SEMINAR REPORT ON HUSK POWER SYSTEM

A Report Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For The Award of the Degree of BACHELOR OF TECNOLOGY TO

Sanjay Memorial Institute of Technology (S.M.I.T) Berhampur

CHANDIPADAR, BERHAMPUR, ODISHA

STUDENTS DECLARATION I hereby declare that the Study Report conducted on Husk Power System under the guidance of Er. Reetanjali Panda, submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (Mechanical) TO

Sanjay Memorial Institute of Technology

It is my original work and the same has not been submitted for the award of any other Degree/Diploma/Fellowship or other similar titles or prizes.

Place: Berhampur Date: 17 /10 /2011

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my special gratitude to l Institute of Technology, Berhempur for her valuable guidance and constructive suggestions in the preparation of seminar report.

INDEX Sr.No. 1 2 3 Title Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION Chapter 2 : INDIAN ENERGY SECTOR Chapter 3 : HUSK POWER PLANT 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4 Gasifier Conditioning of Producer Gas Generator Cost vs. Efficiency Graph Advantages of HPS Disadvantages of HPS Comparison of HPS with other Power plant Impacts of HPS Pg.No. 5 7 10 11 15 17 18 19 19 20 23 25

CONCLUSION

Chapetr-1 INTRODUCTION
The modern world debates are mostly focused on energy, environment and associated global warming concerns. Everyone is well aware that these fossil fuels have become part and parcel of our daily lives; it is imperative to understand what a critical role they play in the functioning of the world. The impending energy crisis, the soaring prices fossil fuels, the fast depleting nonrenewable energy sources and environmental pollution concerns forced the modern generation to the search for safe, renewable sources of sustainable energy that wont pose any hazards in the long run. Electricity, without which we cannot imagine our life, is still mostly depending on fossil fuels. Thermal power plants and nuclear power plant which contributes largely to meet the power need also contributes towards environment pollution and leads to global warming. Worse, the increased usage of these has

resulted in the release of poisonous chemicals into the earths atmosphere, not sparing the water bodies which get heavily polluted by the power plants. So, efforts are done to find effective means for creating green energy, meaning energy that is environmentally less damaging. For example, wind energy, solar energy, hydro energy can be tapped and channeled from different natural sources either to generate power (through solar cells, wind turbines, etc.) for myriad applications. These sources are inexhaustible, unlike petroleum and its derivatives, which are getting used up faster with each passing day. But the main disadvantage of using these sources is that, they are not sustainable energy sources. It is because we do not have any control over these sources and high dependency on the climate conditions. As an alternative to these, other pollution-free fuels such as hydrogen fuels, CNG (compressed natural gas), and bio-fuels are efficient, environment friendly and finding good acceptance the world over. The production of these fuels is yet to be undertaken on a scale large enough to supplant fossil fuels. Biomass, which is nothing but human, animal and agro-based industry biproducts, can be used to generate energy. This is a very useful method, as it helps to cleanse the environment of the unwanted waste matter and also provides a non-polluting source of energy. The Husk Power Plant is a kind of power plant which uses the bio fuel for generating electric power. It uses the husk, waste of the rice milling plant to produce bio fuel (Producers Gas) for generating electricity. Presently it is in

infantry stage, but has the potential to become a perfect substitute of the conventional energy sources in future.

Chapter-2 INDIAN ENERGY SECTOR

India Energy Sector fulfils around 90% of the energy requirements in India. The majority of India energy needs are fulfilled by energy from coal. The inadequacy in the supply of energy is balanced out by energy imports from other countries. The India energy scenario shows a drift in the energy balance mainly due to the differed energy sources in India. The India energy policy states the measures taken by the Government of India to meet all the energy requirements and deal with the energy crisis India might face if proper energy policy and energy management is not undertaken.

These include mass energy conservation and efficient use of energy. Also various energy zones have been demarcated for large-scale energy harvesting and then using it efficiently by energy conversion to other more usable forms of energy by using various energy conversion devices. The different sources of energy in India are:

The various energy resources used in India include fossil fuels providing petroleum and natural gas and coal mining that cater to the coal energy demands in India.

The sun is the source for solar energy that is converted to electrical energy using solar panels.

The vast water resources in and around India are utilized by conversion of the kinetic energy from the flowing water as in waterfalls and the dams built on various rivers into electric energy.

The energy of the tides and tidal waves is also utilized for electrical energy harvesting.

The usage of wind energy comes in the form of windmills and huge wind energy farms for generation of usable energy forms by transformation of the kinetic energy of the wind into energy units.

Other sources of energy in India include biomass energy by burning biofuels available in large quantities owing to the huge domestic cattle population in India.

Energy is also derived from the vast timber resources of the country. This forms the wood energy.

Nuclear energy or atomic energy from radioactive materials has been developed into a vast industry in itself.

Storage cell (rechargeable) in which energy can be stored and can be used when ever is required.

Similarly in dry cell the chemical energy converted into electrical energy for day to day use.

Geothermal energy is an unlimited natural energy source that utilizes the steam from hot water springs that acts as energy boosters to drive turbines of power plants.

Even the hydrogen available in large quantities in the environment has been captured and utilized as an energy source by reacting hydrogen with oxygen. These resource used for various purposes, that is staring from cocking to

power generation. The contribution of each above resources for specifically to generate electricity can be compared as follows:

Fuel Total Thermal Coa l Gas Oil Hydro (Renewable) Nuclear Renewable Energy Sources Total

MW 118409.48 99,503.38 17,706.35 1,199.75 38,206.40 4,780.00 20,162.24 1,81,558.12

%age 65.21 54.80 9.75 0.66 21.04 2.63 11.10 100.00

Chapter-3 HUSK POWER PLANT

A survey conducted by India Cleantech shows that, still 56% of households of India lack electricity, with at least 25,000 Indian villages declared by the Indian government economically impossible to reach via conventional means. This actually created a search for some economical still sustainable

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energy source to provide electricity to the above mentioned geographically remote areas. The solar cell and wind mill can able to solve the problem but both technologies demands high initial investment. A technology that can address these problems is bio-mass technology, which uses cheap organic wastes to produce electricity and other form of energy sources. It is an effective solution as we are rich in agricultural industry and its waste can be used for generation of biogas. Considering our state Odisha, where rice is the main agricultural product using the waste of rice industry to produce biomass means a lot towards green energy revolution. In this system we use the rice husk, a waste of rice milling plant to produce producer gas (Bio-Gas). Then this producer gas fed into the combustion chamber of an I.C. engine which is integrated with electricity generator. Thus produces electricity which can be used for domestic and commercial purpose. These power plants are of small capacity as compare to the thermal and other conventional power plants. It can be designed only for generating 20 megawatts to 30 megawatts. But the beauty of this technology is that, we can also established very small capacity power plants having capacity ranging from 30 to 100 kilowatts. This is sufficient to meet the demand of small villages and can also be operated economically with a thermal efficiency of around 40%. A normal husk power plant consists of Gassifier, Cooler, Filter and a Generator. Biomass (here rice husk) is introduced in to gassifier to generate producer gas which is conditioned and use as the fuel in generate to produce electricity.

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A typical husk power plant layout is given bellow:

BIO-MASS: Biomass, as a renewable energy source, is biological material from living, or recently living organisms. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or converted into other energy products such as biofuel. In HPS, husk is used as Bio-mass which is the outer shell or coating of a rice seed. Rice husk is the primary raw material of this kind plant. It is fed into the biomass gasifier, which convert it to producer gas.

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GASSIFIER: Gasifier is an instrument, which convert the biomass into useful producer gas through gasification process. Gasification is a process that converts organic or fossil based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane. This is achieved by reacting the material at high temperatures (>700C), without combustion, with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called syngas (from synthesis gas or synthetic gas) or producer gas and is itself a fuel. The power derived from gasification of biomass and combustion of the resultant gas is considered to be a source of renewable energy; the gasification of fossil fuel derived materials such as plastic is not considered to be renewable energy. The advantage of gasification is that using the syngas is potentially more efficient than direct combustion of the original fuel because it can be combusted at higher temperatures or even in fuel cells, so that the thermodynamic upper limit to the efficiency defined by Carnot's rule is higher or not applicable. Syngas may be burned directly in gas engines, used to produce methanol and hydrogen, or converted via the Fischer-Tropsch process into synthetic fuel. Gasification can also begin with material which would otherwise have been disposed of such as biodegradable waste. In addition, the high-temperature process refines out corrosive ash elements such as chloride and potassium, allowing clean gas production from otherwise problematic fuels. Gasification of fossil fuels is currently widely used on industrial scales to generate electricity.

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The chemistry behind this process can be described as follows: In a gasifier, the carbonaceous material undergoes several different processes:
1.

The dehydration or drying process occurs at around 100C. Typically the resulting steam is mixed into the gas flow and may be involved with subsequent chemical reactions, notably the water-gas reaction if the temperature is sufficiently high enough (see step #5).

2.

The pyrolysis (or devolatilization) process occurs at around 200-300C. Volatiles are released and char is produced, resulting in up to 70% weight loss for coal. The process is dependent on the properties of the carbonaceous material and determines the structure and composition of the char, which will then undergo gasification reactions.

3.

The combustion process occurs as the volatile products and some of the char reacts with oxygen to primarily form carbon dioxide and small amounts of carbon monoxide, which provides heat for the subsequent gasification reactions. Letting C represent a carbon-containing organic compound, the basic reaction here is

4.

The gasification process occurs as the char reacts with carbon and steam to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen, via the reaction

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5.

In addition, the reversible gas phase water gas shift reaction reaches equilibrium very fast at the temperatures in a gasifier. This balances the concentrations of carbon monoxide, steam, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. (Bio-Mass gasification) In essence, a limited amount of oxygen or air is introduced into the

reactor to allow some of the organic material to be "burned" to produce carbon monoxide and energy, which drives a second reaction that converts further organic material to hydrogen and additional carbon dioxide. Further reactions occur when the formed carbon monoxide and residual water from the organic material react to form methane and excess carbon dioxide. This third reaction occurs more abundantly in reactors that increase the residence time of the reactive gases and organic materials, as well as heat and pressure. Catalysts are used in more sophisticated reactors to improve reaction rates, thus moving the system closer to the reaction equilibrium. Gasification Methods: Different methods are used for gasification of the biomass. These processes can be described as follows: i. Counter-current fixed bed ("up draft") gasifier

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A fixed bed of carbonaceous fuel (e.g. Biomass) through which the "gasification agent" (steam, oxygen and/or air) flows in counter-current configuration. The ash is either removed dry or as a slag.
ii. Co-current fixed bed ("down draft") gasifier

Here the gasification agent gas flows in co-current configuration with the fuel (downwards, hence the name "down draft gasifier"). Heat needs to be added to the upper part of the bed, either by combusting small amounts of the fuel or from external heat sources. The produced gas leaves the gasifier at a high temperature, and most of this heat is often transferred to the gasification agent added in the top of the bed, resulting in energy efficiency on level with the counter-current type. iii. Fluidized bed reactor The fuel is fluidized in oxygen and steam or air. The ash is removed dry or as heavy agglomerates that defluidize. The temperatures are relatively low in dry ash gasifiers, so the fuel must be highly reactive. Fuel throughput is higher than for the fixed bed. iv. Entrained flow gasifier A dry pulverized solid, an atomized liquid fuel is gasified with oxygen (much less frequent: air) in co-current flow. The gasification reactions take place in a dense cloud of very fine particles. It produces high temperatures and

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pressures also mean that a higher throughput can be achieved; however thermal efficiency is somewhat lower as the gas must be cooled before it can be cleaned with existing technology. Rice Husk Ash: Rice husk ash is the by-product of the Gasification process of rice husk. This kind of ash is high in quality, and it is an essential raw material for concrete industries and can also be used as a bio-fertilizer. CONDITIONING-OF-PRODUCER-GAS: Producer gas leaves the gasifier as the mixture of combustible and non-combustible gases along with tar vapour, water vapour, dust, mineral vapour. Sulphur compounds such as hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S) and nitrogen compounds (NH 3, HCN) in producer gas are undesirable as their condensates are corrosive and pollutants in exhaust gases. The generation of H 2 S is of little importance in gasification of biomass as long as sulphur content does not exceed 0.5%. The amount of NH 3 and HCN in the gas depends on the nitrogen content of the fuel. Fuel with nitrogen content less than 2 % is safe for gasification. Silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) and iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) in dust are important because of their abrasive nature. For trouble free operation, engine must be supplied with producer gas that is sufficiently free from tars, dust and acids. The cleaning of gas is necessary to avoid wear and tear in engine. Dust concentration in the gas depends

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upon the type of gasifier, intensity of load and type of fuel. As load increases, dust concentration in producer gas also increases. The removal of tar from gas producer is one of the more difficult problems in gas cleaning. Gas cleaning and cooling for gasifier system is accomplished by a cyclone, a gas cooler with some scrubbing action and a packed bed filter. Gas cooling increases density of gas in order to maximize the amount of gas entering the engine cylinder. Wet scrubbers are used to remove gaseous pollutants and solid particles while cooling the gas at same time. There exist different kinds of scrubbers for small scale producer engine system. A Packing bed scrubber consists of packing, liquid, support grates and distributors plates. Packing can be made from wide range of commercial and homemade materialssteel, wool, wood chips, coke, gravel etc. Gas is passed through bottom and removed at top. Fabric filter is considered to be one of the suitable filters for vehicle application. It is placed immediately after cyclone. In filter with glass-fiber cloth, it is possible to withstand a gas temperature up to 300
o

c.

The

performance of filter depends on type of gasifier, fuel moisture content and how vehicle is driven. It is recommended that

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gas flow rate throughout filter box shall not exceed 65 m3/h. Pressure loss over f filter is affected by load and amount of dust in the producer gas.

GENERATOR: It is the instrument which generates electricity for by using the producer gas. It is the integration of I.C. Engine with an Alternator. These two components connected to each other through a common shaft. The producer gas feed in to the combustion chamber of the I.C. engine (preferably a four stroke gas fired engine) where the chemical energy converted into the mechanical energy. Then this mechanical energy is used to rotate the shaft of the generator which is coupled to the armature of the alternator. As armature rotate inside the alternator cuts the magnetic flux and produce induced electro motive force in the copper coil leading to generation of current electrical.

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COST vs. EFFICIENCY: This kind of power plant is mainly suitable for low capacity generation. For power plants of 30 kilowatt to 22 megawatt, the efficiency level remains well above 40%. In fact it reaches to about 60% for power plant of 20 22 megawatt. The cost-efficiency curve is as shown below:

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From the above graph it is clear that this kind of power plant is economically suitable only for lower capacity (Megawatts) generation and become economically infeasible for higher power generation that is for capacity of more than 30 megawatts generation ADVANTAGES OF HPS: The advantages of a husk power plant are as described below

It makes sense to use waste materials where we can.

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The cost of the fuel is very low.

It is a renewable energy sources Produce no hazardous residuals.

Efficient for small capacities.

Investment cost is lower than any other substitutes

It is a sustainable and reliable energy source.

Helps in reducing the use of fossil fuels for energy generation. Suitable for geographically remote areas where reaching by conventional means is quite impossible. The energy leakage can be reduced to 5% in this system. (There is up to 30% of energy leakage in conventional power plant and distribution system. DISADVANTAGES OF HPS: The disadvantages of a husk power system can be listed as follows

Collecting or growing the fuel in sufficient quantities can be difficult.

We burn bio-fuel, so it produce green house gases (though less in quantity) With existing technology it is impossible to design higher capacity (Mega-Watt) plants.

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 The plant load factor is very low (around 40%). That is it cannot run for more than 10 hours continuously with full load condition. COMPARISION OF HPS WITH OTHER FORM OF POWER PLANT: Comparing the different power plant technology with each other is quite difficult as till now one cannot substitute the other perfectly. The fact is that they require different conditions of operation. For example thermal efficiency and heat rate plays a great role in case of designing a thermal power plant but for a hydro power plant these terms does not exist. Power generation is a complex business and without considering load factor; capacity (kW) and energy (kWh); and fixed and variable costs, these comparisons are not legitimate for evaluating power generation technologies. Lets begin with load factor, or the percentage of hours that a power plant operates at its maximum capability in a given time period. So if a 1,000 MW nuclear plant has an annual load factor of 98 percent, it is operating at 1,000 MW for 98 percent of the hours in a year. Power plants can be categorized by load factor. Base load power plants typically have annual load factors that exceed 75 percent, but usually are more like 90 percent to 98 percent. Power plants that fall into this category can be large (400 MW and larger) fossil fueled plants (coal, natural gas orless often fuel oil) as well as nuclear plants. On the renewable resource side, geothermal and biomass plants can be placed in this category. Not many hydro plants in the

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U. S. fall into this category unless the dam is large or the flow rate on the river is high and the weather cooperates. Intermediate loaded power plants typically have annual load factors ranging from 40 percent to 60 percent Small (100 MW to 300 MW) coal plants may operate at these load factors. However, the most common technology that would operate economically in this load factor category is the combined cycle combustion turbine, or CCT, fueled by natural gas with fuel oil as a backup fuel. Most of the hydroelectric plants in the Western part of the U.S. can operate as intermediate loaded plants, providing that the weather cooperates, which means that the western mountain ranges receive an above-average amount of snow during the winter months. Offshore wind power will also likely operate in this category. Concentrated solar power, or thermal solar, may break into the low end (40 percent) of this load factor range as will wave energy technology (30 percent to 45 percent). The third load factor category is peak load generation. Power plants in this category usually operate at very low annual load factors ranging from 5 percent to 15 percent. This means these types of power plants are operating at their maximum capability for only 5 percent to 15 percent of the hours in a year. The most common type of power plant in this category is the combustion turbine (CT) or simple cycle turbine (SC), fueled by natural gas with fuel oil as a back up source of fuel. The next most common type of power plant would be the internal combustion engine (IC) fueled by natural gas. Renewable resources that

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would fall into this category are wind on land, photovoltaic solar, concentrated solar (thermal solar) and tidal current technology. For wind on land, the average annual load factor ranges from 20 percent to 30 percent. Photovoltaic solar has load factors that range from 20 percent to 25 percent. Concentrated solar load factors vary between 25 percent and 40 percent, allowing this resource to linger between a peaking facility and an intermediate facility. The load factor for tidal current technology is estimated to average 27 percent. Now that all of the power generation resources are in an appropriate load factor category, think of each category as a customer need. Then think of the types of power generation technologies within a load factor category as the various products that compete to satisfy that need. This means it makes no sense to compare the cost per kWh to generate electricity from wind on land with the costs per kWh to generate electricity from coal because these two technologies satisfy two different customer needs; namely, one is a peaking technology, while the other is a base load technology. There is a way to compare technologies from two different load factor categories. In this method one technology would need to be altered to make it operationally equivalent to the other. In other words, alter one technology so that both are then in the same load factor category. To do this for husk on land versus coal, it would be necessary to run the coal plant as a peaking unit,

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recalculate all of its costs and compare those new costs to the husk power plant costs. The husk power plant could also be altered to operate base loaded. However an effort has done here to know some basic differences of those technologies. Types Power plant of Max. Load Factor Cost / KW Cost INR) Thermal Power Plant Hydro Power Plant Wind Mill/ Power plant Biomass Power Plant 15% to 30% 18,000 to 35,000 5.25 to 6.00 0.03 6,333 6,800 30% to 45% 80,000 to 1,00,000 3.15 to 4.5 2.5 N.A. 50% to 65% 75,000 to 90,000 4.0 to 5.5 100 N.A. 75 % to 98% 30,000 to 50,000 Cost/ Desired Capacity (in MW) in 400 Energy Efficiency (in btu/kwh) 7,757 9,275 (Investment KWH in (Operating Cost INR) 8.00 to 10.00

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IMPACT OF HPS: The Husk Power Plant has various impacts starting from economical to environmental. The various impacts can be described as follows:1. Waste Management: It uses the husk which is a west of rice milling process. Thus helps in efficient and productive use of it. Also the CO2 emission level is very low. Also it does not produce hazardous waste like a nuclear power plant.
2. Rural Employment: It is an economical impact of HPS. As after establishment

of the power plant, the operation and maintenance is handed over to the local people with adequate training. They also compensated fairly for their job from the amount collected from the users. Thus it creates employment opportunities for the villagers. A villager can earn between Rs2000/- to Rs12000/- by working in these plants. However the entrepreneur can earn up to Rs50000/- by establishing a single such power plant. 3. Social Cascading: It is a social impact of the HPS. By providing electricity at lower price (Rs100/month), it helped the villagers to be benefitted out of this. Thus allow them to use electrical accessories to improve their life style. So it created a flow in the society. 4. Environmental: By providing electricity to villagers, each power plant saves use of 42,000 liters of kerosene and 18,000 liters of diesel per annum. As a

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result it is able to reduce the CO2 emission by 50,000 tons of CO2. Also the ash produced during gasification process can also be used as a fertilizer thus reducing the use of chemical fertilizers.

Chapter-4

CONCLUSION
Biomass use is growing globally. Despite advancements in biomass energy technologies, most bio-energy consumption in India still remains confined to traditional uses. The modern technologies offer possibilities to convert biomass into synthetic gaseous or liquid fuels (like ethanol and methanol) and electricity (Johansson et al, 1993). Lack of biomass energy market has been the primary barrier to the penetration of modern biomass technologies. Growing experience with modern biomass technologies in India suggests that technology push policies need to be substituted or augmented by market pull policies. A primary policy lacuna hampering the growth of modern biomass energy is the implicit environmental subsidy allowed to fossil fuels. Increasing realization among policy makers about positive externalities of

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biomass has now created conditions for biomass to make inroads into the energy market. Economic reforms have opened the doors for competition in energy and electricity sectors in India. Future of biomass energy lies in its use with modern technologies. An analysis under competitive dynamics in energy and electric power markets using the Indian-MARKAL model (Shukla, 1996; Loulou et al., 1997) suggests that biomass energy has significant potential to penetrate the Indian energy market under strong global greenhouse gas mitigation scenarios in future. Future of biomass energy depends on providing reliable energy services at competitive cost. In India, this will happen only if biomass energy services can compete on a fair market. Policy priorities should be to orient biomass energy services towards market and to reform the market towards fair competition by internalizing the externalities of competing energy resources. Most economical option is utilization of waste materials. Potential availability of agro residues and wood processing waste in India can sustain 10,000 MW power. Biomass waste however shall be inadequate to support the growing demands for biomass resources. Sustained supply of biomass shall require production of energy crops (e.g. wood fuel plantations, sugar cane as feedstock for ethanol and husk gasification) and wood plantations for meeting growing non-energy needs. Land supply, enhanced biomass productivity, economic operations of plantations and logistics infrastructure are critical areas which shall determine future of biomass in India.

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Biomass power is independent upon uncertain resources. Unlike other renewable resources like wind power, solar power and hydro power; it is independent of the climate conditions. It can be controlled and regulated by human being so considered as a sustainable energy source. It will help to achieve Millennium Development Goals. This type of small power plants give hope to the people who live in darkness and where govt. in 60 years could not make availability of electricity With proper research it can be help to meet the power shortage problem of the country. It can help in establishing integrated rice mills which will independent of the conventional power sources. And in near future it can be developed to replace the thermal power plant so to reduce green house effect.

REFERENCE
Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels and Chemicals by Donald L. Klass

Biomass And Bioenergy Journal (an international journal) Official website of ministry of power, govt. of India http://www.powermin.gov.in

http://www.elsevier.com http://www.cgpl.iisc.ernet.in http://www.e2analytics.com.com

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http://www.indianenergytech.com http://www.huskpowersystems.com

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