !h s noked moss of proIop| osm con-
Io ns numerous nuc| e buI no ce| | wo| | s . | I moves | ke
on omoebo, I he proIop| osm sIreom ng nI er no| | y hrsI
n one d recI on ond I hen n onoIher.
5fkPfNT5LlMf MOL0 hoscord-
| | ke ye| | ow sporong| o IhoI op-
peor on decoy| ng | ogs. Wor| d-
w| de | n d| sI r| b0I | on b0I mosI
common | n I he Irop| cs.
0f f P- kOWN 5TfMONl Tl 5
grows on decoy| ng wood. The
ho| r| | ke sIo| ks exIend 0pI hro0gh
I he brown sporong| 0m. They
sIond 0p sI| My, ofIen | n dense
growIhs. HI. 0. 5- ! | n.
WOO0-LOVl NG L YCOGALA5,
common on deod wood, were
once Iho0ghI Io be smo| | p0-
bo| | s. The yo0ng, wh|Ie Io coro|
sporong| o become Ion or groy
os I hey moI0re. HI. 0. J-0. 8 | n.
A p| osmod um I hoI dr es up w | | conI nue grow ng f
mo sIened. A s mo| | p ece broken o I he or g no| w | |
grow nI o o new vegeIoIve body, even ofIer o | ong
dor monI per od. A moIure p| osmod um conIrocIs ond
forms, or converIs, nI o fru I ng bodes, or sporong o,
eoch conIo n ng mony spores. bporong o oppeor on
roIIed wood, omong decoy ng | eoves, oreven n gross.
!heyoccur n o vor eIy ofco| ors, buIeochspec eshoso
chorocIer sI c desgn. bome ore on | ong sIo| ks, mode
ofwosIe moIer o| s, oIhers ore squoI. NosI ore so s mo| |
I hoI I he r sIrucIure con be s een n deIo | on| y w Ih o
| ens. W nd- corr ed spores from I he sporong o ger m -
noIe ond evenI uo| | y form o new p| osmod um.

A5KfT 5LlMf MOL0 prod0ces
I | ny, dork- brown sporong| o | | ke
open-woven bos keIs oIop s | | m
sIo| ks. The spores or e | ns| de I he
boskeI. HI . 0. 2 | n.
en| orged I opof
sporong| 0m
2V
JU
bLlNt NLLb
FULl GO, | orgesI s | | me mo| d,hos
sIo| k| ess, | | me- encr0sIed, c0sh-
| oned sporong| o. They grow on
Ihe gro0 nd ond ore oI b rsI | | ghI
I on, dorken| ng I o p0rp| e os | | me
breoks owoy ond spores moI 0re.
0|o. 2-8 n. ht. ! - 2 | n.
@ CkY5TAL L l Nf 0l 0YMl UM | s
0s0o| | y sIo| ked. Th e | r| descenI
s0rfoceof I hesporong| 0m | spor-
I| o| | y covered w| Ih m| n 0Ie | | me
crysIo| s. Th| s spec| es hos o n0m-
ber of vor| eI| es. 0| omeIer of
sporong| 0m |ess I hon 0.04 | n.
GkAY PHY5AkUM hos no sIol k
ond | s covered w| Ih | | me. 5pores
ore p0rp| e-brown. Occ0rs on
m o n 0 r ed g r o 0 n d , on r oI I | n g
wood, | n deod | eoves. |. 0.4 | n.
GkffN PHY5AkUM vor| es from
green Ihro0gh ye| | ow Io r0sIy
oronge. The covers of | Is sIo| ked
ond nodd| ng sporong| o form
| rreg0| or neIworks when Ihey
sp| | I. HI. 0. 2 | n.
A
CfkATl OMYXA does noI pro-
d0ce spore coses. | Is co| or| ess
spores ore borne on bronched
p| | | ors IhoI oppeor os wh |Ie,
powder y poI c h e s on r oI I | n g
wood. Common ofIer s 0mmer
showers. HI . 0.0B-0.4 | n.
A5H-GkAY AkCYklA hos o g
shorI sIo| k, |Is o0Ier cover| ng
soon d| soppeor| ng excepI neor
bose. The sporong| 0m 0s0o| | y
Iopers 0pword ond |s someI| mes
g| ob0| or. MeIwork omong spores
| s sp| nyor worIy. HI . 0.02 | n.
VAkl ALf Tkl CHl A, q0| Ie vor| -
ob| e | n form, | s 0s0o| | y w| Iho0I
o sIo| k [ sess| | e). The sporong| o,
ofIen crowded IogeIher, ore ye| -
| ow ond s h| n| ng. HI . 0.4 | n.
COMMON A0HAMlA | s one
of o n 0mber of spec| es hov| ng
| | me-covered spore coses~some
sIo| ked, oIhers sess| | e. | n moss,
spores p0rp| e- b| ock brown by
Ironsm| IIed | | ghI. 0|o. Io 0. 04 | n.
J !
J2
L L fUTJ
A| go| fung | PhycomyceIes}obouI 1 , spec esore
Irue fung . A| | ore m croscop c. 1hey | ock crosswo| | s n
I he r hyphoe, ond n I h s Ihey d er from oI her fung .
As o resu| I, I he myce| um s mode of bronched ho| | ow
IubesconIo n ngmonynuc| e .
A| go| fung ore Ihe couse of b| ghIs ond oIher p| onI
dseoses, w I hmoj oreconom cond soc o| consequences.
A5fXUAL reprod0cI| on | nvo| ves
for moI | on of severo| k| nds of
spores. The w| nd-corr| ed spores
of 8reod Mo| d deve| op |n o
sIo| ked spore cose, or sporon-
g| 0m [ ! ). Thezoospores of WoIer
Mo| d ore prod0ced | n o sporon-
g| 0m oI I he t | p of o hypho [ 2) .
They hove oge| | o ond sw| m
owoy from I he porenI before
5fXUAL reprod0cI| on w| Ih s| m-
| | or ce| | s [be| ow, | efI) res0| Is | n o
resI | ng-sIoge zygoIe. | n oIher
o| go| f0ng| [be| ow, r| ghI) n0c| e|
6ronches exI end [ ! ), gomeIes
f0se [2), ond o zygoIe forms [J).
ger m| noI| ng. The spores of oIher
o| go| f0ng| ore formed by Ihe
breok| ng o or segmenI | ng of
o hypho! I | p. Eoch porI | on be-
comes o sporong| 0m, wh| ch moy
d| v| de | nIo zoospores [J) IhoI
| oIer | ose I he| r oge| | o ond de-
ve| op | nIo hyphoe. Or o sporon-
g| 0m moygerm| noIed| recI| y | nIo
o new hypho [4).
of ce| | s from mo| eorgon [onIher-
| d| 0m) f0se w| Ih eggs |n femo| e
orgon [oogon| 0m). ZygoIes ger-
m| noIe | oIer.
2
M0c| e| |n I 0be from onI her| d| 0m
[ ! ) ferI| | | zeeggs | n oogon| 0m [2).
1he greoI | r sh fom ne of ! b4- ! b4, coused by I he
LoI e b| ghI of poIoIoes, | ed Io moss m groI on from | re-
| ond. A downy m | dew I hreoIened Ihe grope crop
ond w ne ndusIry n |ronce unI | I he deve| opmenI of
chem co| fung c des IhoI broughI I under conIro| .
WATfk MOL05 grow e| Iher | n
woIeror on domp so| | . One k| nd
oppeors os wh| Ie,coIIony mosses
on sh where sco| es hove been
domoged. WoIer Mo| d repro-
d0ces boIh osex0o| | y ond sex-
0o| |y, shown here ond on p. 32.
WHlTf kU5T |s o m| | dew IhoI
forms on | eoves of cobboge-
fom| | y p| onIs. 6| | sIers oppeor os
I h e m | | d e w r eoc h es f r 0 | I | n g
sIoge. When I hey breok, wh|Ie
mossesofsporong| oorere| eosed.
8kfA0 MOL0 | nh| b| Iors odded
oI boker| es de| oy growIh of
mo| ds on breod ond hove re-
d0ced I h| s once-ser| o0s prob| em.
The some mo| d co0ses r oI on
sweeI poIoIoes, sIrowberr| es,ond
oIher fr0|Is ond vegeIob| es. 60I
Ihese common mo| ds ore o| so o
so0rce of corI| sone ond oIher
med| c| nes.
0OWNY Ml L0fW5 co0se |oIe
6| | ghI of poIoIoes ond IomoIoes
ond b0d roI of cocon0Is. They
o| so | nfecI gropes, gro| ns, Io-
bocco, ond oIher crops. 5poron-
g| o ore seen os downy wh| Ie,
groy, or p0rp| | sh poIches.
J4
reprod0cI| on by b0dd| ng
osc0sw| I h oscospores
bL f U M
YfA5T5 ore m| croscop| c, one-
ce| | ed p| onIs I hoI m0 | I | p| y rop-
| d| y os I hey fermenI s0gor or
sIorch. Reprod0cI| on | s mo| n| y
by b 0 d d | n g b0I oc c os on o| | y
spores ore formed | n o I h | n soc.
boc fung |AscomyceIes} number obouI 4, U spec es,
mosI of Ihem so smo| | IhoI I hey ore rore| y noI ced. boc
fung nc| ude Ihe yeosIs ond Ihe b| ue ond green mo| ds
ofIen seen on c I rus fru Is, j e| | es, ond | eoI her. NosI
reproduce osexuo| | y by meons of spores | con d o} ,
wh ch form n cho ns oI Ihe ends ofhyphoe. bexuo| re-
producI on o| so occurs, n Ihe moreIs, Irumes, ond some
oIher genero, by meons of | orge, consp cuous fru I ng
bod es. W Ih n I hese bod es smo| | socs | osc } ore pro-
duced, eoch conIo n ng oscosporesusuo| | y e ghI. 1he
hyphoe hove crosswo| | s IhoI moy seporoIe ce| | s w Ih
Iwo nuc| e or oreos w Ih even more nuc| e . boc fung
usuo| | y grow on deod wood or so| | , I hough o number
ore poros Ies ond couse p| onI d seoses.
f0l 8Lf 5AC FUNGl | nc| 0de I he
pr | z ed I r 0 me s o n d mor e| s .
Tr0mes ore espec| o| | y esIeemed
| n E0rope. | n MorIh Amer| co
Ihey ore noI common, hence
rore| y co| | ecIed. More| s of Ihe
gen0s Morche||o ore ed| b| e ond
ovorsome, b0I spec| es of I he
c| ose| y re| oI ed Yerpo ore po| -
sono0s Io some peop| e. A Fo| se
More| |Gyromtro or NelveIIo
esculenfoI |s cred| Ied w| Ih sev-
ero| | eIho| coses of po| son| ng.
For eoI| ng, be cerIo| n I hoI yo0
co||ecI on|y spec| es pos| I| ve| y
| denI| ed os ed| b| e.
PfNl Cl LLlA ore omong I he besI
k nown of I he green mo| ds. 5pe-
c| es shown grows on c| Ir0s fr0| Is
ond wos I he rsI so0rce of I he
onI | b| oI| c pen| c| | | | n. Yor| o0sspe-
c | es of Fencum moy hove
b| 0e, green, groy, or ye| |ow
spores. They ore presenI o| mosI
everywhere ond ore o| so 0sed
Io r| pen ComemberI, Roq0eforI,
ond oIher b| 0e c heeses.
A5PfkGl LLl, mo| ds c| ose| y re-
| oIed Io Fencum, moy hove
b| ock, green, b| 0e, groy, ye| |ow,
or brown spores. Mony orgon| c
oc | ds or e obIo| ned | nd0sIr| o| | y
from Ihese mo| ds, wh| ch o| so
co0se m| | dew on wo| | s, | eoIher,
ond fr0| Is. Resp| roIory d| seoses
of b| rds ond oIher on| mo| s moy
o| so be d0e Io spec| es of Asper-
gus.
POW0fkY Ml L0fW5 ore poro-
s| Ies of mony p| onIs. Asex0o|
spores form o wh| Ie powder IhoI
g|ves I he nome Io I he d| seose.
Fr0| I | ng bod| es ore very smo| | ,
ond oppeor os I | ny b| ock doIs
on | eoves. ChorocIer| sI| c o0I-
growIhs on I he fr0| I | ng bod| es
ore 0sed |n | denI | coI | on. Fr0| I-
| ng body conIo| ns one Io severo|
osc| , Ihree of wh| ch ore exposed
|n | | | 0sIroI| on oI r| ghI.
5ecI| on Ihro0gh fr0| I | ng body of
o c0p f0ng0s[p.37).5| ng| eosc0s
[ en| orged) show| ng | | d, wh| ch
ops bock oI moI0r| Iy, re| eos| ng
e| ghI oscospores.
d
J
Common More|
0| o. - 2 | n.
hI. 2- 5 | n.
FAL5f MOkfL5 hove fo| ded,
chesIn0f Io coee-brown cops,
ofIen bro| n| | ke | n oppeoronce.
The | nIer| or of I he cop | s wh| Ie,
0neven, ond ho| | ow. Fo| se more| s
ore fo0nd on sondy so| | s d0r | ng
weI seosons. The 6ro| n Gyro-
m| Iro, | | | 0sIroIed, |s known Io be
po| sono0s, someI| mes | eI ho| .
E| osI | c
He| ve| | o
0| o. 0.5-
hI. 2-4 | n.
MOkfL5 ore o f omo0s gro0 p of
ed| b| e m0s hrooms fo| r| y ob0n-
donI | n IemperoIe reg| ons. They
ore fo0nd |n I he spr | ng |n open
woods ond o| ong sIreom bonks.
A| | ore sIo| ked, w| Ih p| IIed,
s pon gy, ro0 n d e d , or c on | c o |
heods, vory| ng | n co| or from Ion
Io brown or groy. A| | spec| es of
Morche//o ore ed| b| e. The Com-
monMore| | s shown here. Yerpo,
very s | m| | or b0I w|Ih cop free oI
bose ond | oose| y oIIoched, moy
poss| b| y co0se | | | ness.
5A00Lf FUNGl hove sodd| e
shoped or | rreg0| or cops obove
I he| rI h| n sIo| ks, ond vory |n co|-
or from wh | Ie Io p| nk Io brown.
5ome hove on oens |ve odor.
Ed| b| | | Iy of E| osI| c He| ve| | o, | | | 0s-
IroIed, | s q0esI | onob| e, poss| b| y
po| sono0s.
TkUFFLf5 | nc| 0de severo| dozen
specIes, mo| n| y | n Iwo genero
|!erlezo ond !uberI. They ore
w| de| y d | s I r | b 0 I ed | n open
woods, where Ihey grow 0nder-
gro0nd on rooIs of Irees. |n
Fronce ond | Io| y, dogs ond p| gs
ore fro| ned Io d| g I hem 0p. As
o de| | cocy, no oIher m0s hrooms
ore more esIeemedI h on I h e50m-
mer Tr0me ond re| ofed spec| es.
fAkTH TONGUf5 ore recog-
n | zed by I h e | r b | o c k , c | 0 b -
shoped, ofIen oIIened fr0| I | ng
bod| es. They grow | n domp pos-
t0res ond | n I he woods, on very
roIIen sI0mps, or |n r|ch h0m0s.
5mooIh
EorIh
Tong0e
HI. I oJ | n.
EorIh Tong0e, p| cI 0red,
oss| bIy po| sono0s.
CUP FUNGl , be| ow ond p. JB,
ore o | orge gro0p of eshy f0n-
g| , consp| c0o0s Iho0gh smo| | .
Us0o| | y noI eoIen. Oronge C0p
| s o | orge, | rreg0| or, frog| | e spe-
c| es, fo0nd on I he gro0 nd | n
Oronge C0p F0ng0s
0| o. -5 | n. hI. 0. 5- | n.
domp woods. A smo| | er s pec| es,
I h e R ed C0 p F 0 n g 0 s , h o s o
br| ghI-scor| eI c0p w| Ih o woo| |y,
wh|te or p| nk exIer|or. | I grows
ch| ey on deod wood, some-
f | mes ho| f-b0r| ed | n h 0 m0s.
Red C0p F0ng0s
0| o. | n. , hI. | n.
J
Jd
c0p
enIorged
grow| ng on
b0rned-over gro0nd
Fl kf FUNGU5 | s com mon on
b0rned-over gro0nd or s| Ies of
oId com pbres, oIIho0gh occo-
s| onoIIy fo0nd eIsewhere. |orge
mosses of I h| s very s moII c0p
f0ng0s ore consp| c0o0s beco0se
of I hewh| IecoIIonyIoyer oro0nd
Ihe red or ye| Iow d| sks. 0| o. of
c0p 0.04-0. I 2 | n.
HfLOTl UM | s one of I he mony
I| ny c0p f 0ng| fo0nd on oId
sIems ond Ieoves. MosI ore yeI-
Iow, wh| Ie, brown, or p0rpIe.
5ome ore sIoI ked, oIhers sess| Ie.
The mony spec| es ore oII s | m|Ior
| n oppeoronce, mok| ng Ihem d| f-
bc0II Io d| sI | ng0| s h. 0| o. of c0p
0.04-0. 2 | n.
MONl Ll Nl A | so c0p f 0ng0sIhoI
co0ses brown roI of fr0| Is. |ong-
sIoIked c0ps [ I ) or| se | n spr| ng
from remo| ns of fr0|Is IhoI hove
foIIen from Irees. 5pores e[ ecIed
from socs on Ihe c0p s0rfoce ore
w| nd-borne Io fr0| Is where roI
[2) deveIops rop| d| y. C0p d| o.
0.25-0.5 | n.
COkYNf | s one of I he f ew ge-
IoI | no0s c0p f 0ng| . | Is c| oseIy
crowded, 0esh- red Io p0rpIe c0ps
ore I0rbon-shoped. The osex0oI
sIoge,convoI0Ied ondgeIoI| no0s,
| s more common I hon I he sex0oI
sIoge. The s pores ore spreod by
mo| sI0re ond w| nd- bIown ro| n-
drops. Fo0ndon oId sI0 mps. C0p
d| o. 0.08-0.5 | n.
COk0YCfP5, I h e VegeI ob| e
CoIerp| IIor, | s poros| I| c on | n -
secIs, oIIock| ng bofh Iorvoe ond
p0poe. 5IoIks w| I h br| ghIIy coI-
ored, pI0 meI | ke f r 0| f | ng bod| es
grow from I he v| cI| m. AfIer o
few weeks osc| w| Ih osex0o|
spores ore prod0ced on Ihese
growIhs. HI. -2 | n.
0AL0l Nl A, o corbon f 0ng0s, | s
common on deod wood. The
o0I er s0rfoce | s p0rpIe oI rsI,
becom| ng bIock os spores mo-
I0re. The | ns| de | s bIock, w| I h
concenIr| c r | ngs [see secI | on oI
r| ghI). 5moII, 0osk- shoped, spore-
prod0c| ng bod| es ore embedded
| n Ih| s growI h. 0| o. 0. 5-2. 5 | n.
0fA0 MAN' 5 Fl NGfk | s o cor-
bon f 0ng0s IhoI prod0ces osc| -
conIo| n| ng bod| es on nger-I| ke
growI hs or cI0bs. | ns| de, Ihe
c I 0 bs ore w h | I e. Co mmo n on
deod
_
ood [someI| mes b0r| ed) ,
| I co0ses rooI roI of oppIe ond
oIher Irees. ReIoIed spec| es ore
red. HI. -3 | n.
fkGOT FUNGU5 | nfecIs rye,
wheoI, ond oIher grosses. | I
forms hord, bIock, sIer| Ie bod| es
| n pIoce of Ihe cereoI gro| ns.
When Ihese foII Io I he gro0 nd,
I hey prod0ce sIoIked cI 0bs I hoI
e[ ecI o| r-borne spores. AIkoIo| ds
from ergoI ore 0sed I o IreoI m| -
gro| nes ond oI so | n obsIeIr | cs.
HI. 0. 3-0. 5 | n.
LKbLM
fUM
M
LLtb
J7
4
RU5T, J E| |Y, AM0 EAR FUMG|
bb UN fU M
bos d um fung| | bos d omyceIes} , IoIo| ng some 2,
spec es, form o group IhoI nc| udes mony ed b| e mush-
rooms | be| ow} . keproducI on n bos d um fung s com-
pl ex, espec o| | y omong Ihe rusIs ond smuIs. bevero|
Iypes of osexuo| spores ore produced, ond oI some
phose n Ihe | fe cyc| e, o| | bos d omyceIes produce bo-
s d ospores fo| | ow ng sexuo| reproducI on. bos d o-
spores ore borne on cl ub- shoped sIrucIures | bos d o} ,
eoch of wh ch usuo| | y produces four spores. 1he co| or
of Ihese spores s on mporIonI denIfy ng feoIure for
some speces of mushrooms ond s besI noIed when Ihe
spores ore seen n moss, os no spore pr nI |p. 1}.
f0l U A5l 0l OMYCfTf5 r hore
compony w|Ih |eIho| spec| es. The
AmonfophoOdes gro0p[p. 52)
occo0nIs for obo0I 0 percenI of
oI| I he deoIhs d0e Io m0shroom
po| son| ng. 8o/etur ond kussuo
ore oIso genero conIo| n| ng boIh
ed| b| e ond po| sono0s spec| er.
P0bo| | r | n I he gen0s 5ceroder"
mo ore reporIedIy po| sono0s,
Iho0gh mosI p0bo|Is ore exce| -
| ent eoI| ng.
| f yo0 ore | nIeresIed | n m0sh-
rooms os food [ ond mony ore
de| | c| o0s), rsI reod w| deIy ond
sI 0dy |II0sIroI| onr | n o n0mber
of references. CoIIecI w| I h on
experI | f yo0 con. Keep eoch
spec| es | no seporoIe bog orcon-
Io| ner, ond d| scord Ihore IhoI
ore wormy or spo| | ed. 0o noI
eoI even o s mo| I omo0nI | f yo0
hove Ihe s| | ghIesI do0bI obo0I
| denI | coI| on. As I he U. 5. P0b| | c
Heo| I h 5erv| ce soyr, 'CerIo| n |y,
w| Id m0shrooms sho0| d noI be
0sed for food 0n| ess Ihe| r | den-
I| Iy ond Iock of Iox| c| Iy hove
been esIobI | shed beyond o rhod-
ow of o do0bI . '
Tr0e 6os| d| omyceIes
R0sI
JeIIy
TYPf5 OF A5l 0l A
bos d omyceIes ore dv ded nIo Iwo| orge groups, os
shown on Iop of p. 4. | nfung of Ihe hrsI group, wh ch
nc| udesIherusIs ond smuIs, ond Ihe j e| | y ond eorfung,
Ihe bos d um s dv ded nIo ce| | s. 1he comp| ex | fe h s-
Ior es of rusIs ond smuIs were on| y deIer m ned ofIer
yeors of po nsIok ng reseorch.
| n Ihe second group, Ihe bos d um s noI d| v ded.
1hese ore I he Irue bos d omyceIes, w Ih eshy, popery,
or woody fru I | ng bod es. 1rue bos d omyceIes ore fur-
Iher dv ded nIo Iwo groupsIhe HymenomyceIes,
p. 4, ondIhe LosIeromyceIes, p. d. bxomp| es of boIh
groups ore | | usIroIed be| ow.
Exompl es of HymenomyceIes [ } ond GosIeromyceIes [G)
P0boI| , G
4!
KUbb M bNUb ore porosIes of h gher p| onIs.
1hey spreod w| de| y ond con | mpo| r Ihe economy of o
reg| on. WheoI kusI con reduce Ihe crop U percenI or
more. b| | sIer kusI hos k| | | ed | orge sIonds of vo| uob| e
Wh| Ie | ne. bcores of p| onIs, from osporogus Io roses,
ore oIIocked. kusIs couse serous d seoses of coee.
A rusI s | denI| hed byIhe hosI I nfecIs, Is | fe cyc| e,
ond espec o| | yI he form of |Is resI ng spores. kusIs moy
be very spec| hc | n I he p| onIs I hey oIIock. bome nfecI
c| ose| y re| oIed spec| es, oIhers o s| ng| e spec| es, ond
some on| y o vor|eIy of o spec| es, oIher vor| eI es or e
| mmune. becouseofIhe domogeI hey couse, smuIs ond
rusIs hove beenfu| | ysIud ed.
COkN5MUToIIocks cornwhere-
ever | I grows. AII porIs of I he
pIonI ore s0scepI| bIe. 5pores
| ond on corn ond germ| noIe. The
hyphoe peneIroIe Ihe hosI, for m-
| ng ' bo| Is' I hoI cons| sI of dork
myceI| 0m covered by o wh| |e
sheoIh of corn I| ss0e. Corn 5m0I
bos| d| ospores ore of I wo sIro| ns,
or sexes, os ore I he hyphoe IhoI
grow from I he. When I hese
f0se, I he s m0I forms n0mero0s
I h| c k-woIIed spores IhoI bII Ihe
bo| | os' o dork 's m0IIy' moss.
When I he bo| ! b0rsI s ond I| ber-
oIes I hem, I hese s pores germ| -
noIe ond prod0ce bos| d| ospores
IhoI moy b0d ogo| n ond ogo| n,
| ncreos| ng I he IoIoI n0mber of
spores mony I | mes. Corr| ed by
w| nd, bos | d| ospores | ondon corn
pIonIs, repeoI| ng Ih| s cycIeevery
few weeks ond spreod| ng I he | n-
fecI | on. | n w| nIer Ihe resI | ng
spores remo| n dormonI | n soor
I| IIer 0nI| I spr| ng.
resI| ng
spore

5prng
Wnter
WHf AT kU5T h o s o mony-
phosed | | f e cyc| e. Th| ck-wo| | ed
resI | ng spores [ ) w| nI er | n so| |
or sI0bb| e. | n eor| y spr| ng Ihey
prod0ce bos| d| ospores [ 2) of Iwo
d| erenI sIro| ns, or sexes. | f
Ihese w| nd-b| own spores reoch
borberry | eoves, I hey germ| n oIe
[3). |oIer, ye| | ow| sh-red b0mps
oppeor on I op of | eof [4). These
re| eose s pores ond o sI| cky nec-
Ior Iho| oIIrocIs | nsecIs, wh| ch
p| ck 0p spores ond moy o| so
5pr ng-
5ummor
5ummer-
Fol l
br| ng spores of on oppos te
sIro| n. Hyphoe ond spores of
oppos| Ie stro| ns m0sI f0se be-
fore spores ore prod0ced |n c| 0s-
I ers on 0nders0rfoce of | eof [5).
5ome spores ore b| own Io wheoI
p| onIs, where Ihey germ| note on
sIems ond | eoves [). 5oon red-
d| sh streoks or poIches of s pores
oppeor. These spores [Z) moy n-
f ect oI her wheot p| onI s, repeoI-
| ng cyc| e. | n f o| | , b| ock resI ng
spores ore ogo n prod0ced [8).
kusIs hove comp| coIed | fe cyc| es, some w Ih os
mony os hve spore sIoges. Nony rusIs requ re Iwo df-
ferenIhosIs, some need on| yone | p. 44} .
bmuIs hove s mp| er | fe h sIor es. !hey couse b| sIers
ond swe| | | ngs on p| onIs Ihey nfecI or for m b| ock scobs
orye| l owspoIsonIhe | eoves . bomeI messporesofs muIs
sIck Io seeds ond ger m noIe w Ih Ihem.
4J
44
Cf0Ak APPLf kU5T req0| res
IwohosIs. 5poresformed nsIr0c-
I0res on Ihe 0nders| de of opp| e
| eoves | nfecI cedors ond j 0n -
pers. ThereI heyformeshygo| | s,
or 'opp| es, ' I hoI prod0ce Iwo-
c e | | e d r es I n g s por es . Thes e
WHl Tf Pl Nf 8Ll 5Tfk kU5T
for ms ye| |ow, fo| | owed by wh|Ie,
b| | sIers on p ne Iw gs. 5pores
from wh | Ie b| sIers nfecI goose-
berr|es or c0rronIs. There Ihe
f 0ng0s forms ye| | ow| sh spores
I h oI re | n f ec I n e or by b 0 s h es .
OIher s pores ogo n | nfecI p ne.
spores ore borne bock I o opp| e
| eoves by w| nd. 5ex0o| repro-
d0cI on |

nvo| ves spores formed

n sIr0cI0res on Iop of I he opp
[
e
| eoves. kemov ng cedors conIro| s
Ihe d| seose, os does p| onI ng of
r0sI-res sIonI opp| es.
8fAN kU5T comp| eIes Is | fe
cyc| eon one hosI, oIIock ng on| y
beon p| onIs. | n s 0mmer redd| sh-
brown spore poI ches oppeor on
0nders| de of beon | eoeIs. Dork,
one-ce| | ed resI ng s pores ore
formed n fo| | ondw nIer.
A5PAkAGU5 kU5T | s o s horI-
cyc| e r0sI, prod0c| ng Ihree Iypes
of spores b0I comp| eI | ng Is | | fe
cyc| e on osporog0s. Deve| op-
menI of r0sI-res| sIonI vor| eI| es
hos | | mIed domoge Io crops.
P0sI0| es of resI | ng spores on
sIems ore | | | 0slroIed.
JtLL fUM ore usuo| |y ge| oI nous, espec o| | y when
weI. When dry, Ihe co| orfu| fru I ng bod es ore r g d
ond horny buI moy rego n I he r or g no| form ond j e| |y-
| ke IexIure when mo sIened. bome common j e| | y fung
hove peor-s hoped bos d o dv ded | ong Iud no| |y, w I h
Ihebos d osporesproducedoIIheI opof eoch norrowed
neck |p. 4 \ . | n eor fung , four-ce| | ed bos d o cover I he
concove surfoce of Ihe rregu| or fru I ng body.
CALOCfRA5 r es e m b| e cor o|
f 0ng [ p. 4) b0I or e Io0gh ond
ge| oI| no0s. Whea fresh, Iher
s0rfoce s s | | my, horny ond more
oronge-co| ored when dry. Com-
mon on sI0mps ond deod Iw| gs
of con| fers. HI. Io 2. 5 n.
fAR F UNGl s 0 per c o| | y re-
semb| e h0mon eors n shope ond
fo| d| ngs. Iheygrow I o3 or4 a.
| n d| omeIer, shr | nk| ng ond be-
com| ng hord when dry. Whea
weI, IexI0re | s r0bbery. fd| b| e.
TkfMfLLA5, o gro0p of obo0I
40 spec| es, ore very j e| | y-| | ke.
They grow on Irees or deod
wood. The fo| ded ond Iw|sIed
fr0| I | ng bod|es of d| erenI spe-
c| es moy be wh| Ie, oronge, m0| -
berry, or ye| | ow. Mo c0rrenI re-
porIs on ed| b| | | Iy. To 3 | n. w| de.
C| ommy
Co| ocero
KUt bb LNLttb ore Ihe besI- known bos d um
fung . 1he group nc| udes mosI of I he mushrooms. A| |
hove o s ng| e-ce| | ed bos d um I hoI produces fou r
bos d ospores. 1he fru I ng bodes on wh ch bos d o
form oreofIen | orge ond consp cuous. 1wo more or | ess
noIuro| groupsore I heHymenomyceIes ond I heLosIero-
myceIes |p. b} . |or Iyp co| mushrooms, Ihe w dIh of
cop s gven fo| | owed by he ghI ofsIem.
MNt MLNL b
HymenomyceIes ore o | orge, mporIonI, on d heIeroge-
neous group. 1he r bos c chorocIer sIc s Ihol eoch ex-
poses Is hymen um | Ihe ferI | e | oyer of bos d o} before
Ihe spores ore moIure. 1he HymenomyceIes nc| ude: I he
coro| , IooIh, ond | eoI her fung | be| ow ond p. 4} , Ihe
pore fung | pp. 4d-U} , ond Ihe g | | fung | pp. \ - b} .
LLKL, LM, M LtMtK fUM hove bos d o
exposed on IooIh| ke sIrucIures | on bronches or be| ow
cops} or on Ihe smooIh, | eoIhery or eshy sudoces of
fru I ng bod es. bome spec es ore ed b| e, oIhers ore
woodyor Iough, ond o few ore known Io be po sonous.
5TkAlGHT COkAL FUNGU5 s
on 0pr ghI f 0ng0s w I h sI
oscend ng bronches, ofIen com-
pocI ye| | ow I ob0, occos ono| | y
v o| eI-I nged. Grows on wood
Io0gb ond b IIer. HI . 2-4 n.
A5HYCOkAL FUNGU5 s wh Ie
lo groy, dorken ng w Ib oge.
r ecI , bro n c h n g, w I h s I o | k s
f0sed oI bose, I s eshy,f rog | e,
ond vor ob| e n form. xce| | enI
eoI ng. HI. .5-3 n.
Hf0GfHOG HY0NUM h on gs
from roII | ng tree | | mbs. The
mony-bronched f r0| I | ng body s
ot rst wh | Ie, t0rn| ng ye| |ow or
ton w| Ih oge. | I | s o moss of
| on g, port | o | | y f 0 s e d , r ot h er
to0gh 'sp| nes. ' Th | s str | k| ng
f 0ng0s | s ed| b| e, os or e most
Nydnums. D| o. 2-4 | n.

ht. 2-4 n.
HOkN OF PLfNTY | s tr0mpet-
shoped, w|th o wovy morg n on
the cop. D0| | brown ond sco| y
when dry, becom| ngo| most b| ock
when mo| st. Often fo0nd n
greot n0mbers on t he gro0nd, n
woods. D| mc0| t to see, os | t
b| ends w| Ih deod | eoves. d| b| e.
D|o. 2- 4 | n. hI. -3 n.
kfPAN0 HY0NUM 0s0o| | y hos
on o-center stem. 5mooth cop,
| i ke o g| | | m0s hroom' s, hos n0-
mero0s wh | Ie teeth be| ow. Cop
| s t h| ck s t em shorI. d| b| e. D| o.
l -4 | n. [ or more) hI. .5 | n.
HAlkY 5TfkfUM | s common o| |
yeor, grow| ng ei Iher os | eothery,
| ned| b| e brockets or os f 0nne| s
on sI0mps, | ogs, or decoy| ng
wood. Note t he zon| ng on t he
ho| ry 0pper s0rfoce. The s mooth,
br | g ht - ye| | ow, s por e- beo r | n g
|oyer be| ow I 0rns groy w| Ih oge.
Abo0t 4 | n. w| de.
4o
f0l Lf OLfTf' s cop resembl es
o IoosIed b0n. | I s creom-co| ored
pores or I0bes evenI 0o| | ybecome
green| sh. 5Iem pesI| e-shoped.
Grows | n woods on gro0nd. Ed-
| b| e. D| o. 4- | n. hI. 2- | n.
LUkl 0 OLfTf hos o br| ghI-red
Io moroon pore s 0rfoce. T0bes
ond | nner, ye| |ow esh become
b| ue when c0I. A ro| sed net-
work of red | | nes covers sIem.
Po| sono0s. D| o. 4- 8 | n. bI . 2- | n.
PLKt fUM ore I rue bos d omyceIes, w I h Iubes or
pores onI heunders deofIheconsp cuousfru I ng body.
bos d o nIhe pores produce spores when moIure. Nony
common yeor-round spec es ore found n I h s | orge
group, wh ch conIo ns I he po| ypores ond bo| eIes. NosI
of Ihe po| ypores ore woody, | eoIhery, or popery, buI
Ihe bo| eIes ore heshy ond soon decoy.
bo| eIes, wh ch grow on Ihe ground, ore sIemmed
fung w Ih pores nsIeod of g | | s. !he pores seporoIe
eos | yfrom Ihe cop. bpec es ore noI eosyIo d sI ngu sh .
YfLLOW CkACKf0 OLfTf hos
o sofI, smoky-brown cop w| Ih
ye| | ow croc ks oro0nd morg| n.
50| ph0r-ye| | ow I 0bes I ur n b| 0e.
Grows | n gross neor woods. Ed| -
b| | |Iypoor. D| o. ! -4 | n. bI. 2-4 | n.
Pl Nf CONf FUNGU5 hos s0r-
foce I0fIs on Ihe cop IhoI re-
semb| e p| ne-cone sco| es. The
po| e-Ion esh I 0rns red-brown,
b| ock when | nj 0red. Ed| b| | | Iy
poor. D| o. 2-4 | n. hI. 2-5 | n.
5ULPHUk POL YPOkU5 0s0o| | y
grows | n over| opp| ng sbe| ves on
| | v| ng ooksor| n c| 0mps on fo| | en
| ogs. On| y I be I | ps of yo0ng
p| onIs ore eoIen oI berporIs ore
Ioo Io0gb. 3- |n. w| de.
MULTl - ZONf0 POLY5Tl CTU5
bos o I b| n, | eoIbery, beo0I | f0| | y
zoned fr0| I | ng body. ConcenIr c
bonds of vor| ed d0| | co| ors mork
Ibe cops, wb| cb c| 0sIer on deod
| | mbs. -4 | n. w| de.
|fI hehesh Iurns b| ue when cuIor bru sed, I he mushroom
moy be po sonous. bevero| ore b Iter, buI o | orge num-
ber ore ed b| e ond pr zed by gourmeIs.
| n po| ypores Ihe pore | oyer s d mcu| I Io seporoIe
from Ihe cop. 1hesefung usuo| | y form over | opp ng, fon-
shoped brockeIs, or she| ves, or c| usIers on I ree Irun ks
or deodwood. 1he myce| um moy nvodeI heheorIwood
of | v ng Irees, I ur n ng I Io o brown, choroo| - | ke moss.
New fru I ng bod es moy oppeoryeor ofIer yeor n I he
some p| oce.
kf0 POL YPOkf | s b| ood red
b0I grod0o| | y fodes Io ye| | ow
ond no| | y Io wb| Ie. Tb|s so0Ib-
ern f 0ng0s, s | m| | or Io I be norIb-
ern C| n nobor Po| ypore, grows on
deod | ogs. Woody. -3 | n. w de.
Fl k POLYPOkf, common on
con| fers, prod0ces sbe| | -sboped,
ex| b| e she| ves. Groy obove,
| | | oc-co| ored be| ow. Eocb pore
opens from o s p| ke| | ke IooIb.
5be| ves 0.5- | n. w de.
AkTl5T' 5 FUNGU5 grows os o
brockeI. The Iop s s mooIb, bord,
ond zoned. The I0bes be| ow ore
p0re wb Ie b0I I0rn dork wben
s de
nj 0red. 5ome orI sIs drow p c-
I 0res on I he oI I0be s0rfoce.
fo0nd on ook ond beecb I r0nks.
8- 24 n. w de.
kU5TY- HOOF F OMf 5 s o
woody, peren n o| sbe| f f 0ng0s
I boI moy grow f or 35 yeors or
more. Eoch yeor or so o new
zone of I 0bes s odded. Th s spe-
c es wos once w de| y 0sed os
I nderond p0nk. fo0ndon beech
ond b rcb ond o few oIber bord-
wood Irees. 3- 2 n. w de.
0kY- kOT POkl A g r ows oI
ogo nsI wood or hongs from I m-
bers. Th s f 0ng0s does ser o0s
domoge Io consIr0cI on wood,
ofIen desIroy ng s | | s ond beoms,
ond Ihe r bs ond p| onk ng of
wooden s h ps. 2-20 n. w de.
OAK 0Af0ALfA bos on 0nder-
s0rfoce | ke o | obyr nI b. Pores
ore rreg0| or ond | ong, oI I mes
o ppeor o | m os I g | | - | k e. Tb e
@ oody, groy Io brown brockeIs
wIh oge. Common on
sI 0mps moy nfecI wooden
b0 | d ngs. 5he| ves 3- 8 n. w de.

LL fUM Iyp co| | y hove o d sI ncI sIem ond cop, os
shown be| ow. LnIheunders deofIhecopore Ihe p| oIe-
| ke g | | s IhoI beor Ihe bos| d o ond spores. 1he g | | s,
wh ch rod oIe from Ihe sIem Io Ihe mor g n, moy be
brood or norrow, spoced c| ose IogeIher or for oporI.
1hey moy be forked, noIched, or sow-IooI hed. 1he woy
Ihe g | | s ore oIIoched Io Ihe sIem, | | usIroIed be| ow
r ghI, s used n denI hcoI on .
1he myce| um of g | | fung grows n Ihe ground or n
roIIed wood. |ru I ng bod es oppeor os s mo| | buIIons
IhoI en| orge ond rupIure. | n Ihe buIIon sIoge, g | | fung
cOu| d be m sIoken for pubo| | s | p. b} . Nony g | | fung
or eed b| e. Nonyore noI, ond o few k nds ore deod| y
po sonous. L | | fung ore IreoIed by genero, grouped
occord ng Io spore co| or. 1hose w Ih wh Ie spores ore
on pp. 2-, p nk, pp. -b, brown, pp. V-bU,
purp| e, b \ - bJ, b| ock, b4- b. bee poge \ U for he| p n
mok ngo spore pr nI.
myce| 0m
GkOWTH OF THf
FkUl Tl NG 8O0Y
ATACHMfNT OF
GlLL5 TO 5TfM
2
ANAMlTA5 nclude I he mosI po sonous mus hrooms os
we| l os ed bl e spec es | p. 4} . | I s w sesI Io ovo d o| |
Amon Ios, os o m sIoke w Ih nI h s group cou| d befoI o| .
1hoses hown d recI| y obove occounIforoverVUpercenI
ofI he deoIhsfrom mushroom po son ng. 1hey ore espe-
c ol | y dongerous becouse no eecIs ore noI ced for \U
hours or more. by I hen I moy be Ioo l oI e. 1he || y
AmonIo conIo ns o d erenI po son, wh ch Iokes eecI
qu ck| y. Yom I ng ond drugs con he| p, so || y Amon Io
need noI be foIol . bmo| | omounIs of I ore eoIen cere-
mon ol | y by pr m I ve peopl e.
Amon Ios hove whIe spores, o l orge cup |vol vo} oI
Ihe bose, o r ng j usI bel ow Ihe cop, ond free g | | s | noI
oIIoched Io I he sIem} . Amon Ios grow n open woods.
[meos0rements
show cop
wi dIh ond
stem he| ghI)
5Pkl NG AMANl TA, 0fATH
CAP, A N 0 0f 5T kOY l N G
ANGfL

ore s o s | m| | or thot | | It| e

| s go| ned by try| ng Io seporote
t hem. A| | ore deod| y po| sono0s.
Co| or | s not O g0| de. | I vor| es
from wh | te [ most common) to
green| sh, b0, or I on. A| | ore
fo0nd | n open woods or c| eor-
| ngs | n s 0mmer ond fo| | . The
5pr| ng Amon| Io hos o s| ender
sIem | I s cop moy hove o brown-
| sh cenI er. The DeoIh Cop hos o
smooIh stem t he cop moy be
green| sh. The Destroy| ng Ange|
moy hove sco| y sIem v| sc| d cop
hos cenIro| swe| | | ng [ 0mbo).
Ponther Amon| to
fLY AMANlTA | s o| so vor| ob| e
co| or ronges from ye| | ow to or-
onge ond red. Typ| co| ore wh | Ie
worts on the cop, o heovy stem,
ond o vo| vo thot | s not po0ch-
| | ke, os | n spec| es on p. 52.
Fo0 nd | n open woods, oft en 0n-
der con | fers. Eos| | y noI | ced be-
co0se of | Is br| ght co| ors, | I hos
been conf0sed w| Ih the ed| b| e
Amon| Ios [p. 54).
PANTHk AMANlTA | s d0| | ye|-
|ow, groy, or brown| sh. The edge
of the cop | s f 0rrowed t he vo| vo
red0ced. Reported more po| son-
o0s t hon the F| y Amon|Io.
J
t bLt NMb ore noI un que, for oIher genero
o| so hove boIh ed b| e ond po sonous spec es. Why one
genus nc| udes | eIho| ond ed b| e spec es s noI under-
sIood. | n I he Amontfo group oI | eosI hve k nds of po -
sons ore nvo| ved. bome ore desIroyed by heoI, oIhers
ore noI. !hose Amon Ios IhoI ore ed b| e | be| ow} re-
semb| e po sonous spec es. !he cop of I he b| usher s | ke
I he || y Amon Io, ond Ihe vo| vo of Loesor' s s | ke IhoI
ofI he DesIroy ng Ange| . cxperIs suggesI IhoIIhese spe-
c es be ovo ded Io e| m noIe ony chonce of wrong
denI hcoI on.
L U5Hf k r e s e mb | e s I h e f l y
Amon|Io b0I s d0| | red-brown,
becom| ng more redd| s h

wben
c0I or br0| sed. Grows | n e| ds
os wel | os | n open woods | n
s 0mmer ond f ol | . Vol vo noI d| s -
I | ncI r| ng | or ge ond we| | de-
vel oped. D| o. 3-Z | n. ht. 3- n.
CAf 5Ak ' 5 AMANl TA h o s o
smooIh, s h| nycop, sIrong| y | ned
oI I he edge. G| | l s ye| | ow ond
free vo| vo | orge, wh| Ie, ond
c0p- shoped. A f o| l m0s hroom of
open woods, | I hos been pr| zed
for | Is ne ovor s| nce Romon
I | mes. D|o. 3-Z | n. ht. 4-Z n.
NMLPb b s o group resemb| ng m0nf0, w Ih
wh ch I s c| oss hed by some ouIhor I es . NosI spec es
hove o consp| cuous vo| vo, buI Ihey | ock Ihe r ng IhoI
enc rc| es Ihe sIem of Ihe AmonIos. 1he g | | s ore free,
ond IhewhIe spOres ore | orger ond rounder Ihon Ihose
of AmonIos.
5HfATHf0 AMANlTOP5l 5 vor-
| es from Iowny Io dork brown,
meo| y, or wh| Ie. The vo| voforms
o sheoIh oro0nd I he bose of I he
sIem. The cop, mo| sI Io sI| cky | n
yo0ng spec| mens, | s deep| y sIr| -
oIed o| ong I he morg| n. 5ome-
I| mes on 0 mbo deve| ops, I ho0gh
I he cops ore 0s0o| | y oI. Grows
|n o greoI vor| eIy of hob| IoIs | n
coo| er porIs of NorIb Amer co
ond E0rope. Ed| b| e. D| o. 2-4 | n.
hI . 5- | n.
VOLVATf AMANlTOP5l5 bos
o wh | Ie c op I hoI | s ho| ry or
sco| y. Vo| vo | s | orge. | n IesIs,
g0| neo p| gs ond robb| Is hove
beenpo| soned byI h| s m0shroom
no records of h0mon deoIhs.
D| o. -3 | n. hI. 2-3 | n.
bKMMULM MNMMP-
5l 5 hos o groy| sh- brown, worIy
cop. Vo| vo 0s0o| | y Iorn | nIo sev-
ero| 'co| | ors' IhoI enc| rc| e | ower
sIem. Ed| b| e. D|o. 3 n. bI. 5 n.

KN LLKb for m o smo| | genus of mushrooms IhoI

hove o consp cuous r ng, Ihough Ih s s occos ono| | y
smo| | or even | ock ng. bpores orewhIe, os nAmonIos,
buIArm | | or os hove novo| vo, ond g | | s odhere Io sIem.
Lopsor esmooIhI os| ghI| ysco| y.
5LlMYAkMlLLAklA, w Ih wh| Ie
or groy sh cops, grows on | v ng
or deod beecb Irees. Ed b| e, b0I
A
g
Ml LLAkl A s ob0n-
donI n IemperoIe oreos, co0s ng
rooI r oI of ooks ond oI her hord-
woods. 6| ock sIronds of o | 0m -
no0s myce| 0m grow 0nder I he
bor kond spreod 0 ndergro0nd Io
oIher frees. Honey Arm | | or o
grows n dense c| 0sIers. Cops
ore honey ye| | ow Io redd sh
brown ond 0s0o| | ysco| y. Ed b| e.
D o. 2- n. hI. 3- n.
noI des rob| e. C| eon ng d mc0| I,
os d rI sI cks Io s| my cops. Do.
- n. , bI. .5-3 n.
LtPLb nc| ude some of Ihe | orgesI ond mosI beou-
I fu| mushrooms os we| | os mony smo| | spec es. c ghI
spec es ore | | usIroIed on pp. o-V. Lep oIos d ffer
from Amon Ios ch ehy n Ihe obsence of o vo| vo, o| -
I houghI he boseofIhe sIem moybe en| orged. !hefree
g | | s produce wh Ie | occos ono| | y p n k or green} spores.
bomespec es, nc| ud ng I he Poroso| Lep oIo, ofIen hove
o we| | - deve| oped,

movob| e sIem r nq. bmo| | er spec es

moy hove on nco
g
p| eIe r ng or none. Nonydeve| op on
umbo. NosIof I he

IesIed speces of Lepofo or e ed b| e,

buI o few, such os Norgon' s Lep oIo, ore known I o be
po sonous. Lrd nor | y Norgon' s Lep oIo s noI foIo| ,
buI I con be dongerous, espec o| | y Io s mo| | ch | dr en.
| I upseIs I he sIomoch ond |ower d gesI ve IrocI. Nor-
gon' s Lep oIo forms o green spore pr nI, ed b| e Lep oIos
gve whIe spore pr nIs.
Wh Ie s pore pr nI
of Poroso| |ep|oIo
[ p. 58) on dor k
poper.
Green s pore pr | nI
on wh| I e poper of
po| sono0s Morgon' s
|ep| oIo [ p. 58).

o
MOkGAN' 5LfPlOTA sso m0ch
l | ke I he Poroso| |ep oIo I hoI I
| s eos| | y m| sIoken for | I. 5pore
pr|nIs d0| | green [p. 5Z). Po-
sono0s. Do. 3- 8 n., hI. 3-8 n.
5HAGGY PAkA5OL o| so re-
semb| es Morgon's |ep| oIo b0I
hos | orger, more s hoggy sco| es
ond o wh | Ie, smooIh sIem. f| esh
of cop wh | I e red when c0I.
Ed| b| e. D| o. 3-Z | n . hI. 3- n.
PAkA5OL LfPlOTA | s ed b| e
b0I resemb| es po sono0s Mor-
gon' s |ep|oIo. 5Iem hos brown sh
sco| esond o movob| e wh Ie r ng.
D| o. 5-8 n. , hI. - n.
CkE5Tf0 LEPlOTA hos r0sIy-
brown sco| es Ioword cenIer of
Is smo| | , s | ky, wh Ie cop. 5Iem
r| ng soon d| soppeors. Hos o rod-
| sh odor when cr0shed. Poss b| y
po sono0s. D o. -2 n. , hI. -2 n.
5MOOTH LfPl OTA h o s n o
sco| es. Cop ondg | | s wh Ie. G | | s
oge Io smoky brown. Poss b| y
po s on o0 s , r es e m b | es 5 p r n g
AmonIo . D o. 2-4 n. ,
hI. 2-3 n.
5Hl fL0 LfPlOTA sIorIs o0I be| | -
shoped ond becomes oIIened.
Cop covered by brown sh, fe| I-
| ke | oyers I hoI breok 0p nIo
sco| es. fo0nd n woods. Ed b| e.
D o. -3 n. , hI. 2-3 n.
AMfklCAN LfPlOTA hos red-
di s h-brown sco| es on knobbed
wh Ie cop. 5Iem I h ckens obove
bose, r ng ofIen d soppeors. Ed-
b| e. Do. -4 n. , ht. 3-5 n.
YfLLOW LfPlOTA ofIen oppeors
n greenho0ses or omong poIIed
p| onIs. 50| ph0r-ye| | ow cop ond
sIem or e covered w I h 0y
sco| es. Moy be po sono0s. D o.
- . 5 n. hI . .5-3 n.
V
KLMLLLNb o| | | ock r ng ond vo| vo. bpores ore
wh te except n o few spec es where, n moss, Ihey
oppeor esh-co| ored . 1hese ore someI mes puI n
onoIher genus. L | | s ore odnexed | noIched or curved
upword jusI before oIIoch ng Io sIem, p. \ } . Nony ore
ed b| e, buI Leopord 1rcho| omo moy be | eIho| .
LfOPAk0 Tkl CHOLOMA h os o
cop w| Ih wh| Ie esh ond dork-
groysco| es.Grows 0nder con |fers
| n coo| IemperoIe oreos. Po|son-
o0s. Do. 3- | n. hI. 2-5 | n.
5OAPY TklCHOLOMA hos o
soopy sme| | . Cop never sI| cky,
becomes sco| y |n dry weoIher.
G| | | s ond esb I0rn red when
broken. D| o. 2-4 | n., bt. 2-4 n.
kf0-HAl kf0TklCHOLOMA hos
o dry cop covered w| Ib dor k-red
or p0rp| e, downy sco|es. Tb s
m0sbroom scommon neor p nes.
D| o. 2- n., bt. Z-4 n.
|eopord Tr| cho| omo
5oopyTr| cho| omo
MA5Kf 0 Tkl CHOLOMA, or
6| ew| I, grows n posI0res, ofIen
for m n g | or ge 'f o ry r n g s . '
5omeI | mes p0rp| sh, espec| o| | y
when yo0ng, b0t 0s0o| | y becomes
po| e I o b0. 6rood g| | | s groy or
p nk sb. Ed b| e ond very des r-
ob| e. D| o. 2.5-5 n. hI. 3 | n.
NAKf0TklCHOLOMA, orWood
6| ew| t, hos o I h| n cop wIh o
smooIh, wovy morg| n. The esh
s | | oc when yo0 ng groy or
brown when o| der. Ed| bl e ond
common. D| o. 3-4 | n. hI. 2-4 n.
GkAY TklCHOLOMA |s o vor| -
ob| e, sco| y-copped spec es IhoI
grows | n c| 0sters n p ne ond
dec| d0o0s woods. Th| s ed| b| e
m0shroom moy oppeor n greot
n0mbers | n | oIe o0I 0mn, when
most oIhers bove gone. D| o.
.5-3 | n. hI. 2-3 n.
fOUf5Tkl ANTkl CHOLOMAhos
redd| sh sco| es on cop v| sc d
when weI . G| | | s, s0| ph0r ye| |ow,
do noI chonge when c0I. Grows
|n p | n e wood s . E d | b | e . D o .
.5-4 | n. hI. -3 | n.
!
LLLLbtb, s| m | or Io !r cho| omos | pp. U- } _ hove
wh Ie spores, buI g| | | s ore usuo| | y decurrenI |exIend
down sIem} . bIem | ocks o r ng. !yp| co| | y, c op | s fun ne| -
shoped. bpec es ore d| mcu| I I o d| sI ngu| sh .
A0l kON0ACK CLlTOCYf, of
norIhern foresIs, hos o cenIro|
depress| on | nI hewovy- morg| ned
cop. Ed| b| e, ne-ovored. D| o.
! - 2 | n. hl. ! . 5-J

YfLLOW CLlTOCYf resemb| es

Ch o n I er e | | e [ p. Z) b 0 I h o s
o r o n g e - r e d g | | | s I h oI o r e
crowded, I h| n, ond someI | mes
forked. The sl | ghI | y depressed
cop vor| es from po| e ye| | ow Io
dork brown ond o| mosI b| ock.
Moy be po| sono0s. D| o. ! -J n.
hl. ! - 2 | n.
5WffT-5CfNTf0 CLlTOCYf s
ed| b| e, w| I h on| se odor ond
p| eosonI b0I sIrong ovor. G| | | s
or e wh| I e, green| sh wh I e when
o| der. D o. 2-J | n. hl. ! .5-2 n.
JACK-O' -LANTfkN, or Dece v-
ng C| | Iocybe, grows n dense
c| 0sIers on hordwood | ogs or
sI0mps. Cop depressed oI cenIer.
G| ows br ghI | y | n I he dork. Po -
sono0s, noI | eI ho| b0I co0ses
vomi I | ng. D| o. 2-5 | n. , hI. 2. 5-Z n.
CLOU0f0 CLlTOCYf hos o
w| de cop, powdery ond convex
oIrsI b0I | oIer becom ngsmooIh
ond depressed. 5tem I h| ck. Moy
form |orge c| 0sIers n dec| d0o0s
woods. Con co0se sIomoch 0pseI.
Odor roIher d sogreeob| e. D o.
3- Z n. , hI . 3-5 | n.
5U0Okl Fl C CLlTOCYf s groy
Io creomy wh| I e, cop convex,
| oIer depressed. G | | s I h n, groy-
wh| Ie, dec0rrenI. Po| sono0s, co0s-
| ng sweoI | ng ond vom| I ng. D o.
0.Z- I .5 n. , hI. 0.4- I . n.
J
LKb d er from L| Iocybes n hov ng Ih| cker,
more seporoIed g | | s, whch ore odnofe | brood|y
oIIoched Io Ihe sIem} , decurrenI, Or hove o decurrenI
IOOIh. L| derg | | s ore OfIen pOwdered w Ih whIe spOres,
whch ore | orge, rOund, ond rOugh.
WAXY LACCAkA, common n
woods ond open e| ds, s so
vor ob| e t moy be d mc0| t to
denI fy.Whenyo0ng, tbe w de| y
spoced g | | s ore esb-co| ored.
The smo| | cops, someI mes de-
pressed n I he center, vory from
po| e eshy red to groy or b0.
Woxen when wet. Ed b| e b0t of
poor q0o| ty. Do. -Z n., bt.
3-4 n.
AMfTHY5T LACCAkl A s some-
I mes cons dered o vor eIy ofthe
Woxy |occoro. The smo| | cop,
often centro| | y depressed, s
brown, vo| eI, or omeIhyst wben
m o s t , beco m n g p0 r p| e - groy
wben dry. Tbe co| or of t he g | | s
f odes | ess rop d|y. AmeIbyst
|occoro grows n domp, shoded
p| oces. Ed b| e, b0t poor. D o.
-2 n. hI. 2-4 n.

PUkPLl 5H-OCHkE LACCAkl A,

Ihe | orgesI loccoro, hos o sco| y
sIo| k. Cop p0rp| e-brown when
mosI, groy sh wben dry. The
g | | s ore p0rp| sh. Ed b| e. D o.
2-5 n. ht. 3- n.
LLBb hove o Io0gh or gr sI| y sIem, w Ih no r ng
or vo| vo. | n yo0ng spec mens, Ihe eshy cop hos o
ro| | ed-0nder morg n. bpores ore wh Ie. L | | s vory w Ih
Ihespec esIh nor brood, c|oseor seporoIed, b0ImosI
ore j o ned Io sIem or neor| yso | odnoIe or free} .
YLY-f CUYB hor
o brown, ve| vety-ho| red rIem
when moI0re. Cop | r th| n, rt|cky,
redd| rh ye| |ow or dork brown.
G| | | r ore brood, romewhot repo-
roIed. C| 0sIerr grow on rI0mpr,
ond d0r| ng m| |d w| nIerr r0rv|ve
f ree z | n g o n d I h ow| n g mo n y
t| mer. NoI rIrong| y ovored b0I
good to eoI. D| o. -J | n. , hI.
.5-2.5 | n.
KM CLL YB of open
woodr, hor o oI, groy| sh- brown
or smoky-brown cop IhoI be-
comes rI|cky when mo| sI. |I 0s0-
o| | y hos on 0 mbo s0rro0nded by
rod| o| f 0rrowr. G| | | s ore brood,
w| de| y rpoced, ond noI q0|Ie
oIIoched Io rIem, wh| ch hor o
| ong, rooI | | ke exIenr| on. fd| b| e
b0I ofIen Io0gh. D| o. -4 | n. ,
ht . 4-8 | n.

kOA0-GlLLf0 COLLYl A hos

o I h| n, groy Io b| ock| sh- brown
cop. G| | | s ore brood ond some-
whoI for oporI. 5I rong rooI| | ke
sIrondsof wh| I e myce| | 0m oI I he
bose of sIem ore ofIen p0| | ed 0p
when m0s hroom | s p| cked. D| o.
3- | n. hI. 3-5 | n.
UTTfkY COLLYl A | s woxy or
b0IIery Io Ihe Io0ch when weI.
Red d | s h - b rown c op become s
| | ghIer from I he cenIer o0Iword
os | I dr|es. The Iopered sIem
hos o I h| ckened bose g| | | s, o| -
mosI free, or eI h| n ond crowded.
Common | n woods. Ed| b| e b0I
Io0gh. 0| o. 2-3 | n. hI. 2-4 n.
TUFTf0 COLLYl A hos o I h| n
cop I hoI wh| I ens os | I dr| es.
G| | | s ore norrow, c| ose, o| mosI
free from Iop of I he redd| sh-
brown sIem. Grows | n c| 0sIers.
Ed| b| e. D o. -2 | n. hI. 2-3 | n.
NKbNl Ub ore mushrooms IhoI ore smo| | er buI | ke
Lo| | yb os. !hey shr ve| when dry ond revve w Ih mo s-
Iure. NosI spec es ore Iough, grow ng on fo| | en | eoves
or s mo| | Iw gs. !he spores ore whIe.
LlTTLf WHffLMAkA5MlU5 hos
d0| | -wh| I | sh or | |ghI - brown cops
w| Ih o smo| | depress| on | n I he
cenI er. The morg| n of the cop
| s f0rrowed. The g| | | s ore few,
for oporI, ond oIIoched Io o
co| | or I hoI enc| rc| es I he sIem.
Grows |n c| 0sIers. MoI 0s0o| | y
eoIen beco0seI hey ore so s mo| | .
0| o. 0.5-0. | n. ht . - .5 | n.
8LACK-5TfMME0 MAkA5MlU5
someI | mer grows | n o dense cor-
peI on p| ne or spr0ce need| es.
G| | | s ore few | n n0mber, for
oporI, ond oIIoched Io Ihe b| ock
sIems, wh| ch ore horny, Io0gh,
ofIenconIorIed. Too smo| | Io eoI.
0|o. Io 0. 4 | n. hI. Io 2. 5 | n.
GAkLlC MAkA5MlU5 hos o
smo| | cop, oI rsI d0| | red, be-
com| ng wh| I | sh, wr| n k| ed, ond
cr| sp on dry| ng. 5I em | s redd| sh
ond sh| n| ng. G| | | s few, oIIoched
Io sfem. Growsondecoy| ngIw| gs
ond need| es. fd| b| e, w| Ih sIrong
ovor ond odor of gor| | c. D| o.
0.5- | n. hI . - .5 | n.
ACkl 0 MAkA5Ml U5 hos o ye| -
|ow| sh- brown cop, | oIer becom-
| ng po| e. 6rown sI em hos wh| Ie,
coIIony I0fIs oI bose. To0gh,
b| IIer, peppery, ond poss| b| y
po| sono0s. D| o. -2 | n. hI. 2-3 | n.
FAlkY kl NG MAkA5MlU5 | s
wh |Ie Io po| e Ion or redd| sh.
H0ndreds moy spro0I, for m| ng o
|oose c| rc| e, or fo| ry r| ng, os do
monyoIher m0s hrooms. G| | | sore
creomy, for oporI, ofIen w| Ih
r m o| | e r g | | | s beIwee n . 5I em
ro0gh, sco| y. fd| b| e, IosIe p| eor-
onI ond odor frogronI. 0| o. -2
| n. ht. I .5-4 | n.
CAPPf0 MYCfNA hoso sIr| oIed
cop w| Ih on 0 mbo. Vor| ob| e | n
co| or from groy I o brown. G| | | s
wh |Ie, connecIed by ve| ns. 5Iem
s| | very groy, s mooIh, ond rooIed
oI Ihe bose. C| 0sIers grow on
deod |eoves ond wood. 5mo| |
b0I de| | coIe| y ovored. 0| o. I - 2
| n. ht. 2-5 | n.
NLtMb ore c| ose| y re| oIed Io Lo| | yb os | p. } , buI
Ihe cop s s mo| | , I h n, ond con co| , w I h rod oI ng | nes
Or groOves exIend ng IO Ihe morg n. 1he morg n s
sIro ghI, never ro| | ed under . 1he spec es ore mosI| y
smo| | ond d mcu| I Io denIfy wIhOuI mognhcoI on .
bIem hos no r ng or cup. L | | s ore Ih n, odnoIe | brood|y
oIIoched Io Ihe sIem} , ond usuo| | y po| e.
Lff0lNG MYCfNA hos o smo| |
cop w| I h IooIhed morg| n ond
wh| Ie Io redd| sh- brown g| | | s.
5Iem hos o wh| I | sh b| oom oI
r sI , I hen I 0rns p0rp| | sh. 6reok-
| ng sIem re| eoses o b| ood-red
[ 0| ce. Grows | n I0fIs on sI 0mps.
Ed| b| e. 0| o. - I .5 | n. hI . 2-3 | n.
CLfAN MYCfNA hoso copvory-
|ng from rose Io p0rp| e dorker
when domp. Cop hos 0 mbo when
yo0ng exponds | oI er. G| | | swh| Ie
or p| nk. 5Iem smooIh, s h| n| ng
ho| ry or woo| | y oI bose. Hos
rod| sh odor. Poss| b| y po| sono0s.
0| o. I -3 | n. , hI . I .5-4 | n.
MfA0OW HYGkOPHOkU hos
b0 orye| | ow| sh cop w| Ih o red-
d | sh t|nI. Umbo when yo0ng
ottened | oIer morg| n crocked
when dry. G| | | s dec0rrenI, wh| Ie
or ye| | ow| sh. Fo0nd | n o| d pos-
I0res ond c| eor| ngs. Ed| b| e, w| Ih
de| | coIe ovor. 0| o. -J | n. hI.
2-J | n.
MKLPMLKUb mushrooms ore o group ofIen
br ghI| y co| ored, w Ih woxy cops, common| y
sI cky when mo sI. NoIure sIems ho| | ow ond
Iw sIed, w I h no r ng or vo| vo. L | | s ore usuo| |y
Ih ck, re| oI ve| y for oporI, ond e Iher odnoIe or
decurrenI. bpores ore wh Ie, rore| y co| ored. NosI
spec es ore ed b| e buI noIvery des rob| e.
CONl CAL HYGkOPHOkU hos
o con| co| cop oI rsI, | oIer ex-
pond| ng sI | cky when mo| sI,s h| n-
| ng when dry. G| | | s ore I h| n ond
f r ee f r om sIem, ofIen ye| | ow| sh.
A| | porI s become b| ock when
to0ched. Probob| y po| sono0s.
0| o. - 2 | n. ht. 2-J | n.
VfkMl Ll ON HYGkOPHOkU
hos o br| ghI-red, depressed cop
IhoI fodes Io oronge. Cop | s dry,
noI s | | my. G| | | s ore ye| | ow Io
red, ond Ihe smooIh, s h| n| ng,
s| ender sIem | s-scor| eI. Grows | n
open woods ond swompy gro0nd.
Ed| b| e. 0| o. 0.Z | n. hI. -2 | n.
fLM Tkff PLfUkOTU5 grows on
e | m s o n d of h e r h or dwood s .
Us0o| | y o-center, the sIem | s
I h| ckest neor f he bose. The b0
cop, oIrsI convex,becomesoI,
crocked, ond sco|y w|th oge. G| | | s
or ew| de| ys poced I hesporesore
wh| Ie. Th| s m0shroom oppeors | n
| oIe s 0mmer or fo| | , someI | mer
grow| ng | n c| 0sIers, ond pers| sIs
0nt| | heovy frosts. Ed| b| e when
yo0ng. 0| o. J- | n. ht. 2-4 | n.
grOw On | Ogs, sIumps, ond | v-
ng Irees, OfIen oI cOns derob| e he ghIs. 1hey never
grOw On Ihe grOund. bIems |Occos Onol | y obsenI} ore
usuo| | yshOrI, | oIero| , ond oIIoched O-cenIer. L | | s moy
be odnexed, os n rchOOmo | p. U} , Or decurrenI, os
n LfOcybe | p. 2} . bpOres ore usuo| | y wh Ie, Occos On-
o| | y p nk Or fo nI purp| e.
A| | ore eshy ond some-
whoI IOugh . | nc| udes o
ber Of ovOrfu| spe-
PLfUkOTU5 | s wh| te
groy, becom| ng ye| | ow| sh w| Ih
. | t hos wh| Ie spores. Grows
I | ght c| 0sIers, one cop obove
Ihe oIher. G| | | s dec0rrenI stem,
|f presenI, | s shorI. Ed| b| e, tosty,
to0ghens w| I h oge. D| o. J-5 | n.
hI. 0. 2- ! | n.
5APl 0 PLfUkOTU5 | s s | m| | or Io
Ihe obove, b0I Ihe sIem | s more
prono0nced ond cop |s often de-
pressed oI t he cenIer. | Is co| or | s
| | ghter, ond Ihe s pores ore po| e
| | | oc. fd| b| e ond s | m| | or | n ovor
Io Ihe Oyster. 0o. 2-5 | n. hI.
! -2 | n.
LtM MUb s o genuss m-
| or Io boI h Feurofus ond
F on us, buI g | | e dges
ore sow-IooI hed. bpores
wh I e. b c o | y L e n I n u s
g r ows n c | u s I e r s o n
posIs. bco| y cop s heshy,
h o r d wh en d ry. bd b| e
whenyoung, | cor ceodor.
D o. J- 4 n. , hI. -J n.
PMUb mushrooms hove
smooIh-edged g | | s. bIem,
f ony, moy be cenIro| or
| oIero| . AsIr ngenI |onus
hos k dney-shoped cops
w I h scurfy sco| es. L | | s
orecrowded,sporeswh Ie.
Noy be phosphorescenI.
|oss b| y po sono0s. | o.
. - . n. , hI. . -. J n.
bMZPMLLUNb hove
Ih n, Iough cops w Ih ro-
doI ng g | | s IhoI ore sp| I
o| ong Ihefreeedge. Nor-
gns of cops ore ro| | ed
bock when dry. bIem moy
be obsenI, spores usuo| | y
wh I e. Lom mo n bc h zo-
phy| | um s I he on|y obun-
d o n I s p e c e s. 6 d n ey-
shoped cops ohen | obed,
ho ry. 1o . n. w de.
secI | onI hro0gh cop,
show| ng sp| | I g| | | s

Z
0fLl Cl OU5 LACTAkl U5 |s o
we| | - k nown ed| b| e m0 s h room.
Cop moy be zoned | n shodes of
oronge. G| | | s ond sIem ore or-
onge Io ye| | ow. Green| sh sIo| ns
or b| oIches oppeor where p| onIs
ore br0| sed. Wo0nds o| so I 0rn
green. 'M| | k' | s redd| sh oronge.
| n con| fero0s ond hordwood
foresIr. D| o. 2-5 | n. hI. ! -4 | n.
LLK Ub s o group of | orge, hr m| y eshed fung
w IhouI o r ng or vo| vo. A| | exude o whIe or co| ored
` m | k' when cuI. bome cops become fun ne| -shoped
when moIure ond ore zoned w Ih concenIr c mor k ngs.
L | | s odnoIe or decurrenI, spores wh Ie or ye| | ows h.
bome ore ed b| e, mony ocr d, oIhers po sonous.
5WffTl 5H LACTAkl U5 | s com-
mon ond vor| ob| e. | I | s I ownyor
brown| sh red. The c| ose, norrow
g| | | s ore po| er, someI| mes wh| Ie.
A|| of Ihe mony vor|eI|es ore
ed| b| e, b0I some moy be b|IIer.
D| o. 0. 5-2. 5 | n. ht. -J | n.
kOWN VfLVfT LACTAklU5
hos o dry, dork- brown, ve| veIy
cop, oI or s| | ghI| y depressed.
Wh| Ie or ye| | ow| sh g| | | s s| ow|y
beco me p | n k wh e n br 0 | s e d.
'M| | k' wh| Ie. Ed| b| | |Iy do0bIf0| .
D| o. ! -4 | n. ht. 2-4 | n.
WOOLLY LACTAkl U5 0s0o| | y
hos o zoned, p| nk| sh cop w| Ih
depressed cenIer ond shoggy
morg| n. G| | | s I h| n, norrow, p| nk-
| sh, ond dec0rrenI. 'M| | k' wh|Ie
ond ocr| d. Probob| y po| sono0s.
D| o. 2-4 | n. hI . ! - 2. 5 | n.
OkANGf-kOWN LACTAkl U5
hos o I owny cop. Wh|Ie Io ye| -
| ow| sh g | | | s I0rn brown when
br0| sed. Wh | te ' m| | k ' ows co-
p| o0s| y. Odor 0np| eosonI when
dry| ng. Ed| b| e ond esIeemed by
some. D| o. 2- 5 | n. ht. ! -4 | n.
l N0lGO LACTAkl U5 s sIr| k-
| ng| y co| ored. Cop, depressed or
f 0nne| -shoped, | s | nd| go w|Ih o
s| | very | 0sIer, becom| ng groyer
when o| d. G| | | s, sIem, ond ' m| | k'
or e dor k b| 0e. Ed| b| e. D| o. 2-
| n. hI. - 2.5 | n.
COMMON LACTAklU5 hos o
ye| | owor Ion cop, becom| ng f0n-
ne| - shoped w| Ih oge. 5I em po| er
ond s| | ppery. G| | | s ond 'm| | k'
wh| Ie I oye| | ow| sh. 8r0| se green-
| sh. Do0bIf0| ed| b| | | Iy. D| o. J-
|n. ht. .5-4 | n.
6rown Ve| veI |ocIor| 0s
J
4
fMfTlC kU55ULA hos o convex,
oI, or depressed cop. | I | s rosy
or b| ood red, po| er or ye| |ow
when o| d. I I pee|r eor| | y. The
brood, neor| y free g| | | s ond I he
sIem ore wh| Ie. Po| sono0r. D| o.
2- J. 5 | n. , bt. -J n.
KUbbULb ore s m or Io L0Cf0tu$ | p. Z} buI never
exude ` m | k. ' L | | s ore usuo| | y odnoIe. boIh cop ond
g | | s or e dry ond brII| e. 1he sIouI sIem | ocks r ng ond
vo| vo. Lop co| ors common|y chonge w|Ih oge. bpores
whIe or ye| | owsh, rore| y green . |ound n open woods
ondc| eor ngs. 1he spec es ore d|mcu| IIo denIfy. 1hose
wIh o m | d IosIe ore ed b| e, Ihose IhoI ore ocr| d moy
be po sonous buI ore noI known Io be | eIho| .
FfTl0 kU55ULA | s ocr| d ond
hoso sIrong, feI | d odor. The cop
| s s| | my, | I s morg| n sIr| oIed ond
w| I h I0berc| es. G| | | s ore wh| Ie
or sIrow-co| ored, ofIen d| ngy
when br0| sed. 5I0dded w| I h red
drop| eIs when yo0ng. Probob| y
po| sono0r. D| o. J-5 | n. , hI. 2-J | n.
BLMCRMM KUULM hor o
groy, ro0nded, deprerred cop
thoI I0rnr brown or b| ock. 5| | my
when mo| rI. Wh|Ie erh becomer
redd| rhI hen b| ockwhen br0| red.
fd| b| e, w| Ih o m| | d IorIe. O| d
coprmoybe poror| t| zed by rmo| |
g| | | f0ng| . D| o. 3- | n., ht. 2 | n.
YLLV KU8ULM r| | mywhea
wet, hor o ye| |ow cop, becom| ng
deprerred ond grooved w| Ih
oge, brood wh|te g| | | r, wh|Ie to
groy rtem. Acr| d, porr| b| y po| -
rono0s. D| o. 2-4 | n., ht. .5-3 | n.
MCKU KUULM growr | n
woodr ond open p| ocer. Thecop
~romeI| mer Ion b0I ofI enI| nged
w| Ih ye| | ow-green~|r mor ked
w| Ih rmo| | , cr0rI | | ke rco| er. Mor-
g| n | r f0rrowed when mot0re.
G| | | r ond rIem ore wh|te. fd| b| e.
D| o. 3-5 | n. , ht. -2.5 | n.
KM KUULM hor o convex,
ot,ordeprerred green copw| th
rmo| | , woo| | y or worIy potcher.
G|| | r ore wh| Ie ond crowded,
romeforked. fd| b| e. D|o. 2-4 a.,
hI. -2 | n.

BKCM LM formr ho| ry,

romeI | mer zoaed brocketr oa
b| rcher oad other brood-|eof
Ireer. G| | | r ore d| agy wh| Ie,
ofIea broached. Io 4 a. wde.
BKVM LM becomer
zoaed w| I h dor k b rowa o a d
| | ghIer rhoder. Ho ry brockeIr
romeI| mer aorrowed otbore. De-
rtroyr coa| ferr. To 3 ia. wde.
lNZlIS ore lough, 0s0o| |y she| f| | ke mushrooms. be-
co0selheg | | smoybejoned loform pore| ke chombers,
lhe gen0s s cons dered o | nk belween g | | ond pore
fung| . bpores ore wh|le. 1oo corky lo be ed b| e.
CHANIklLS hove bronch| ng, d0| | -edged, sho| |ow
g| | | s lhol, |n mony spec|es, form ve| n| kefo| ds down lhe
slem ond g|ve Ihe eshy cop o funne| shope. 1he spores
ore wh|le. | nc| udes fovor|le eoI ng spec|es.
MMMK$W o| | egg ye||ow,
rme| | r | | ke oa opr|coI. I Ir de-
prerred cop r ofIea | obed. fd-
b| e, commoa a f0ropeoa mor-
keIr. D o. .5-4 a. , ht. l .5-2 a.
YK L M MMMKLL
ofIea ob0adoaI, hor br| ghI-red
cop, g | | r, oad rtem
. The erh r
wh| Ie, romewhot ocrd. fd| b| e.
D| o. 0.5- l .5 | a. , ht. 0.7- .5 a.
PLUUb, o p nk-spored gen0s, hos ne Iher r ng nor
vo| vo, ond g | | s ore free from Ihe sIem. |own-co| ored
|| 0Ie0s | obove} s perhops m snomed, os cop s more
ofIen groy lhon brown. bd| b| e. o. Z-4 n. , hl. Z- n.
VLVKb or ep nk-spored ond hove o vo|vo b0l no
r ng. Lops common| y deve| op on umbo w Ih oge. bolh
po sono0s ond ed| b| e spec| es ore known. Y. escuenfo
s Ihe c0| lvoIed mushroom of Ihe |h | pp nes.
5l LKY VOLVAkl A hos o s| | ky,
shoggywh| Ie cop. G| | | sI0rn rosy,
moy hove rogged edge. On roI-
Ied wood ond |n h0m0s. fd| b| e.
D| o. Io 8 | n. , ht. Io 8 | n.
HAN05OME VOLVAkl A, be| | -
thoped oI rsI, becomes oI,
w| Ih 0mbo. 5I| cky cop |s wh| Ie,
groy, or brown. Probob| y po| -
sono0s. D| o. Z-4 | n. , hI . 4-8 | n.

d
|vd EnI o| omo
L t PM b r e se m b | e
Lo| | yb os | p. } buI hove
p nk spores. Lops I h n,
morg ns oI hrsI ncurved.
L | | s | oose| y oIIoched I o
sIem. NosIore smo| | . bIee| -
b| ue LepIon o grows n
posIures. Lop s v o| eI Io
sIee| b| ue, g | | s | ghI b| ue.
D o. - Z n. , hI. Z- J n.
tMLLNb ore s m | or
Io 1rcho| omos | p. } buI
hove p nk spores. L | | s
wh Ie, Ihen p nk sh. Nor-
g ns of eshy cops oI hrsI
n c u rved . Non y s pec es
po sonous or suspecI. Lv-
d bnIo| omo hos o smooIh
cop wIh o wovy edge.
WhIe esh hrsI sme| | s | ke
cucumbers, | oIerhoso fou|
odor. |o sonous. D o. Z-
n. , hI . J- n.
LL LPLUb o genus | ke
LtfOcybe | p. Z} buI w Ih
rosy spores . L | | s some-
whoI decurrenI. AborI| ve
L| Iop | us hos o dry cop,
oI hrsI covered w Ih s | ky
ho| rs ond | oIer smooIh.
LopsondsIemsnoI o| woys
deve| oped . c d b| e. D o.
Z-4 n. [ hI. . -J n.
LLK MK Ub s o | orge
genus nwh ch Ihespec es
hove c nnomon-brown or
r usI y- br own s por es . | n
you n g sI o ges , o cob-
webby ve | connecIs Ihe
cop ond sIem. L | | s od-
noIe ond powdery w Ih
spores. 1he ed b| e Y o| eI
LorI nor us hos o dor k-
v O| eI cop. Y O| eI g | | s rusI-
co| ored when moIure. D o.
2- 4 n. , hI . J- n.
MLLbtb usuo| | y hove
sco| y or s | ky cops. bpores
ye| | ow sh-c| oy co| or. L | | s
never powdery,freeIode-
currenI. Nony s pec es ore
po sOnous. borIh-| eof | no-
cybe hos on umbo when
moIure. A| | of I he mony
vor eIes ore po sonous.
D o. U. b- \ n. , hI . - 2 n.
MULLK b or e s mo | |
brOwn mushroOms IhoI re-
semb| eLO/ybo |p. } buI
hove rusI-brown spores.
|ewspec eshovebeenIesI-
ed fOr ed b | Iy. LOmmOn
MoucOr o| ed bl e} grOws n
grossy spOIs . bh ny sIem s
wh Ie, p Ihy. D o. U. - ! .
n. hI . ! - 2. n .
Common
No0cor| o
V
YLLV PML [o| ro 0-
goro orFhoeoIepoto) borrome-
whot powdery copr to wh| ch
remnontr of Ihe ve| | moy rI| ck.
W derpreod, b0t | n N.A. , mort
common on Poc| c CoorI. fd b| e.
D| o. Z- | n. , bt. 8- 2 n.
YPbY PML hor o dry,
r| | ky-rmooIh cop w|Ih wr| nk| ed
morg| n. AI Ibe rIem'r bore Ibere
|r o h| nt of o vo| vo, o reoron for
romeI| mer p| oc| ng th|r rpec|er
|n o reporoIe gen0r. fd| b| e. D| o.
2-4 | n. , hl. 2-5 | n.
PMLb ore s m | or Io Arm | | or os |p. } . bIems
usuo| |y hove o r ng, g | | s odnoIe. bpores ore ye| |ow-
brown. . 0ufumn0t$ | noI shown} s po sonous.
MKP-bCL PMLM bor
rp| ke| | ke rco| er over |tr cop,
wh| ch | r rI| cky when mo| rI. Th| r
ed| b| e rpec| er growr | n c| 0rferr
on rI0mpr ond | ogr |n norIhern
forerIr. 0| o. -J |n. hI. 2-4 | n.
tMKLY PMLM oppeorr | n
rpr| ng ond eor| y r0mmer | n
woodr ond porI0rer. | t r wb te,
ye| |ow- I | nged cop rmooIh r|ng
on rIem roon d| roppeorr. fd| b| e.
D| o. -2 |n., hI .5-J | n.
Commerc| o| m 0rhroomr ore grown |n Iroyr |n cover or ce| | orr.
K LUb mushrooms resemb| e Lep olos | p. } b0l
hove purp| e-brown spores. L | | s ore 0suo| |y wh Ie ol
hrsI, Ihen p nk, ond hno| |y p0rp| e-brown. bIem ond cop
ore eos | y seporoled.
MfA0OW MUHkOOM growr
| n p o r I 0 r e r o n d m e o d ow r
thro0gho0IU. 5. ondf0rope. Cop
| r dry ond wh|Ie | n b0IIon rIoge
b0I becomer brown or rporer
moI0re. 5ome ore covered w| Ih
brown rco| er. G| | | r p| nk, becom-
| ng choco| oIe brown. R| ng de| | -
coIe. Vor| eI| er of Ihe pr| zed
ond ed| b| e Meodow M0rhroom
ore c0| I |voIed com merc| o| | y. D| o.
.5-4 | n. hI. 2-J | n.
HOkf MUHkOOM, on ed| b| e
Agorc0s of e| dr, porI0rer, ond
| ownr, hor on on| re odor ond
rweeI IorIe. G| | | r, oI rrI wh| Ie,
I0rn dork brown. Ho| | ow rIem
hor o Ih| ck r| ng, w| Ih | Ir | ower
r0rfoce freq0enI| y rp| | I. D| o. J-8
| n. ht. 2-8 | n.
1
dZ
Lff0lNG AGAklCU5 |s brown-
copped w| Ih dorker sco| es. 8e| | -
shoped cop oIIenr os p| onI mo-
I0rer b0I moy reIo| n on 0mbo.
8r0| sed sIem ond esh become
red. 5Iem bore moybe b0| bo0s.
D| o. 2-4 | n. hI. 2-4 | n.
5YLVAN AGAkl CU5, the ForerI
M0shroom, hos o r| | ky, wh| te to
ye| |ow| sh cop g| | | s p| nk oI
rrI, | oIer dorken| ng. 5Iem bose
b0| bo0s. Ed| b| e b0I moy be con-
f0red w| Ih F| oI-copped Agor| c0s
be|ow. D| o. 2-4 | n. hI. J-5 | n.
o q0| Ie oI, wh | Ie cop o| mosI
c o| or ed br own by n 0 m er o0s
sco| es. 5Iem ye| | ow| sh bose moy
be b0| bo0s. R| ng | r | orge, t h| n,
ond obby. Th| r m0s hroom moy
be po| rono0r Io rome peop| e.
D| o. -4 | n. hI. J-5 | n .
bKPMKb ore s m-
| | or Io g0tCu$, b0I g | | s
ore never free. | n mony,
cop s sIcky rng 0s0o| | y
perssIs. Yerd grs bIro-
phor o hos on oz0re Io
b| ue-green cop, w Ih p| g-
menI n o s| my cover ng.
As s| me woshes o, cop
ye| | ows. Noy be po son-
o0s. D o. -4 n. , hI. -J n.
MPMLNb ore s m | or I o 1r cho| omos | p. U} b0I
hove purp| e-brown spores. Norg n of eshy cop s n-
curved oI hrsI. | brous sIem hos o r ng represenIed
on| y by o c rc| e of dork-co| ored ho rs or hbers . L | | s
moy be odnoIe or odnexed. A| I hough some Hypho| o-
mos moy be ed b| e, oIhers ore b IIer ond moy be
po sono0s.
kl CK-kf0HYPHOLOMAgrowr
|n c| 0rIerr on rI 0mpr ond | ogr
| n | oIe fo| | . The br| ck-red copr
hove wh |Ie g| | | r when yo0ng,
dork brown when o| d. Once be-
| | eved po| sono0r, now | | rIed or
ed| b| e. D| o. 2-4 | n. ht. J-5 | n.
TUFTf0YfLLOW HYPHOLOMA
growr | n | orge c| 0rIerr. Cop,
g| | | r, ond erh ye| | ow. G| | | r I0rn
green when moI0re. Common o| |
yeor where c | | moIe perm| Ir. | I
oppeorsI obe po| rono0rI orome
peop| e. D| o. - 2 | n. hI . 2- 5 | n.
d4
5HAGGY MANf |r one of tbe
common ed| b| e f0ng| , b0t m0rt
be p| c ked ond cooked beforethe
g| | | r dorken. Tbe ob| ong or cy-
| | ndr| co| cop hor rcoIIered, 0y
rco| er. 0| o. ! . 5-J | n. , ht. J- | n.
LLPK MUb s o genus of b| ock-spored fung , co| | ed
| nk-cops. 1he g | | s of moIure fung| undergo o se| f-
d gesI on, dur ng wh ch on | nky u d forms, beg nn| ng
oI Ihe morg n ofIhe cop ond conI nu ng nword Io Ihe
sIem. 1he enI re cop moy | quefy n on| y o few hours.
|or cook ng, use young, fresh| y p cked spec mens.
COMMON lNK-CAPhoro groy,
r| | ghI| y rco|y cop. | I growr |n
denre c| 0sIerr. fd| b| e b0t moy
co0re | | | nesr |f o| coho| |r con-
r0med oI Ihe meo| or |oter. D|o.
! -J | n. , hI. 2-4 | n.
GLl 5Tf Nl NG l NK- CAP h o r
rh| n| ng ve| | porI| c| er on cop
when yo0ng ond | r b0ortowny
ye| | ow. |I growr |n c| 0rIerr oI
bore of Ireer or rImpr. fd| b| e.
0| o. ! -2 | n. ht. ! -J | n.
PbMKLLb hove
cops w|Ih hne grooves
on d s I ro| gh l m or g | n s .
bpores ore brown| sh lo
b| oc k . Lom mon |s oI hy-
re| | o hos on ovo| or be| | -
shoped cop. Lrows
dense c| 0sIers . bd| b| e
smo| | . o. obo0I . 0 | n. ,
hI. 1 . | n.
Common
ProIhyre| | o
PMtLUb so gen0sofm0shroomsw| Ihb| ockspores
ond o smooIh, be| | -shoped or con|co| cop. L | | s moll|ed
when yo0ng, b| ock | oIer. Lommon on mon0re.
B L L - bMMP PMMM L Ub
growr on d0ng or | n r| ch ro| | .
kedd| rh-brown copr t0rn po| e
ond rh| n| ng when dry. F| erb | r
red. G| | | r odnote or odnexed.
Po| rono0r. D| o. | n. , bt. 4- | n.
BUKfLY PMMMLUb | r
groy|rh when et, c| oy-co|ored
ond rh| n| ng when dry. Cop |r
hem| rpher| co| or hor on 0mbo.
5tem | r po|e, g| | | r brood. Po| ron-
o0r. 0| o. 0.5- .5 | n. , bI. J-5 | n.
d
Gl ANT PUFFALL | s one of Ihe
| orgesI of o| | f0ng| [wI. , !0 | bs.
d | o . , ! 0- 20 | n . , oc c o s | on o| | y
| orger). Grows | n e| ds, where
|I |s ne| Iher ob0ndonI nor rore.
Ed| b| e ond ne-IosI| ng wh| | esI| | |
wh |Ie ond r m.
bt KNL t t b
LosIeromyceIes | nc| ude pubo| | s, eorIhsIors, b| rd' s nesI
fung| , ond sI| n khorns. 1hey d| er from Ihe pore ond
g| | | fung| | p. 4} | n I hoI o| | hove o per| d um over I he
spore-beor| ng surfoce. 1he per| d| um, usuo| | y severo|
| oyers Ih ck, rupIures ond exposes Ihe spores when Ihey
ore r pe ond hove fo| | enoI he bos d o. When I hey ore
reodyford sperso| , spores moybespreodbyw| nd, ro| n,
or on| mo| s. b| ock spore c| ouds ore re| eosed from o
forcefu| | y rupIured pubo| | , for exomp| e. |n some b| rd' s
nesI fung| , Ihe spore-conIo| n| ng per| d| o| es ore | | Iero| |y
sp| oshed ouI of Ihe cup by ro| n. | n some, eoch sI| cky
per| d o| e| sequ| pped wIh o cord IhoI he| ps Io enIong| e
ond ho| d | I I o o surfoce 0nI| | | I sp| |Is ond re| eoses | Is
spores.
NosI LosIeromyceIes grow |n so| | , some grow | n
decoy| ng wood. bome spec| es grow s| ng|y, oIhers | n
c| umps. |ru| I| ng seosons vory by spec es ond reg| on,
buI Ju|y, AugusI, ond bepIember ore usuo| | y I he mosI
fovorob| e monIhs |n norIh IemperoIe oreos.
PUffbLLb ore omong Ihe mosI eos | y denI hed Los-
IeromyceIes. 1hey ronge n s ze from I he round L onI
|ubo| | | oppos Ie} Io Ihe -J- n. peor-shoped Lycoper-
dons. 1he eshy wh Ie nIer| or ye| | ows ond becomes
brown oI moIur Iy. A| | ore ed b| e when whIe ond so| d,
excepI spec es of 5cerodermo | noI show0) .
GfM-5TU00f0 PUFFALL, - 2. 5
| n. Io| | , grows | n dense c| 0sIers
on gro0nd or roIIen wood. | Is
worIy wh| te s0rf oce dorkens os
| I moI0res. Ro0nded top Iopers
Io o sto| k| | ke bose. To0gh s k| n
hord I o remove. 0| o. - 2 | n.
PfAk-5HAPf0 PUFFALL, . 5-2
|n. Io| | , | s covered w| Ih I | ny
'sp| nes' ond worIs IhoI f o| | o
Ihe ro0nded top os | I moI0res
o n d bec o me s s m ooI h . 5I em
Iopers I o bose. Growr | n c | 0mpr
on decoy| ng wood. 0| o. - 2 | n.
5PlNY PUFF8ALL, ! - 2. 5 | n. I o| | ,
g
grows on so| | . '5p| nes' I0rn
brown oI I | p ond o potterned
membrone | s reveo| ed when Ihey
fo| | o. MoI0re m0shrooms em| I
p0 r p| e- br own s por es . f d | b | e
when yo0ng. D| o. - .5 | n.
fAUTlFUL PUFFALL, 0. 5-2 | n.
Io| | , moy be spher| co| or hove o
s|o| k | | ke bose. Fo0nd s| ng| y on
gr o0 n d . Coot of I o p e r | n g
'sp| nes' dorkens o I bose ond | s
s hed from 0pper por t when mo-
I0re. fd| b| e. 0| o. 0. 5-2 | n.
dd
MANY- 5 ACKf 0 PUF F ALL,
obo0I J | n. b| gb, grows | n ex-
posed so| | . Ye| | ow | nIer| or | s d| -
v| ded | nIo mony socs, eoch con-
Io| n| ngbos| d| o ond spores. Fresb
m0shrooms ex0de on | nky j 0| ce.
Poor eoI| ng. 0| o. J | n.
5TALKf0 PUFFALL5 sbow on| y
I he| r g| ob0| or beods when grow-
| ng |n | oose so| | or sond. | n bord
s0rfoces, boIb cop ond sIo| k sI | ck
obove~0.5- ! .5 | n. Ed| b| e when
yo0ng b| IIer when moI 0re. D| o.
0. 2-0. 5 | n.
tKMbKb sp| I openosIhey moIure. 1heI h ckouIer
| oyer dv des nIo po nIed segmenIs, produc ng o sIor-
| ke eecI. 1h s reveo| s on nner bo| | wIh o I h n, popery
cooI. bpores ore d schorged Ihrough mouIh open ngs
onIheIop. Nyce| umIhreods ofIen enmesh debr sobouI
IheouIersegmenIs.
TklPLfX fAkTH5TAk, ! -2 | n.
b| gh, hoso Io0gh o0Ier h0skIhoI
sp| |Is oI Iop when moI 0re Io form
s| xIo e| ghI peIo| s ondo ro0nded
co| | or. PeIo| s 0nf0r| when mo| sI,
reveo| | ng| nnersporesoc. 5pores
d| schorge I hro0gb mo0Ib, en-
c| rc| ed by o r| dge. 0|o. ! - 2 | n.
CkOWNf0 fAkTH5TAk, ! - 2 | n.
h| gh, sp| | Is | nIo fo0r I o e| ghI
sIrong|y rec0rved peIo| s, ofIen
ro| s| ng Ihe who| e p| onI obove
Ihe gro0nd. A r| dge o0I| | nes
cenIro| mo0Ib oreo of Ibe | nner
bo| | . Grows s | ng|y or | n smo| |
gro0ps | n woods. 0| o. ! - 2 | n.
COMMON l k0' 5 Nf5T c0p
| s 0. - 0. J | n . b | gb , w| I b o
ro0nded Iop. As Ibe c0p grows,
o bo| ry, brown membrone breoks
ond exposes o wh| Ie membrone
beneoI h. Th| s o| so r0pI0res ond
d | s o ppeor s , r eveo | | n g s por e-
| | ed 'eggs. ` D| o. 0. -0.J | n.
B K' b Mb fung ore opI| y nomed. 1hese cup| ke re-
cepIoc| es, . Io . n. n d omeIer, conIo n severo|
egg| ke bod es or per d o| es. 1he I ny `eggs' moy be
oIIoched byo I hreodIOIhecup. W Ih| nI hemore spOres,
re| eosed when Ihecover ngsp| Is open. b r d' snesIfung
grow on Iw gs, decoy ng wood, sIrow, or sowdusI.
5TklATf l k0' 5 Nf5T, be| gbI
Io 0. 5 | n. , | s cone- shoped, nor-
row| ng oI bose Io o sIem. O0Ier
s0rfoce | s ho| ry. When I he f0ng|
ore f0| | yopened oI moI0r| Iy, I he
sIr| oIed | nIer| or ond Ihe cord-
oIIoched spore bo| | s ore re-
veo| ed. D| o.
WHlTf 8l k0' 5 Nf5T moy op-
peor s| ng| y or n gro0ps. O0Ier
s0rfoce of c0p wh| te ond ho| ry,
dorken| ng w| Ih oge | nner s0r-
foceye| | ow| sb. Eggs noI oIIoched
by cords. C0p d| o. 0. 2 | n.
dV
b MKMKMb ore egg-shoped ond remo| n 0nder-
ground 0nI | Ihespores moIure. 1hen o sIo| k| kesIr0cI0re
emerges from I he pouch, or per d um | | ong Iud no| sec-
I ons, be| ow} . 1he I pofI hesIo| k scovered w Ih o s| my
moss of fou| -sme| | ng spores. || es, oIIrocIed by Ihe
odor, feed onspore moss ond spreodI he spores .

gro d dew| op
7U
menI of st| n khorn
5MALL 5TlNKHOkN | s cons| d-
ered rore b0I I h| s moy be d0e
Io | Is smo| | s| ze ond fo| nI odor.
5e| dom more Ihon on | nch or so
Io| | . | Is sIo| k, d| v| ded | nIo I hree
or fo0r co| 0mns, | s o br| ghI ye| -
|ow-oronge ot Iop.
LATlCf 5Tl NKHOkN, w| de| y g
d | sI r | b0 Ie d, t h r | ves | n wor m
oreos. Open neIwork sIr0cI0re
or| ses from egg| | ke per| d| 0m.
Red obove, po| er be|ow o| | ve-
green spores on | nner s0rfoce.
0| o. 5-7 | n. hI . J-4 | n.
COLUMNAk 5TlNKHOkN hos
f o0rorvec | nnobor- red,spongy,
c0rved co| 0mns Ihot 0n|Ie ot Ihe
top. The sI| cky spore mosses ore
on the | n ner foces of I he co| -
0mns . Odor feI | d. Po| sono0s.
0| o. 2-J | n. ht. 4-5 | n.
0og
5I| nkhorn
Common
5I | n khorn
0OG Tl NKHOkN | s rosy red
ot the Iop, fod| ng be| ow. The 0p-
per porI | s covered w| I h o dork
s| | me. The ho| |ow, spongy sIo| k
| s s| ender, on d I here | s no d| s-
t| nct cop. The 0og 5I | nkhorn
grows | n domp p| oces, on o| d
sI0mps or roII | ng wood. Odor | s
noI strong. HI . 2-J | n.
COMMON Tl NKHOkN moy
grow on roII | ng wood or on o| d
sowd0sI p| | es. | t moy be o pesI
| n gordens, os I he 0 np| eosonI
sme| | of I he s| | my spores on the
cop corr| es for some d| sIonce.
Po| sono0s. HI. -8 | n.
Co| | ored
5I| nkhorn
COLLAkf0 TlNKHOkN hos o
rosy, someI | mes wh| Ie, neI| | ke
ve| | I hoI hongs severo| | nches
be| ow I he cop. Th| s | ocy neI-
work mokes Ihe f 0ng0s more con-
sp| c0o0s ofIer dork ond oIIrocIs
n| ghI-y| ng | nsecIs. HI . -7 | n.
V
VZ
l MP kF CI F UNGl
| mperfecI |ung nc| ude Ihose mcroscop c fung whose
| fe cyc| es, porI cu| or| yIhe sexuo| sIoges, ore noI known.
1hey do noI form | orge fru I ng bod es buI reproduce
by vor ous o r-borne osexuo| spores. No| ds IhoI m | dew
wo| | s ond spoI c| oI hos ore nc| uded n Ih s group. Nony
p| onI dseoses ond o| so oIh| eIe' s fooI, r ngworm, ond
oIher sk n nfecI onsor ecoused byIhese fung .
fetn0t0 spores, common n I he o r , or e one couse
ofhoyfever onds m | or o| | erg es. 1hey ore dor k-co| ored
ond mony-ce| | ed, w Ih boIh | ongIud no| ond hor zonIo|
dv s ons. fetn0t0 s respons b| e for deIer oroI on of
poper ond IexI | es, ond some spec es couse p| onI ds-
eoses . bpores of NemnfhO$QOtum ore s m | or Io Ihose
of fetn0t0 buI ore more rounded ond dv ded on|y
hor zonIo| | y. NemnfhO$QOtUm spec es nfecI grosses.
bpec es of u$0tUm couse w | Is ond o| so deIer oroIe
poper ond IexI | es . L bbere| | c oc d, used Io promoIe
growIh n p| onIs, s obIo ned from . mOnOtme.
LIher common | mperfecI |ung nc| ude LOefOft-
Cum, wh ch couses b| ghIs ond onIhrocnoses of p| onIs,
ond e$f0Of0, couse of| eofspoIs ond fru I roI.
F0sor| 0m
PesIo| oI| o
Co| | eIoIr| c h0m
He| m| nIhospor| 0m
5POkf5 OF
lMPfkFfCT FUNGl
CkO55-5fCTlON
OF LlCHfN THALLU5
L LMb Mb
Lchens ore p oneer p| onIs wh ch usuo| |y grow where
oIher p| onIs do noI furn sh compeII on . 1hey ore found
on rocks, Irun ks of Irees, | ogs, s ond, ond bor e so | .
1hese s| ow-grow ng, | ong- | ved, sun- | ov ng p| onIs our-
sh n co| d, dry c| moIes, n foresIs ond on mounI o ns
wherever I he o r s c| eon ond unpo| | uIed. ke ndeer ond
cor bou eoI some | chens, exIrocIs from o few spec es
ore used os onI b oI cs. 1he besI- known use of | chens
hos been n mok ng dyesfor Horr s Iweeds ond for | I-
mus poper.
L chens ore ` duo| orgon sms' be ng composed of
Iwo k ndsof p| onIso fungus ond on o| go. 1hese seem
Io | ve IogeIher for muIuo| benehI |symb os s} . 1he fun-
gus, usuo| | y I he mosI consp cuous porI on of I he p| onI,
supp| es Ihe o| go w Ih woIer ond m ner o| s ond moy
prevenI I from dry ng ouI. 1he o| go monufocIures cor-
bohydroIes wh ch moy o| so be used by I he fungus. A
cross secI on of o | chen | obove} reveo| s o | oyer of
o| goe | usuo| | y s ng| e-ce| | ed green oI goe} o shorI d s-
Ionce be| ow I he surfoce.
VJ
74
LCMM KPKUCM
L chensgener o| | y reproducevegeIoI ve| y. bome k nds
produce dusI| ke porI c| es | sored o} nwh ch o few o| go|
ce| | s ore surrounded by o I ong| e of fungo| hyphoe | o,
obove} . 1heseorecorr ed byI hew nd ond moydeve| op
nIo new | chens. L chens o| so reproduce when s mo| |
p eces breok o | b} or when I he I op | oyer breoks up
| c} ond b Is b| ow owoy.
Neor| y o| | fung n | chens produce spores, buI un| ess
Ihe fungo| spores ore d ssem noIed IogeI her w Ih com-
poI b| e o| goe, | chens ore noI formed.
L chens moy be c| oss hed os crusIose | crusIy}, fo| ose
| | eo ke} , ond fruI cose | shrubby}, see p. V, Iop, buI
mony nIermed oIe forms ex sI. A crusIose | chen grows
hoI on rocks or Iree Irunks ond moy be embedded n
Ihem. 1he fo| ose Iype s oIIoched on| y n spoIs, I he
mor g ns ore ofIen | obed ond free. 1he shr ubby, fruI -
cose Iype s o bronched p| onI, upr ghI or hong ng.
kf0 LANKfT Ll CHfN | s on
excepI| on I o I he 0s 0o| den| I | on
of o | | chen. Th| s beo0I | f0| p| onI
hos p0rp| e bocIer| o enmeshed
| n I he f0ng0s roIher I hon on
o| go. Red 6| on keI | | chen | s o
fo| | ose Iype, common on Irees | n
F| or| do, I he G0| f CoosI, ond
Irop| co| Amer| co.
fo| | ose
0og || chen
LKUbLbt LLMtMb
kf0-fYfLl CHEN,oneofO gro0p
co| |ed 6| ood || chens, grows on
bork ond someI | mes on rocks,
from I he EosI CoosI Io Texos.
The cr0sIose t ho| | 0s [Io | n.
ocross) | s covered w| Ib n0mero0s
smo| | scor| eI d| sks [ fr0| I| ng bod-
|es) IhoI ofIen dorken ond be-
come wh| Ie-r| m med ond broken
w| Ih oge.
Pl Tf0 Ll CHfN | s w| despreod.
| Is I h| n, wh |Ie Io groy Iho| | 0s | s
porI | o| | y s0nken | nIo Ibe p| IIed
s0rfoce of | | mesIone. | Is n0mer-
o0s smo| | b| ock fr0| I | ng bod| es
ore v| s| b| e obove I he Iho| | 0s. A
b| ock poIIern, where I he fr0| I| ng
bod| es hove been embedded, | s
| eft | n the rock when I he | | chen
no| | y d| es.
CLOT LlCHfN, fo0nd wor| d-w| de
| n norI hern reg| ons, forms o
crocked ond worIy cr0st on ever-
greens ond on roc ks oI h| gb e| e-
voI| ons. 5h| ny b| ock fr0| I| ng
bod| es, b| ood red 0 nderneoIh,
or| se from I he cr0sI of 0n|Ied
g r ee n | s h - gr oy or o s b- c o| or ed
gron0| es. Cr0st 5 | n. ocross.
fr0I| cose
5poon || chen
CkU5IO5 llCHN5
LOUlPOP LlCHEN forms pow-
dery cr0sIs on the gro0nd. 8efore
Ihese d| soppeor w|Ih oge, short
bronches, obo0t 0.5 | n. h| gh,
r | se obove t hem. The bronches
ore to

ped by b| ock fr0| I| ng

d| sks. A West Coost spec| es
grows Io Rock| es ond | n E0rope.
MAP LlCHEN forms o green| sh
t o br| ghI-ye| | ow, ch| n ky or worty
cr0sI on rocks t hro0gh northern
N.A. ond so0thword |n I hemo0n-
t o| ns. N0mero0sr mo| | b| ockfr0| I-
ng d| sks ore port|y r0nken nto
the tho| | 0s.
PlNK EAkTH LlCHfN | s fo0nd
on sIer| | eso| | , os | n roodc0tsond
d| tches, | n most temperote re-
g| ons. The groy I ho| | 0s prod0ces
esh-co| ored fr0| I| ng knobr on
0. 2-| n . sIo| ks. CoIIony bers h| |
the k nobs.
5Ckl PT L CHEN, or Wr | t | n g
|| chen, | s cosmopo| | ton, grow| ng
on h o r dwood t r ees . 8| oc k ,
sIro| ght or c0rved fr0| I| ng d| skr,
proIr0d| ng obove or porI| y em-
bedded | n Ihe cr0st, r0perc| o| | y
resemb| e hondwr| I| ng.
OkANGE 5TAk LlCHEN, w| tb
|Is | obed, o| most |eo | ke, ye| |ow-
oronge I ho| | 0s [Io 4 |n. ocross),
hos ot, oronge fr0| t| ng c0ps. It
grows on rocks |n norIh temper-
oIe ond orcI| c oreos, ond otop
so0Ihern mo0nI o| ns.
FOllO5 llCHN5
PML ML LCMM fo0nd on
northern trees ond | ogs, | so | eof-
| | ke, groy| sh-green | | chen 0p to
|n. ocross, w| th po| e to d0s ky-
brown, | obed ond j ogged mor-
g| ns. Fr0| t| ng bod| es rore. Moy
be conf0sed w|th the common
6o0| der || chens.
BULK L CMM forms 2-| n.
rosettes on trees ond o| d wood
or spreods os tong| ed mots on
rocks. The perforoted t bo| | 0s | s
b| ockbe| ow, w| t h choco| ote mor-
g| ns. 5evero| spec| es. | n North
ond |n so0thern mo0nt o| ns.
fMM LCMM com mon on so| | ,
hos o 0.5- | n. , fon-shoped tbo| | 0s,
green| sh groy t o brown obovej
wb|te w|tb o network of dork
ve| ns be| ow. 8rown fr0| t| ng d| sks
on | obe morg| n. Tbe re|oted Dog
|| chen [p. 75) | s |orger.
MLL LCMM fo0nd on trees
of eostern N.A., bos o |eod-
co| ored t ho| | 0s [2-4 | n. ocross),
w|th b| 0| sh-b| ock, bo| r | | kestronds
on the 0nders0rfoce. Fr0| t| ng
bod| es ye| | ow| sb brown to d0| I
b| ock.
M RM LCMM one of the
kock Tr| pes, hos p0st0| es on top
of the tho| | 0s [sheets often 4 | n.
ocross) ond p| ts be| ow. The ot
fr0| t| ng d| s ks ore b| ock. Common
on rocks, eost of Rock| es. A| so
see smooth spec| es [p. 78).

5MOOTH kOCK TklPE hos o

2- 2- | n. ovo| , brown, fo| | ose
I ho| | 0s, b| ock 0nderneoIh. A
s| ng| e cenIro| cord oIIoches |I Io
Ihe rocks. Grows I hro0gho0I Ihe
mo0nI o| nsof eosIern M.A. Ed| b| e
[when bo| | ed) os o s0rv| vo| food.
fKULbt LMMb
hos o I0fIed,
erecI or spreod| ng beord| | ke
I ho| | 0s, ye| | ow-oronge I o oshy.
Mony enIong| ed bronches. Grows
on Irees |n norIhern coosIo|
oreos. |engIh 2 | n. or more.
OkfGON LUNG LOAklA, o
fo| | ose | | chen, grows on WesI
CoosI Irees, b0I | Is re| oI| ves ore
f o0 n d I h ro0 g h o0 I M . A. T h e
| orge, |oose| y oIIoched I ho| | 0s
| s smooIh I o p| IIed ond r| bbed.
Vor| ob| e | n co| or, | I s br| ghI
green when mo| sI.
HOk5fHAlk LlCHfN, o beord-

| | ke | | chen, grows on Ireer ond

deod wood Ihro0gh mosI of
M. A. The s| ender, brown Io o| |ve
sIo| ksfork repeoIed| y. On mo0n-
Io| ns, I o| ro grows on I he
gro0nd, for m| ng smooIh sIrogg|y
4- | n. I0fIs.
f Ak0 Ll CHf N | r r h r 0 b by,
I0fIed, green| sh groy or dorker.
O| d Mon' s6eord,O re| oIed form,
| s more ex| b| e ond pend0| o0s.
6oIh ore common I hro0gh m0ch
of M.A. , grow| ng on I rees ond
o| d wood, occos| ono| | y on rocks.
T0fIs 2 | n. or | onger.
fKULLbt LLMtMb
klTlH OL0l Ek,orked CresI
|| chen, | s one of O |orge common
gen0s. F| oIIened I ho| | 0s sco| es
ore g r ee n | s h g r oy bro n c h e d
sIo| ks [Io ! | n. ) hove g| ob0| or
red fr0| I | ng I | ps. Fo0nd on so| |
or decoyed wood Ihro0gho0I
eosIern M. A.
POON LlCHfN hos cy| | ndr| co|
or Ir0mpeI-shoped sIo| ks [ I o J
| n.) w| Ih smo| | , po| e- or dork-
brown fr0| I| ng bod| eson IooIhed
morg| ns. Fo0nd oI h| gh e| evo-
I| ons I hro0gh m0ch of norIhern
N.A. Us0o| | y grows on so| | ,
someI | mes on roIIed wood.
LA00Ek Ll CHE N, w| I h c 0 ps
or| s| ng o0I of c0ps, for ms I| ered
sIo| ks Io J | n. h| gh. Upper c0ps
grow from I he cenI er of Ihose
be| ow, 0n| | ke I he 5poon || chen,
whose I | ered c0ps oscend from
I he IooIhed morg| ns. A common
so| | | | chen of N. A. ond 0rope.
PYXl E CUP, or Gob| eI || chen,
|s common on rocks, so| | , ond
roIIen wood. Th| s | obed, sco| y
Iho| | 0s hos sIo| ked, 0pr| ghI c0ps
[Io | n.). 6ronches moy deve| op
from c0p | | p ond brown fr0 | I | ng
d| s ks grow on I hem or on | | p.
Mony vor| eI| es | n M.A.
kfl N0fEk LlCHEN |s o shr0bby
| | chen IhoI forms poIches on
s o| | , ofIen 0 | n . | n d| o. 8rown
fr0| I | ng d| sks ore rore. Fo0nd
w| de| y | n norIhern ond orcI| c
oreos o bos| c food of re| ndeer.
t NB KYLPMY t b
bmbryophyIes ore p| onIs IhoI for m embryos dur ng one
sIoge of I he r reproducIve prOcess . NOsI hove more
comp| ex sIrucIures Ihon I he 1ho| | ophyIes. 1wo mo n
groups Of cmbryophyIes or e genero| | y recogn zed . I he
bryophyIes, w Ih obouI 2, UUU spec es, ond I he
1rocheophyIes, numbcr ng obOuI U, UUU non-ower ng
ond 2UU, UUU Ower ng spec es.
1he key Io Ihe seporoI On nIo IwO dv s ons s vos-
cu| or I ssuespec o| zed ce| | s ond Iubes for I he move-
menI of l qu ds ond foOd. Xy| em s Ihe woIer-conducI ng
I ssue ond ph| oem cOnveys food moIer o| . 1hose p| onIs
w IhouI voscu| or I ssue or roOIs, such os mosses, | ver-
wOrIs ond hOrnworIs, ore bryophyIes. 1hose w Ih voscu-
| or I ssueferns, fern o| | es, ond o| | Of Ihe seed p| onIs,
boIh cone-beor ng ond ower ngore 1rocheophyIes.
bOI hIhesexOrgons | orchegOn o ond onI her d o} ond
Ihe spore coses |sporong o} ore o| woys mony-ce| | ed n
bmbryophyIes . A j ockeIofsIer | e ce| | s surroundsI he sex
ce| | s, or gomeIes, ondI hespores. AndwhenIwounequo|
gomeIes | Ihe egg ond sperm} unIe, fOr m ng o zygOIe,
Ih s deve| Ops nIo on embryO, on mmoIure grow ng
p| onI, ns de I he femo| e s ex orgon.
Lf I he cmbryophyIes, On| yI hecycods, confers, ond
ower ng p| onIs produce seeds, os d d seed ferns, now
exI ncI . 1he oIher p| onIs of Ihs sub- k ngdom reproduce
by nOn- mOI | e spOres, wh ch ore bl own obouI by Ihe
w nd. Al | bmbryophyIes hove o IwO- phose | fe cyc| e,
o| IernoI ng o generoI on IhoI prOduces gomeIes |sex-
uo| } w Ih one IhoI produces spores | osexuo| } . 1he spore-
produc ng generoI on | sporophyIe} o| woys beg ns Is
deve| opmenI os on embryo whch s for o wh | e o
\ UU
tVtLLPNtM L
f FIower| ng PIonfs
tNbKLPMtb
porosIe on Ihe gomeIophyIe, or sexuo| generoI on .
| bee pp. U2- UJ, . }
cmbryophyIes probob| y deve| oped from Ihe 1ho| | o-
phyIes by woy of Ihe green o| goe. ke| oI onsh ps ore
shown obove, o vor oI on of Ihefom |y Iree on pp. -.
U
U2
NLbb b
Nosses ore bryophyIes IhoI growo n so | , rocks, o r bor k
ofIrees. bome ore Iru| y oquoI c, | v ng n bogs or even
submerged nsIreoms. Nosses growIhe wor|d overfrom
Ihe ArcIc Io Ihe Irop cs, from mounIo nIops Io seo-
shores . bome prefer oc d, oIhers o| ko| ne so | s. A| | | ock
rooIs ond Irue sIems, Ihe | eoves do noI h ove ve ns os
do Ihe | eoves of voscu| or p| onIs. NosI ore j usI o few
nches h gh, Ihough some ore much smo| | er ond o few
oquoI c spec es moy be up Io Iwo feeI | ong.
Nosses grow from spores produced n copsu| es.
When o spore | onds on o spoI w Ih sumc enI mo sIure,
Ihe wo| | s swe| | ond o h| omenIous green Ihreod | proIo-
nemo} grows ouI. 1hs bronches ond, n growIh, re-
semb| es o green o| go. bvenIuo| | y Ihe proIonemo pro-
duces buds, wh ch grow nIo Ihe | eofy sIo| ks IhoI mosI
peop| e recognzeos moss p| onIs. !he proIonemo usuo| | y
des ond I he | eofy sIo| ks deve| op I ny rooI| ke sIrucIures
oIIhe boseondconI nueIogrowos ndependenIp| onIs.
1hese | eofy p| onIs ore Ihe gomeIophyIes, usuo| |y one
p| onI s mo| e ond onoIher femo| e, o| Ihough some spe-
c es produce boIh sex orgons on Ihe some p| onI . 1he
upper | eoves of Ihe mo| e p| onI moy form o oI roseIIe
oround Ihe mo| e sex orgon | onIher d um} . bperm ce| | s
ore produced ond Ihese musI sw m I hrough o h| m of
woIerformed by ro n or dew IoIhe Iop of femo| e p| onIs
where Ihe femo| e sex orgon | orchegon um} s | ocoIed.
1he sperm unIes wIh Ihe egg Io form o zygoIe. 1h s
d v des mony I mes ond grows Io form o sporophyIe,
usuo| | yo | ongsIo| kwIh o copsu| eonIop.1he sporophyIe
fooI remo ns embedded n Ihe gomeIophyIe, wh ch be-
comes hosI Io Ihe porosIc spore-produc ng p| onI .
gomeIophyIe
deve| ops
onI her| d| 0m
on proIonemo

femo| e
p| onI
sperm
sw| ms
I o
egg
erI | Uzed egg
orms zygoIe
<
embryo sporophyIe
deve| ops
LlFf CYCLf OF A MO55
WIh n Ihe copsu| e numerous spores deve| op. 1hese
escope, ger m| noIe, grow nIo proIOnemo, ond repeoI
Ihe cyc| e | obove} .
Nony mOsses ore d| mcul I IO denIfy w IhOuI o hond
| ens. 1hespOrOphyIe copsul e | s cOmpl ex. |or denI| hco-
I on noIe Ihe copsu| e w| Ih Is l | d, wh ch fo| | s O when
IhespOres moIure | p. U4} . beneoIh Ihe l | d ond oround
I he copsul e open| ng | s o s| ngl e Or o doubl e row of
IeeIh | per sIome} . 1he number ond fOrm Of Ihe IeeIh
ore mpOrIonI denI|fy ng chorocIer sI| cs. LIher feoIures
used ore s| ze, shope, ond pOs I| On ofIhecopsul e, | engI h
of sIo| k | seI o} supporI ng I he copsul e, pos I | on ond
sIrucIure of | eoves.
UJ
NOsses ore Of mOre | nd recI I hon d recI benehI Io
mon. bphognums ore m xed w Ih sO| | Io reIo n mo sIure
ond ore used | n seedbeds where Ihe r odd| I Ono| onI -
b| OI c ocI| On o ds yOung seedl ngs. | n bOgs, mOsses
decoy IO fOrm peoI, o moj Or fue| n nOrIhern reg ons.
1heyo| sO he| p prevenI erOs On ond oOd ng by ho| d ng
mO sIure frOm ro| ns ond mel I ng snOws.
5lZf OF MO55f5 |s | nd|coIed
| n Ihe copI| ons, 0s0o| | y oI Ihe
end. The he| ghI [HI.) of I he go-
meI ophyIe | s g| ven rsI [I ho0gh
IhegomeIophyIemoybeoI ) . Th| s
i s fo| |owed by I he | engI h [ |. ) of
Ihe sIo| k ond I he cops0| e of
sporophyIe.
5POON-LfAVf0 5PHAGNUM,
|s one of J00 or more spec| es of
peoI mosses of coo| IemperoIe
reg ons. A|| peoI mosses hove
Iwo k| nds of | eof ce|| s : s mo| | ond
gr een f or f ood - mo k | n g o n d
| orge, deod, woIer-sIoroge ce| | s
[ | ef I ) . 5 poro p h yI es ore r or e.
phognum grows | n bogs ond
sho| |ow | okes, ofIen form| ng
ooI| ng s| onds. EnI | re p| onI moy
r| se ! fI. Io| | .
FOUk-TOOTH MO55 | s fre-
q0enI| yfo0ndondecoyed sI0mps
ond o| d | ogs | n norIhern N.A. ,
E0rope, ond As| o. 5ome of Ihe
| eoves form c0p| | ke c| 0sIers. The
fo0r | ong IeeIh of I he per| sIome
con be seen w| I ho0I o | ens. HI.
0.5 | n. , |. ! | n.
fLF-CAP MO55, fo0nd on mo| sI
so| | or decoyed wood, hoso b0g-
| | ke cops0| e perched on o sIo0I
red sIo| k. The |eoves d| soppeor
| ong before I he cops0| e' s green
o0I 0mn cooI I0rns Io redd| sh
brown or Ihe I op of I he cops0| e
oIIens. Th| s prosIroIe moss | s
o| mosI m| croscop| c, excepI cop-
s0| e ond sIo| k [ boI h Io 0.5 | n. ).
HAlkCAP MO55, o cosmopo| -
| Ion spec| es, grows on domp
gro0nd. The cops0| es or e fo0r-
ong| ed I he sIo| k | ong, I he co| yp-
Iro ho| ry. The | eoves,w| despreod
when weI, ore | ong, norrow, ond
IooIhed on Ihe morg| n. Th| s
spec| es | s ofIen | | | 0sIroIed os o
Iyp| co| moss, b0I |s no more
common Ihon mony oIher spe-
c| es. HI. | n. |.,4- | n.
Ho| rcop Moss
NUT MO55 p| onIs crowd Io-
geIher, for m| ng dor k-green moIs
on mo| s I b o n k s . H o | r - I | pped
| eoves s0rro0nd I h e I | | Ied, n 0I-
| | ke, o| mosI sIo| k| ess cops0| es.
HI. 0. -0.2 | n. cops0| e0. 2-0.J | n.
5PlNfLfAF MO55 | s common on
shody bonks. Wovy | eoves hove
m| n0Ie IeeIh ond o prono0nced
m| dr| b. Cops0| essIrong| yc0rved.
P| onIs from Ihe kocky Mo0nI o| ns
wesIword hove| orger| eoves. HI .
-2 | n. |. -2 | n.
FAL5f HAl kCAP MO55, fo0nd
on roods| de bon ks, grows on o
green moss of pers| sIenI proIo-
nemo. |eoves
-
rew, norrow, ond
shorp-po| nIed. Cops0| e hos groy
co| ypIro. HI. 0.J | n. |. | n.
U
5lLKYFOkKMO55for ms dense
poI ches on wooded bonks. Up-
r| ghI p| onIs ore ofIen bronched
| eoves smooIh w| Ih | ong, Ioper-
| ng I| p. Cops0| e hos o beoked
| | d. Per| sIome IeeIh forked. HI.
0.5-2 | n. |. 0. 2-0. 5 | n.
UkNf0 GkOUN0 MO55 | s
common on wo| | s, s | dewo| ks,ond
dr y gro0nd. |eoves hove ro| | ed-
boc k morg| ns excepI oI IooIhed
I | p. F0rrowed cops0| e hos con | co|
| | d. HI. 0.5-0.Z | n. |. 0. | n.
kOOM MO55 f or m s | | g hI -
green I0fIs | n wood| onds. 5Iems
ore I o| | , w| Ih Ioper| ng | eoves
normo| | y benI | n some d| recI| on,
oppeor| ng w| nd- b| own. Cosmo-
po| | Ion | n norIh IemperoIe oreos.
HI . 2-4 | n. |. ! - ! .5 | n.
WAVY kOOM MO55 h o s
| ong, wovy | eoves w| Ih o s | | ky
| 0sIer. These merge | nIo rob0sI,
br| ghI, g| ossy moIs. Cops0| es ore
c| 0sIered, eoch on o |ong sIo| k.
Grows | n shodeons o| | or sIones.
HI. 2-5 | n. |. ! - .5 | n.
WHlTf CU5Hl ON MO55 grows
|n poor, oc| d so| | , ofIen pro-
d0c| ng spongy, dense c0sh| ons
severo| | nches deep. P| onI| sd| rIy
wh | I e, bec o m | n g b| 0 e- gr een
when weI. 5porophyIes se| dom
formed. HI. Io 4 | n. |. 0.5- ! | n.
COk0 MO55 freq0enI| y grows
on b0rned or | | med so| | or | n
| | m es I on e or eos . Th e c | os e| y
over| opp| ng | eoves form o b0d-
| | ke heod. The mo0Ih | s on Ihe
s| de of Ihe peor- shoped cops0| e.
Per| sIome IeeIh hove crossbors.
HI. 0.2-0.5 | n. |. ! -2 | n.
UkN MO55 oppeors freq0enI| y
on shoded roods| des, | n open
woods, ond on domp so| | | n
greenho0ses. Urn- shoped cop-
s0| es hove erecI cop ond noper| -
stome moI0re | nMoy. HI. 0. ! -0. 5
| n. |. 0. 2-0.5 | n.
APPLf MO55 hos s mo| | , opp| e-
shoped cops0| es, f0rrowed when
dry. OfIen mokes woo| | y poIches
on roc ky so| | of wood| onds. |eof
morg| ns hove do0b| e rowof I | ny
I eeI h. HI. ! -J | n. |. 0.5- ! | n.
l N0l AN kAVf MO55, of
norIhern reg| ons, hos on erecI
co|ypIro [ 0I I | ng from beh | nd Ihe
benI cops0| e | | ke o s| ng| e feoIh-
erof o worr|or. Oronge| eof bose
| s noI| ceob| e where | I over| ops
sIem. HI. 2-4 | n. , |. 0.Z- 2 | n.
kO5f MO55 hos creep| ng sIems
w| I h 0pr | ghI bronches. |ower
|eoves sco| e| | ke, 0pper | eoves
| orge, form| ng roseIIes. Fr0| I | ng
0ncommon, b0I sporophyIesocco-
s| ono| | y fo0nd. Moy form moIs.
HI. ! .5-2 | n. |. Io 2 | n.
5l LVfk MO55 | s fo0nd on wosIe
gro0nd, wo| | s, roofs, ond even
beIween pov| ngsIones. Theover-
| opp| ng | eoves | ose Ihe| r ch| o-
rophy| | w|Ih oge, creoI | ng moIs
of I | ny s | | very shooIs. Cops0| es
droop. HI . 0. 2-0. 5 | n. |. 0.5 | n.
Iyp| co|
moI
! U
Wo| | Moss
WHl Tf - Tl PPf 0 MO55 | s o
bronched ond spreod| ng p| onI
[ Io 4 | n. | ong) w| Ih co| or| ess I| ps
on 0pper green | eoves. Common
on rocks ond sIone wo| | s. |eoves
moy h| de shorI-sIo| ked cops0| es.
P| onI oI |. Io 0.2 | n .

\ Ud
TWl5Tf0 MO55 grows | n dense
I0fIs on | | mesIone. Per| sIome
I eeI h ore Iw| sIed, os ore I he
| ong, norrow | eoves, wh| ch hove
o green V neor Ihe| r Irons| 0cenI
bose. HI. 0. 5-J | n. |. 0. 5-2 | n.
WALL MO55 | s common on
sIone wo| | s. |eof I | p hos o ho| r
po| nI . 0ry | eoves ore Iw| sIed, os
ore Ihe per| sI ome IeeI h. Mony
s | m| | or spec| es ore fo0nd | n M. A.
HI. 0. 2-0.5 | n. |. 0.5- ! | n.
FklNGf MO55, fo0nd on weI
rocks o| ong sIreoms, hos | ong
[ Io 4 | n.), prosIroIe sIems w| Ih
mo n y er ec I bro n c h e s . 6r ood
| eoves enI| re or IooI hed oI opex.
Cops0| es red-brown | | d | ong-
beoked. HI. ! - 2 | n. |. 0-2-0. 5| n.
LUMlNOU5 MO55 |s fo0nd oI
cove enI roncesond |n dork oreos
| n I he woods. A cobweb of ne
green proIonemo ond o few I | ny
p| onIs prod0ce o go| den-green
g| ow by reecIed | | ghI. HI. 0. 5
| n. |. 0. 2-0.5 | n.
5TAk MO55 | s common | n M. A. ,
E0rope, ond As| o, grow| ng on
mo| sI so| | or roIIen wood. |eoves
form roseIIes oI I|p of mo| e
sIem. 5porophyIesor| se| nspr| ng
ond remo| n 0nI | | fo| | . HI. | n.
|. - .5 | n.
FOkf5T-5TAk MO55 hos | ong,
norrow | eoves w| I h po| red, mor-
g| no| IeeIh. M| dr| b sIops before
end of |eof. Cops0| er on groce-
f0| | y c0rved sIo| ks. Fo0nd on
so| | ond rocks | n shody, h0m| d
woods of eosIern M. A. HI . I o J
| n. |. - .5 | n.
5HAGGY MO55 | s o | orge p| onI
ofIen fo0nd on | ogs or so| | | n
mo| sI woods. 5I| sIems ore | r-
reg0| or|y bronched. The do0b| e-
r| bbed, serroIed | eoves sIond
o0IoIr | ghI ong| esfrom I hesIem.
HI. I o | n . | . - .5 | n .
\ U7
5Hl NY MO55, or Common Hyp-
n0m, | s fo0nd on decoy| ng wood
ond |n peoIy so| | s eosI of Rock-
| es ond | n E0rope. |eoves sh| ny,
sIro| ghI, ond 0nIooIhed, form| ng
oI sproys [ I oJ | n. | ong) | nw| de
moIs. 5| ender cops0| es, ofIen
n0mero0s, hove o shorI-beoked
| | d. Us0o| | y oI |. 0.5- | n.
MOUNTAlN FfkN MO55 for ms
|oose moIs | n coo| , mo| sI mo0n-
I o | n o0 s r eg | on s . |eoves o re
| orger ond more eos| | y seen on
mo| n sIems. Eoch yeor' s new
shooI r| ses from I he m| dd| e of
Ihe prev| o0s yeor' s mo| n sIem.
HI. oI I o 2 | n. |. | n.
\ U
Tkff MO55 hos creep| ng sIems
w| I h 0pr | ghI bronch| ng sIems
IhoI g| veI he oppeoronceof I | ny
Irees. 5preod| ng | eoves IooI hed
neor I | p. Grows | n c | 0mps or os
s eporoI e p| o n I s | n swo m py
gro0nd | n mo0nI o| no0s reg| ons
of norIhern N. A. ond | n E0rope.
HI. Io 4 | n. |. - 2 | n.
5LfN0fk MO55 | s oIIened | n
growIh hob| I bronches or| se | r-
reg0| or| y. The g| ossy | eoves, o| so
oIIened, ore IooI hed oI Ihe I | p.
They oppeor Io form Iwo oppos-
|ng rows. The ||d of Ihe cops0| e
hos o shorI beok. HI. oI I o 0.J
|n. |. -2 | n.
O5Tkl CH PLUMf MO55, I he
mosI beo0I | f0| of I he feoI hery
mosses, grows on o| d | ogs, ofIen
c ov er | n g I h e m c o m p | eI e | y .
6ronches ore reg0| or | eoves
w| Iho0I m| dr| bs, c0rved ond sofI.
| I |s o | | ghI ye| | ow| sh green | n
co| or. Cops0| es | ong ond c0rved.
HI. oI Io 4 | n. |. 0.5- | n.
FfATHfk MO55 grows | n | oose
poIches, h| gh on Ir0nks of Irees,
| n mo| sI woods of IemperoIe re-
g| ons. 5Iems [2-J |n. | ong),
bronches, ond wovy | eoves op-
peor oIIened. 5Io| k ond cop-
s0| e, ofI en h| dden by | eoves, ore
boIh | ess Ihon 0. 2 | n. | ong.
0fLlCATf FfkN MO55 forms
moIs on eorI h ond sIones | n
mo| sI p| oces. 5Iems repeoIed| y
bronched ond fern| | ke. Resem-
b| esMo0nI o| nFer nMoss[ p. 0),
b0I smo| | er overo| | . Few cop-
s0| es ore prod0ced. |ong- ho| red
| eoves s0rro0nd reprod0cI| ve or-
gons. HI . oI Io 4 | n. |. - .5 | n.
WATfk MO55f 5 g row s 0 b -
m

rged | n c| eor brooks. 5horI-

sIo| ked cops0| es ob0ndonI on
o|der, |eoest porIs of p| onI .
Common WoIerMoss[sIem Io40
| n. |. Io 0. 2 | n.) | s | orger I hon
s | m| |or, more w| despreod F| re-
preveoIer Moss.

L Vb KVLKb M MLKMLKb
1hese p| onIs ore c| ose| y re| oIed Io mosses on d hove o
s m | or | fe cyc| e. LverworIs | d, spec es} moy be
| eofy, | ke mosses, buI Ihe | eoves o

re n Iwo rows ond

oIIened, o| Ihough Ihere moy be o I h r d row on I he
unders de. 1he | eoves ore never n sp ro| s. Leofy forms
cOmm
_
n| y OccurOn Iree Irun ks Or on rOcks, usuo| |y w Ih
mosses ond | chens. LIher | verworIs | ock | eoves ond
hove o Irue I ho| | usoI, I h n, r bbOn- | ke, ond ofIen
dv ded. AfewofIhese oreIru| yoquoI c, buI mosI grow
on so | , weI rOcks, or oI Ihe bose of Irees n swomps.
HornworIs | obouI J spec es} ore ofIen c| oss hed
w Ih Ihe | verworIs buI ore mOre odvonced. 1he go-
meIOphyIe so oI,non- | eofy Iho| | us. 1hesporophyIede-
ve| ops os o sp ke| ke copsu| e. 1he bose Of I he copsu| e
conI nues Io grOw I hrOughOuI I s | fe ond n Ihe cenIer
s o core of sIer | e ce| | s IhoI conducI food ond woIer.
Ln| y Ihree genero of hornworIs occur n Ihe U. b .
s porophyIe
COMMON HOkNWOkT, fo0nd
Ihro0gho0II hewor| d, hoso dork-
green, | obed gomeIophyIe, gen-
ero| | y ro0gh ond w| Iho0I o m| d-
r| b. Eoch ce| | of I he I ho| | 0s con-
Io| ns o s | ng| e l orge ch| orop| osI.
Embedded | n I he I ho| | 0s ore Ihe
femo| e reprod0cI| ve orgons
orchegon| o. Rod| | ke sporophyIes
IhoI r| se from I he ferI | | | zed or-
chegon| o sp| | I | n Iwo, re| eos| ng
I he ye| |ow s pores ond expos| ng
o cenIro| co| 0 me| | o. Fo| r| y com-
mon on mo| sI so| | s, | n wh| ch | I | s
onchored by rh| zo| ds. GomeIo-
phyIe 0.5- ! | n. w| de sporophyIe
0.5- ! .0 | n. h| gh.
COMMON LlVfkWOkT, one of
Ihe| orgesI,hoso m0ch- bronched,
r| bbon- | | ke Iho| | 0s w| Ih | nIerno|
o| r chombers for m| ng o d| o-
mond-shoped poIIern on o0Ier
s0rfoce. Mo| e ond femo| e p| onIs
or e s e por oI e. E o c h pr od 0 c es
0mbre| | o- | | ke sex sIr0cI0res~I he
femo| e n| ne-r| bbed, I he mo| e
s mo| | er ond d s k-shoped. The
pendonI sporophyIes deve| op
| oIer | ns| de Ihe orchegon| o 0n-
der I he femo| e 0 mbre| | o. Yege-
IoI| ve reprod0cI| on |nvo| ves oI
osex0o| b0ds [gemmoe) on boIh
femo| e ond mo| e p| onIs. Tho| | 0s
obo0I 0. 5 | n. w| de 2-5 | n. | ong.
GkfAT 5CfNTf0 LlVfkWOkT
| s s | m| | or fo I he Common || ver-
worI, b0I o pore | s eos| | yv| s| b| e
| n I he cenIer of eoch hexogono|
p| oIe on Ihe I ho| | 0s. 5porophyIes
grow 0nder Ihe con| co| ' 0 mbre| -
| os. ' Th| s w| despreod spec| es
forms corpets on mo| sI gro0nd.
Tho| | 0s Io 0. 5 | n. w| de 2- 5 | n.
| ong.
A5TfkfLLA | s on oromoI| c | |ver-
worI ofIen fo0nd on domp so| | .
Morg| ns of I he Iho| | 0s ond Ihe
sco| es 0 nderneoIh ore p0rp| e.
5porophytes form 0 nder o | obed
cop, eoch s0rro0nded by o wh| te
fr| nge of sco| es. Tho| | 0s |s obo0I
0. J | n. w| de Io | n. | ong.
COMMON 5CALf MO55 [o | | v-
erworI) forms moI s on weI so| | .
The wovy- morg| ned Iho| | 0s | s
I h| n, o| mosI IronsporenI when
dry, w| Ih O consp| c0o0s m| dr| b
o| ong wh| ch sex orgons for m.
Tho| | 0s | s 0. 2 | n. w| de ond 0pI o
4 | n. | ong.
open| ng sporophyIe cops0| e
COMMON PfLLl A [obove) | s o
very common norIhern | | verworI.
MoI0re cops0| es shed spores,
| eov| ng o cenIro| I0fI of ho| rs.
T h o | | 0 s , of I en br o n c h e d o n d
noIched o I I he end, | s 0 p Io 0.5
| n. w| de | n. | ong.
L f UCOLf Jf UNfA, o | s o | eof y,
grows on Irees ond rocks. Upper
| eoves over| op. PorI of eoch
fo| ds 0nder, form| ng o ser| es of
IooIhed | obes IhoI onk Ihe
ro0nd, ceoIro| 0nder| eoves. |eofy
sIem 0. ! | n. w| de.
COMMON 5CAPANl A oppeors
Io hove fo0r rows of | eoves
| nsIeod of Iwo, os eoch | eof
| s b | | obed. Mor g | n s s I r o n g | y
IooI hed. 8rown gemmoe. Grows
|n IemperoIe M.A. ond E0rope.
|eofy sIem 0.5 | n. w| de.
5LfN0fk kl CCl A | s o ooI| ng
Iho| | 0s | | verworI, I he norrow,
forked r| bbons for m| ng Iong| ed
m o s s e s . 5por op hyI es deve| op
on | y when p| onIs or e sIronded.
Fo0 nd wor| d-w| de. Tho| | 0s 0.04
| n. w| de 0. 5-2 | n. | ong.
l \ 4
COMMON POkfLLA hos ro0nd,
over| opp| ng | eoves. A | obe of
eoch 0pper |eof fo| ds 0nder
sIem, wh| ch o| so hos o ser | es of
ovo| 0nder| eoves. Forms moI s on
gro0nd ond I ree Ir0 nks . 5Iem
0. ! -0. 2 | n. w| de Io 3 | n. | ong.
COMMON FkULLANl A [ one of
more I hon Iwo dozen M.A. spe-
c| es) for ms dork des| gnson bork.
T| ny | eoves ore c| ose| y over| op-
p| ng ond hove soc| | ke | obes
0nderneoIh. 0ry | eoves bore| y
v| s| b| e. |eofy sIem 0. ! | n. w| de.
THkf f - LOf0 AZZANl A | s
one o f Ihe | orgesI | eofy | | ver-
wor I s . | eof I | p s or e I h r ee-
I ooI h e d 0 n der | eof c oor s e| y
IooIhed. 6ronches ofIen 0pr| ghI .
Forms moIs | n coo| p| oces M.A.
ond E0rope. 5Iem 0.5 | n. w| de.
PUkPLf-Fkl NGf0 kl CCl A hos
s | | m p0r p| | sh sco| es 0nder deep-
| y f 0rrowed, ooI | ng I ho| | 0s. |ess
common| y grows on weI so| | s
| s I hen r | bbon- | | ke ond sco| e| ess.
8| ock sporophyIes embedded | n
I ho| | 0s. Abo0I 0.5 | n.
UL MLLUb-Pt
LVtKLKb
P0rp| e-fr | nged R| cc| o

t KMb M t KM L L b
|erns ond I he r o| | es | obouI U, UUU spec es} ore vos-
cu| or p| onIs IhoI reproduce by spores roIherIhon seeds.
|erns | p. 2 - 4} usuo| | y hove | orge oI | eoves on o
sIo| k, fern o| | es | p. d- Z} hove smo| | , sco| e| ke
| eovcs ond moy resembl e mosses, grosses or rushes .
|ern | eoves or frOnds unro| | from cur| ed hdd| eheods.
1he | eoves | be| Ow} moybe e Ihers mp| eor cOmpound
IhoI s, dv ded nIo | eof| eIs. A compound | eof moy be
dv ded once | p| nnoIe} , Iwce | b p nnoIe} , or I hree I mes
|Ir p nnoIe} . Norg ns or edges moy be enI re, IooIhed,
or | obed. When Ihe c| efIs ore deep ond I he | obes | ong
ond norrow, Ihe morg n s p nnoIhd. | n some ferns, o
| eof moy hove o comb noI On of chorocIer sI cs, such os
be ng p nnoIe| y compOund oI Ihe bose buI p nnoI hd
neor Ihe opex.
bpores ore usuo| | y produced On Ihe unders de of
| eoves n I ny copsu| es |sporong o} I hoI ore grouped | n
enI | re p| nnoI| d
COMPOUM0 |EA VE5
p| nnoIe b| p| nnoIe I r | p| nnoIe
comes
JependenI
znt
Ll Ff CYCLf OF A FfkN
c| usIers | sor } . 1hese c| usIers moy be under o cover | n-
dus um} . | n some ferns, sporong o for m on o seporoIe
ferI | efrond. NosIferns prOduce on| y one Iype ofspore,
buIwoIerferns | p. 4} hove Iwo.
|f o fern spore | onds on so | or onoIhersu Iob| e mo sI
p| oce, I ger m noIes. 1he spore sends ouI o shorI Iube
IhoI dv des ond grOws nIO o s mo| | , green, ot, usuo| | y
heorI-shoped prOIho| | us. 1h s | II| e p| onI, wh ch | ocks
Irue rooIs, sIems, ond | eoves, ond resemb| es some | ver-
worIs, s Ihe gomeIophyIe, Ihe fer n' s sexuo| sIoge. Ln
Is unders de, sex orgons deve| op. Ihe femo| e | orche-
gon um} w Ih on egg, ond I he mo| e | onI her d um} w Ih
sperms. 1hesperm sw ms no | m ofwoIerIoferI | zethe
egg. 1heferI | zed egg, orzygoIe, sIorIs Io grow, form-
ng on embryo. bvenIuo| |y smo| | | eoves oppeor, rooIs
form, ond Ihe new p| onI soon becomes ndependenI.
1h s s Ihe sporophyIe, Ihe fern we common| y see. |ern
o| | es hove s m | or | fe cyc| es .
I
wh| sk broom fern horseIo| | c| 0b moss sp| ke moss q0| | |w
ftKM LLl tb cons sI of hve fom | es : wh sk broom
ferns, horseIo| | s, qu | | worIs, c| ub mosses, ond sp ke
mosses. Wh| | e I he| r commerc o| vo| ue s neg| g| b| e,
Ihese p| onIs prov de exce| | enI grOund cover, she| Ier ng
smo| | er p| onIs ond ho| d| ng mo sIure n I he so| | .
|er n o| | es represenI onc enI grOups of p| onIs once
much more numerous . Nony ore on| y s| | ghI| y chonged
frOm buI ore ofIen much smo| | er I hon I he r oncesIors,
wh| ch Our| shed 2UU IO JUU m | | on yeors ogo. NosI
cOo| depOs Is ore Ihe foss| | zed remo| ns of g onI ferns,
IOwer ng hOrseIo| | s, ond mony smo| | er fer ns ond fern
o| l | es. |oss| | s shOw Ihe sIrucIure, h| sIOry, ond d|versIy
Of Ihese eor| y p| onIs . 1hey reveo| , IoO, Ihe ex sIence,
| ong ogO, of mony spec| es nOw exI ncI .
Wh| sk brOOm ferns |Fs|Ofuml ore represenIed Iodoy
by on| y IwO spec| es, w| de| y d sIr| buIed n Ihe IrOp cs
ond subIrop cs, ond by o re| oIve grOw| ng n AusIro| | o
ond on neorby s| onds. 1he 2 | | v ng spec es of horse-
Io| | s o| | be| Ong IO Ihe genus Lqusefum. L| ub mOsses,
sp| ke mOsses, ond qu| | | wOrIs IOdoy number on|y obouI
, UUU spec| es.
I d
Foss | | | zed
| eoves of O
horseIo| |
from coo|
beds
Ml bK bKLLN ftKMb |$Ofum
| ock rooIs . 1he sIem s porI o| | y
under ground, ondIheI nys ke
| eoves o| IernoIe.
Fo0 n d on h 0 m 0 s on d | ogs
Ihro0gh Irop| co| on d s 0bIrop| co|
reg| ons, rong| ng norIh Io 5o0Ih
Coro| | no. 5Iem | s Iw| sIed, w| ry,
ond repeoIed|y forked. Three-
|obed sporong| o, ye| | ow when
r| pe, ore borne on I he 0pper
porIs of bronches. HI. - l B | n.
MLKbtTl Lb |Lqut$efum hove r dged, segmenIed
sIems. 1he s mo| | , Ir ongu| or | eoves ore un Ied nIo o
co| | or oI eoch node. bpores form n o cone| ke sIrob | us
IhoI someI mes grows on o seporoIe ferI | esIo| k. Horse-
Io | s ore wor| d-w de n d sIr buI on.
0WAkF HOk5fTAlL, I h e smo| | -
esI spec| es, grows | n coo| for-
esIs, for m| ng c0r| ed, Iong| ed
m o I s . 5I e m s s o| | d , r o r e | y
bronched. 5| | | co depos| Ison I he| r
r| dgesg| veI hem o ro0gh IexI0re.
Thepo| nIed,spore-beor| ng cones
ond I he boses of I he | eoves ore
b| ock. Common I hro0gho0I norIh-
ern M. A. , b0I rore |n Mew Eng-
| ond. HI. - ! 0 | n.
GlANT HOk5fTAl L | s fo0nd
neor sIreoms ond swomps from
so0Ihern Co| | forn| o Io 8r| I| sh
Co| 0mb| o. C| 0sIers of | vory-wh | Ie
Io brown ferI | | e sIems from l Io
2 fI. Io| | oppeor | n eor| y spr| ng
b0I soon shed I he| r spores ond
w| Iher. They ore fo| | owed by
Io| | er [4- fI.), po| e-green, ho| -
| ow, sIer| | e sIems, w| Ih mony
| oIero| bronches.
ferI | | e
\ \ 7
ko0gh
HorseIo| |
compor| son
of cones
ond sheoIhs
5mooIh
HorseIo| |
kOUGH HOk5f TAl L hos s o
m0ch s| | | co | n | I s ho| |ow sIems
IhoI | I | s ofIen co| | ed 5co0r | ng
R0sh [ osore someoI her spec| es).
The 0nbronched, ro0gh, 0pr| ghI
sIems, w| Ih smo| | , shorp-I| pped
cones ond sheoI hs of IooI h| | ke
| eoves, grow Io 5 fI. Io| | . Fo0nd
I hro0gho0I M.A. , E0rope, ond
As| o, | nweI grove| or sondo| ong
sIreoms, | n mo| sI woods, ond on
spo| | bonks.
5MOOTH HOk5fTAl L, o vor| -
ob| e, smooIh-sIemmed spec| es, | s
resIr| cIedIo Amer| co ond | s mosI
common | n I he M| dwesI ond
WesI. Grows | n weI, sondy, ond
c| oy s o | s , e s pe c | o | | y o| on g
sIreom borders. Ho| |ow sIem
rore| y bronches. Cones moy be
ro0nded or hove s horp I | p, os | n
Ro0 g h Hor s e I o | | . 5 h e oI h s of
b| ock| sh IeeIh soon w| Iher ond
fo| | . HI. 2- 4 f I .
F l f L 0 HOk5fTA l L | s w| de -
spreod~Ihe mosI common spe-
c| es | n Ihe MorIhern Hem| sphere.
| I grows | n woods ond meodows
ond o| ong roods ond ro| | rood
Irocks, preferr| ng o mo| sI hob-
|IoI. The ho| |ow sIer| | e sIems ore
green, w| Ih whor|s of bronches.
P| nk ferI | | e sIems w| Ih cones
oppeor | n eor| y spr| ng. Th| s ond
oIher spec| es or e po| sono0s Io
| | vesIock. HI. 8-20 | n.
WOO0 HOk5fTAl L sends 0p
ferI | | e sIems | n spr| ng. AfIer
spores ore shed, whor| s of green
bronches deve| op, | | ke Ihose on
s I e r | | e s I o | k s . T h | s h o | | ow-
sIemmed, wood| ond p| onI sends
creep| ng rooIsIock deep | nIo
mo| sI so| | . One of I he mosI
beo0I | f0| horseIo| | s, | I occ0rs
from V| rg| n| oIo Mebrosko norIh-
word Io MonIono | n norIhern
E0rope ond As| o. HI. 2-24 | n.
MAk5H HOk5fTAl L, roIher rore
| n cenIro| M.A., |s very com mon
| n norI hern Conodo, A| os ko, ond
co| der porI s of I he O| d Wor| d.
| I | s fo0 nd | n mor s hy p| oces,
o| ong sIreoms ond ponds, ond
| n weI meodows. The ho| |ow
sIems, 0s0o| | y |ess I hon 2 fI. I o| | ,
hove 0pword-I hr0sI | ng bronches.
The I | p moy be ferI | | e or sIer| | e.
The sIrob| | 0s | s b| 0nI, ond obo0I
| n. | ong.
WATfk HOk5fTAl L, common | n
s | 0 g g | s h w o I e r s of p o n d s ,
s wo m ps , o n d d | I c h e s , grows
oro0nd I he wor| d | n o norIh-
ern be| I. Whor| ed bronches IhoI
vory| n| engIh ond n0mber[some-
I | mes comp| eIe| y obsenI) grow
from s heoI hs ofIer I he cone |s
formed. Ho| |ow sIems hove oI
r| dges ond very | | II| e s | | | co,
mok| ng | I one of I he smooIhesI
horseIo| | s. HI . J-4 fI.
WoIer HorseIo| |
Wood
\ ZZ
K d| sI| ng0| shed
by | Is sp| ny mego-
spores,grows| n norI h-
ern M.A. ond E0rope.
HI. 5- 0 | n.
U LLLKb |/soefesI resemb| e young on ons. 1he
sI , s| ender | eoves, spoon-shoped oI Ihe bose where
Ihey surround Ihe bu| b| ke sIem, grow Io Z n. Io| | .
NosI of I he spec es | V n U. b. } grow porI o| | y or
IoIo| | y submerged, o few grow on | ond. bpeces ore
denI hed by scu| pIure of Ihe megospores | | orge femo|e
spores} , produced n coses oI Ihe bose of Ihe | eoves.
LLUB NLbbtb |IycopodumI ore herboceous p| onIs
w Ih smo| | | eoves hov ng o s ng| e u nbronched sIem.
bpores or e o| | of one s ze. NosI ore creep ng ever-
greens. Lver U spec es, neor|y Iwo dozen n N.A.
5Hl Nl NG CLU8MO55hos erecI
sIems obo0I |n. h| gh. The sborp-
I| pped | eoves ore ofIen of 0n-
eq0o| | engIh ond | n rogged
I0fIs. 5pore-beor| ng | eoves do
noI form o cone. 5pores, os | n
o| | c| 0b mosses, ore of 0n| form
s| ze. Grows | n r| ch, oc| d so| | of
mo|sI woods from eosIern Con-
odo wesI Io M| nn. so0Ih Io A| o.
fOXTAlL CLU8 MO55 |s sem| -
evergreen ond b0shy | | ke o
fox' s I o| | . |I grows 0p Io 0 | n.
h| ghf r omorched, creep| ngsIems
I hoI I 0r nye| |ow | n w| nIer. 5pores
form oI bose of | eover |n Ihe
b0rhy, cone| | ke I|p. Fo0nd from
Morsoch0seIIs IoUr0g0oy,| noc| d
bogr ond swompy rond borrens,
porI| c0| or| y neor I he coosI.
kUNNlNG GkOUN0 Pl Nf | s
0sed for Chr| sI mos decoroI| ons.
The ro0nded, bronch| ng poIIern
of Ihe 0pr| ghI sIems ond Ihe
conrp c0o0r c| 0sfers of | ong ye| -
| ow| sh cones, Io 4 on eoch
rIem, moke | I eosy Io | denI| fy.
Fo0nd | n IemperoIe reg| onr of
boIh hem spherer b0I more com-
mon on sondy ond oc| d so| | s
0ndercon| fers | n MorI h. HI. 0 | n.
5Tl ff CLU8 MO55 ronges from
V| rg| n| o | nIo Conodo fo0nd | o-
co| | y | n M| dwesI ond freq0enI| y
on WesICoosI. A norrow ye| | ow-
| sh cone Iops mosI bronches,
wh| ch sI| ck 0p sI| my [ | n.) from
o w| ry hor| zonIo| sIem. GrowIh
re news onn0o| | y oI I|p, | eov| ng
o consIr| cI| on beIween evergreen
| eoves of eoch bronch.
\ ZJ
ferI| | e | eof
w| I h spore cose
CLU MO55,
o| so 0sed for Chr| sI mos decoro-
I|ons, | s w| de| y d| sIr| b0Ied ond
c o mmo n | n n or I h er n M . A. ,
E0rope, ond As| o. Upr| ghI sIems
bronched ond dense| y s eI w| Ih
| eoves. 5evero| 2-J- | n. ye| | ow| sh
cones ore fo0 nd on neor| y noked
sIems . |eoves ho| r- I | pped ferI | | e
| eof ye| |ow| s h. HI . Io fI.
Tkff CLU MO55, or Gro0 nd
P| ne, hos 0pr| ghI sIems B- 2 | n.
Io| | , m0ch- bronched ond Iree| | ke,
w| I h s mo| | , s h| ny | eoves. Cones,
ye| | ow when moI0re, ore - 2 | n.
| ong. Us0o| | yfo0nd | n open p| ne
woods ond bogs | n cenIro| ond
norIhern M. A.
5TAGHOkN CLU MO55, o
Irop| co| spec| es fo0nd | n so0Ih-
eosIern ond G0| f coosIo| p| o| ns,
grows | n bogs ond hommocks.
M0mero0s cones, smo| | ond I | ghI,
hong oI I he I | ps of s | | ghI| y
droop| ng bronches. OfIen o v| ne
w| Ih mony shorI bronches. HI .
Io fI . or more.
bP Kt NLbbtb |5eogne/ol resemb| e c| ub mosses
buI hove Iwo k nds of spores, | orge | megospores} ond
s mo| | | mcrospores} , borne n seporoIe sporong o oI
I he bose of I he sp ke| ke | eoves. AbouI UU spec es,
mo n| ys mo| | or creep ng pl onIs, ore w de| y d sIr buIed,
espec o| | y n I he Irop cs .
kOCK 5Pl Kf MO55 |s o s mo| | ,
groy-green, moss| | k e p| onI ofIen
grow| ng | n dense moIs. Fo0nd | n
oc| d so| | s ond on rocks | n open
or eos . Crowded, over | opp| n g
norrow | eoves form sp| ro| s o| ong
creep| ng sIems. 5horI c| 0sIers of
ferI | | e | eoves prod0ced oI ends
of bronches . Ccc0rs 5o0I h Io
A| o. ond Co| . Hf . J | n.
UN0fkWOO0' 5 5Pl Kf MO55,
fo0nd on rock | edges of so0Ih-
wesIern mo0nI o| ns, | s more ob0n-
donI | n Co| orodo conyons. A
s por s e| y br o n c h e d , c r ee p | n g
p| onI [ | n . | ong),w| I h sIems I hoI
ore dense| ycovered w| Ih norrow,
o| mosI oI | eoves.
kf5UkkfCTlON 5PlKf MO55,
fo0nd |n Ihe or| d 5o0IhwesI ond
so0Ihword I oPer 0, ro| | s 0pwhen
dry ond 0nc0r| s when weI, I h0s
remo| n| ng dor monI d0r | ng | ong
dry per| ods. | I grows ogo| n w| I h
eoch ro| ny seoson. |eoves ore
b| 0nI. 5o| d os Res0 rrecI| on P| onI.
HI . 3 | n. , dry.
MfA0OW 5Pl Kf MO55 hos
smo| | cones. |eoves neor I| ps of
br o n c h e s or e s mo | | , | o n c e-
shoped, ond | n f o0r rows. |ower
|eoves on s| des of sIem ore
| orger. W| de| y d| sIr| b0Ied from
so0Ihern Conodo Io G0| f, g|ow-
| ng |n mo| sI, open p| oces. Creep-
| ng, 2- | n.
\ Z
8lGfLOW' 5 5PlKf MO55 |s o
Co| | forn| o spec| es of scr0b| ond,
c hoporro| , ond rocky fooI h| | | s.
6ro n c h e s , d o r k gr een wh e n
yo0ng, r| se 2 Io B | n . from | ong,
c r ee p | n g r h | z ome s . 5c o | e | | k e
| eoves hove o wh |Ie br| sI| e I | p.
5mol | cones p| enI | f0| oI ends of
shorI bronc hes.
OkfGON 5Pl Kf MO55, fo0nd
from Oregon ond Wos h| ngIon Io
A| osko, | s on ep| phyIe, form| ng
dens e moI s or hong| ng | n. Io
J fI. from Irees |n h 0m| d foresIs.
The s| ender p| onI bronches fre-
q0enI | y. || ghI- brown sIems ore
v | s | b | e beI ween I h e | oos e| y
spoced, norrow, po| nIed | eoves.
ftKMb hove unco | ng | eoveswIh bronched ve ns . 1he r
dusI| ke spores, o| | of one s ze excepI n woI er ferns,
form n sporong o I hoI ore, n mosI ferns, grouped n
sor formed os ouIgrowIhs On | eoeIs . bor moy o| so
form on o ferI | e sp ke | odder ' s Iongue} or be enc| osed
nsocs| woIerferns} . |ernsore mosI com-
mon n Ihe Irop cs buI ore o| sO p| enI fu|
n IemperoIe reg ons. Nony ore p| onIs
of weI oreos ond shoded foresIs, buI
some grow n meodows, on c| s, or os
ep phyIes. bhope ond s ze vory. Averoge
p| onI he ghI or | engIh of | eof |frond}
s gven for eoch spec es.
COMMON A00fk' 5 TONGUf
hos o s| ng| e, s | mp| e | eof w| Ih on
0nd| v| ded b| ode, obove wh| ch
r| ses o ferI| | e s p| ke beor| ng Iwo
rows of sporong| o. Ye| ns | n
b| 0nI-I| pped | eof or e neIIed ond
reg0| or. 5evero| vor| eI| es grow
|n domp e| ds ond wood| onds
of IemperoIe reg| ons. HI. 4- 2 n.
LlMf5TONf A00fk' 5 TONGUf
| s o s | m| | or b0I shorIer fern. The
| orger, shorp-I| pped | eof hos r-
reg0| or ve| ns, some of I hem
heovy. Fo0nd on shoded c| oy or
grove| bon ks, | | mesIone o0I-
crops, posI0res, ond wood| onds,
ch | ey | n I he WesI b0I o| so | n
so0IheosIern sIoIes. HI . 4- | n.
Adder' s Iong0e ond grope
ferns [ p. 2B) be| ong Io o pr| m-
| I | ve fom| | y noI c| ose| y re| oIed
Io oIher ferns. RoIher Ihon o oI
proIho| | 0s, Ihe gomeIophyIe | s
I0bero0s ond grows 0ndergro0nd
| n ossoc| oI| on w| I h f 0ng| .
KP
ftKMb
I Zd
MOONWOkT, r e| oI ed I o
odder' s Iong0e [p. 2Z), | s
one of I he gr ope f er ns , o| |
of wh| ch beor sporong| o
| n g r o p e | | k e c | 0 s I er s on
b r o n c h e d f er I | | e s p | k es .
Grows on roc ky | edges, | n
dry meodows, on d on h| | | -
s | des of norIhern reg| ons.
MoI common. |eoeIs ho| f-
moonorfon-shoped. HI. | n.
GkAPfFfkN occ0rs | n mony
vor| eI| es | n eosIern U. 5. ond
| ess comon| y | n M| dwesI
ond 5ooIhwesI. 5Ier| | e | eoves
ore Ir| ong0| or, 3 |n. | ong,
| ocy, ond moch- d| v| ded. Fer-
I||e s p| ke, - ! 0 | n. I o| | , beors
c| osIers of ye| | ow| sh sporon-
g| o | n ooI o mn . Grows | n pos-
Iores ond open wood| onds.
kATTLf5NAKfFfkN| s| orge
,
consp| cooos, ond w| de| y d| s-
Ir| boIed |n MorI hern Hem| -
sphere. The s | ng| e Ir| ongo| or
| eof | s d| v| ded | nIo | eoeIs
ond |ocy sob| eo0eIs. FerI | | e
s p| ke, beor| ng c| osIers of
sporong| o, oppeors |n | oIe
spr| ng or eor| y s 0mmer ond
pers| sIs for severo| monI hs .
HI. Io 24 | n.
RoII| esnoke
I h| s poge represenI o f om| | y
w| I h l or ge | eoves I hoI r| se
from o heovy rooIsIoc k, ofIen
for m| ng | n o Iong| ed moI on
Ihesorfoce. Royo| Fer n| eoves
moy be fI. I o| | . |eo0eIs oI
Ihe I|p beor sor|. Grows | n
weI| onds from Irop| co| 5ooIh

Amer| co | nIo Conodo. A| so

| n Eorope, As| o, ond Afr| co.
Cl NNAMON FfkN | s com-
mon | n weI p| oces of MorI h-
er n H e m | s p h e r e. F er I | | e
| eoves oppeor | n spr| ng, sor|
green oI brsI, I orn c| n nomon
os spores r | pen. 8rood, b| -
p| n noIe sIer| | e | eoves pro-
doced | oIer. 5| | very ho|rs on
6ddl eheods ond l eo0eI boses
Iorn c| nnomon. Hf . J-4 fI.
lNTfkkUPTf0 FfkN hos fer-
I||e | eo0eIs ' | nIerropI| ng'
sIer| | e | eo0eIs | n cenIer of
| eof. 0or k brown when r| pe,
Ihey w| Iher ond fo| | , | eov| ng
voconI spoIs o| ong | eof sIem
of I er m | d s o m me r . F | d d | e -
heods woo| | y | eo0eIs noI
ho| ry oI bose.Grows| n rocky,
dry so| | s of eosIern M. A.
HI. J-4 fI.
| nIerropIed
OF 5ULfAFLfT5
\ 27
FfkN5 ore o fom| | y
w h.| S l | nCHV 0nfern- | | ke | eoves.
Lv
of I he HorIford Fern, wh ch
Fl LMY FfkN5 ore o fom| | y of
seven spec| es, o| | w| Ih I h| n, o| -
mosI Irons porenI | eoves, ferI | | e
ond sIer| | e | eoves o| | ke. The
sporong| o, on o br| sI| e-I| pped
sIo| k, hove o c0p| | ke | nd0s | 0m oI
I he bose. Eoch deve| ops oI Ihe
end of o ve| n . The rore Kro0s '
grows o| ong I he U. 5. Eos I CoosI,
ore J fI. |ong, b0I eoch cons| sIs
of n 0 mer o0 s w| de | y s poc ed,
po| red, po| moIe sIer| | e | eoeIs
w| Ih s mo| | er, deep| y | obed fer-
I|| e | eoeIsIopp| ng v|ne. AnoIher
Iype | s on p. ! J ! .
F| | my Fern [ | efI), - 2 | n. | ong,
grows | n moIs on rocks, | ogs,
ond Ir0nks of I rees | n I he Ever-
g| odes. 6r|sI|e Fern [ r| ghI), -B
|n. Io| | , for ms moIs on domp
rocks ond | edges n t he Appo-
| oc h | o n s . Over | o p p | n g | eoves
common| yform o dense moI.
sporongo
Re| oIed Io I he HorIford Fern
|s I he C0r| y Gross Fern, | oco| | y
ob0ndonI n Mew Jersey, rore
e| sewhere o| ong I henorIheosIern
coosI. C0r| y Gross Fern grows | n
gros s | | ke I 0fIs. | I hos co| | ed,
Iw| sIed, Ihreod| | ke sIer| | e | eoves,
2-J |n. | ong. FerI | | e | eoves ore
| onger, I| pped w| Ih o d| v| ded
b| ode.
POL YPO0Y FfkN5, I he | orgesI
fern fom| | y, | nc| 0des I he Iwo
ferns be|ow ond o| | Ihose from
p. J2 Io p. 45. The gen0s
Po/ypod0m | sw| despreod. CoosI
Po| ypody, o wesIern spec| es,
hos | eoIhery p| nnoI| d | eoves,
5-20 | n. | ong. The | eof | obes ore
sor| on
| obe
brood ond b| 0 nI, w| Ih ro0nd
sor | o| ong I he m| dr| b. | I grows
on Iree Ir0nks, | ogs, ond | edges.
|| cor| ce Fern, w| Ih s | m| | or ronge
ond growIh hob| I, hos I h| n, I op-
ered | eoves w| Ih po| nIed | obes.
| Is rooIsIock hoso | | cor ceovor.
sor| on
| obe
J \
kf5UkkfCTlON FfkN, o com-
mon po| ypody, hos | eoves I hoI
cor| ond Iorn brown when dry,
rev|ve when mo| sI. Grows on
Irees ond roc ks from Irop| cs
I hroogh eosI ern M. A. Ferns oI
boI I om of p. ! J ! ore o| so | n
genos Po/ypodiom. Hf . ! -Z | n.
5TkAP FfkN, one of mony
Irop| co| spec| es I hoI exI end | nIo
Fl or| do, grows obo ndonI| y | n
hoocks on | ogs , sIo mps, ond
I r ee I r o n k s . 5I r o p | | k e | eoves
ofIen 2 Io J | n. w| de ond op fo
4 fI. | ong, prom| nenI | y ve| ned.
Ve| ns form d| ogono| rows fro
m| dr| b, sor| o| ong ve| ns on
o nders| de.
COMMON POL YPO0Y grows
on | ogs or rocks |n dop, shody
p| oces | n coo| IemperoIe oreos.
|orge, noked, red- brown sor|
pro| nenI on onders| de of | eof-
| eIs, !0 Io 20 po| rs. Creep| ng
r h| zome | s covered w| I h redd| s h
sco| es. HI. - ! 2 | n.
LATHfk FfkN, o wor| d- w| de
Irop| co| spec| es, | s prom| nenI
neor mongroves ond | n orshes
IhrooghooI sooIhern F| or| do. The
sI| , erecI, copoo nd | eoves
moy be over fI. | ong. Mosses
of sor| cover I he ondersorfoce of
mony | eo0eIs neor I he I | p of Ihe
| eof w| Ih o redd| s h- brown, fe| I-
| | ke moI.
GOL0fN 5fkPfNT FfkN grows
on po| ms or oIher Irees ond on
groond. |Is creep| ng, serpenI - | | ke
rh| zome | sfozzy,w| I h redsco| es.
0eep| y coI | eoves hove go| den
sor| on I he 0nders| de. Common
from Irop| cs Io norI hern F| or| do.
HI. ! 0-J0 | n.
VlNf FfkN | s o de| | coIe Irop co|
Aer| con fern foond | n F| or| do.
Toper ed | eov es ore | oos e| y
spoced o| ong o rh | zome IhoI
c| | ngs Io Iro nks or bronches by
mo n y s mo | | r ooI s . 5or | o r e
o| | gned on eoch s| de of m| dr | b.
|eof 2- | n. | ong.
sor| ol mosI covered by l eof morg| ns
5HO5Tkl NG F kN hos l ong
[4-40 | n. ) gross| | ke | eoves w| Ih
sor| ooderneoI h | n Iwo morg| nol
grooves, someI| mes covered by
l eof morg| ns. Grows | n droop-
|ng c| osIers from sco| y rh| zome.
Com mon | n WesI | nd| es ond
Irop| co| Amer| co ond on pol m
Iro n ks | n sooI hern Fl or| do.
LA00k kAKf |s on Cl dWorl d
fern now grow| ng w| de| y os on
escope |n worm porIs of I he
Amer| cos. |eof b| p| n noIe, w| Ih
sor| l | o| ng I he onder morg| n of
Ihe norrow l eo0eIs ond covered
by rol | ed- onder edge. Ve| ns fork
neor m| dr | bondsomeI | mes ogo| n
neor morg| n. HI . ! 2- ! B | n.
COMMON kACKfN fo r m s
dense growI hs o n poor so| l s of
IemperoIe woods ond el ds. A
wor| d- w| de spec| es. |eoves ore
coorse, sIrong| y Ir| ongo| or, w| Ih
sor| | | n| ng morg| ns of sob| eof-
| eIs. Th| ck rooIsIoc k spreods ! 0
fI. o r more eoch yeor. HI . Io fI.
MAl 0NHAl k FfkN, one of I he
mosI beooI | f o| ferns, hos bne| y
d| v| ded | eoves 4- ! | n. w| de,
o| mosI horseshoe-shoped. 5ob-
| eo0eIs vory from fon- shoped Io
ob| ong, sor| ore covered by I he
I | ps. The ! 0-20- | n. , w| ry | eofsIo| k
| s s h| ny b| oc k. Known I hroogh-
ooI eosIern U. 5. , | n Conodo, ond
| n I he MorIhwesI.
sor| onder
| eo0eI morg| ns
PUkPLf CLl FF kAKf | s foond
on dry | | mesIone cl | s, rocks,
ond mosonry I hrooghooI M. A.
|eoves hove br| II| e porp| e sIo| ks
ond w| de| y s poced | eo0eIs I hoI
moy, on I he some | eof, be f or-
I her d| v| ded | nIo s ob| eo0eIs.
Ro| | ed- onder | eo0eI morg| n cov-
HI. ! 2 | n.
V f N U 5 MA l 0 f N -
HAl k FkN enc| rc| es
wor| d | n I he Irop| cs ond
worm I e mp e r oI e r eg | on s . l I
grows o n mo| sI | | mesIone rocks
ond roc k | edges. |eofsI o| k, s h| ny
b| ock, | oc ks I he corved bronch-
| ng foo nd | n Ihe Mo| denho| r
Fer n [ be| ow). The sob| eo0eIs ore
fon-shoped, w| I h mod| bed I | ps
IhoI cover moon- shoped sor | .
|. ! 0- ! B | n.
\ J
hosferI | | e| eoves IhoI growerecI,
fONY 5PLffNWOkT hos | ong,
sI | , | odder- | | ke ferI | | e | eoves,
w| Ih s h| ny browa sIo| ks ond nor-
row | eo0eIs,'eored' oI I he bose.
5or| | n po| rs o| ong m| dr| b. 5Ier| | e
| eoves shorIer ond | ess erecI . | n
rocky so| | s, woods, e| ds, ond
o| ong wo| | s | n eosIern M. A. wesI
Io Ihe Rock| es ond so0Ih Io
G0| f. HI. Z- B | n.
sIer| | e | eoves ofIen 0oI . |eo0eIs@
ore ro0nded, w| Ih o few b| 0nI
IeeIh, | eofsIo| ks br| II| e ond w| ry.
Fo0nd on rocks ond | edges,
ofIen | n I he open. A w| despreod
fern | n cenIro| ond eosIern M. A.
HI. -8 | n.
WALL kUf | so smo| | f er n, grow-
| ng on | | mesIone rocks or wo| | s
Ihro0gho0I eosIern M. A. The
O| d Wor| d hos o very s | m| | or
spec| es. |eoves b| p| nnoIe or
I r| p| n noIe, de| | coIe b0I noI fern-
| | ke. |eo0eIs ond s0b| eo0eIs
hove o | ong sIem. 5or| ore ofIen
0n| Ied o| ong I he ve| ns of fon-
shoped s 0b| eo0eIs. HI. J-5 | n.
ferI | | e
| obes
5l LVfkY 5PLffNWOkT h o s
| | ghI-green, ho| ry | eoves IhoI
grow J ft. I o| | or more | n r| ch,
mo| sI woods. |eoeIs deep| y
| obed, w| I h IooI hed or smooIh
morg| ns. Morrow sor| ore cov-
ered w|Ih | nd0s| o IhoI ore s| | very
b0I |oIer I0rn redd| sh brown.
Fo0nd | n cenIro| ond eosIern
M. A. ond | n As| o.
| s o Irop| co|
Amer| con fern of so0Ih ond cen-

Iro| F| or| do ond Texos, fo0nd

espec| o| | y | n | | mesIones | nkho| es.
5Io0I brown| sh rh| zome. |eoves
Ir| ong0| or or ho| berd-shoped,
0s0o| | y | obed w| I h I hree Io ve
| eoeIs. M0mero0s ro0nd | nd0s| o
or e scoIIered on I he bock of
| eoeIs. HI. 2-20 | n.
LA0Y FfkN | s | orge b0I
sIr | k| ng| y de| | coIe, w| I h vor-
| ob| e | eoeIs. 5or| ore cov-
ered by k| dney-shoped, ho| ry
| nd0s| o. Th| s | ow| ond fern | s
f o 0 n d | n m o | s I p | o c e s
I hro0gh m0ch of M. A. ond
IemperoIe porIs of I he O| d
Wor| d. HI. 2-J | n.
| nd0s| o on 0nder-
s| de of | eoeI
\ J
Ckf5Tf0 ffkN |s o b| 0e-green
sh| e| d fern [ | nd0s | 0m sh| e| d-
shoped) w| Ihw| de| yspoced| eof-
| eIs IhoI common| y Iw| sI Io os-
some o hor| zonIo| pos| I| on. 5or|
ore on 0pper | eoeIs on| y, m| d-
woy beIween mor g| n ond m| d-
ve| n. | I | s fo0nd | n swompy
woods of cenIro| MorIh Amer| co,
Eorope, ond As| o. HI. 2-4 fI.
oreos of E0rope, | s o| so fo0nd,
I hoogh | ess ob0ndonI| y, | n norIh-
eosIern M. A. ond | n As| o. |eof
| s broodesI obove m| dd| e, nor-
rowed oI bose. 5or| , neor m| d-
ve| n of IooIhed s0b| eoets ot
| obes, or e covered by k| dney-
s hoped | nd0s| o, common| y ho| ry
oroond Ihe edges. HI . ! .5-2 fI.
\ Jd
s | m| | or Io I he Mo| e Fern, boI I he
sor| ore morg| no| ond I he fronds
o dorker, b| oer green. 50b| eof-
| eIs on| y s | | ghI| y IooI hed. F| dd| e-
heods ore dense| y covered w| Ih
go| den- brown, f orrysco| es. Fo0nd
on rocky wood| ond s| opes of
cenIro| ond eosIern M. A. HI.
! . 5-2 fI.
&
AMfklCAN Tkff FfkN |s o
sh| e| d fern, noI Q Iroe Iree fern.
| Is erecI Ironk, o fooI or Iwo
h| gh, sopporIs o crown of orch-
| ng | eoves obooI feeI | ong.
| | | Ied Io I he WesI | nd| es,
Irop| co| Aer| co, ond F| or| do, | I
| s w| de| y co| I | voIed os on orno-
menIo| . 5or| ore exposed when
shorI- | | ved | ndos| o d| soppeor.
MAk5H FfkN grows | n orshes,
weI wood| onds, ond dop meod-
ows boI se| do | n sIond| ng
woIer. |ower | eoeIs or e oppo-
s| Ie, Ihose obove oy be o| Ier-
noIe. FerI| | e | eoeIs, osI| y Io-
word |eof I | p, hove org| ns
corved over sor| . |eofsIo| k dork
oIbose. EosI ernondcenI ro| M. A. ,
Eorope, ond As| o. HI. ! . 5-2. 5 fI.
NfW YOkK FfkN, o Ioper| ng
fern reseb| | ng I he Morsh Fern,
grows | n soewhoI dr| er oreos.
The | ower Iwo Io foor po| rs of
l eoeIs ore greoI| y redoced | n
s| ze, ond | eoeIs ore never op-
pos| Ie os | n Morsh Fern. Foond
| n eosIern ond cenIro| M. A. A
re| oIed s pec| es grows |n Co| | -
forn| o. HI. ! -2 fI.
\ J7
LONG ffCH FfkN |s fo0nd | n
norIhern M. A. , so0Ih | n mo0n-
I o | n s I o V| r g | n | o o n d Or e-
gon, o| so | n E0rope ond As| o.
Th| s fern grows on weI rocks,
HOLLY FfkN | s fo0nd | n norIh-
ern M. A. Io M| ch| gon, ond | n
wesIern mo0nI o| ns, o| so | n norIh-
ern E0rope. Grows ch | ey on
| | m es I on e | edges o n d roc ky
s| opes. Evergreen | eoves Ioper
| n boIh d| recI| ons. Eored | eof-
| eIsw| Ih br| sI| e-I| ppedIeeIh Iend
Io be s| ck| e-shoped. C| nnomon
sco| es cover bose of | eof sIo| k.
5or| | orge,|n Iwo rows. HI. ! - 2 fI.
! 4U
c| | s, ond shoded bonks. 0roop-
|ng boso| | eoeIs noI w| nged,
w| de| yspoced fromI hoseobove.
Upper | eoeIs [ o| ned Io | eof sIem
w|Ih o brood, w| nged bose. 5or|
on | ower | eoeIs, no | nd0s | 0m.
I. ! - ! .5 fI.
CHkl5TMA5 FfkN | s on ever-
green someI| mes 0sed |n Chr|sI-
mos decoroI | ons. 5I| | eoves ore
once d| v| ded, w| I h sp| ny ond
d| sI | ncI| y eored | eoeIs. |orger
| eoves hove ferI| | e I|ps w| Ih
n0mero0s ro0 nd sor| | n Iwo or
more rows neor I he m| dve| n.
|eofsIo| k | s sco| y. Chr| sImos Fern
grows I hro0gh m0c h of eosIern
M. A. HI. ! .5-2. 5 fI.
LA00f k F f kN | s c h | e0y o
norIhern p| onI |n M. A. ond E0-
rope, exIend| ng so0Ihword on| y
| n mo0nIo| ns. Fo0n d | n roc k crev-
| ces, |n so| | , ond on Iree sI0 mps
| n mo| sI woods. 6rown ho| rs or
s c o| es moy c over r ooI s I oc k .
|eoves w| desI be| ow I h e m| dd| e,
Ioper | ng grod0o| | y Io I he I | p.
5or| ore few ond scoIIered, oI
brsI covered by b| odder-| |
| nd0s| o. HI. - 2 fI.
ULLfT FfkN | eo0eIs ore vor-
|ob| e | n shope, droop| ng oI Ihe
ends. T|ny b0| b| eIs IhoI oppeor
on | ower s0rfoce of ferI| | e s0b-
| eo0eIs fo| | o when moI0re ond
prod0ce new ferns. Reprod0ces
o| so by spores. 5or| ore 0nder
hood| | ke | nd0s| o on s0b| eo0eI
ve| ns. W| despreod | n cenIro| ond
eosIern M. A. FerI| | e | eoves Io
5 fI. | ong.
HAY-5CfNTf0 FfkN,or6o0| der
Fern, grows so ob0ndonI | y | n dry
wood| onds ond posI0res I hoI |I
|s ofIen | | sIed os o weed. |I hos
o | ocy oppeoronce ond hoy| | ke
f r ogro n c e. T h e s h or p- I | p p e d ,
ho| ry | eo0eIs ore c| ose IogeIher
ond noI o| | oppos| Ie. 5mo| | sor|
ore o| ong | ndenIoI| ons of s 0b-
| eo0eIs. Fo0nd |n eosIern ond
CenIro| U. 5. HI . -J fI.
4
Vl kGl Nl A CHAlNFfkN grows
|n bogs ond |ow| ond woods of
cenIro| ond eosIern M.A. Th| ck,
erecI | eoves w| Ih dork sIo| ks
hove Iopered norrow | eoeIs
IhoI ore deep| y c| efI. On Ihe
0nders| de ore n0mero0s ob| ong
| nd0s | o- covered sor| , | n do0bl e
rowso| ong ve| ns of boIh | eo0eIs
ond |obes. HI. J-5 fI.
4Z
occ0rs w| | d | n
so0Ihern F| or| do, I he WesI | n-
d | es , ond I ro p | c o | A m er | c o,
grow| ng | n h 0 m0s, | n | | mesIone
s | nkho| es, or os on ep| phyIe.
The | eoves moy be J fI. or | onger,
w| Ih eored | eo0eIs. 5or| ore
covered w| Ih o k| dney-shoped
| nd0s| 0 m. Mony vor| eI |es ore
c0| I| voIed os ho0se p| onIs.
NfTVf l N CHAl NF f kN h os
ro| sed ve| ns form| ng o consp| c-
0o0s neI. P| nnoI| d sIer| | e | eof
resemb| es 5ens| I |ve Fern' s [p.
! 45) b0Iw| Ih | obes s| | ghI| yoseI
roIher Ihon oppos| Ie, ond mor-
g| ns noI os wovy. 5or| on norrow
ferI| | e | eoves ore ob| ong w| Ih
| eoIhery | nd0s | 0m. CenIro| ond
eosIern U.5. HI. 2- fI.
HAkT' 5-TONGUf FfkN |s rore
ond |oco| |n eosIern M.A. 5ome
ore n0rsery escopes. Amer| con
form | s s | m| | or Io I he more com-
mon E0ropeon vor| eIy b0I noI os
hordy. |eoves or e dor k ond
I h| ck, w| Ih wovy edges. 5or| ore
|ong ond |n po|rs o| ongs| de
ve| ns. Grows on mo| sI | | mesIone.
HI. - 8 | n.
O5Tkl CH FfkN hos 5-fI . I 0fI s
of dork-green sIer| | e | eoves,
w| desI neor Ihe Iop ond Ioper| ng
oI I he bose. FerI | | e |eoves ore
shorIer ond sI| , w| Ih | eoeIs
IhoI ro| | | nIo I he m| dr | b ond
enc| ose I he sor | | n o ' pod. '
Grows | n swomps ond mo| sI,
open woods from V| rg| n| o Io Ihe
ArcI| c C| rc| e, o| so | n E0rope ond
As| o.
OAK FfkN, 5 Io 0 | n. I o| | , re-
semb| es o I | ny brocken [ p. J4).
Eoch frond hos I hree Ir| ong0| or
| eoeIs~Ihe | ower Iwo oppos| Ie,
os ore Ihe s 0b| eoeIs. 5mo| | ,
ro0nd, noked sor | deve| op neor
I he morg| n of s0b| eoeI | obes.
Grows | n coo| , mo| sI woods from
V| rg| n|o norIhword, o| so | n wesI-
ern mo0nto| ns, f0rope, ond As| o.
LUNT-LOf0 WOO05lA be-
| ongs Io o | orge ond vor| ed
gro0p of ferns. Th| s smo| | spe-
c| es |s fo0nd on shoded | | me-
sIone | edges. |eo0eIs ore spoced
w| de| y, s 0b| eo0eIs b| 0nI | y | obed.
5Iems ore ho| ry. 5or| ro0nd ond
hel d | n Ihe | ndos | om, wh| ch sp| | Is
open | | ke0ower peIol s. Grows | n
c| 0sIers from sIo0I rooIsIocks.
W| despreod | n M. A. from A| osko
ond Mo| ne so0Ih Io Georg| o. HI.
! 2- ! 5 | n.
OkfGON WOO05lA | s mo| n| y
o wesIer n spec| es b0I |s fo0nd
scoIIered | n mo| sI, rocky p| oces
of norIhern ond cenIro| M.A.
|eof b| odes ore norrow ond ho| r-
| ess. |eo0eIs shorI ond b| 0nI.
5I o l k br ow n . T h e | n d 0 s | 0 m
breoks | nIo ho| r| | ke | obes

when
| I re| eoses I he sor| . One of JZ
spec| es of Woods | os of coo| er
oreos of Ihe wor| d. HI. !4 | n.
! 44
WOOLLY L l PF f kN c 0 r | s o n d
shr| ve| s when dry b0I becomes o
forry, I 0fIed fern when mo| sI.
8rown sIo| k ho| ry ond sco| y.
0ense| y woo| | y, Ir| p| nnoIe | eoves
become redd| sh, espec| o| | y 0n-
derneoI h. Ro0nd morg| no| sor|
covered by ro| | ed | eof edge. On
exposed | edges from Mex| co
ond Ar| zono Io M| sso0r| ond
V| rg| n | o. HI - 8 | n.
LlPFfkN, o grocef0|
re| oI| ve of Woo| | y || p-
fern [p. 44), grows from 6r| I| sh
Co| 0mb| o Io Mex| co ond occ0rs
icoi i | n Ihe M| dwesI. The | eof-
ALKl NG FfkN hos | ong, nor-
row, orch| ng | eoves IhoI spro0I
new p| onIs where Ihe| r I| ps
Io0ch I hegro0nd, Ih0s 'wo| k| ng' '
ond spreod| ng. 5or| on 0nder-
s0rfoce of | eof ore scoIIered
o| ong I he neIwork of ve| ns.
Grows on mo| sI, shoded | | me-
sIone rock or so | , b0I nowhere
common. From O0ebec Io M| nn.
I oGo. , Ok| o. HI. B- 4 | n.
| ks or e | ong, s | | m, ond ho| ry.
5 | e n de r , I oper ed | eoves or e
groy-green, w| I h wh| I | sh ho| rs
obove ond dense| y covered w| Ih
coorse brown ho| rs be| ow. |eof-
| eIs d| sI | ncI| y ro0nded, w| Ih sor|
covered by | nro| | ed morg| ns . HI.
B- 2 | n.
5f N5l Tl Vf FfkN hos | on g,
coorse, Ir| ong0| or sIer| | e fronds,
p| n noI| d or d| v| ded | nIo | eof-
| eIs oI bose of I he | eof. The
| eoeIs on s horI [ fI. ) ferI | | e
fronds ore s mo| | , hordened, ond
beod| | ke, enc| os| ng I he sor | . The
5ens| I| ve Fer n | s fo0nd | n domp
p| oces from ConodoIo I he G0| f .
| I w| | Is rop| d| y when p| cked.
HI. .5-2 fI .
! 4
| n. ocross, hos po| red, ro0nded,
ho| ry | eoves IhoI ooI ond o
I h| rd IhoI |s I hreod| | ke, beor| ng
sporocorps. 5Iem beIween | nd| -
v| d0o| p| onIs breoks eos| | y, eoch
porI c on I | n 0 | n g | n de pe n de n I
growI h. Probob| y noI| ve Io f0r-
os| o b0I fo0nd | n Irop| cs ond
scoIIered | n M. A.
MO5OUlTO FfkN, one of Ihe
woIer ferns, | s o smo| | , free-
ooI|ng p| ont w| Ih | eoves obo0I
0.J |n. | ong, eoch mode of Iwo
ovo| | eoeIs. P| onIs form I h| ck,
green| sh or redd| sh sheeIs on
ponds. 5pore coses, | n hord
sporocorps, conIo| n Iwo Iypes of
spores~smo| | m| crospores[ mo| e)
ond | orge megos pores {femo| e).
Fo0nd o| ong AI| onI| c ond G0| f
coosIs ond | n I be M| ss| ss| pp|
Vo| | ey.
WATfk 5HAMkOCK rooIs |n
Ihe m0d of pond boIIoms. MoIe
Ihe c| over-| | ke, fo0r-porIed, ooI-
|ng |eoves. 5porong| o ore |n
hord sporocorps. | n Irod0ced f rom
E0rope, | I hos spreod Ihro0gh
norIheosIern U. 5. C| ose| y re| oIed
spec| es ore noI|ve |n 5o0Ih ond
WesI. |eof | s 0.5- | n. ocross,
sIo| k - ! 0 | n. | ong.
Moked seeds of gymnosperms
form on on exposed s 0rfoce, os
on I op of p| ne-cone sco| es.
5eeds of ong| osperms [ower| ng
p| onIs) ore s 0rro0 nded by ovory
wo| | IhoI deve| ops | nIo o fr0| I,
os | n cherry.
YNMLb Pt RNb
p| ne- cone sco| e
A| | of Ihe non-hower ng seed p| onIs ore gymnosperms.
!he nome meons ` noked seed' ond refers I o Ihe

ocI
IhoI I he seeds ore noI enc| osed n fruIs, os I hey ore n
I hehower ng p| onIs. !hespore- beor ng | eoves or e pro-
duced n cones of Iwo k ndsmol e ond femo| e. | n
some, such os j un pers, podocorps, ondyews, I hecones
moy be heshy ond berry- | ke buI neverI he| ess I hey ore
noIIruefru Is.
A| | of I he gymnosperms ore woody p| onI s. NosI be-
come Irees, o| I hough some ore shrubs ond o very few
ore c| mbers. !he | eoves moy be | orge ond fer n| ke, os
nIhe cycods, or moy be needl es, sco| es, or norrow ond
hoIIened, os n confers. NosI gymnosper ms or e ever-
green. | n NorIh Amer co, on| y bo| dcypress, | orches, ond
o few oIhers ore dec duous, l os ng ol | of I he r | eoves
before grow ng o new seI.
! 4
4
L v ng gymnosperms ore c| oss hed n fo0r orders :
Lycods | p. 4V} , conIo n ng fewer I hon o h0ndred spe-
c es, wh ch grow nIheIrop cs ond s0bIrop cs, Ihe L| nk-
goes | p. } , w Ih o s ng| e spec es noIve Io Lh no
now w| despreod b0I known on|y n c0| IvoI on, Ihe
bphedros ond Ihe r k n | p. } , o groupof 0n0s0o| ond
d sI ncI| y d erenI p| onIs, someI mes cons dered Iron-
s I ono| Io Ihe ong osperms, ond Lonfers | p. } , Ihe
| orgesI ond mosI mporIonI orderof gymnosperms, w Ih
more Ihon spec es, found mo n|y n coo| or mo0n-
I o no0sreg ons. Lonfers supp|y mosI ofI hewor| d ' s | 0m-
ber ond p0| p, os we| | os res ns from wh ch I0rpenI ne
ond oromoI c o | s ore obIo ned.
Lycods ond Ihe g nkgo prod0ce moI | e mo| e ce| | s,
ephedros ond confers, w nd-dsIr buIed po| | en.
| n spr ng, ov0| e n f emo| e cone
forms gomeIophyIe conIo| n| ng
egg. Mo| e cone prod0ces po| | en
w| Ih sperm n0c| e0s. AI po| | | no-
Ion,sperm n0c| e0sferI | zesegg.
FerI | | | zed egg [zygoIe) becomes
onembryow| Ih| nI heseed, wh| ch
forms on cone sco| e. 5eed fo| | s
I o gro0nd when moI0re. 5ome
seeds germ| noIe ond grow | nIo
new cone-beor ng p| onIs.
moI0re
p ne
cone

sco| e
cone
L | | b LYL L b L | | | N b
orchegon| 0m
w| I h egg
b ore on o| d gro0p of gymnosperms, mosI| y
exI ncI. N ne genero grow n IheIrop cs ond subIrop cs.
A| | hove | orge, fern| ke | eoves IhoI form o crown oI lhe
Iop of Ihe 0s0o| |y 0nbronched sIem. No| e ond femo| e
cones ore borneoI Ihe crown, buI on seporoIe p| onIs.
LoonI e, or Zom o, s o smo| | buI common cycod of
|| or do p ne| onds. 1he sIem s mosI| y0ndergro0nd, ond
I hesI0bby endI hoI emerges beors o crown of| eoIhery,
compound |eoves. | nd ons ond eor| y seII| ers mode our
fromIhe undergro0ndsIems. LoonI e s po sonous when
fresh, b0f I he woIer-so| 0b| e poson wos | eoched or
woshedo0I osIhesI emswereground.
bogo |o| m, noI o po| m b0I o cycod, s o noIve of
Ihe Lr enI b0I s common| y c0|IvoIed n greenhouses
ond o0I-of-doors n || or do, Lo| forn o, ond Howo .
1he | orge mo| e cones gve o on oensve odor, b0I
Ihey moy be removed w IhouI horm Io IheIrees.
4V
Green
Ephedro
l MKL, or No denho r 1ree, represenIs on order
known for mony yeors on| y os o foss | , from rocks os
o| d os ZUU m | | on yeors . 1hen I wos d scovered IhoI
1 beIon monks were grow ng Ihe Irees n gordens of
Iemp| es ond sh r nes. !he L| nkgo | s now p| onIed w de| y
os o sIreeI ond shode Iree, U-bU fI . I o| | . 1he femo| e
Irees ore ofIen desIroyed becouse I he r esh-covered
seeds hove o ronc| d odot. !he dec| duous, b | obed
l eoves, borne on sIubby sIems, ore wedge-shoped, re-
semb| ng Ihose of Ihe No denho r |er n.
tPMtKb represenI o smo| | or der of on | y Ihree gen-
ero. cphedros ore shr ubby | Z- fI. } p| onIs ofI he souIh-
wesIern deserIw| Ih j o| nIed green sIems | ephedro meons
horseIo | } . bmo| | , sco| e| | ke | eovesform oIIhesIem nodes
on new growIh buI soon dry up ond ore shed. | nd ons
mode o med c no| beveroge, Nor mon I eo, fr om Ihe
p| onIs. Lreen cphedro, wh ch grows n Ihe mounIo ns,
hos br ghI-green, ow| -shoped, opposIe | eoves. !hree-
| eoved cphedro, usuo| | y found n rocky or sondy | ow-
| onds, hos po| e-green | eoves mosI| y n whor| s of Ihree.
U
LLMl ftKb, mo nl y Irees buI o few shrubs, grow pre-
dom nonI| y n coo| IemperoIe reg ons, Ihough some ore
found n Ihe Irop cs. Neorl y ol | ore evergreen, hol d ng
I he r need| es or scol e| ke | eoves for mony yeors ond
never shedd ng ol l oI once. Ln| y bol dcypress ond
l orches omong NorIh Amer con confers ore dec duous.
NosI beorconsp cuouscOnes, excepI fOr I he podocorps,
yews, ond j un perswh| ch hove smo| l , eshycones. Lom-
mon NorIh Amer con confersp nes, spruces, hrs,
j un pers, redwoods, bol dcypress, ond oIhersore de-
scr bed n I he Lol den NoIure Lu de !kbbb. |ve | ess
common confers ond Iwo exoI cs ore descr bed here.
ATLANT l C W H l T f C f 0Ak,
fo0nd from Mo| neI oF| or| do ond
M| ss| ss| pp| , hos oIIened, non-
d roop| n g bro n c h | eI s . Re| oI ed
spec| es~|owson ' s Cypress ond
NooIko Cypress~grow on WesI
CoosI. To 40 ft.
AklZONA CYPkf55 | s 0 Ir0e
cypress fo0nd |n Ar| zono, Mew
Mex| co, ond Mex| co. Th| s beo0-
I| f0| | y s hoped I ree grows Io 40
feeI Io| | ond | s p| onIed os on
ornomenIo| | n I he 5o0I hwesI.
\ \
FLOkl0A TOkkfYA, or 5I | nk-
| ng Cedor, |s o rore Iree [Io 40
fI. Io| | ), f o0nd on| y |n norI h-
wesIern F| or| do. | Is norrow, yew-
| | ke |eoves hove o feI | d odor
when br0| sed. Co| | forn| o Torreyo
| s Ihe on| y oIher N.A. spec| es.
Two oIhers grow | n As| o.
MONKfY-PUZZLf Tkff, Io 50
fI. I o| | , hos sco| e| | ke | eoves on
sIo0I bronches |n whor|s of ve.
A noI|ve of Per0, I h| s oro0cor| o
| s p| onIed forIher norIh Ihon Ihe
Morfo| k | s| ond P| ne ond oIher
oro0cor| os IhoI ore grown os
worm-oreo ornomenIo| s.
Mon key-
p0zz| e
Tree
\ Z
fATfkN YfW, or Gr o0 n d
Hem| ock, | s o shr0bby p| onI
[4- fI . ) IhoI beors | Is seeds | n o
eshy c0p. WesIern Yew grows
Io 0 fI. Io|| ond | s common|y
p| onIed os on ornomenI o| , os | s
I he | n I r od0 c e d o n d w| de| y
p| onIed fng| | sh Yew.
YfW PO0OCAkPU ond mony
oI her podocorps ore grown os
ornomenIo| Irees [Io 0 fI.) or
shr0bs someI | mes os hedges, |n
Co| | forn| o ond so0Ihern U.5.
Podocorps ore noI| ve Io Ihe
5o0Ihern Hem| sphere, mo| n|y | n
Ihe Irop| cs ond s 0bIrop| cs.
NLKt l Mf LKNTl LM
boIony IexIbooks ore o good source of nformoI on
obouI non-ower ng p| onIs . bome w de| y used ones ore
| sIed be|ow, fo| | owed by oIher recommended reod ng.
AccuroIe denI hcoI on of non-ower ng p| onIs ofIen
nvo| ves deIo | s beyond I he scope Of Ih s nIroducIory
vo| ume, buI more comprehensve books from Ihe | sI
be| ow w | | he| p.
otony Texts
Cronq0 | sI, ArIh0r, | MTRO0UCTORY 6OTAMY. Horper & 6ros. ,

New
York, ! ! .
R0sse| | , Mor mon H. , | MTRO0UCT| OM TO THE P|AMT K| MG0OM.
C. V. Mosby Co. , 5I. |o0| s, Mo., ! 5B.
W| | son ond |oom| s, 6OTAMY. Ho| I, R| nehorI & W| nsIon, Mew York,
! 2.
ooks on 5pec c Groups
Chr| sIensen, C| yde M. , COMMOM F|E5HY FUMG| . 60rgess, M| n-
neopo| | s, M| nn. , ! 5.
Cobb, 6o0ghIon, A F| E|0 GU| 0E TO THE FERM5. Ho0ghIon M| m| n,
6osIon, ! 5.
Conord, Henry 5. , HOWTO KMOW THE MO55E5 AM0 | | VERWORT5.
W. C. 6rown, 00b0q0e, | owo, ! 5.
F| nk, 6r0ce, | | CHEM F |OkA OF THE UM| TE0 5TATE5. Un| v. of M| ch-
| gon Press, AnnArbor, ! 0.
Frye, Theodore C., FERM5 OF THE MORTHWE5T. 6| nfords & MorI,
PorI | ond, Oregon, ! 5.
Gro0I, A. J. , MO55E5 W| TH A HAM0- |EM5. 4Ih Ed. , p0b. by o0Ihor,
! 4Z.
Ho| e, Moson E. , Jr., | | CHEM HAM06OOK. 5m| I hson| on | n sI. , Wosh-
|ngIon, 0. C. , ! ! .
PrescoII, Gero| d W. , HOW TO KMOW TH E FRE5H-WATER A|GAE.
W. C. 6rown, D0b0q0e, | owo, ! ?54.
RomsboIIom, John, MU5HROOM5 AM0 TOA05TOO|5. Co| | | ns, |on-
don, ! 5.
5m| I h, A| exonder H., THE MU5HROCM HUMTER' 5 F | E |0 GU| 0E.
Un | v. of M| ch. Press, Ann Arbor, M| ch. , ! J.
5Iokoe, W. J. , O65ERVER' 5 6OOK OF FERM5. Worne & Co. , |ondon.
Wherry, Edgor T. , THE FERM GU| 0E. 0o0b| edoy Co. , Gorden C| Iy,
M. Y., ! ! o| so THE 5OUTHERM FERM GU| 0E, ! 4.
\ J
b L t M f L MNt b
KeU u| gu: LhondtU$ s p. 24 [ CoD l . )
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