Reinforced Concrete Structures

Concrete
Concrete is a stone like substance obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement, sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the shape and of dimensions of the desired structure. Reinforced cement concrete:
Since concrete is a brittle material and is strong in compression. It is weak in tension, so steel is used inside concrete for strengthening and reinforcing the tensile strength of concrete. The steel must have appropriate deformations to provide strong bonds and interlocking of both materials. When completely surrounded by the hardened concrete mass it forms an integral part of the two materials, known as "Reinforced Concrete".

Concrete
A construction material composed of cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate such as gravel, limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand), water, and chemical admixtures. The word concrete comes from the Latin word "concretus", which means "hardened" or "hard".

Concrete
Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with water and placement due to a chemical process known as hydration. The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together, eventually creating a stone-like material. Concrete is used to make pavements, architectural structures, foundations, motorways/roads, bridges/overpasses, parking structures, brick/block walls and footings for gates, fences and poles.

Concrete Structures

Concrete Structures

Reinforced Concrete Dam

Retaining wall

Advantages of reinforced concrete

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. It has relatively high compressive strength It has better resistance to fire than steel It has long service life with low maintenance cost In some types of structures, such as dams, piers and footings, it is most economical structural material. It can be cast to take the shape required , making it widely used in pre-cast structural components. It yields rigid members with minimum apparent deflection. Yield strength of steel is about 15 times the compressive strength of structural concrete and well over 100 times its tensile strength By using steel, cross sectional dimesions of structural members can be reduced e.g in lower floor columns.

Disadvantages of reinforced concrete

1. It needs mixing, casting and curing, all of which affect the final strength of concrete. 2. The cost of the forms used to cast concrete is relatively high. 3. It has low compressive strength as compared to steel (the ratio is about 1:10 depending on material) which leads to large sections in columns/beams of multistorey buildings Cracks develop in concrete due to shrinkage and the application of live loads

Reinforcing Steel
A rebar, or reinforcing bar, is a common steel bar, and is commonly used in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures. It is usually formed from carbon steel, and is given ridges for better mechanical anchoring into the concrete. It can also be described as reinforcement or reinforcing steel. In Australia it is colloquially known as reo.

Reinforcing bar
Steel used Rounded bar

Deformed bar

Reinforcing Steel

Concrete Cover
Concrete cover is the region between the exposed concrete surface and the nearest surface of the reinforcing bar, in reinforced concrete members. Usually called Covering Thinkness of concrete covering on steel reinforcement surface

Concrete Cover
covering

covering

Symbol used in Drawing

Reinforcing steel Type of Steel Round bar Deformed bar Symbol , R or RB , D or DB

Scale used in Structural Drawing

Layout Floor plan Detail Beam & Column 1 : 200 1 : 100 1 : 50 or 1:25 1 : 25 or 1 : 20 or 1 : 10

Structural Concrete elements

Slab Slabs are horizontal slab elements in building floors and roof. They may carry gravity loads as well as lateral loads. The depth of the slab is usually very small relatively to its length and width. Beams Long horizontal or inclined members with limited width and height are called beams. Their main function is to transfer loads from the slab to the columns.

Structural Concrete elements

(continue )
Column Columns are vertical members that support loads from the beam or slabs. They may be subjected to axial loads or moments. Frames Frames are structural members that consists of combination of slab, beams and columns Footings Footings are pads or strips that support columns and spread their load directly to the soil. Walls Walls are vertical plate elements resisting gravity as well as lateral loads e.g retaining walls, basement walls. etc

Structural Detailing for concrete

Footing Beam Slab Column Etc

Footing Detailing
Plan
Reference number Footing size Pile details (if needed) Column location

Section
Depth from ground level Footing depth Reinforcement details Additional details

Column Detailing
section Column number size Reinforcement details Location used

Beam Detailing
Cross section
Beam number Size Main reinforcement details Special reinforcement details Stirrup details

Longitudinal section (if necessary)

Special reinforcement details

Slab Detailing
section
Reference number (correlate to number in plan) thickness Main reinforcement details Special reinforcement details

Stair Detailing
Section
Reference number thickness Main reinforcement details Special reinforcement details Necessary dimensions
ST1